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Acta Musei Beskidensis ACTA MUSEI BESKIDENSIS Muzeum Beskyd Tom. 1 Frýdek-Místek 2009 Acta Musei Beskidensis jsou pokračováním titulu Práce a studie Muzea Beskyd (Přírodní vědy). Vydává Muzeum Beskyd Frýdek-Místek. Abbreviatio bibliographica: Acta Mus. Beskid. Sborník je zařazen v mezinárodních databázích ProQuest a Thomson Scientific - Zoological Records. Redakční rada RNDr. Magdaléna Roháčová, Ph.D. (výkonný redaktor), Muzeum Beskyd Frýdek-Místek Miroslava Bílková (technický redaktor), Muzeum Beskyd Frýdek-Místek Ing. Petra Foldynová, Muzeum Beskyd Frýdek-Místek Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Holuša, Ph.D., Výzkumný ústav lesního hospodářství a myslivosti, U.U.I., Pracoviště Frýdek-Místek, Nádražní 2811, 738 01 Frýdek-Místek RNDr. Petr Kočárek, Ph.D., Ostravská univerzita, Katedra biologie a ekologie, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Ostrava Doc. Ing. Otakar Holuša, Ph.D., Mendlova zemědělská a lesnická univerzita, Lesnická a dřevařská fakulta, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno / Ústav pro hospodářskou úpravu lesů Brandýs nad Labem, pobočka Frýdek-Místek, Nádražní 2811, 738 01 Frýdek- Místek Ing. Pavel Samec, Ústav pro hospodářskou úpravu lesů Brandýs nad Labem, pobočka Frýdek-Místek, Nádražní 2811, 738 01 Frýdek-Místek Mgr. Petr Wolf, Ph.D., Správa CHKO Beskydy, Nádražní 36, 756 61 Rožnov pod Radhoštěm Rozšiřuje vydavatel. Objednávky a rukopisy zasílejte na adresu redakce: Muzeum Beskyd Frýdek-Místek, Hluboká 66, CZ-738 01 Frýdek-Místek tel.: +420 558 630 453, fax: +420 558 630 452 e-mail: [email protected] Tisk: Šprcova ofsetová tiskárna, Palackého 134, Frýdek-Místek Náklad: 250 ks Návrh obálky: Miroslava Bílková (fotografii amonitu poskytl Prof. Ing. Z. Vašíček, DrSc.) ISSN 1803-960X Acta Musei Beskidensis, Tom. 1 2009 © Muzeum Beskyd Frýdek-Místek, 2009 Acta Mus. Beskid. , 1: 001-022, 2009 ISSN 1803-960X Revize biogeografické rajonizace pufra čních schopností lesních p ůd Revision of the biogeographical regionalization of forest soil buffering Pavel SAMEC Ústav pro hospodá řskou úpravu les ů Brandýs nad Labem, pobo čka Frýdek-Místek, Nádražní 2811, CZ-738 01 Frýdek-Místek, e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: soil buffer system, acidification, biogeography, management population of forest types Abstract. Buffering of forest soils is very tied system mechanism which inhibits potential impacts of soil acidification. In the landscape spheres, it is naturally differentiated due to local variations in influences of soil forming factors. Bedrock as well as subsoil geochemistry, slide threatenings or intraskeletic erosion and character of humification belong to significant soil forming factors that undermine the soil buffer capacity. Undoubtedly the soil buffer system differentiates in various regions and in various geotectonical units. Dissimilarities in classifications of forest soil buffer potentials were evaluated according to runtime forestry biogeographical regionalization in the Czech Republic. Buffer potentials of the forest soils were classified into five level carbonate-iron scale according to intervals of cation exchange capacity ( CEC ) and basic saturation (BS ). For selected natural forest areas (NFA), the soil buffer potentials were obtained in respect to defined evaluated sites in combinations of area-specified forest altitudinal zones (NFA-FAZ), edaphic categories (NFA-EC) and management populations of forest types (NFA-MP). Two approaches for descriptions of soil buffering classes were compared according to CEC and BS . An additive method of δH+ and Bc (bacic cation) from ammonium acetate disolution (comparing with WRB approaches) was the basis. Modification of sum of exchangeable acidity (H ++Al 3+ ) from KCl disolution and Bc was a comparing method. Both results validated that NFA with dominating only one soil buffering class occurred in contrast to mainly lowland or hilly-country NFA with rich mosaic of soil buffer classes due to alternation of mesotrophic and oligotrophic MPs. The sum of H ++Al 3+ always showed that in the Czech Republic probably the most important soil buffer class is the humus level. In this level, soil ecological stability is very closely dependent on genesis of a humus substances and variable levels of soil sorption complex. Consequently, this is connected with tree species composition of forests as well as with their management. Herewith, we suggested that soil acidification risks in unexposed conditions could be probably decreased by sustainable forest management. ÚVOD A PROBLEMATIKA Půda je d ůležitou sou částí trvalých stanovištních podmínek. V lesnictví i zem ědělství se její produk ční potenciál svérázn ě hodnotí a využívá. U lesních p ůd zůstávají zachovány jejich p řirozené funkce, protože i jejich profil je udržován v neporušeném, tak řka p řírodním stavu. Extrapolace tohoto pojetí do zem ědělského prost ředí je možná zejména tehdy, pokud dochází k převod ům zem ědělských p ůd do lesního fondu, dojde-li k jejich zalesn ění a postupné obnov ě p řirozených látkových tok ů bez dodate čných vstup ů. P ůdy se p řirozen ě vyzna čují silnou autoregulací, takže při zachovávání všech jejich p řirozených funkcí jsou v ekosystému zna čně autonomní sou částí, která ve st ředn ědobých periodách má tendenci chovat se kvazistaticky (GOLDBERG et al. 2000; BOR ŮVKA et al. 2005). Tento soubor p ůdních vlastností p ředznamenává veškeré odvozené projevy v geobiocenóze i krajinné sfé ře. Díky stálosti jsou n ěkteré p ůdní vlastnosti dob ře mapovatelné a využívané pro extrapolace řady obecn ějších ekologických podmínek. Informace o distribuci lesních typ ů mohou být dopln ěny řadou index ů a r ůzn ě shlukovány, což umož ňuje z lesnických typologických map vytvá řet jiné eko-indika ční mapy. Nap říklad soubory lesních typ ů byly klasifikovány do p ůdních pufra čních pásem, z čehož byla získána mapa míry statické ekologické stability (MACK Ů et al. 2006). 1 POUŽITÉ ZKRATKY SLT – soubor lesních typ ů KVK – kationtová vým ěnná kapacita (mmol +/kg) (P)PP – (p ůdní) pufra ční pásmo TVK – titra ční vým ěnná kyselost (mmol +/kg) SKK – semikvantitativní klasifikace BS – bazická saturace (%) HS – hospodá řský soubor Cox – půdní uhlík (%) PLO – přírodní lesní oblast (číselná ozna čení tab. 3) K-W – Kruskal-Wallis ův test LVS – lesní vegeta ční stupe ň PUPFL – pozemky ur čené k pln ění funkcí lesa EK – edafická kategorie LHPO – lesní hospodá řské plány/osnovy ANOVA – analýza rozptylu SK – sorp ční komplex SCLU – shluková analýza jednoduchým spojením PLO-LVS – regionální lesní vegeta ční stupe ň PLO-EK – regionální edafická kategorie PLO-HS – regionální hospodá řský soubor J – edafická kategorie su ťová F – edafická kategorie svahová K – edafická kategorie normální B – edafická kategorie bohatá N – edafická kategorie kamenitá L – edafická kategorie lužní I – edafická kategorie uléhavá P – edafická kategorie oglejená kyselá S – edafická kategorie sv ěží G – edafická kategorie glejová HS01 – mimo řádn ě nep říznivá stanovišt ě HS35 – živná bazická stanovišt ě st ředních poloh HS02 – vysokohorské lesy pod hranicí stromové HS43 – kyselá stanovišt ě st ředních poloh vegetace HS45 – živná stanovišt ě st ředních poloh HS03 – lesy v kle čovém vegeta čním stupni HS51 – exponovaná stanovišt ě vyšších poloh HS19 – lužní stanovišt ě HS53 – kyselá stanovišt ě vyšších poloh HS23 – kyselá stanovišt ě nižších poloh HS55 – živná stanovišt ě vyšších poloh HS25 – živná stanovišt ě nižších poloh HS73 – kyselá stanovišt ě horských poloh HS29 – olšová stanovišt ě na podmá čených p ůdách HS75 – živná stanovišt ě horských poloh HS31 – vysýchavá a sušší acerózní a bazická stanovišt ě st ředních poloh MATERIÁL A METODY Pracovní hypotéza Soubory lesních typ ů (SLT) a z nich odvozené hospodá řské soubory (HS) p ředstavují základní prostorové jednotky pro funk čně diferencované p ěstování les ů na biogeografickém základ ě. Zárove ň jsou důležité i pro ozna čení p ěstebních opat ření, která mají udržovat funkce lesa v krajinném kontinuu. Přímým projevem ekologické stability p ůd je pufra ční kapacita. Je to trvalá schopnost p ůdy tlumit kyselé vstupy a udržovat stabilní vnit řní prost ředí. Pro lesní p ůdy ČR bylo p řevzato člen ění na p ět pufra čních pásem (ULRICH 1983). MACK Ů (2004) provedl za řazení p ůdních subtyp ů do spektra pufra čních pásem (PP) na základ ě bodového hodnocení kationtové vým ěnné kapacity a bazické saturace svrchních p ůdních horizont ů (tab. 1). Toto hodnocení bylo vztaženo k úrovni SLT metodou semikvantitativní klasifikace (SKK) trofnosti edafických kategorií (AMBROS 1988). Tento p řístup umožnil nejen vytvo řit p řehled klasifikace PP v souborech lesních typ ů (tab. 2), ale i mapovou projekci (MACK Ů et al. 2006). V lesnických p ěstebních systémech dosud chybí hodnocení kvality p ůd na analytickém základ ě. Principy hodnocení lesních p ůd narážejí na mnoho nejasností, protože p ři transformaci p ůdních fyzikáln ě- chemických analýz na chórickou úrove ň není p řenášena i informace o vnit řní heterogenit ě lesnicko- typologických jednotek (MACKOV ČIN et al. 2000). Nevy řešen je problém vyjád ření reprezentativní hodnoty agregovaných p ůdních dat v mapovacích jednotkách (MACK Ů 2004). Aby mohly být vyjád řeny matematické limity definice t ěchto reprezentativních hodnot, byly konfrontovány dva p řístupy hodnocení HS. Pro konfrontaci byla použita lesnicko-typologická data pro vybrané PLO. Výb ěr PLO byl situován na základní typy reliéfu ČR (NEUHÄUSLOVÁ et al. 1998). PLO byly vybrány nejen z hercynských celk ů, ale i z oblasti karpatské, biogeograficky p řechodné a nivní. Regionáln ě- geologicky byl výb ěr zam ěř en na oblasti krystalických elevací, pískovcové
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