DOCSLIB.ORG

Identification, Characterization and Bioevaluation of Polyphenols from Martynia Annua Linn

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Identification, Characterization and Bioevaluation of Polyphenols from Martynia Annua Linn IDENTIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOEVALUATION OF POLYPHENOLS FROM MARTYNIA ANNUA LINN. A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Organic Chemistry By Saba Muazzam Department of Chemistry Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 2019 DEDICATION I dedicate my dissertation to my father Mr. Muazzam Ali for his love, endless support and encouragement ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I am thankful to Almighty Allah, who gave me courage and strength to accomplish this task. This dissertation would be impossible without the contribution from many others. I will first express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Muhammad Farman, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, for his guidance, influence and support. He has guided me through the ups and downs of my academic career. My sincere thanks are also due to Professor Dr. Shahid Hameed, Chairman, Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad and Professor Dr. Aamer Saeed, Head of Organic Section, Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, for providing necessary facilities and their support during my research work. I would also like to thank Professor Dr. James McCullagh, Head of Mass Spectrometry Research Facility, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, United Kingdom for providing necessary facilities and for the invaluable discussions and advices regarding chromatography and mass spectrometry. It was honor to learn and work with him. I am also grateful to Dr. Naureen Rana, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, for her moral support. Completion of this dissertation would have been difficult without the financial support from Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan. I would like to thanks my fellows, labmates, friends for their motivation, enthusiasm help and moral support throughout my research work. Last but not the least, I pay my thanks to my family, my father, brother, sister, my uncles and aunts, in-laws. I would like to give special thanks to my loving and caring husband who has tolerated the long distance separation for years but been standing by me throughout my academic career and has been a constant source of encouragement and support, and also thanks to my cute son who has been affected in every way possible by this quest. SABA MUAZZAM TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...............................................................................................I LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................III LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................VI ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................VIII 1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1 1.1. Natural Products.................................................................................................................1 1.2. Medicinal Plants.................................................................................................................1 1.3. Secondary Metabolites.......................................................................................................1 1.4. Polyphenols .......................................................................................................................2 1.5. Flavonoids .........................................................................................................................2 1.5.1. Biosynthesis ....................................................................................................................3 1.5.2. Chemical Structures ........................................................................................................3 1.5.3. Classification ..................................................................................................................4 1.5.4. Structural Diversity ........................................................................................................6 1.5.5. Biological Impact of Flavonoids ....................................................................................6 1.6. Analytical Methods in Research of Polyphenols ...............................................................7 1.6.1. High Performance Liquid Chromatography ....................................................................7 1.6.2. Electrospray Ionization in Mass Spectrometry.................................................................7 1.6.3. Mass Spectrometry ..........................................................................................................8 1.7. Objectives ...........................................................................................................................9 2. LITERATURE REVIEW…...........................................................................................10 2.1. Martynia .......................................................................................................................................................10 2.2. Martynia annua L…. ...............................................................................................................................10 2.2.1. Occurance ................................................................................................................................................10 2.2.2. Vernacular Names .................................................................................................................................10 2.2.3. Plant Taxonomy .....................................................................................................................................10 2.3. Morphology .................................................................................................................................................11 2.4. Ethnobotany ................................................................................................................................................11 2.5. Phytochemistry ...........................................................................................................................................13 2.6. Pharmacological Activities .....................................................................................................................15 2.6.1. Antifertility Activity .............................................................................................................................16 2.6.2. Analgesic and Antipyretic Activity ..................................................................................................16 2.6.3. Anthelmintic Activity ..........................................................................................................................16 2.6.4. Antinociceptive Activity and CNS Depressant Activity ...........................................................16 2.6.5. Antioxidant Activity .............................................................................................................................17 2.6.6. Anticonvulsant Activity ......................................................................................................................17 2.6.7. Antibacterial Activity ...........................................................................................................................18 2.6.8. Wound Healing ......................................................................................................................................18 2.6.9. Hair Growth Promoting Activity ......................................................................................................19 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................................20 3.1. Chemicals and Reagents ..........................................................................................................................20 3.2. Plant Material ...............................................................................................................................................20 3.3. Sample Preparation .....................................................................................................................................20 3.4. Untargeted/TargetedAnalysis..................................................................................................................20 3.4.1. Extraction Protocols................................................................................................................................20 3.4.2. Authentic Standard Sample Preparation….......................................................................................21 3.4.3. LC-ESI-MS Method/Instrumentation ......................................................................................................21 3.4.4. Tandem Mass Spectrometry.................................................................................................................22 3.4.5. Data Processing ......................................................................................................................................22 3.4.6. Quality Control (QC) Samples ...........................................................................................................22
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Curvularia Martyniicola, a New Species of Foliicolous Hyphomycetes on Martynia Annua from India
    Studies in Fungi 3(1): 27–33 (2018) www.studiesinfungi.org ISSN 2465-4973 Article Doi 10.5943/sif/3/1/4 Copyright © Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Curvularia martyniicola, a new species of foliicolous hyphomycetes on Martynia annua from India Kumar S1 and Singh R2 1 Department of Forest Pathology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680653, Kerala, India. 2 Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005,U.P., India Kumar S, Singh R 2018 – Curvularia martyniicola, a new species of foliicolous hyphomycetes on Martynia annua from India. Studies in Fungi 3(1), 27–33, Doi 10.5943/sif/3/1/4 Abstract In the micromycofloristic survey of some dematiaceous hyphomycetes from the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh (India), an undescribed species (C. martyniicola) of anamorphic fungus Curvularia Boedijn was found on living leaves of Martynia annua (Martyniaceae). The novel fungus is described, illustrated and discussed in details. The present species is compared with earlier reported similar taxon, and is characterized by longer conidiophores and conidia with less septa. A key is provided to all the species of Curvularia recorded on Martyniaceae and Pedaliaceae. The details of nomenclatural novelties were deposited in MycoBank (www.MycoBank.org). Key words – Curvularia – foliar disease – hyphomycetes – mycodiversity – taxonomy Introduction Martyniaceae is one of the families of flowering plants belong to order Lamiales. Earlier, this family was included in the Pedaliaceae in the Cronquist system (under the order Scrophulariales) but now it has been separated from the Pedaliaceae based on phylogenetic study. Some members of the family are commonly known as ‘Devil’s claw’, ‘Cat’s claw’ or ‘Unicorn plant’.
    [Show full text]
  • PHCOG RES.: Research Article Investigation of the Flavonoidal Constituents and Insecticidal Activity of Teucrium Zanonii
    Pharmacognosy Research [Phcog Res] Vol 1, Issue 6, Nov-Dec, 2009 Page 410-416 (An Official Publication of Pharmacognosy Network Worldwide) Received: 29 09, 2009 Modified: 12 10, 2009 Accepted: 12 00, 2009 PHCOG RES.: Research Article Investigation of the flavonoidal constituents and insecticidal activity of Teucrium zanonii Abdelshafeek Khaled A.1,2,*, Abdelrahem Fahem2, Elwahsh Mohemmed A.1 and Abdelkhalek Ismail A.3 1 Altahadi University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Sirt, Libya, P.O. 674. 2 National Research Center, phytochemistry Department, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.3 3 National Research Center, pests and plant protection Department, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.3 * Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Teucrium zanonii (Family labiateae) is an endemic Libyan plant growing in many regions around Benghazy city. Investigation of the flavonoidal constituents of plant led to isolation of Cirsiliol, Luteolin, Chrysoeriol and Xanthomicrol from ethyl acetate fraction while Apigenin 6,8-di-O-glucoside and Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside were isolated from the butanol fraction. All compounds were identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods (UV, MS, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy). The study of insecticidal activity of different extracts of the plant against the adult of Phloeotribus oleae showed the highest effect (86.67% mortality) was observed with the aqueous extract, while the unsaponifiable fraction was the least in this concern which give only 43.33% mortality,. Also, mortalities of 83.33%, 80.00%, 70.00% and 66.67% were obtained by using of alcoholic, butanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts, respectively. Also the filed experiments proved that aqueous, alcoholic and butanol extracts significantly lowered the percentage of infestation to 70.82%, 65.86% and 66.56%, respectively after one week.
    [Show full text]
  • Martynia Annua L
    Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants - Online edition Martynia annua L. Family: Martyniaceae Forster, P.I. (1995) Australian Systematic Botany 8: 788. Type: Queensland, Lakefield National Park, 23 Jan. 1993, P. I. Forster 12876 & A. R. Bean; holo: BRI; iso: DNA, MEL, QRS. Common name: Small Fruited Devil's Claw; Devil's Claws Stem Usually flowers and fruits as a herb but sometimes as a shrub about 1-2 m tall. Leaves Sticky-topped glandular hairs present on both the upper and lower leaf blade surfaces and also on the twigs, stems and petioles. Stems hollow. Leaf blades usually quite large, about 10-25 x 9-25 cm. Petioles about 18-20 cm long. Flowers Sticky glandular hairs present on all parts of the inflorescence (including pedicels, calyx and corolla). Pedicels about 10-25 mm long. Calyx about 15-20 mm long. Corolla about 55-65 mm overall, tube Flowers. © CSIRO about 35-45 mm long. Corolla spotted on the inner surface, the spots yellow, pink or purple. Anther locules divaricate but aligned in a vertical plane. Pollen white. Staminodes three, two large and one small. Ovary glabrous. Style about 25-30 mm long. Stigmatic lobes two, unequal in size. Fruit Fruits about 32-33 x 17-20 mm with two sharp-hooked spines at the apex. Endocarp +/- 8-ribbed. Seeds 4 per fruit, each seed about 15-20 x 4-5 mm, laterally compressed, winged at each end. Embryo about 11-12 mm long, cotyledons auriculate or sagittate at the base, much wider than the radicle. Seedlings At the tenth leaf stage: leaf blade +/- cordate, about 8.5-10 x 8.5-10 cm, margin sparsely toothed.
    [Show full text]
  • Lamiales – Synoptical Classification Vers
    Lamiales – Synoptical classification vers. 2.6.2 (in prog.) Updated: 12 April, 2016 A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales Version 2.6.2 (This is a working document) Compiled by Richard Olmstead With the help of: D. Albach, P. Beardsley, D. Bedigian, B. Bremer, P. Cantino, J. Chau, J. L. Clark, B. Drew, P. Garnock- Jones, S. Grose (Heydler), R. Harley, H.-D. Ihlenfeldt, B. Li, L. Lohmann, S. Mathews, L. McDade, K. Müller, E. Norman, N. O’Leary, B. Oxelman, J. Reveal, R. Scotland, J. Smith, D. Tank, E. Tripp, S. Wagstaff, E. Wallander, A. Weber, A. Wolfe, A. Wortley, N. Young, M. Zjhra, and many others [estimated 25 families, 1041 genera, and ca. 21,878 species in Lamiales] The goal of this project is to produce a working infraordinal classification of the Lamiales to genus with information on distribution and species richness. All recognized taxa will be clades; adherence to Linnaean ranks is optional. Synonymy is very incomplete (comprehensive synonymy is not a goal of the project, but could be incorporated). Although I anticipate producing a publishable version of this classification at a future date, my near- term goal is to produce a web-accessible version, which will be available to the public and which will be updated regularly through input from systematists familiar with taxa within the Lamiales. For further information on the project and to provide information for future versions, please contact R. Olmstead via email at [email protected], or by regular mail at: Department of Biology, Box 355325, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Anatomy of Martniaceae and Pedaliaceae Sherwin Carlquist Pomona College; Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 11 | Issue 4 Article 6 1987 Wood Anatomy of Martniaceae and Pedaliaceae Sherwin Carlquist Pomona College; Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Carlquist, Sherwin (1987) "Wood Anatomy of Martniaceae and Pedaliaceae," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 11: Iss. 4, Article 6. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol11/iss4/6 ALISO 11(4), 1987, pp. 473-483 WOOD ANATOMY OF MARTYNIACEAE AND PEDALIACEAE SHERWIN CARLQUIST Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Claremont, California 91711 and Department of Biology, Pomona College Claremont, California 91711 ABSTRACf Quantitative and qualitative features are reported for one species of Martynia (Martyniaceae) and for seven species of six genera of Pedaliaceae. The inclusion of woody annuals as well as of shrubs provides a broader picture ofPedaliaceae than hitherto available. The wood features of Martyniaceae and Pedaliaceae (listed in the Systematic Conclusions) are compatible with placement of these families in Scrophulariales (Bignoniales). Ifindividual features of the two families are compared with those of other families of the order, however, no one family can be cited as more closely related to Martyniaceae and Pedaliaceae than any other. Martyniaceae is not necessarily the family closest to Pedaliaceae, but its wood is like that of herbaceous Pedaliaceae and may reflect not merely scrophularialean affinity but the similarity of its herbaceousness to that of Pedaliaceae as well. Wide vessels in Martyniaceae and Pedaliaceae very likely relate to high transpiration rates in the summer-wet areas where many of them grow.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of Plants in the Two Metropolitan Gardens, the Brisbane
    : •$* CATALOGUE OF PLANTS IN THE TWO METROPOLITAN GARDENS, THE BRISBANE BOTANIC GARDEN AND BOWE;:rsr paek (THE GARDEN OF THE QUEENSLAND ACCLIMATISATION SOCIETY) ARRANGED ACCORDING TO BENTHAM AND HOOKEE'S "GENERA PLANTARUM,' INTERSPERSED WITH NUMEROUS NOTES ON THE USES AND PROPERTIES OP THE PLANTS; QK 72 REDK. MANSON BAILEY, F.L.S., Q84 COLONIAL BOTANIST. B330Z Bot. BEISBANE JAMES C. BEAL, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, WILLIAM STREET. 1885. *& f : CATALOGUE OF PLANTS TWO METROPOLITAN GARDENS, BRISBANE BOTANIC GARDEN (THE GARDEN OF THE QUEENSLAND ACCLIMATISATION SOCIETY); AEBANGED ACCOEDING TO BENTHAM AND HOOKER'S "GENERA PLANTARUM," INTEESPEESED WITH NUMEEOUS NOTES ON THE USES AND PEOPEETIES OF THE PLANTS : FREDK. MANSON BAILEY, F.L.S., COLONIAL BOTANIST. BRISBANE JAMES C. BEAL, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, WILLIAM STREET. / 1885. PREFACE In presenting a catalogue of the plants in the two Metropolitan Gardens, the Brisbane Botanic and Bowen Park, the compiler thinks it may be well to make a few prefatory remarks, especially as he has not followed the usual practice of giving only a dry list of scientific names—to the many a dead language. Wherever a local name is known he has given it, but has not thought it advisable to follow the usage of those who, failing to find a local name, give a free translation of the scientific one in lieu thereof; when no local name is known for a plant it is as well that the public should understand and use the scientific name, which has the advantage of being the one used by all nationalities. The numerous notes on the properties and uses of the plants are a feature the compiler feels sure will be appreciated by a large number of persons, especially by those who take a utilitarian view of them ; all of which have been extracted from the best authorities on the subject, and may therefore be relied upon as correct.
    [Show full text]
  • Martyniaceae, Species: Proboscidea Parviflora Subsp. Parviflora )
    Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2013, 5(1):381-386 ISSN : 0975-7384 Research Article CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 New medicinal family recorded for Sudan flora (Martyniaceae, species: Proboscidea parviflora subsp. parviflora ) Maha A. Y. Kordofani 1, Manal S. Y. EL Hakim 1, Iain Darbyshire 2, Nahla M. M. Ali 1, Imadeldin Farag 1 and Hoyam O. Ahmed 1 1University of Khartoum Faculty of Science, Department of Botany (Herbarium), Sudan 2Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, London, UK. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Proboscidea parviflora (Wooton.) Wooton.& Standl.subsp. parviflora is a flowering plant that has been recently collected from Sudan ( Feddasi El Halimab area at Eljezira state). This collection represents the first records for this species, the genus Proboscidea and the family Martyniaceae in Sudan. From the literature this family is known to have medicinal uses. Key words : Eljezira; Martzyniaceae ; Proboscidea; parviflora; Sudan. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Collection of plant species from Feddasi El Halimab area at Eljezira state (Sudan) during 2006-2011 revealed the presence of Proboscidea parviflora which is clearly absent from the flora literature for Sudan, e.g. [5], [6], [8] and [9]. Although Proboscidea louisianica, P. louisianica subsp. fragrans & P. schmidel are listed in the African Plant Database website (2012), Proboscidea parviflora is not listed and now reported as a new record in Sudan, the genus ( Proboscidea ) and the family (Martyniaceae) are also new additions for the flora of Sudan. The area (Feddasi El Halimab) lies about twenty kilometers north of Wad Madani town along the surfaced road of Wad Madani-Khartoum and is one kilometer away from the Blue Nile River bank (Fig,1).
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Southern Rocky Mountain Region
    Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Southern Rocky Mountain Region (VERSION 3) NEIL SNOW Herbarium Pacificum Bernice P. Bishop Museum 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, HI 96817 [email protected] Suggested citation: Snow, N. 2009. Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Southern Rocky Mountain Region (Version 3). 316 pp. Retrievable from the Colorado Native Plant Society (http://www.conps.org/plant_lists.html). The author retains the rights irrespective of its electronic posting. Please circulate freely. 1 Snow, N. January 2009. Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Southern Rocky Mountain Region. (Version 3). Dedication To all who work on behalf of the conservation of species and ecosystems. Abbreviated Table of Contents Fern Allies and Ferns.........................................................................................................12 Gymnopserms ....................................................................................................................19 Angiosperms ......................................................................................................................21 Amaranthaceae ............................................................................................................23 Apiaceae ......................................................................................................................31 Asteraceae....................................................................................................................38 Boraginaceae ...............................................................................................................98
    [Show full text]
  • Secondary Metabolites from Teucrium Creticum L
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Rec. Nat. Prod. 15:6 (2021) 487-502 Secondary Metabolites from Teucrium creticum L. Azmi Hanoğlu 1, Duygu Yiğit Hanoğlu 2, Nilay Demirel 1, Hasan Soliman Yusufoğlu 3 and İhsan Çalış 1* 1Near East University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Lefkoşa, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 2Near East University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Lefkoşa, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 3Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Department of Pharmacognosy, Al-Kharj–11942, Saudi Arabia (Received December 29, 2020; Revised February 25, 2021; Accepted March 01, 2021) Abstract: From the aerial parts of Teucrium creticum L. (Lamiaceae) eight compounds, 1 – 8 were isolated using chromatographical methods. Based on the results of spectroscopical analysis such as UV, 1D-NMR (1H-, 13C-NMR, DEPT-135), 2D-NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) and HRMS, the structure of the compounds were determined as two iridoids, 8-O-acetylharpagide (1) and teuhircoside (2), two phenylethanoid glycosides, verbascoside (= acteoside) (3) and lavandulifolioside (4), and four neoclerodane-type diterpenoids, teucrin H3 (= 19-acetylgnaphalin) (5), teucjaponin B (6), teucretol (7) and diacetylteumassilin (8). Keywords: Lamiaceae; Teucrium creticum; iridoids; phenylethanoid glycosides; neo-clerodane-type diterpenoids.© 2021 ACG Publications. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Lamiaceae, the sixth largest Angiosperm family, contains more than 245 genera and 7886 species, and it is distributed worldwide for numerous species economically and medicinally valued [1]. In the last two decades, an improvement has been presented for its subfamilial classification [2]. According to the recent reports, Ajugoideae, Lamioideae, Nepetoideae, Prostantheroideae, Scutellarioideae, Symphorematoideae, Viticoideae, Cymarioideae, Peronematoideae, Premnoideae, Callicarpoideae and Tectonoideae have been recognized as subfamilies of Lamiaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Free-Sample-Pages.Pdf
    Published by Plant Gateway Ltd., Hertford, SG13 7BX, United Kingdom © Plant Gateway 2014 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant col- lective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Plant Gateway Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9929993-0-8 eISBN 978-0-9929993-1-5 Plant Gateway Ltd. has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLS for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Additional information on the book can be found at: www.plantgateway.com An appropriate citation for this eBook is: Byng JW. 2014. The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world. Plant Gateway Ltd., Hertford, UK. eBook available from: www.plantgateway.com From the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. Charles Darwin On The Origin of Species (1859) CONTENTS The Flowering Plants Handbook A practical guide to families and genera of the world James W. Byng eBook version CONTENTS DEDICATION This work is a dwarf standing on the shoulders of giants and is dedicated to the many botanists, both past and present, for the huge body of knowledge that exists today.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Bradford Ethesis
    University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF SANICULA EUROPAEA AND TEUCRIUM DAVAEANUM Isolation and identification of some constituents of Sanicula europaea and Teucrium davaeanum and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of both plants and cytotoxic activity of some isolated compounds. Agela Hussain Mohammed TALAG Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Life Sciences University of Bradford 2016 Abstract The aim of this research was to investigate the phytochemistry of two species Sanicula europaea and Teucrium davaeanum which are traditionally used in treatment of wounds. Four compounds were isolated from the 80% methanolic extract of S. europaea; bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (1), palmitic acid (2), rosmarinic acid (3), saniculoside N (4). Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated for the first time from this species. The structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry measurements. Two compounds were isolated from the crude glycosides extract of T.davaeanum; 6 is a phenylethanoid glycoside and 8 is an iridoid glycoside, from the data available these may be new compounds for which the names davaeanuside A and davaeanuside B are proposed respectively." The total polyphenol content of S. europaea L, T. davaeanum leaves-flowers and T. davaeanum stem were found to be 5.0, 1.20 and 0.65 mg per 100 mg dried plant material respectively.
    [Show full text]