EDITORIAL ADVISOR PRICE - 50 RS/- RAMDAS NEHULKAR E Ditorial

ISSN - 0076-2571 EDITOR - DR. DEEPAK J. TILAK

EXECUTIVE EDITOR DR. GEETALI TILAK

JANUAR Y - 2018 EDITORIAL ADVISOR PRICE - 50 RS/- RAMDAS NEHULKAR E ditorial

Mahratta is a national journal that provides an multidisciplinary forum for the academicians and research scholars.

New Media & Society engages in critical discussions of the key issues arising from the scale and speed of new media development, drawing on a wide range of disciplinary perspectives and on both theoretical and empirical research.New technology has brought on new skills, new gatekeepers, and new game plans. What has yet to catch up is education to understand how the new communication works, its risks and opportunities, privileges and responsibilities.Hence we have focussed mainly on new media in this issue of Mahratta. It also has variety of articles and papers on History , Nursing , Law and Management.

Executive Editor

1 CONTENT

"A Study on MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses) as educational media with reference to new media Literacies" Mr. Gajanan S. Kumbhar - Dr. Ajit Shivajirao Ghodke ...... 3 "New media stimulation: Journalism student's precedence towards making short film (fiction) than documentary" Mrs Riya Mukhopadhyay, Miss. Shivani Daape, ...... 9 Impact of social media on Indian Politics ...... Ramdas Nehulkar...... 16 Importance of new media in Public Relation ...... Vikrant. V. kulkarni ...... 23 Digital Cultures: Study of Mobile Phone and Internet Usage among Youth...... Swapnil Kamble...... 29 "Influence of social media in news writing"...Dr. Hemant Dattajirao More ...40

Contribution of saint Janabai...... Dr. Swarali Chandrakant Kulkarni...... 44

Impact of New Media in Promoting & Podcasting entertainment in Marathi language...... Mr. Devdatta Bhingarkar ...... 49

SOCIAL MEDIA IN AFGHANISTANA GENERAL PERSPECTIVE...... AINUDDIN MURADI...... 55

Changing trends in Cinematography and its impacts on audience with special reference to film“Devdas” (1936-2002)...... Jagadeeswaran Kesavan...... 66 EFFECTIVENESS OF GUIDED IMAGERY ON PAIN AND ITS ASSOCIATED ...... Mrs. FERGANZIA JUBILSON ...... 70

A comparative study to assess the effect of feeding performance on cheek stimulation versus lip ...... Ms.Chhaya Godase...... 73 A study of service quality of ICICI Bank Kondhwa branch using "Serqual model"...... Dr. Daniel Penkar...... Sukhdeo B. Nimangare...... 77 Siddharameshwara -Saint of Virasaivism ....Dr. Nalini Avinash Waghmare .. 93 {dYr {ejU Am{U ^maVmVrb gÚpñWVr EH$ Ñ{ï>jon ...... gm¡. H$ënZm XrnH OmYd...... 100

2 "A Study on MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses) as educational media with reference to new media Literacies" Mr. Gajanan S. Kumbhar Dr. Ajit Shivajirao Ghodke

Abstract large-scale interactive participation In current education advances media and open access via the web. In addi- educationhas new concepts of education to traditional course materials tion which had student centered such as videos, readings, and problem approach. Open & distance learning sets, MOOCs provide interactive user are on the gain which is supported by forums that help build a community media tools, media rich environments for the students, professors, and &technology. Massive open online teaching assistants (TAs). course (MOOC) is accessible, usually Structure of a MOOC with no prerequisites, to anyone who The common duration of a MOOC is wishes to enroll, usually for free, with from 6 to 12 weeks. A MOOC is self-assessment or peer assessment. accessible 24 hours a day, 7 days a MOOC's are more networked with week. The majority of the content is blogs, tweets, wikis etc. MOOC is a delivered asynchronously meaning very significant development in the students can access it in their own current education marketplace. We time and at their own pace. However, can make use of MOOC with allusion sometimes there can be optional syn- to new media literacy in education for chronous events such as 'live' webina- better skill development, knowledge& rs (interactive sessions) which require upgrade of qualities for in job work- participants to join in at specific ing peoples. dates/times. The learning of students Keywords:MOOC, Education, in a MOOC is usually assessed by Technology, Assessment, Media tools. multiple-choice questions. An impor- 1.Introduction tant component of MOOCs is assign- A massive open online course ments. Students have to upload (MOOC) is an online course aimed at assignment solutions into the MOOC

3 Source:http://www.codlearningtech.org/2015/11/23/5-questions-what-you-need- to-know-about-moocs platform. Assignments can be evaluat- them. ed and graded. Students usually don't Open2Study: The headquarters of need to buy any books for these this platform for online courses is courses, because all reading is either based out of Australia. be provided within the MOOC con- Coursera,edX: The headquarters of tent or is linked to open access texts. this platform for online courses is based at USA. MOOCs in India and Abroad: There are various notable institutions, MOOC program in India: both non-profit and commercial, that The University Grants Commission offer these courses worldwide with (UGC) along with the HRD (Human the help ofMOOCproviders [2]. A few Resource Development) Ministry has of these are listed below, launched the MOOC program in India for higher secondary, bachelors and NPTEL (India): Indian Institutes of masters degrees. This will cover a Technology (IITs) and Indian Institute wide range of subjects that may or of Science (IISc.) offer online courses may not be taught in regular campus through this platform which require studies [2].A new portal for MOOCs no registration and are free of cost. named 'Study Webs of Active- WizIQ (India and USA): IIT Delhi, Learning for Young Aspiring India offers this course through this Minds', in short, SWAYAM, is said to platform which requires registration present students with an opportunity and fees to study courses offered by to study anything from a list of 2000

4 courses out of which 200 are current- 5.2. To study MOOC with allusion ly available for registration. Audio- to new media literacy in education for visual medium, illustrations, research better skill development, knowl- and case studies with self-assessment edge&upgrade qualitiesfor in job are few of the mediums chosen to working peoples. approach the study of these courses. 6.The Methodology Comprising 2.Statement of the Problem This study is based on secondary data 2.1. At our neighboring a lot of in collected from well-known articles of job working people who had left their journals, books, outstanding websites, higher education because of number and report sets of appropriate higher of personal, social & other problems education. are searching courses of universities without disturbing their routine job 7.Review of the relevant literature schedule. 7.1. Professor A.K.Bakshi, 2.2. The education is motivated up Chairman of the Centre for E- by adopting latest technology & tools Learning, while providing information which is helping Institutions to gather on SWAYAM and MOOCs in general, a better understanding in job working said, "These online courses have been peoples thrust of higher education. developed by a team of senior academicians and are expected to enhance 3.Importance of the Study the gross enrolment ratio in higher By using MOOC in education at max- education without compromising with imum level, it will helpful to in job the quality. These courses will also working peoples to update themselves help in bridging the digital divide in without disturbing their jobs. the country [1]."

4.Scope of the Study 7.2.SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active The scope of the study for MOOC Learning for Young Aspiring Minds) (Massive Open Online Courses) as is basically an integrated MOOCs educational media with reference to platform for distance education that is new media Literacies will be for in aimed at offering all the courses from job working peoples who wants to school level (Class IX) to post-gradu- update themselves. ation level. The platform has been 5.Objectives of the study developed collaboratively by MHRD 5.1. To study conceptof MOOC as (Ministry of Human Resource educational media at current educa- Development) and AICTE (All India tion system with the help media tools, Council for Technical Education) with media rich environments & technolo- the help of Microsoft and is capable gy. of hosting 2,000 courses[1].

5 7.3. In order to ensure delivery of tion to individuals in every corner of quality content, seven NCs (National the world. MOOCs represent a Coordinators) have been appointed by superb confluence of innovation, tech- the government and assigned a specif- nological advancements, and a philan- ic sector for preparation of online thropic commitment to make the courses for SWAYAM [1]. world a better place though education."[6]

Source:http://www.shiksha.com › All 8.The methodology comprising Engineering articles Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied 7.4. SP Kothari, director MIT India to a field of study. Program, feels that the reason why MIT chose to start MOOCs is that this a. Methods of research top university of America wanted to " Initiallyan investigative view- make a difference in the world pointwill be adopted, where an under- through education and research. standing of a problem will be devel- Explaining further about Massive oped and plans will made for some Open Online Courses he said, form of next strategy. "MOOCs are a means of democratiz- " The algorithm will be carried ing the access to high-quality educa- out& the cyclic process repeats, con-

6 tinuing until a sufficient understand- a laptop or a computer which allows ing of the problem will be achieved. little or no interaction with the outside " The proposed study will use world. Descriptive research method that 4. Since MOOCs are web-based, focuses on survey and content analy- there is no monitoring of the candi- sis. dates/students, which carries a risk of plagiarism or cheating. b. Sampling design and assumptions 10.Conclusion " The various in job working MOOCs will be a great support forin peoples from different fieldswho are job working peoplesfor updating facing problemsin the job because of higher education not just in India but non-higher education qualification. all over the world. " Randomly, in job working MOOCs should be taken about in peoples from different fields willbe mainstream of educational field as it selected to participate. is affecting the future environment of digital higher education. 9.Scope of MOOC MOOC cannot replace the traditional References : approach of classroom learning but it 1. Free MOOC courses at can be used as an alternative method SWAYAM - Govt's online education to bridge the gap between various platform Jul 14, 2017, 05.00PM IST schools of learning [2]. It has been by Shikha anand. said however that MOOC has certain 2. Jeremy Knox (2014) Digital limitations which are listed below: culture clash: "massive" education 1. Although digitalization is a inthe E-learning and Digital Cultures must now, there are many nations that MOOC, Distance Education, 35:2, are unable to provide the basic neces- 164-177, sities to enroll for MOOCs hence the DOI:10.1080/01587919.2014.917704. spread of MOOCs are limited. 3. http://edtechreview.in/e-learn- 2. It is not always certain that all ing/2054-mooc-open-educational- MOOCs provide degrees, certificates resources-higher-education by and/or diplomas which limits the Prasanna Bharti. number of candidates that enroll for 4. these courses as many companies ask http://www.indiaeducation.net/online- for records of the education levels education/all-about-moocs-massive- achieved and candidates are unable to open-online-courses-india- provide them with the same. abroad.html. 3. A student's life is restricted to 5. Learning with a MOOC vs. one room that has internet access and Learning on an LMS, November 1,

7 2014, Dr. AnuradhaBhagwat,ed-tech companies, Education Technology, Learning AnalyticsLearning analytics, LMS, MOOC, Science of Learning. 6. MOOCs: Are they the way forward for higher education? Jan 8, 2014, 04.22PM IST by ChhaviSharma. 7. Media-Education Convergence: Applying Transmedia Storytelling Edutainment in E- Learning Environments,StavroulaKalogeras (The University of Hull, Yorkshire, UK),International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education (IJICTE) 9(2) ,pg-11. ***

8 "New media stimulation: Journalism student's precedence towards making short film (fiction) than documentary"

Mrs Riya Mukhopadhyay, Researcher Scholars (Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth) and Assistant Professor, MIT-ADT University, Loni Kalbhor

Miss. Shivani Daape, Academician and Assistant Professor, MIT-ADT University, Loni Kalbhor

Abstract: tion (the Internet) has opened entirely Communication is derived from Latin new vistas for mass media communi- comm?nic?re, meaning "to share". cators and journalists. As the 21st From the linearly conceptualised century has brought us to the cusp of Shannon Weaver Model of communi- a 24x7 world of fast-moving, instant- cation (1942) outlining source - trans- ly-demanded news and views from mitter - Noise - channel - message - around the globe at the fingertips of receiver as the primary process of everyone, everywhere, and as con- message delivery to the Cyclical para- sumer preference for broadcast media digm emphasized by Wilbur Schramm and visual communication are outpac- in 1954, where he suggested that ing the lure of print media, it is natu- communication is a two way process ral for journalists to explore the tech- where both sender and receiver take nology-enabled New Media tools and turns to send and receive a message, vehicles to investigate, research, pro- mass communication has undergone a duce and disseminate information and major perceptual transformation. opinions. The Internet (social media, Schramm's assertion that communica- news sites, blogs etc.) provides them tion is incomplete unless the sender access to a much larger and selective receives a feedback from the recipient target audience than traditional media subsequently aided and bolstered by ever could while at the same time the Information Technology revolu- facilitating multiple attractive

9 resources like animation, audio and from the recipient subsequently aided video to optimize their capacity to and bolstered by the Information 'inform, influence and inspire'. The Technology revolution (the Internet) purpose of this study is to examine has opened entirely new vistas for how these rapidly evolving enablers mass media communicators and jour- and media effects-builders are being nalists. Journalism is a process of leveraged by today's aspiring journal- researching, investigating, gathering ists and journalism students in their and producing as well as a medium of pursuit of the highest standards of the circulating information about the hap- profession with specific focus of the penings around the globe that is of use of video on the Internet interest of people and impacts them. (YouTube, Vimeo etc.). New media is a term meant to encom- pass the emergence of interactive dig- Keywords: Communication, New ital media that requires computer and media journalism, Short film, internet essentially and facilitates a Documentary, Journalism Apprentice, two way communication from initiat- Precedence ing a message from source to receiver enabling the next step that is a quick Introduction: feedback completing the cycle of Communication is the act or process effective communication by shorten- of communicating i.e. imparting or ing the distance among the communi- exchanging of information by speak- cator and receiver. ing, writing, or using some other medium as means of communicating New media Journalismis related to the information. Whereas, Media is journalism in many ways.It enables the vehicle through which we can the journalism professionals to learn send particular information or impart to use longstanding techniques with knowledge. Therefore, sharing infor- the fresh new media gears to refine mation from one end to the other their skills in journalistic aspects through different medium of media is bearing in mind their professional referred as media communication. motto "informing the truth" Wilbur Schramm in 1954 suggested that "communication is a two way New Media opens an unabridged process where both sender and receiv- fresh portal for journalism profession- er take turns to send and receive a als to reach the society or target group message" since then, mass communi- and has extended opportunities cation has undergone a major percep- beyond the familiar boundaries for tual transformation. Schramm's asser- presenting issues and opportunities tion that communication is incomplete through internet. Therefore, this new unless the sender receives a feedback technology has been adopted with

10 open arms by media industry profes- correct stories; a few locales even sionals around the globe. One of the repeated the daily paper on the web. ways is using the internet to publish This unmistakably demonstrates loss news. The main purpose of journalism of inventiveness perfectly. is to provide people with important social and political news. In the past, To whole everything up, there are journalism is done through the televi- many causes on how the utilization of sion, radio and newspaper. Now, peo- new media can contrarily affect news ple turn to the internet to search for coverage. Right off the bat, everybody news. This greatly lowers the quality needs to be the first to distribute new of journalism. data. Furthermore, the new media has In the days of yore, distributing news a tendency to be over cautious and required vast ventures and this by unprejudiced revealing. Web based itself makes the source dependable. news still don't give the sort of costly Presently, web is promptly accessible and top to bottom news coverage that to anybody with a PC and web associ- prevailing press havedone.New ation and this makes the wellspring of Media's Long term easy access any- news problematic. You cannot think where anytime round the clock has everything on the web in light of the not only attracted the attention of pro- fact that the source may not originate fessional or senior journalists but also from an expert writer. the journalism students to showcase their work to a large population in one A standout amongst the most widely click. recognized news stuff that reaches the Just like any other technology "New large audience on a single upload is media" have some negative effects important. But comparably have more too, which we cannot ignore at all. On risk as once something is on the one hand it has provided a huge plat- Internet, it has a tendency to be form to students to gain confidence as acknowledged as a reality and well as applause by showcasing their rehashed commonly. Therefore, peo- work but on the other it has also cre- ple tend to trust the news platter ated some wrong perceptions among available on the site because of the the budding journalists (students). availability of various articles on a Due to its unlimited reach and run- similar issue on a wide range of sites. time they consider it as the easiest Web based news can likewise bring medium to achieve their goals or suc- about the loss of inventiveness. cess in shortest span of time. Individuals are always contending Although, documentary is a strong with whatever is displayed on new tool of new media journalism but still media platform may prompt unorigi- our budding journalists are inclining nality. Numerous sites post practically towards creating short films (fiction)

11 forgetting and neglecting the motto Magarpatta and Loni-Kalbhor. The and true journalistic values through purpose behind selecting college new media journalism. going youth was that in this age they are very curious and they easily get Objective: influenced by anything. Data was col- The research / study shall serve as a lected from Variety of sources like piece of information that focuses on interview, online sources and docu- how youth or budding journalists are mentation. A proper questionnaire was inclining towards creating short films circulated among college going youth (fiction) forgetting and neglecting (journalism students) which had 10 their actual role, responsibilities and close ended questions and thus, the journalistic value through new media first hand data was collected through journalism. this method.

Data Analysis: Research Methodology The data collected was tabulated and The study is based on Survey Method analysed. Quantitative analysis was along with the use of Questionnaire. done by calculating and distributing The Variable of the study include: the questionnaire to college youth Perception about more of name, fame (Journalism Students). and money in fiction film Below mentioned are the quantitative making,Lack of practical knowledge data analysing the perception of col- and experience, A lot hard work lege going youth (Journalism required in researching facts and fig- Students): ures and detailing, No knowledge of 1: Maximum number of respondents media ethics and laws, Less viewer- (85%) prefer watching Short Film ship in documentary making whereas (Fiction) than documentary (15%) in it's huge in terms short film (fic- New Media tion),Difficult to find financer or sponsors for a documentary film making, In documentary revenue generation very low.

Data Collection:

Hadapsar (25) Magarpatta (35) Loni-Kalbhor (40)

Data was collected from Hadapsar,

12 2: Maximum number of respondents (75%) prefers making Short Film (Fiction) than documentary (25%) for New Media.

requires more of hard work in term researching facts, figures and detailing for new media.

3: Maximum number of respondents (90%) thinks making Short Film (Fiction) than documentary (10%) brings them the returns in the form of appreciation as well as name, fame and money for new media.

6: Maximum number of respondents (65%) thinks making documentary is hurdle in terms of media ethics and laws and (35%) respondent's thinks that making documentary is not a hurdle in terms of media ethics and laws for new media.

4: Maximum numbers of respondents (95%) agree that makingDocumentary than short film (fiction) (5%) needs Practical knowledge to convey message effectively to their target audience by new media 5: Maximum number of respondents (70%) thinks making documentary than Short film (fiction) (30%)

13 9: Maximum number of respondents (90%) thinks Finding Sponsors and financers are easy for making short film (fiction) in new media than documentary (10%).

7: Maximum number of respondents (50%) thinks making Short film (fiction) is hurdle in terms of media ethics and laws and (50%) respondent's thinks that making Short film 10: Maximum number of respondents (fiction) is not a hurdle in terms of (80%) thinks making short film (fic- media ethics and laws for new media. tion) has more possibilities of higher revenue generation in new media than documentary (20%).

8: Maximum number of respondents (90%) thinks Short film (fiction) has more viewership on new media than Documentary (10%). Result: The result of this research is, in Maximum number of respondents (85%) prefer watching Short Film (Fiction) than documentary (15%) in New Media. Then we see Maximum number of respondents (75%) prefers making Short Film (Fiction) than documentary (25%) for New Media. Next, Maximum number of respon-

14 dents (90%) thinks making Short Film among journalism students, we con- (Fiction) than documentary (10%) cluded that, in spite of making a brings them the returns in the form of choice to pursue journalism their appreciation as well as name, fame understanding about video production and money for new media. In terms of for new media, relates to the making practical knowledge, Maximum num- of entertainment videos/ short films bers of respondents (95%) agree that (fiction) instead of creating news, making Documentary than short film interviews videos or documentaries (fiction) (5%) needs Practical knowl- and completely forgetting the actual edge to convey message effectively to motto of this profession. Henceforth, their target audience by new media. it substantiates that journalism aspi- For hard work, Maximum number of rants and scholars are more inclined respondents (70%) thinks making towards making short films (fiction) documentary than Short film (fiction) for one of the most effective and (30%) requires more of hard work in intense technology with the largest term researching facts, figures and reach in shortest span of time i.e. detailing for new media. In context of New Media. media ethics and law, Maximum number of respondents (65%) thinks mak- References: ing documentary is hurdle in terms of https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/vie media ethics and laws and (35%) wFile/1750/832 respondent's thinks that making docu- http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/si mentary is not a hurdle in terms of tes/default/files/research/files/Journalis media ethics and laws for new media. m%2520in%2520the%2520Age%2520o For viewership, Maximum number of f%2520Social%2520Media.pdf respondents (90%) thinks Short film https://www.idosi.org/mejsr/mejsr22(4)1 (fiction) has more viewership on new 4/20.pdf media than Documentary (10%).For https://www.innovation.cc/scholarly- finding sponsors, Maximum number style/ali_samman_new+media_impac11 of respondents (90%) thinks Finding 6v3i7a.pdf Sponsors and financers are easy for http://newmedia-journalism.blogspot.in/ making short film (fiction) in new http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism media than documentary (10%).last http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism but not the least, Maximum number of respondents (80%) thinks making short film (fiction) has more possibili- *** ties of higher revenue generation in new media than documentary (20%). Conclusion: Based on the survey conducted

15 Impact of social media on Indian Politics

Ramdas Nehulkar Assistant Professor Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth Pune Department of Mass Communication

Abstract friends, family, and strangers. The In comparison to new media, social introduction of social media has media's influence in political cam- changed the world in many ways. It paigns has increased tremendously. affects each individual in different Social networks play an increasingly ways. Today it can be used as a very important role in electoral politics In helpful tool in changing a person's India For this credit goes to internet, life, but at the same time cause such each person with marginal views can conflicts which can negatively impact see that he's not alone. And when a person. While there are some nega- these people find one another via tives associated with social media, the social media, they can do things - cre- positives in communication all ate memes, publications and entire around, has made the world stronger online worlds that bolster their world- and a better place to live in. view, and then break into the mainstream. Without social media, social, Despite the positives, there are many ethical, environmental and political negatives associated with social ills would have minimal visibility. media. Using social media can make a Increased visibility of issues has shift- person more vulnerable to predators ed the balance of power from the and cyber bullying. In this age, hands of a few to the masses. "Cyber bulling is quite common, can occur to any young person online, and Introduction : can cause profound psychosocial out- Social media is any website that comes including depression, anxiety, allows social interaction. Social media severe isolation, and tragically sui- is growing rapidly throughout the cide" Cyber bullying impacts society world. More adults and teenagers are in a negative way because it is harm- joining sites such as Face book, ing young teenagers' minds. Bullies, MySpace, and witter to interact with torment, threat, harass, and even

16 embarrass their victims by using dif- The impact of new media on society ferent forms of social media. Using social media can also decrease priva- Two-way communication, ease of cy for an individual. People often give access to information continuous out their personal information not learning, convergence, aggregation of knowing who can see it. The abun- content remix culture and the transi- dance of technology and social media tion from products to services possi- today has led to many positives and ble. Aggregation of content leads to negatives variety and choice, community, social collectivity and cooperation. Remix What Is New Media and digitization helps close the gap New Media which includes different between user and producer, which technologies. In the opinion of some in turn builds community, variety specialists are and choice. Ease of access and dis- considerate as new media1 both semination of information leads to blogs, podcast, video games, virtual continuous learning; social collectivi- worlds, Wiki encyclopedia, and other ty and cooperation; remix culture; mobile devices, interactive televi- and the closing of the gap between sions, and even the web-sites and e- user and producer. mail. Others2 consider that blogs and virtual worlds must be included in the Nowadays, the TV viewers can attend category of social media because they the favorite TV transmissions on the are encouraging appearance of virtual screen of the computer. The PC is communities and social networks. In exceeding by far the native function spite of the differences, some research and now it plays the role of television workers3 identified two common and multimedia center. It is used in characteristics for majority of defini- the same time for downloading the tions. These are: - spreading the TV transmissions from the Internet information to a number of and to program the digital registration receivers which is theoretical infi- of high definitions and also to see the nite, in customized ways, depending programs. In a converged media on specification for endorsed cate- world, consumers use Apple iPods to gories; - tenure of un equal control make their own music playlists. about information both of transmitters Personal video recorders allow them and receivers. Other definitions are to customize television schedules. even more vaguely, considering that These consumers8 pull stock-market new media are represented by all updates, text messages, wallpaper, the texts, sounds, images and graph- ring-tones, and short-form video into ic forms transformed by the computer. their mobile phones. They come together in online communities, gen-

17 erate their own content, mix it, and tion between businesses, organiza- share it on a growing number of tions, communities, and individuals. social networks. In this new-media These changes are the focus of the culture, people no longer passively emerging field of techno self studies. consume media (and thus advertis- Social media differ from traditional ing, its main revenue paper-based or industrial media in many ways, including quality, reach, Concept of Social Media frequency, usability, immediacy, and Social media are computer-mediated permanence. Social media operate in tools that allow people, companies a dialogic transmission system (many and other organizations to create, sources to many receivers). This is in share, or exchange information, career contrast to traditional media that oper- interests, ideas, and pictures/videos in ates under a monologist transmission virtual communities and networks. model (one source to many receivers), The variety of stand-alone and built- such as a paper newspaper which is in social media services currently delivered to many subscribers. Some available introduces challenges of of the most popular social media web- definition; however, there are some sites are Face book , WhatsApp, common features: (1) social media are Tumblr, Instagram, Twitter, Baidu Web 2.0 Internet-based applications, Tieba and Snapchat..There was a con- (2) user-generated content (UGC) sensus that Twitter and the social plat- such as text, digital photo or digital form were game-changers for the video posts are the lifeblood of the media ecosystem. Prime Minister social media organism, (3) users cre- Narendra Modi's tweet, that broke the ate their own profiles for the website news of American President Barrack onramp, which is designed and main- Osama being invited on what would tained by the social media organiza- be a historic visit during the January tion, and (4) social media facilitate 26 Republic Day celebration in 2015, the development of online social net- was the latest instance of social media works by connecting a user's profile crossing onto the realm of journalism. with those of other individuals and/or Sands, whose newspaper recovered groups. from an existential crisis after reader- Social media depend on mobile and ship plummeted a few years back, web-based technologies to create said her organization was now on highly interactive platforms through multiple platforms. "But the paper is which individuals, communities and the mother ship", she said, subtly organizations can share, co-create, pointing to conversations on social discuss, and modify user-generated media platforms that were largely content. They introduce substantial about what people had read in the and pervasive changes to communica- papers or watched on TV. Sands also

18 flagged other pitfalls and concerns of variable pay (TVP) of their journalists social media, invoking instances such and content developer's salaries with as inappropriate tweeting; lines the amount of social share they are between fact and fiction being blurred performing. Medianama has access to and privacy threats. "Newspapers may emails, which clearly states that every not be there 20 years from now, but journalist working with Times of journalism will remain. Think of it India must: more on the lines of the steam engine (which has been replaced by modern Share at least three WhatsApp mes- locomotives)," she said. sages with their stories Share at least three 'online-first' sto- Reportage, the panelists recognized, ries within their social circle was one of the most prominent of Share at least three Tweets with their roles social media had undertaken - stories in them recalling cases when news was bro- Failure to do so shall result in reduced ken by eyewitnesses before any media incentives, hence reduced salaries. organization could confirm. From among the audience, veteran editor Bodhisattva Gangly, who is the Vinod Mehta - who recently opened Executive Editor of The Economic his Twitter account -- spoke about Times, had sent one such email earlier being a victim of relentless abuse on in the month to all employees of the the platform. Stanton responded by media conglomerate. Times of India saying they wanted Twitter to be a has officially refused to either confirm safe place, and had tools to block or deny any such diktat. Writing Is abuse. But, slightly defensively, she Not Enough; Share it As Well . With pointed out that abuse existed in the this new protocol of Times of India, physical world as well. If there was a news and publishing industry may running theme, it was - for the pan- witness a new trend of 'forcing' the elists and audience - the recognition journalist/writer to become socially that Twitter has changed the way in active, and share their creations with which we use and consume informa- their online connections. For enforc- tion. How the big media responds will ing the social sharing aspect, Times of determine its future. India has actually created slabs based on which their journalist's salaries World's largest selling English lan- would depend. For example, sharing guage newspaper: Times of India, has 'online-first' articles will carry a unleashed a new trend in the news 'weight age' of 25%, while Tweeting and media industry by forcing their at least three stories every day carry journalists to become social. The another 25% weight. Even comments management has linked the target posted by article writers have been

19 included in this first of its kind diktat to have a Twitter account and had for journalists, as it carries 5% 6,000 followers. 'weight'. Besides, the journalist has to provide at least one comment per Five years later there is hardly any story major political leader who does not have an account on the micro-blog- Impact on Indian politics and ging site. Mr. Throop is now the sec- election ond most popular politician on Twitter A Newspaper Report Published in with 2.16 +million followers, after period of elections in India in 2015 Narendra Modi, the BJP's prime min- says : isterial candidate with 3.89 million The three American social media followers. Mr. Modi now also has giants - Face book, Twitter and nearly 14 million fans of Face book. Google - have emerged as a major player in the ongoing general elec- Barrack Osama is the only other tions in India, with political parties politician to have more Face book and candidates competing with each fans than Mr. Mode. With political other in breaking the news, spreading parties, leaders and candidates putting their message through these outlets in their advertisement on social media to addition to those via the traditional reach out to their voters, all the three media. While the impact of these major players are reported to have social media on the elections could be made substantial addition to their rev- known only after May 16 when the enue. results are declared or could be a matter of another academic research, all Though none of the companies are the three major players have seen sub- willing to discuss the advertisement stantial increase in their India traffic revenue this election cycle, all of and usage. For instance, Face book them have put in several months of has now 100 million users in India - tireless efforts and diverted substantial its largest outside the US - while that amount of their resources in the elec- of Twitter has more than doubled tions, many of them working thou- since January this year. sands of miles away from India. Face book started working on the After the 7th round of polling, there Indian elections towards the end of were 49 million Indian elections-relat- last year, says Katie Harpeth, ed conversations on Twitter - more Manager for Policy at Face book, than double the 20 million Indian adding that the company started doing election-related conversations on a series of things beginning March Twitter for all of 2013. In 2009, Shahs this year when the elections were Throop was the only Indian politician announced. This includes launch of

20 election tracker so that people can see dom of expression offline, has tasted in real time. Candidates are now using democratization of expression through Face book and Twitter for breaking Face book, Twitter and blogs - even news. "We are really seeing the entire trolls. The canvassing loudspeakers, country discuss the issues (related to battling it out at high decibel levels in elections)," Herbart told PTI in a each Delhi mohalla, were hijacked, recent interview. "Face book is really this time by hash tag wars fought by the key place of the conversation that party followers on social media plat- is happening," she said. forms. And most seasoned political contenders, including the chief minis- Adam Sharp, Head of Government terial candidates, were all active on and Nonprofits at Twitter, who has social media, in varying degrees. The been involved in participating in elec- political start-up AAP combined its tions in various countries of the street power with seamless social- world, said Twitter is a powerful way media campaigning. to return to retail politics. He conced- ed that elections have helped Twitter AAP 's Use of Social Media expand in India.The victory of the During the Delhi elections in 2015, Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) in February the power of social media was clearly 2015 wasn't just the most telling lit- felt. AAP used the modern way of mus test of anti-incumbency in India's campaigning and reached out to pub- capital, it also played out as a com- lic. They were using the tool in a way pelling example of engagement and no one has ever thought of. Most of persuasion via social media. Much of their leaders made their presence felt the election - or should we say the on Face book and Twitter. From battle of perceptions - was fought on Arvind Kejriwal to their grassroots Face book and Twitter. workers, everyone leveraged social Delhi had 13 million registered voters media to ensure that they are reaching this election, out of whom 12.15 mil- out to larger audience. All this while, lion were online. This made digital the BJP was trying to win the hearts platforms the largest canvassing tool of people by using the conventional for parties and the most effective way, the more familiar way of cam- engagement tool for party workers. paigning by going door to door and What's more, it didn't eat into their conducting rallies. Election results campaign budgets like traditional turned out to be the game changer and media did. This is unprecedented in it also made sure that the social media Indian state elections and is certainly will continue to play a vital role in the a game-changer. coming years of Indian politics.

The average voter, rooting for free-

21 Use of Social Media in Politics Conclusion Since that time, use of social media in Social media has influenced politics politics has significantly increased. and it has also increased interest of There are various ways by which peo- people in politics. The political parties ple connect, by commenting, creating have now taken social media as one memes and even trolling. Their news of the most important channels for feed is the space which they own and their public relations activities and feel more comfortable. They don't almost every party has its official have to move out of their room to fol- pages on Face book and twitter where low a certain political face or to be a they post political updates, press part of campaign. The dependency releases and news about their cam- over print media and electronic media paigns. In recent times, social media has reduced as people can now be a has been a integral part of politics and part of news, express their views with its growth seems to be continuous. others on this platform. Videos and In India political social media man- pictures of sting operation are shared agement will grow innovative and on Face book, YouTube and other wide within a short span of time, and platforms showing the truth without days are not far when social media any moderation. The common man response and engagement will decide participation in politics has increased. the future of any political party. Any The recent use of social media web- political party or person who tries to sites by Indian government has been stay away from social media or con- much talked about. Mr. Suresh siders it dinkier will soon find it diffi- Prabhu, along with his team, very cult to survive in changing environ- efficiently used Twitter for helping ment of Indian politics. out the Indian Rail passengers in need. From sending food to school children by taking action on a tweet *** to helping women who tweeted that she is in distress due to harassment faced in her train journey, he has done everything right so far. Ministry of Railway's heartiest efforts were truly a sweet surprise for the people who got assistance when they needed it the most. HRD Minister Sushma Swaraj has also been quite active on twitter and she also made her presence felt by promptly assisting on request over her twitter handle.

22 Importance of new media in Public Relation

Vikrant. V. kulkarni

Introduction person''. Every human being wants to commu- "A mass communication using digital nicate each other and communication technology such as internet is called is very needful for life. The educa- new media." tional sector and entertainment sectors Maintain good relation with people increase importance of mediums of and create trusty image in them is media. New media is more valuable called public relation ======because of modernization. Every per- Raferd. Barnaz. son and every organization have to communicate with people with their Organization having a public relation own ideas that are very important to officer who maintains relation them. Every organisation wants to between them. Public relation officer create a positive image in front of of particular organization place such people. Mass communication and idea to maintain good relation. Public mediums of mass communication ful- relation officer of organization took fil their need and create a good image many efforts to maintain good relation in front of society. between organization and people. Many time public relation officer give The researcher choose subject his best to destroy confusion between "Importance of new media in public public and organization. If people relation" for this research we have to having a good image of organization study firstly definition of new media that organization become more popu- and public relation. Introduction of lar in that area. Public relation officer public relation is very important part also develop good relation in between of this research. owner and worker of that organiza- "A good relationship between organi- tion. Turn work and reputation of that zation and community is called public organization increase because of pub- relation." lic relation officer. Public relation is also defined as 'the professional maintenance of a if that public relation officer uses favourable public image by a compa- social media that create a impression ny or other organization or a famous in public. Many times there is nega-

23 tive image in public about organiza- different state and also with different tion. Many times people can't trust on countries through social site or new new organization because of such media. It is very smart way that saves confusion organization lose their time and money and efforts of that image and also trust. At such stage public relation officer. Public relation public relation officer took press con- officer send release through new ference. At press conference public media or through social sites. And relation officer try to solve confusion after publishing of news he also send between organization and people. scan copies of published news Public relation officer also attract peo- through it. ple towards product of organization. Public relation officer took efforts and The history of public relation is very made positive image of that organiza- important. At past our Indian culture, tion. Because of such efforts turn past communities, religion is having work of organization increases. New huge history. History of public rela- media is very advanced medium of tion is also helpful to study public media. It gives fastest results. A pub- relation and also to understand the lic relation through new media is very importance of new media in today's smart way to create a different kind of modernization world. In past there is image on their own. novels, story books, drama, music, Public relation is part of advertise- art, drawing, are the ways of public ment and it is way to create good relation. public relation is very power- image in public. Public relation cre- ful sector to earn money. Public rela- ates trust about organization in public. tion officers advice is very important Public relation is very powerful medi- to all sectors. In past there was public um. Publics opinion is very important relation but there wasn't new media so in public relation. Public relation offi- that mediums are very slow than cer is very important post in every today's advanced mediums of new government and private organization, media. private sectors, hospitals, much famous personality also having their The method of news paper tracking is own public relation officer. Social very important process in public rela- media having different kind of sites tion. because of new media it can be who gave information about organiza- easy. Because of face book, sites of tion and that site maintain by public news papers, public relation officer relation officer to maintain relation easy track his news. Social net work- with customers. Public relation ing sites, face book, what's up gmail through new media is very smart and are the different tools of new media. fastest way. Many times public rela- Because of fast news tracking public tion officer maintain relations with relation officer give advice to organi-

24 zation after the proper advice organi- tional conference and because of that zation establish their own strategy to many countries gathered and do their compete with others. Because of business. 'Public relation society of paper tracking public relation officer India' is head organization of all pub- collect many informative articles, lic relation offices in India. This news which are very helpful. Use of organization is fulfil with new media. new media tools public relation offi- Different kinds of tools of new media cer read and save such important used in this organization. There are information very easily. many valuable websites of public relation, because of such websites Example : 1 ) Many hospitals pub- public relation sector increases rapid- lished valuable advice and informa- ly. Because of new media and web- tion to patients, such information easi- sites public relation officer easily send ly read and saved by using advance invitations and press releases to jour- tools of new media. nalist. New media is fastest way to 2) There is use of new media in pub- conduct international conference. lic relation at international level when People trust public relation sector chief minister and VIP personalities more that advertisement sector. Public on foreign tour. relation officer conduct press conference and after that journalist analysis There is increase in population as per that topics and news published after increasing population there is need of this. People trust on news more that public relation officer. Many govern- advertisement. Many students follow ment sectors need smart public rela- the ratings of organization while job tion officer and many smart public searching, and such rating is increased relation officer need new media to as per reputation of that organization. achieve fast results. As modernization Public relation increase trust and rep- increases at that time public relation utation of that organization. Many is also increases rapidly. Public rela- students study new media and public tion officer arrange many national and relation in their internship programs. international conference. Because of The growth of organization and work- new media journalist from different ers of that organization is depends countries attend such international upon public relation sector. Many press conference from their countries. huge projects successfully done by Public relation officers study basic organization but they can't come in motto of organization and different front of people, public relation sector kind of policies of organization and put them in front of people through also give valuable suggestions to dif- new media. ferent sectors of that organization. In 19th century P.T. Barnam is famous Many countries took part in interna- public relation officer and Bailey

25 Sayras is also most famous public Objectives: relation officer. They gave many 1) To study basic concept of public important theories to world through relation. public relation. They show easy way 2) To study methodology of public of public relation. Public relation sec- relation through new media. tors become commercial sector in 3) To study the different kinds of 1903. Sir Jhon.D.Rockfiller tools of new media used in public announced public relation sector is relation commercial sector in 1903. After that in 1918 public relation sector having Research Methodology huge growth and become one of the Qualitative analysis method is used famous sector in world. In 1923 sir for this research. Because contain Barnaz wrote many thesis and articles can't be measured in numbers. In this on public relation. because of such method we analysis topic and that is valuable articles people having aware- very effective way to complete ness about public relation. Sir Advert research. Importance of new media in Barnaz is father of public relation and public relation is major topic of this levee lee is first public relation offi- research. This topic belongs to both cer. In todays days there is confer- public relation and new media. We ence conducted by Dr. L.R. Donelan can take different public relation offi- in Florida university. More than 100 cers as an sample for this research. public relation officer attend press For this research methodology and to conference in Florida university. A collect information, researcher will valuable guidance book is written by take interview of public relation offi- many public relation officer in Florida cer in Pune. Interview means university. In European countries researcher ask questions in details to many books are famous on public public relation officers to collect valu- relation. In India there are many able information. Public relation offi- authors who wrote basics of public cer in pune use a different kind of relation. many famous writer also cre- new media tools which is very impor- ate a drawings on public relation. this tant to their work. Because of this drawings posted through new media. methodology we can achieve a certain New students of mass communication level to fulfil our aim. After an inter- and new public relation officers easily view researcher write that valuable understand public relation from these information in his research book and drawings. use qualitative analysis method. 1) To study concept of public relation Objectives through new media. Researcher Aim - To study the importance of new chooses public relation officers and media in public relation asks their opinion about it.

26 Public relation is used for increasing the news papers and download copies potential of particular organization. of paper. This is importance of new Public relation officer also used to media in public relation. Many public business development also. Costumers relation officer having their own pho- and people is key factor in public tographer to take valuable photo- relation ? and detail study of that cos- graphs of valuable conference. After tumers and people is very important. publishing news in news paper public What are basic requirements to do relation officer make file of that news best public relation are also important. which was published in different kind If public relation officer use social of news papers. Public relation officer media for his work then we have to collect that news in one file that file check is it important for the organiza- called docket. That docket is also tion or not ? for that detail study is send through mail to directors of that very important. Many times public organization. Mail is one of the tool relation officer present important pre- of new media. If the directors or man- sentations from social media. It gave agers of that organization is out of correct idea about the organization. country at such case they can read docket and reply from mail to public 2) To study methodology of public relation officers, thats why new media relation through new media researcher is very important in public relation focused on detail structure and sector. process of public relation. Many times public relation officer collect the valu- After detail study of methodology of able information from the new media. public relation researcher understand By using tools of social media public some important things like public relation officer write invitation of relation is having start to maintain press conference and send it to related good relation with media. Firstly media reporters and editors. Then attend press conference and meet dif- reporters attend conference and pub- ferent journalist and to different peo- lished news. If we use new media ple. Then collect information and dif- tools like google to send invitation ferent views of people. Also present and release to reporters by mail it different kind of valuable information save time. Public relation officer col- from presentation. These are all lect valuable information through new important methods of public relation. media that means by using google, public relation officer also request to you tube. At such case new media a journalist to publish news. The save unnecessary extra affords of that information of circulation of news public relation officer. After publish- paper is also important for public ing news public relation officer use relation. such information collected new media tools like social sites of by public relation officer. Public rela-

27 tion officer also collect information methodology that which paper is most famous hav- 2) David L, public relation and adver- ing a huge circulation in that area. tisement, When people understand that a partic- 3) Donald tardavel, public relation ular organization is trustful then fast 4) J.B Tardvel, basics of public rela- increase in reputation of that organi- tion zation. 3) To study the different kinds of tools of new media used in public *** relation Different types of media tools used in public relation. New media is very powerful media tool. News paper, internet, social sites, email, photography, magazines are different types of media tools in public relation. Public relation is one of the powerful sector of media.

Findings and conclusion Researcher studied the objectives of this research to find out importance of new media in public relation. after a detail study researcher concluded that the use of new media in public relation is very important. In media 99 % public relation officer use new media. Because of new media public relation officer easily send release and invitation from one country to another. Many reporters from different state can attend important conference through web. Web is one of the tool of new media. So use of new media is very very important for reporters as well as public relation officers.

Referance Books 1) Domnik and wimmer, research and

28 Digital Cultures: Study of Mobile Phone and Internet Usage among Youth

Swapnil Kamble (PhD Scholar, TISS Mumbai)

Technology is altering the way nology like mobile is incorporated we perceive the outside world. Mobile into culture; no culture is free from Communication technology has this intrusion. These kinds of digital changed the nature of communication, communication technologies are sociality, and access of internet, social reshaping the values and cultures. networking, and micro-management Researcher want to study the new cul- and so on. Entire world is engaged ture of mobile communication, the with mobile phone screens and every- various ways of mediatised communi- body`s story is different behind its cation, digitalization, usage of mobile specific usage. It has created commu- internet, online identities, individual- nication more democratic and free ization, new trends of social commu- from time and space. nication, relationship and friendship This research will explore the rela- and much more. Mix methodology tionship between mobile phones and will be preferred for the study. The youth, by finding how this technology research has focused on changing is appropriated in their daily lives, nature of communication due to how this has entered in their personal advent of new communication tech- and social space, and their usages and nology like Mobile Phone and its effects. Mainly research has been impact on village youth and sociality. done worldwide by non-Indian There are both positive and negative researchers. Mobile or wireless com- sides. Remote village areas are defi- munication technology and their nitely getting benefitted by mobile effects is next research area for media communication. Digital future is in and communication scholars. the hands of Mobile Communication Surprisingly technology and its effects and wireless technologies. Mobile are neglected by both communication phone is a technology for the masses and cultural studies. Presently tech- in real. It is used by masses.

29 Key words: Mobile Phones; munication enables a personal com- Communication; Culture, munication channel to transmit and Digitization, Youth. receive messages. Young boys and India is known for a country of vil- girls have access to Internet and lages but the traditional settings of social networking sites only because villages have been changing. Our of Mobile phones because they do not society has witnessed the explosion of have computers. But this kind of digi- information communication technolo- tal divide is filled by using Mobile gy. The expansion of new media Phones. Youth and their mobile phone technologies have been changing use are challenging the traditional Indian villages' scenarios especially in norms, values and restrictions on the presence of mobile phones and communication especially for young due to its unique features, affordable male female friendship and relation- price and easy to use nature. Personal ship. New media use is exclusively Computers and Internet connections personal. Social hierarchies can not are still out of reach for many in affect the usage. Indian villages. Digital era may not The research paper has focused on entirely consider as digital in the real changing nature of communication sense without mobile phones. Mobile due to advent of new communication phones, Internet and new media are technology like Mobile Phone and its inseparable characteristics of new impact on village youth and sociality. media digital age. Mobile phones are There are both positive and negative playing very decisive and inimitable sides in the scenario. Remote village roles in everyday life of common peo- areas are definitely getting benefitted ple. Its popularity and active usage of by mobile communication. Digital mobile phones as a multimedia device future is in the hands of Mobile is much intensive among youth. Every Communication and wireless tech- young hand is now busy on the 'touch nologies. Mobile phone is a technolo- screens' in rural and urban parts of gy for the masses in real. It is used by India. Advent of mobile communica- masses. tion has transformed the older tradi- The paper will explore with techno- tional ways of interactions. deterministic approach to understand Communication technology is reshap- its effects on sociality and communi- ing social and interpersonal communication as whole. As a researcher I am cation. This change is incorporating interested to look in the digital future new values, new culture and new atti- with Mobile Phone use in rural India. tudes. Communication is embedded in Mobile phone as a multi-communica- social hierarchies; caste structure tion device has revolutionised our plays significant role in controlling society and changed the way we com- social communication. Mobile communicate and interact. We live in the

30 era of rapid changes communication istics and magnitude of this communi- technology which is intensively cation technology, the association of dynamic in nature in terms of its tech- mobile phone, How this digital device nological advances are considered. is important in their everyday life Information Communication technol- (Nayar, 2008), The situational uses of ogy has been changing human mobile phone, one`s engagement with engagement on personal social and mobile phone, the perception of cultural contexts from many years his/her and the perception about oth- especially after the nineties, post lib- ers who are mobile phone users. eralization period in Indian context. It Young people are becoming more was in full swing by the advent of dependent on their phones and could Internet and Personal Computer, but not imagine their everyday activities, now a day, Mobile phones are every- and interpersonal communications where in the hands of rich and poor, without mobile phones. Previous urban and rural, men and women, research shows the relationship and teenagers, senior citizens. It is a com- friendship dynamics are so much munication technology boom in the related and become complex, young present contemporary context. The people are tending to communicate wireless cheaper and easy to use tech- more on mediated platforms.(Ling, nology has become intensively popu- 2007) Their interpersonal communica- lar and widely accepted, used globe. tion, face to face communication hap- More than one third of the world`s pens in better and in multiple ways population have access for Mobile only when they use mobile for it. phones, including developed, devel- People are enjoying multiple-func- oping and under developed countries. tioning-activities of their communica- India is the most imminent market tion through mobiles phone. for this communication technology. Mobile phone is a complex and more According to BBC News India, India critical medium to study (Goggin, is the world's fastest growing market. 2013). It is so much problematic and In India there are 554.8 million difficult to analyse this digital media mobile users and 143.2 million inter- by theoretical perspective like techno- net users.. Any new technology is determinist approach. Marshall Mc accepted and experimented immedi- Luhan (19964) and his famous state- ately by youth. (Goggin, 2013). ment Medium is the Message. Context According to him the medium itself The paper is based upon the mobile plays major role, without concerning phone usage of village in Panshet vil- about the content and the message lage of Maharashtra in Pune District source. It was the era when internet to study youth and their day to day and mobile were not there in the sce- usage of mobile phone. The character- nario. Internet and Mobile that duo

31 are breath of the present digital era. ogy is been increased. Youth has fig- If we think as Mc Luhan says, then ured heavily in mobile media and if you consider your mobile phone is communication research since the a medium, then we can imagine how inception of the field (Green & the `massage` is all about. There are Haddon, 2009). Youth is a central cat- very few things you do on other digi- egory for researching new communi- tal platforms but mostly on mobile cation technology. (Goggin, 2007). phones. The name itself makes the The cell phone is a small, portable sense, you have mobile hence the life technology that allows us to partici- is becoming mobile, without any sta- pate in wide range of media interac- bility and peace but giving always a tions anywhere, anytime…it has pressure of being connected (Ling, become a must-have technology for 2007). many. (Hansion, 2007). Mobile is at Psychologically human nature of the centre of social, personal, business paying attention, concentration, focus- and intimate communication. In this ing on only one thing at a time is lim- regards Pramod Nayar (2012) very ited and it has been disturbed by appropriately describes the magnitude Mobile Communication. Frequent of mobile phone in our lives. interchange of multiple spaces creates 'Touch' is operative word even when problems of privacy and concentra- we are speaking of distant communi- tion and many more. This is really a cations. Communication is suddenly problematic concern for young peo- cool, and the mobile phone is the sin- ple; especially those are in academics gle most significant invention that has of in higher education. Technology is changed the way we touch others. for us for making our lives easier and (Nayar, 2012 p.29). comfortable but sometimes the side The contemporary world is digital effect too comes with the use. because of mobile phone and by Youth as a Category Internet usage, not just by a scientific Gerard Goggin (2007) in his book and technological invention of tech- entitled Cell phone culture says nology but it is succeeded to reach in telecommunication and its social the hands of large number of people, effects are neglected by social and not just succeeded in it but people and cultural studies scholars. But now a their day to day life, interpersonal day the scenario is indicating positive communication, and life related activ- signs in the realm of communication ities have been becoming simple and and media academia. These kinds of instant due to the revolutionary studies are mainly examining youth as device. an important agent. Youth studies are The cultural studies approach has getting wider scope since their looked at young users' negotiated use engagement with new media technol- of new technologies in local contexts

32 (Yoon, 2006). Yong people are not internet more than just calling and totally modern and are not completely receiving phones. tradition as per as their local attitudes Young people do their recharge and behaviour is considered. The online, book their tickets, online engagement with new communication shopping, downloading songs, videos, and their past history with traditional films everything is easily accessible norm and parent`s teachings make only because of mobile internet. Not them dilemmatic whether they are just other entertainment oriented uses doing behaving is true of to follow but internet is accessed for study what their parents and traditional val- related purpose, for checking emails ues. Researcher found this phase of and for acquiring more knowledge. transition. It makes the identity phe- Many mobile applications (known as nomenon in duality. Global technolo- Apps.) are popular among young peo- gy and its local usage in villages ple. Internet is must for activating make it a glocal phenomenon to mobile apps. Internet penetration in investigate academically. village is making village scenarios Use of Mobile Internet different than the traditional. The Keeping the village context in consid- instant access for information making eration and village youth as an agent everyday life simple and develops a of change maker there are some posi- sense of being modern and with the tive indication towards future, to present world. Mobile phone is a per- become a digital nation. Mr. Narendra sonal channel for transmitting person- Modi, Prime minister of India has al content to the networked people. planned Digital India Programme and Media consumption like songs, video, it is under implementation. Mobile films are accessed mainly on mobile phones are revolutionary in the pres- phone and shared and stored. ent means of communication. Mobile Previously the people could not afford phone enables a common villager to a single landline phone but now they access for internet with basic mobile have mobile phones for each and handsets too. There are cheaper every member in the family, at least mobile phones available in the mar- two mobiles in a family. It is true that ket; those mobile handsets are afford- there are negative effects of watching able for low income users like vil- porn in the early age. It is blurring the lagers. Since the villagers don't afford childhood and adulthood boundary. personal mobile computers, laptops, Digital Personal Medium tabs, but they are using only mobile Mobile phones found very personal phone to fulfil their digital needs and in nature. Researcher found that, experience of internet access. Almost nobody want to share his/her mobile all the young people who interviewed phone or mobile number to anybody. for this study told that they are using "Previously very few people had

33 landline phones, and the neighbours ry (1972) of presentation of self used to share the telephone number describes electronic communication among their family and friends, but allows more interaction resources and now everybody have their own the communication is different than mobile number" (Respondent, 25). face to face communication as its Mobile phone is a media. It is used resources. Their perception towards like any other mass media device, themselves and sense of self is affect- rather to access mass media content ing due to constant virtual communi- like songs, films, videos, and much cation on mobile phone. Mobile and more on internet. Young people are so particularly mediated global commu- much concern about their privacy. nication there is no need of the recog- Mobile phone gives them a sense of nition of real time and space. Young private talk. Village culture is ortho- people have wide choice to spend dox in its nature and a girl boy rela- time, what to access, where to access, tionship even chatting in public places and for micro coordination. (Stald, is not accepted. The freedom from 2008). Mobile phone itself has feature these traditional restriction one can to mobile and access information overcome by maintaining personal from anywhere and anytime. This and private talk on mobile phone. makes the user less sensitive about his Many boys' respondents said now real-time space and time context. "I they have even girls in their friend- access internet sometime late night, ship list. They send SMS and text when the data traffic is low and I can rather calling. Texting more personal, download whatever I want". Village private and sometime intimate too. youth are not late night wonderers; One young male respondent said he since there is less electricity outside, can enjoy the communication with fear of animals like snakes they don't girls which is not occurring openly in go outside after night and sleep early. the village. Therefore mobile phones Mobile doesn't allow them to sleep are not just important but more per- early. Internet access and interperson- sonal than any other person in their al communication keeps on and on everyday life. Communication, affec- until you are willing to stop. Swedish tion, intimacy are basic human needs, scholar Alexandra Weilenmann states it was restricted before. Mobile as a that even if we use the mobile to carry media gives the gratification by the our social and personal life with us as use. It is main driver in inter personal we move, mobile technologies have communication for young people not made people independent of especially in relationships. place. According to her, "place" and Online Sociality "the local" are still important in the Mobile Phones are associated with mobile world. (Stald, 2008). virtual identities. As Goffman`s theo- Researcher has observed that respon-

34 dents were stressing more on the activity to enough for disturbing ones words like `anytime` and anywhere private space and privacy as whole. for communicating with others. It (Hansion, 2006). Garfinkle in his means they are rarely thinking about book entitled Database Nation: The time as a sense for mobile communi- death of privacy in the 21st century cation. Internet is a medium which is adds the roots are there in capitalism, global in nature; it has no physical free market, and open free competi- and geographical boundaries. Hence tion, advancements in communication young people don't follow any time or technologies. Hansion in her 24/7 schedule for mobile communication. says internet is virtually unlimited so It is always desire oriented. One does- we are in our always stuck to it. I n't want to suppress his/her desire think mobile phones have made us so when they have full freedom to com- ubiquitous for it the basic characteris- municate with anybody and any time tics of mobile phone like portability, and from anywhere. There are many small screen, maintaining the viewing recharge vouchers available which privacy, personal user device are gives free surfing and free download- responsible for such reasons. Their ing. These special vouchers are varies privacy is easily get encroached by from ten rupees to few hundred other`s call or SMS or any related rupees. Young people have the access communication. Internet is making to internet though they have few young people more isolated and they amounts in their hands. spend most of their time on-line Researcher found that this kind of (Hansion, 2007). It is a worldwide relationships exists with the use of tension now a day, how to handle the mobile phones by calling and texting behaviour of young people and their without getting directly noticed. association with internet and mobile Communication as a process is get- phones. Researcher has found many ting liberal and democratic due to interesting things which told by access of mobile phones though the young respondents including social structure remain same the com- teenagers and young adults. munication is increasing without con- Traditional plays, playing on grounds, sidering caste and religious identity. social gatherings, meeting together is More access of information communi- now seldom in the village. It leads cation technology will bridge the social passivity and isolation. communication gap and social institu- No more traditional social studies of tions will get challenged by virtual youth and technology have increas- free communication. ingly addressed the issue of globaliza- Being Digital: Nature of privacy tion. In those studies, the individual- Social networking is just one type of ization of youth has been a key internet service but it is a normal theme. Yoon, (2006).

35 switch over in those old technologies, Association with Digital Device by doing so means becoming out of Mediatised communication has date. Mobile phone usage gives them become easy by mobile phones. a sense of being modern and smart Respondents have negative feelings with the main stream of society. "I without mobile phone. Everyday life, feel standard by using mobile phone" daily routines are done through (A respondent stated age 18). The mobile. Interestingly the people word standard has a meaning in their around you are also communicating village. Since people are from villages only on mobile phone. are considered as non modern and Not just the technologies have backwards in cities. The feeling of changed its nature but there is a dras- modernness is associated with mobile tic change in terms of interpersonal phone. It is somewhere an attempt to communication is happening over the make their identity salient in the soci- digital devices like mobile phones. ety. Since there were always a Respondent were very nostalgic when monopoly over technologies by urban they asked about their previous means and upper caste people few decades of communications like post, before. telegrams, and landline phones, or messages sent by person to person. "It Conclusion: The study has been car- was more affectionate and with full of ried out to understand mobile phone love people used to visit our houses use, social communication and chang- for such messages now a day they just ing cultures by young people of call but hardly come at our home." Panshet village and its effects on Says 25 year old a young adult from sociality. It is found that the advent of the village. The perfect empirical evi- mobile communication technology dence is not there, which would has influenced day to day life of explain the reason. But they are tend- young people intensively. Mobile ing more towards their previous phones are commonly used in the vil- means of communications. Though lage like urban areas. On one hand digital communication technologies village settings are much different are full advanced and instant in nature from urban infrastructure and facili- but its content doesn't carry the love, ties and other side it is changing due affection and meanings which was to easy access of mobile Internet. It there before. has affected social institutions includ- It means not just the medium techno- ing caste structure and patriarchy and logical transformation is been traditional values. New media engage- changed but the language, emotions, ment creates new values, new atti- attitudes and human values too. By tudes and new ways of interactions. knowing this all nobody wants to Not just the communication technolo-

36 gies has been changing but the nature phone gives them a sense of being of interpersonal communication is modern. Modernity is associated with also influenced a. It is supported by Mobile Phone use experiences. domestication theory, techno-deter- Mobile phones are used almost for minism and appartgeist theory. any other reason. It is convenient and Personal, perpetual engagements for affordable for use. Their everyday long time on mobile phones are coordination's and micro-coordination resulting face to face communication are getting changed. It is more impul- reduction. These online activities are sive in nature. They can call anybody affecting our offline world. from anywhere. Previous studies on Young people of digital age mobile culture including the pioneers are more concern about their privacy. in the field, Goggin, 2008; Ling, Socially their privacy is always being 2007; Livingstone, 2009; Yoon, 2010, encroached under parent`s surveil- their findings supports mobile phones lance. Mobile phone has fortified their are changing young people's attitude sense of privacy. They enjoy the ben- and behaviour. efits of uninterrupted privacy settings on mobile phone, though they are with their parents in real time settings. Bibliography Third space creation is done due to 1. Christine,(2013). Mobile media and mobile. Newly married girls can communication in everyday life: develop very healthy relationship with Milestones and challenges,Mobile their dearest and nearest ones; it has Media & Communication 2013 1: reduced the fear factor of traditional 32.LinkeDOI: patriarchal settings. They have a sense 10.1177/2050157912459501. of control over their interpersonal 2. Ditte Laursen and Margaret H. communication which is not possible Szymanski(2013)Where are you? in their real-time space in the village. Location talk in mobile phone conver- The increase in women`s association sations,Mobile Media & with Internet and mobile can improve Communication 2013 1: 314DOI: new ideas and values. Learning by 10.1177/205015791349377 Internet, knowledge gathering, access- 3. Dong-Hoo ing information will definitely Lee,(2013).Smartphones, mobile changed the village scenario of Indian social space, and new sociality in villages. The major change agent Korea.Mobile Media & would be Internet and mobile phone. Communication 2013 1: 269.DOI: It can be seen as a technology for 10.1177/2050157913486790. empowerment and social develop- 4. Eva Thulin and Bertil Vilhelmson, ment. (2007)Mobiles everywhere: Youth, The appropriation of mobile the mobile phone, and changes in

37 everyday practice.Young 2007 15: Pederson, L. a. (2005). Mobile 235.DOI: Communications Renegotiation of the 10.1177/110330880701500302. social sphere. London: Springer. 5. Gerard Goggin,(2013)Youth cul- 13. Jo Tacchi, Kathi R. Kitner and ture and mobiles, Mobile (Yoon, Kate Crawford, (2012).Meaningful 2006) Media & Communication DOI: Mobility.Gender, development and 10.1177/20501579124644892013 1: mobile phones, Feminist Media 83 Studies, 12:4, 528-537, DOI: 6. Goffman, E. (1978). The presenta- 10.1080/14680777.2012.741869. tion of self in everyday life (p. 56). 14. Jos´e Garc, La Montes, Harmondsworth. (2005).Changes in the self resulting 7. Goggin, G. (2006). Cell Phone from the use of mobile Culture Mobile Technlogy in phones.MediaCulture & Society, Everyday Life. Newyork: Routledge. 28(1),DOI: Hansion, J. (2007). 24/7 How Cell 10.1177/0163443706059287. Phones and the Internet Change the 15. Katz J.(2007).Handbook of Way We live , Work and Play. Mobile Communication Studies,The London: Praeger. MIT Press,Cambridge, 8. Hull. (2003). Youth Culture and Massachusetts,London.Kaikho Digital Media New Literacies for Chachei,(2010).Mobile phones in New Times. Research in the Teaching everydaylife of Naga Youth, TISS, of English , 229-233. Mumbai. 9. Hull. (2003). Youth Culture and 16. Kyongwon Yoon,(2006).Local Digital Media New Literacies for Sociality in young people`s Mobile New Times. Research in the Teaching communication,Korean case study.Vol of English , 229-233. 13(2): 155- 10. Jo Tacchi, Kathi R. Kitner and 174.10.1177/0907568206062924. Kate Crawford, (2012).Meaningful 17. Lee Humphreys, (2010). Mobile Mobility.Gender, development and social networks and urban public mobile phones, Feminist Media space.New Media Society.2010 12: Studies, 12:4, 528-537, DOI: 763 2010DOI: 10.1080/14680777.2012.741869. 10.1177/1461444809349578. 11. Jos´e Garc, La Montes, 18. Leopoldina Fortunati & Sakari (2005).Changes in the self resulting Taipale,(2012). Women's Emotions from the use of mobile Towards The Mobile Phone, Feminist phones.MediaCulture & Society, Media Studies, 12:4, 538-549, DOI: 28(1),DOI: 10.1080/14680777.2012.741870. 10.1177/0163443706059287. 19. London, Thousand Oaks, CA and 12. Nayar. (2008). An introduction to New Delhi, Vol6(3):319-339 DOI: cultural studies. New Delhi: Viva. 10.1177/1461444804042518.

38 20. Pederson, L. a. (2005). Mobile Communications Renegotiation of the social sphere. London: Springer. 21. Matanhelia, P. (2010). Mobile Phone USse By Young Adults In India. Maryland: University of Maryland. 22. Nayar. (2008). An introduction to cultural studies. New Delhi: Viva. Sun Sun Lim, (2013).On mobile communication and youth ''deviance'': Beyond moral, media and mobile pan- ics.Mobile Media Communication, 2013 1: 96, DOI: 10.1177/2050157912459503 Yoon, K. (2006). Local sociality in young people`s mobile communication A Korean case study. Childhood , 155-174. ***

39 "Influence of social media in news writing"

Dr. Hemant Dattajirao More Associate Professor Department of Mass Communication Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth ,Pune Email : [email protected] Cell : +91 9011036420

Abstract Introduction: Social media improving communica- Now a day Social media like tion skills and also strengthens com- Facebook, What's app, twitter etc. is a munication. Because of social media rising trends in the world. Social people have been able to communi- media is a form of electronic commu- cate with people in their local neigh- nications through with people creates borhood and talk to people in other online communities to share informa- countries at the same time. People tion, idea, personal messages etc. have formed online communities that Social media is being utilized by stu- allowed them to get support, educa- dents, parents, businesses, and reli- tion, and even promote and sell prod- gious organizations. It is being used ucts. You can connect with people in many forms by many different plat- from all around and learn about news forms for many reasons. that is happening in other parts of the world. Social media has a greater Print media is an industry associated impact on people today than ever with the printing and distribution of before. It has been a continual source news through newspapers and maga- of news, entertainment, and education zines. Print media is one of the oldest for users around the world for more and basic forms of mass communica- than 10 years. tion. It includes newspapers, weeklies, magazines, monthlies and other forms Keywords: social media, print media, of printed journals. Reporters are the search for news, newspaper, Effect on newspaper writers who investigate news writing. newsworthy events and interesting stories. Now a day social media plays

40 an important role in news writing. updated , social media is the impact- some once post frequently and tell ful medium for reporters and sub edi- everything they are doing via status tors . Smartphone users always have updates. The social network, Twitter, the hurriedness to share breaking appears to be one of their first choices news on social media . Accidents , with celebrities' tweets being the topic natural calamities , death of famous of many news discussions. Apart from personalities , bomb blast etc at dif- connecting to a network of friends, a ferent places news related to such top- subscriber can join community groups ics are immediately published on with a specific interest. Here, the sub- social media . Due to this reporters or scribers discuss different issues touch- sub editors can get idea of the news . ing on that interest. More often than The options such as com- not, events are created where physical ments , likes are available for all the meetings are arranged. Most of these posts on social media . This tells us groups encourage the subscribers to the opinion of people about any inci- give suggestions on how they should dent . Social media is very beneficial be run and to engage in debates. They for searching news behind news . also provide a social forum for mem- Reporters get different subjects for bers to interact amongst each other newswriting by the information avail- and with the leaders of the groups. able on social media . Press photogra- This activity is very useful in news phers cannot reach everywhere so writing. many news are published without photos . But due to social media these It is observed that social photos are made available . media is very useful in news writing . Along with the advantages of Social media is the way to obtain social media , there are also the disad- news of places where reporters are vantages of it . Sometimes many news not available or can't reach . It has on social media are fake . In some made possible to get news to reporters cases reporters or sub editors cannot and sub editors sitting at home . Sub confirm the truthfulness of many editors and reporters are unaware of news . The news created by the fake many news . But social media con- informations on social media can cre- tains many information about current ate social disputes . Sometimes pri- affairs, videos and photos through it vate news are shared on social media , they get aware. Reporters or sub edi- so reporters should take precautions tors prepare news stories based on while news writing . opinions published on social media . While writing some news reporters Objective of the study: can confirm the truthfulness of the 1)To study the benefits of social news by seeing the videos . For being media in news writing.

41 2)To observe usefulness of social information. I was deeply concerned media in searching the news. with relevance of objective & 3)To study the importance of social assumptions while doing the research. media for breaking news. 4)To study whether the social media Conclusions is the main source for the news for 1.Social media is beneficial for news interior area. writing, 100 % reporters agreed to 5)To study whether the social media this. discuss the social problems published 2.Social media plays a vital role in in newspaper. news searching 96% reporters agreed 6)To observe influence of social to this media in news writing. 3.Number of news increased due to 7)To study merits and demerits of use of social media, say 100% social media with respect to news reporters writing and recommend remedies. 4.Social media is the main source for the places where reporters are not Assumptions available and also for Interior Places, 1.For news writing social media is use Say 92% reporters. useful. 5.Social media plays essential role to 2.In news searching social media understand reader's opinion for hard plays a important role. and critical news. 3.Due to use of social media number 6.100% reporters agreed on the influ- of news increases. ence of social media in news writing. 4.The Interiors area's or the places where the reporters are not available, Suggestions and recommendations social media is the main source to 1.There should be separate Subeditor obtain news. or reporter to create news from social 5.Social media is the way through media and check the truthfulness of which we can understand reader's news. opinion for hard news and critical 2.The news created from social media news. have large readers, so this type of 6.Social media have a great impact in news must be increased news writing. 3.Smart phones and necessary equipment's should be made available to Research Methodology: search news from social media. While studying influence of 4.The group on social media should social media in news writing primary be made of people who belong to & secondary data used. Interviews, such places where reporters are not questionnaires, books, website data, available. This is useful for getting magazines were used for collection of news.

42 5.Subeditors or reporters should be in touch with people of different district, State and country through social media for getting special news.

References:

1."Everybody Writes" by Ann Handley 2."Social Media Explained" by Mark W. Schaefer 3.New media - Tilak Maharashtra Vidhyapeeth 4.Wikipedia

***

43 Contribution of saint Janabai

Dr. Swarali Chandrakant Kulkarni , Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth , Nehru Institute of Social Sciences 'Pune

Contribution of saint Janabai ideological bases. People of different Warkari community has taken the lead caste and creed joined Pandharpur in creating cultural revival in and Palkhi Ceremony. Social awaken- Maharashtra by liberating the peo- ing started through this Bhajan , ple trapped in the system of alpha- Kirtan , Pravchan discourse. Saint of betism. Warkari sect does not have Atharapagad castes were created any difference between men and through all the shifts of society as women , rich and poor . Thus , the like Namdeo ,eknath, tukaram process of social commencement in ,Sena,Savtamali ,Gorakumbhar, Maharashtra started and it continues Janabai, Soyra , Chokhamela etc.All to this day. Warkari sect is an impor- these saints gave a message of equali- tant place in Indian culture and society.The social convergence process ty . Pandharpur and Shri Vithal are started in Maharashtra , breaking the the religion heart of warkari sect .The bar in the earlier caste discrimination warkari is the pilot of pandharpur due to the Warkari sect. and his sect is Warkari Sect. Importance of Saint women in the Considering the goddess deity vitthal , Bhakti movement this community emphasized on From the thirteenth to seventeeth cen- Sagun and Nirgun devotion. Rituals tury , you can see the superiority of were important in the medieval peri- the devotional movement in the social od. Warkari sect does not have , religious and cultural spheres in the deceptive ideas like sovale-aovale country. This period is known in the riruals. It is the principle of Warkari religious field as a revolutionary sect to live a virtuous life while doing saint poetess . The rise and growth of great work. Millions of people come the Bhakti movement began to grow to Pandharpur for this four yearly and expand in order to attract the Ashadhi, Kartiki, Maghi and Chaitri society of strangers from the begin- Yatra. Saint Dnyaneshwar gave a ning of the country. While studying simplistic look in this sect with the the existence of women , woman have

44 to study medieval women saint while .The women saint of nevsky saint learning about their struggle. have not neglected anywhere. Abhang Traditionally , women were denied , kirtan ,pravchan and aovi under dis- obstruction to spiritually . course she has educated society in it's Traditionally , women rejected salva- own right. Women saints from the tion.In such a situation , the women Warkari community participated in saint tried to achieve salvation the Palkhi ceremony and started out through devotion and created an exis- from the concept of 'chul mul', but tence in its spiritual field .While hav- they did not have the freedom of ing no right to education , some Indian culture that is not freedom. women saint have created wonderful Dnyneshwar , Namdev and other poems through self-sufficiency in the sants were influenced by the writings framework of religion .Patriarchal of all the women saints. Due to the practices in medieval india , women views of man saint , there was a per- have secondary status of education manent direction for contemporary including child marriage , sati etc.The and saint women's thought . All the right to education does not have , women saint were doing daily routine Despite all the family and social con- of their day to day living and leading ditions such as being dependent on a life of divine life .Their Abhang and the mother or the father in law , all aovi's are the mirror of their life. these sant women struggled and creat- From their literature , you can see the ed their own place .In medieval social , cultural and religious life.But Maharashtra spiritual democracy of the pain and struggle they experi- the Warkari Sect , it is not possible to enced are certainly inspirational. deny the involvement of women Saint Janabai saints with a man. The saints of the Saint Janabai is a disciple of the saint Warkari community presented the Namdev , who has an important place honourable tradition of women's in the Warkari sect. Sant Janabai's rights in that period .They look like character is not easily available. There they are going on . Saints gave is a little bit of information about women a high rank and gave this Janabai by Mahipatibuva place of respect. Warkari Sampraday Tahirabadkar in the character of gave women virtues. So there are Namdev. Saint Janabai 's not an inde- many woman saint created Muktabai pendent gatha (Abhang ) , but in the to Bahinabai .Warkari Sect is a com- gatha of Saint Namdev , the gathering munity of Bahujan Samaj of all the of Janabai;s abhang. Janabai born in men and women and grasses.This the belly of Dama and Karund in community is a stream of people who Gangakhed Village in Marathwada. have easy and easy ways to live a Sitting in the house of Saint good life without virtue and ritualism Namdeva's maid ,Laborious , Saint

45 Janabai , who believed in taking her- Pandharis description of Panduranga self as a named ''Namyachi Jani was easily expressed in the language .''Janabai had taken the vigilance of of 150 abhangas .From their abhanga Vitthal in the company of Saint , you feel the coordination of eighteen Namdev. Dalita Kandita Tuj Gain -grade caste. Saint dnyndev , namdev Ananta | said that. Saint Namdev was , Sopan ,Chokhamela , Sena etc. by his spiritual guru. His guruparampara giving a review of the life and virtues is saint dnyneshwar , Visobakhechar , of the true people , Sant Janabai has Namdev , Janabai. He has personally made a kind favour on the next gener- seen all saints in influence of Saint ations. Janabai's language touches the Dnyneshwar. Due to saint Namdev , heart of the common people. he had a constant saint . Even while Vithu maza lekurvala | Sange doing house to work and selling them Gopalancha Mela | in govrya and shenya , they were con- Nivrutti ha khandyavari Sopanacha stantly reminding God's name. Saint hath Dhari | Janabai's Bhavkavita is filled with Pudhe chale Dnyneshwar | mage love for God . After forgetting the Muktai sundar | entire wordly life and forgetting the Gorakumbhar mandivari |ChokhaJiva temporal earthly emotions , he has barobari | surrendered to Vitthal. Even before Banka enlightenment was realized , they kadevari |Nama karanguli dhari| were puzzled. He has written an infi- Jani nite anubhuti in the life of Saint mhane Gopala |Kari bhaktancha Janabai , in his composition . sohlla | Saint Janabai's literature Janabai has written twelve abhang on There are 347 structures ( Avhang ) of saintly praise. In this Janabai feels saint Janabai. Vitthal Mahatmy , affection about Sant Dnyneshwar , Bhakyvatsal Santstuti ,AAtmswarup , sant namdeo and Sant Dnyneshwar-Namdev Stuti , Chokhamela.Devotion to saint Harishchandraakhyan , Thalipak , Namdev is felt through their abhang. Dashavtar , Balkrida , Palna , Kut Depressed and humiliated sant Rachan , Aarti , Jate ,Prarabdhgati Chokhamela , Janabai feels affection ,Updeshpar , Krishnjanm , for them.Their devotion to saint Pralhadcharitra , etc. are composed by Dnyneshwar was also special Janabai. It is a feature that they creat- .Parlokiche taru | mhane maza ed on different topics in the absence Dnyneshwaru | The devotion of of cosmic education .A lot of Saint Vitthal is seen full in his poetry. But Janabai's abhang is in the Gatha of she do not reduce time to play with Namdev . God at times . Vatsalata , Komlata , To describe the Vitthal Mahatmya rigid tolerance , devotion , dedication

46 , woman's feeling about saint courage to say such a thing is not Janabai's poetic appearance , such a seen in any other saintly woman. senior researcher R.C. Dhere , is said 7.From their abhang and ovies , dif- to have the bias of Janabai's poetry . ferent emotions and feminine feelings she said about saint Dnyneshwar. have been revealed to us . There are innumerable ovies of 8. Strijanm mhanuni n vave udas Janabai which represent then society. |Sadhu sant aese keli Jani | unlike It shows us contemporary social life. such an broken woman , she feels the Janabai's 30 Abhang's are available pain of misery , but she also shows under this title "Updeshn '.In this, he the profoundness of patience for the found the society's long established woman. meditation.Today's preaching is cer- Contribution of Saint Janabai tainly a guide to how to live a virtu- The expression of slavery from ous life . Harishchandraakhyan and Janabai's abhang , living in the life of Thalipak shows a different style of dasi , is expressed at many places But Janabai. The use of words in daily life she give this price of slavery as an is a feature of their literature. Dasi , ornament . Although Janabai herself Randki ,Lekurvala , Sakha , Parisa , called constant Dasi , she proved her Yar , Novri , Pati , doi , Sajni words existence as an independent person , like decoration feel alive to life . despite overwhelming disregard of Features of Saint Janabai's Literatures labor and society . As a normal 1.Sant Janabai's literature is the work woman , Dasi , maid , society has of the working woman , orphan , kept Janabai's existence but the com- lonely and neglected woman. munity has never seen her candidness 2.In front of the Vitthal temple , it and self reliance and rebellious atti- was considered poor in that time , tude . Peope have never felt the inde- because of the absence of the vitthal pendent existence of Janabai. The philosophy that he could accept them common Jani became Sant Janabai . , his awareness was expressed. Saint Janabai's abhanga dedication 3.While interacting with Vitthalas , surrender attitude reflects patience she also sees vitthal in daily life . and tolerance of woman. In the form 4.Although Janabai's literature is a of Abhanga , ovis , gaullan , saint masterpiece and spiritually talented Janabai is still seen from the villagers woman, it is a female liberation and in the village .One thing that comes a liberation song . out from the Universe of Janabai is 5.The desire to visit vitthal from that without understanding the burden Janabai's Abhangs is intense. of the maid , they have accepted it , in 6. Some times they express their view of the inevitable life we have anger to Vitthal,Vithya Vithya mul received .They are never seen mayechya karatya | Saint Janabai's screwed .Namdevas Vitthal Vedya At

47 home , you can find the Jani that is itrinche vangmayin kary , Dr. constantly working and your daily Suhasini Irlekar ,Parimal work tells the vitthalas. From " Publicati on Aurangabad, 1980 Janabai's self portrait , we get a " .Sant Janabai Charitra , glimpse of the dalit life of that era but R/Veena Gosavi , Sarthi Publication , there is no complaint of Janabai. In Pune 2008 their literature , the pouring of God's " .Sant Janabai Charitra , Arvind power in the form of women , intelli- Patole ,Sharda Sahity , Pune , 1990 gent inner feelings , patience , dedica- " .Shri Namdev ani tyanche tion and renunciation. Describing the samkalin sant ,A. R. Ajgaonkar simple way of Janabai , karmyog ,Shrisant vangmay upasak mandal , convinced hemself .Janabai's contri- Pandharpur, 1927 bution is certainly huge in " Shrivitthal ek mahasamnvay , Maharashtra's social and cultural life . R. C. Dhere, Shrividya Publication , Relevance Pune ,1984 1.Janabai's character and literature are " .Sant Charitramala , D. K. certainly inspirational in the present . Thavre ,Santkrupa Publication , pune , 2.Although western countries have 1983 invaded the country , the man " .Sant Janabai Manjiri remains in the original post from Neurgaonkar , Unpublished thesis , through of saint's literature. SNDT Womens Uni , Pune , 1994 3.Women saints have done important " .Sant vangmayachi Falshruti work to preserve Indian culture. The ,B.P. Bahirat, Shrividya Publication , concept of women's empowerment Pune, 1954 seems to have started you from the " Palkhi Sohla , Sadashiv women of the warkari community , Neurgaonkar , Shrisant vangmay but independence is not the act of dis- upasak mandal , Pandharpur , 1954 honesty. " .Sant Janabainche abhang , Reference = Shivajirao Mohite ,Karmveer publica- " .Saint kavi ani kavyitri, Dr. tion, Pune, 2008 Suhasini Irlekar, Snehvardhan " Sant kavyitri , indumati Publication , Pune ,1995 Shevde , popular Publication, Pune, " .Sant Muktai te Bahinai , 2009 Sampa, Shivajirao Mahite, Shri " Sant kavyitri Janabai , charitra Dnyneshwar Sansthan kamiti , kavy ani kamgiri , D.b. Bhingarkar, " , Alandi Devachi , 2015 Majestik Publication . Pune, " .Marathi santache samajik kary , dr, Kolte V.B.,Arun Publication , Malkapur , Vardha, 1994 *** " .Prachin Marathi sant kaviy-

48 Impact of New Media in Promoting & Podcasting entertainment in Marathi language.

Mr. Devdatta Bhingarkar [email protected] Assistant Professor, School of Media Activity Research & Technology, Pune

Abstract: Websites, Social Media, Search It¡¦s been said ¡§All human Arts are Engines & Mobile Applications extensions of human qualities.¡¨ has changed the dimensions of distri- Since beginning of human civiliza- bution, promotion of traditional arts tion, Art has played an instrumental like dramatics & feature role in development of films. Today we can see the impact of human society, as art represents the new media on production, promo- human expressions. History of Human tion & distribution of Civilization is incomplete Audio-Visual content in India. without study of Art in that Era, thus With respect to Marathi Dramatics & we can always trace the human Feature Films which has a history of socialization with help of more than 150 years Art which is also important tool of has great impact of New Media in the Culture. process of content creation, distribu- Technology has not only helped the tion & reaching to the Art to reach to people but it has a people. large impact on the Key Words: Promotions, Podcasting, presentation, content of the Human Marathi Entertainment Channels. Arts. We can trace this in the history Impact of New Media in Promoting & of development of Podcasting entertainment in Marathi Media & Mass Communication across language. the world. Development of Internet Mr. Devdatta Bhingarkar which laid to [email protected] emergence of New Media like Assistant Professor, School of Media

49 Activity Research & Technology, short-films, Pune documentaries & television serials. With the development of new media Introduction: the content distribution & promotions 21st century is known as century of channels of Marathi Information & Technology, where entertainment channels has changed information is acting as on the large scale & they have advent currency of exchange. The access to many changes & information which was difficult explored new avenues of promotions before has been totally & distribution. changed by second decade of 21st Objectives: century. Today due to internet & 1. To study role of New Media in pro- development of SMART moting & podcasting entertainment phone access to information has content in Marathi become viable to common man across language. the geographical 2. To study different channels avail- boundaries. This development of tech- able for the promotions & their reach. nology & technical gadgets has great 3. To study the feedback & usage of impact on the the new mediums by the audience. presentation of information & its forms. We come across different Scope of the study: channels of distribution of This study is of help to understand the content through new media, like You- availability of different mediums Tube which is the most popular inter- through new media & net search-engine for their use by audience it also helps to; audio-visual content. Social Mediums „« To understand the use of producer like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, & artist to reach to the people Whatsaap are the major „« To understand the use of new mediums today which are used to a media by common audience for enter- great extend by the content creators to tainment. reach out to the „« To explore different mediums audience or content consumers. available for podcasting. Information in form of entertainment has great impact on people & they are Literature Review: very popular across The review of this research is based the masses that is one of the impor- on the different studies made on the tant reason behind popularity of dif- use of New Media for ferent Mass Mediums like content promotions & distribution Cinema, Television & genres of tele- which includes, vision & cinema like feature films, „« Study on Critical analysis of adver-

50 tising and strategic media planning in 3 people FMCG sector in Working Professionals & Home India by Balyan, Vikramender Singh Maker Women: 3 people which analyses the role of new media Survey: of 50 Working Professionals in advertising in PMC & PCMC area in Pune & its reception by the people. District. „« Study on Role of teaser advertising Data Analysis Method: in product promotion: a critical analy- Survey of the viewers is analysed sis of leading with the help of Microsoft Excel newspapers and television channels Sheet to understand the by Kulveen, Trehan which is very degree of response of people to the important because questions regarding the viewership the promotions of the Marathi enter- habits of them & to tainment channels are done by teasers understand the use of New Media in & Promos on same. New Media. In-depth interviews are been coded by „« Convergence Culture book by the response of the Executive Henry Jenkins which studies the cul- Producer of TV Channel, tural convergence due Film Directors & Audience by their to convergence of Mediums & inter- responses to the questions regarding net. usage of New Media in „« Handbook of New Media by Sage promotion & podcasting of content. Publication. Analysis of DATA Research Method: In the interview conducted by me of Research Technique: Mr. Sandeep Yelavedekar who „« In-depth interviews of Executive works as Executive Producers of Television Channel & Producer with Zee Yuva channel Film Director. which is of the leading television „« In-depth interview of Home channel in Marathi said that Makers & Working Professional ¡§Social Media is indispensible part Women regarding their of television channel today as the lim- viewership Television. itations of television as „« Survey of working professionals & medium are overcome by Social home makers in Pune regarding their Media¡¨. viewership of He noted that television viewer is entertainment channels. bounded by the time as the specific Sample Size: serial is broadcasted at In-depth Interviews of specific time and viewer has to be Executive Producer & Film Director: present at the same time whereas with

51 a you-tube or any other application which are part of the con- mobile application the content could glomerate as Zee group be accessed by the viewer at his or has OZee as application where all the her convenience. content of Zee Channels is available Flexibility of time & access at ease so though we don¡¦t are the reason behind popularity & face revenue sharing challenges today expansion of new internet but certainly we are getting prepared based medium. for challenges to In case of promotion of the entertain- come in future ''. He also noted his ment content of television he said the concerns regarding the content on first promotional social media, its production, and pro- activity which starts usually before 20 duction cost & flexibility is the days of the event starts with the use upcoming challenge to television in of different mediums near future on large scale. He also based on internet which includes, mentioned about shift of focus of con- Face-book Page tent from Television to Social Updates on Twitter Handle Media is getting inverse. Teasers on You-tube & Face- book & other Social Mediums In interview of Mr.Omkar Promos viral on Mobile Danke & Mr. Kedar Joshi who are the Applications like Whatsaap, Hike, and directors of short films & Bingo etc. documentaries mentioned that the Face-book live activities by emergence of New Media has given a the artist. new platform to them to He also mentioned that the showcase their content in front of individual PR of Artist who is lead in people without any gate-keeping. the TV program undertakes the They also mentioned the PR campaign for the promotions production cost of the content is through social media which includes reduced sizeably due to the podcast- dedicated interaction of ing of the content is more artist with people through Social economical than broadcasting the Media. Dedicated team is also same on Television or Screening at deployed by the Channel to theatres.They also made a point that promote the content through social the mainstream television artist, stars media. are also interested in working & contributing for podcast serials & When asked about the impact of programs as the reach of the same is social media on revenue generation of notable. To understand the views of channel, he said ¡'' The viewers or audience regarding the online access of the content is to the new media & the content, I

52 interviewed Professionals & Television, 15 opted for Only TV Homemakers in PMC & PCMC areas while 10 opted for only social of Pune District. In the media for entertainment content. interview of Mrs. Mugdha Kulkarni who works as German language trans- When asked them about the informa- lator & trainer in tion about the Films & Entertainment leading IT company said she prefers Events in Marathi apps like O Zee, Hot-Star & Smart Out of 50, 38 people opted for both TV as she hardly get Traditional Media & New Media, time to watch TV serials at Prime- while7 opted for only new Time. You-tube & these applications media & 5 opted for only Tradional give her opportunity to Mediums like TV, Radio, and News access the content as per her conven- Papers. ience.

Mrs. Pallavi Shinde & Pranita Joshi who are home-makers also made a point that though they prefer the repeat-telecast episodes in afternoon as they have some for leisure they are also opting When asked if the New Media is paid for podcasting of fresh content on would they pay for the service? you-tube. In a survey conducted 15 respondents agreed to pay for the regarding the impact of New Media service, 30 said can¡¦t say right now, 5 in creating awareness about said no to pay. entertainment & their consumption of content on New Media. When asked about their preference between Television & Social Media maximum i.e 25 out of 50 respondents mentioned they consume both social Media &

Conclusion: 1. New Media has notable amount of impact today on Marathi entertainment Industry. 2. The convergence of technology & created the New Media is having

53 impact on content Ravi N. Pandey: The Social Media creation & this impact will be increas- Handbook: Anmol Pubkications ing in future. PVT.LTD 3. New Media is used for PR & Ron Smith: Public Relations the Promotional tools which are aide to basics: Manohar Publishers & mainstream traditional Distributors mediums but there is a possibility of B.K. Chaturvedi: Media Management: emergence of New Media as main- Global Vision Publishing House stream medium in 10 near future but it depends on speed of Dr. Keshav Sathaye: Broadcast internet. Journalism & Digital Media. 4. New Media cost negligible today but in future if it becomes a paid serv- Webilography: ice people are in https://www.sonyliv.com/ dilemma if they would pay for it. https://www.hotstar.com 5. New Media has great potential but https://marathimovieworld.com it is still in early phase & scope exists https://ozee.com to explore the www.oxfordjournals.com possibilities of opportunities with it. www.explorehr.com 6. Need for developing strategies & www.innovationaltools.com development of content specifically for New Media prevails. *** 7. Formal Training for usage of New Media is required.

Limitation: „« Research is conducted at only once. „« Location of this research only PMC & PCMC area in Pune District. „« Sample size: Limits of only 50 respondents.

Bibliography: Sanjay Gaur: Social Media: YKING Books Sandeep Kumar Srivastava: Different Dimensions of New Media: Kanishka Publishers

54 SOCIAL MEDIA IN AFGHANISTANA GENERAL PERSPECTIVE

AINUDDIN MURADI

1.Afghan Girl is a 1984 photographic por trait by journalist, S teve McCur ry which appear ed on the June 1985 cover of national geographic2.Buddha sculptur e in Afghanistan INTRODUCTION households own a TV set. The media in Afghanistan includes printing, broadcasting and Digital.It is Hundreds of press titles pub- mainly in Dari and Pashto, the official lish under a wide range of ownerships languages of the country. Radio, the - from the government, provincial main source of entertainment and political-military powers and private news, is losing audiences to TV.The owners to foreign and NGO spon- broadcasting market is crowded with sors.Private Moby Group operates three dozen TV channels broadcasting some leading stations, including Tool terrestrially from Kabul alone. Over (Sunrise) TV and Arman FM.Much of 170 FM radio stations operate across the output on private TVs consists of the country. Some 61 per cent of imported Turkish and Indian music

55 shows and serials, and programmes in 1925, which greatly added to mass modeled on Western formats. Tolo TV media. is the most popular national station. One author, Amin Tarzi in an article in 2006 to RFE/RL described History of media in Afghanistan Afghanistan's independent media his- Afghanistan has over a hun- tory as this. Afghanistan's first experi- dred year long history in Journalism ment with an independent media sec- but the route of Journalism is still tor began in the late 1940s and was unstable and unclear. With the arrival restricted solely to newspapers. Prime of first printing press (Lithography Minister Shah Mahmud allowed rela- printing) to Afghanistan from India in tively open elections and the estab- 1873, publications started in the coun- lishment of what has come to be try. For the first time, in 1873, Saed known as the "Liberal Jamaludin Afghan requested that Emir Parliament."The new legislature soon Shir Ali Khan supported publications. passed a press law that led to the With this, the first issue of launching of several newspapers -- ShamsulNehar was printed. most of which were in opposition to ShamsulNehar was a periodical and the monarchy, the prime minister, or seems that between 40-48 issues were both. Conservative religious figures published. and their supporters in the govern- On January 11/1906, the sec- ment were the most frequent targets ond periodical, Seraj-ul-Akhbar, was of attack. The experiment ended printed. Seraj-ul-Akhbar was critical abruptly in 1953 when Mohammad of the friendship between Afghanistan Daud Khan became prime minister and the United Kingdom and was and ordered the closure of independ- against the idea of colonialism. After ent newspapers. the only and first issue, its publication The country's second major was stopped. The newspaper resumed experiment with independent media in 1911 by Mahmoud Tarzi, known as began with the promulgation of the "Father of Afghan Journalism". 1964 Afghan Constitution by King Mahmoud Tarzi was the editor and Mohammad Zaher. That document owner of Saraj-ul-Akhbar. In 1919, ushered in what is commonly referred under King Amanullah Khan, seraj-ul- to as Afghanistan's "decade of democ- Akhbar was replaced by Aman-e- racy." The constitution decreed that Afghan, serving as key organ of the "every Afghan has the right to express government. At the same time some his thoughts in speech, in writing, in other smaller private journals pictures, and by other means, in appeared under different ministries. accordance with the provisions of the Along with these developments, radio law." The 1964 constitution further broadcasting began for the first time states that every Afghan has the right

56 to print and publish ideas in accor- behaving appropriately. The press was dance with the law. editorially independent from the government but it was instructed to safe- The government soon promulgated guard the interests of the state and the 1965 press law to regulate the constitutional monarchy, Islam and media sector. That reiterated the con- public order. Afghan journalism wide- stitutional ly progressed and developed from 1950s through to the 1970s, though it remained limited. When the government was overthrown in July 1973 coup and 19 newspapers were shut down and media came under severe restriction, ending a period of relative freedom.The first color television broadcasting appeared in 1978 during Sardar Muhammad Daoud Khan's era. Then media fell into the control of Mahmud tarzi father of journalism Soviet influences during the Soviet of Afghanistan invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. guarantees, but it also forbade obscen- The media has mainly been ity and any "matter implying defama- very limited under the Taliban tion of the principles of Islam or Regime, including the banning of tel- defamatory to the King." While evision in 1996, seen as "morally cor- broadcast media remained the prerog- rupt", and music, banned under their ative of the state, the number of inde- law. During the era, Taliban destroyed pendent newspapers mushroomed. the television sets and studios. Also, The next media shake-up came in anyone who got caught with a televi- 1973, after Mohammad Daud led a sion or listening to music was subject- coup d'etat that ended the country's ed to imprisonment and punishment. monarchical system. The result was During this era, most media operated nearly three decades of intense stric- from other countries. Majority of the tures on a free media, culminating in Afghans listened to BBC Persian the hard-line Taliban regime's crack- operating from London and Pakistan. down until it was ousted by interna- In early 2002, a relatively free diverse tional military intervention in late media emerged. The participants of 2001. the national Jirga (gathering) held in The 1964 Constitution of 2002 about the constitution of Afghanistan and the Press Law (1965) Afghanistan, declared articles about insisted on free press, within the the media too and recommended a boundaries of respect to Islam and committee to further develop a law

57 for media. In the last ten years, a lot 1,000 Facebook friends and 4,000 of media emerged but the quality is Twitter followers, and says almost still a question. Also, the media is still everyone she knows is on it: "When I controlled by the Mujahideen's and hear that someone doesn't have an warlords. account I look at them very strangely and say 'How can you live without Facebook?'"

Social activities Young people in Afghanistan participated in a series of activities Central control panel at Radio Kabul comprised of trainings, cultural transmitter in the 1950s. events, media development and advo- cacy campaigns as part of the annual SOCIAL MEDIA AND YOUTH Afghan Youth Voices Festival. DEVELOPMENT Through social media they are con- Social media is becoming an intrinsic ducting various social activities; espe- part of urban life in Afghanistan and cially grils.one of the live example is afghan youth are increasingly using Kabul Girl Bike Riders.Through a social websites and weblogs on the social media workshop at the Festival, internet for wider communication and six female trainees created a debates on all kinds of social and Facebook page called Kabul with the political issues. Majority of young aim of raising awareness of harass- generation they are engaged with ment and violence toward girls, which social media, they are connected with prevents them from public participa- other youth in country, and also con- tion in cultural and recreational activi- nected with the world, they are aware ties. of what is going on in the world regarding to different aspects.

A BRIEF HISTORY Samira Hamidi was initially reluctant to join Facebook. In 2009, she explains, it was "very unusual" for an Afghan woman to have an account. She was eventually talked into it by friends she met while studying law at York University. Now 35 and working as a consultant on Afghan women's A group of Afghan girls riding bicy- rights campaigns, she has more than cle, Kabul bike rider's media group

58 International competitions try in international cricket matches, Afghanistan's Girl Robotics which makes us more proud of our Team just won the Entrepreneur players. Some people views this sport Challenge at Europe's largest robotics something new, but cricket has been festival, the Robotics festival in played in Afghanistan since the mid Tallinn, Estonia .At Robotics, the 19th century, but it is only in recent team faced off against 3700 other years that the national team has competitors and 1600 robots in a becomes successful and shinning one. series of competitions, including robot The long-war has affected every sec- basketball games, races, and mazes. tor in Afghanistan, including sports. The winning robot, presented by three Afghanistan Ranked 19th in members of the Afghan team, used International T-20 cricket as of 7 solar energy to work on small-scale January 2017 ahead of full members farms, And that's not the first interna- Bangladesh and Zimbabwe. In the tional robotics award the twelve girls same year we won our first from Herat have bagged. In July, they Intercontinental Cup, beating Scotland took home a silver medal for courage in the final. Cricket team also won the in the FIRST Global Challenge in Asia Vs Caribbean T-20 Washington, D.C. For any group of Championship and beat T&T, teenagers, those would be an impres- Bangladesh and Barbados sive set of achievements, but these six girls come from a country where two- thirds of girls never make it to school at all, According to Human rights watch.

Afghanistan 1 point below India in the latest ICC T20 10 top teams

Afghan Girls' Robotics Team Wins Youth organizations First Place In European Competition Now Afghanistan is member of various youthorganizations which Sports they are working for empowering National Cricket Team of afghan youth, one of those organiza- Afghanistan is representing the coun- tions is AIESEC AFGHANISTAN,

59 Aiesec Afghanistan conducting differ- these stories about Afghanistan. This ent developmental programmes for trend of covering news is not only afghan youth awareness some of them common in international media, but is are, Afghanistan youth to business similar in local Afghan media. This forum, Afghanistan youthspeak trend has given a very negative pic- forum. Through AIESEC global ture of Afghanistan in the world. The exchange program many afghan youth majority of Afghans living in Europe, they are going for cultural exchange in the United States or in the west in to different countries. general have faced strange reactions when people around them understood that he or she is from Afghanistan. Afghanistan is known in the west as a country of drug traffickers, corruption, terrorists, insecure, and unedu- cated people. An image is given of Afghan women as very oppressed and always wearing blue baroques. All of these problems and traditions origi- nated with neighbors of the country. Afghanistan youth business This negative picture of Afghanistan forum in Kabul in the world is also disappointing to Afghanistan in International and Afghans when they see the reaction of National Media people towards them. In international media, stories Though stories about drugs, from Afghanistan are about insecurity, weak government, insecurity, violence corruption, drug trafficking, extreme against women, etc, are extensively violence against women, human rights covered by international media, very abusers/violators, warlords, weak little focus has been given to the government, and so forth that gives a needs of improving the support of negative picture of Afghanistan. To education and health in Afghanistan. explore the range and themes of the Media is the only source in world that stories, I set up two Google alerts gives a picture of the country, so they "Afghanistan news" and "stories from can say whatever they want and peo- Afghanistan". Every day, I received ple perceive the situation only from more than ten alerts; all about the the media.Also, a story would become ongoing war in Afghanistan, corrup- more famous when it is negative or tion, drug trafficking, violation of saddening rather than positive or good women's rights, and weak govern- news. Afghanistan's rebuilding ment. Besides, the majority of my fel- process is poorly covered by both low classmates would only know national and international media.

60 Some people in Afghanistan are fed the positive news from the media too. up with news about deaths, air bom- Covering the news stories about bardments by international forces, progress would sometimes be consid- house raiding, corruption, weak gov- ered as propaganda from the govern- erning and so forth. When I was ment and international community. working with media in Afghanistan, I heard most of the time from local Thetwo picture shows the situation of people that "you media people have media in international level nothing else than bad news" or "why

1.Women they are freely doing protest to gain women rights year 2015 2.Taliban beating women in public year 1996 don't you cover the rebuilding to give hope to people to know their country AFGHAN MEDIA CHARACTERS is going on a positive direction". In the past decade, both national and There is a general lack of knowledge international journalists have paid a about the progress in the country to high price for their activities in both national and international ordi- Afghanistan. Committee to Protect nary people. Journalist (CPJ) ranked Afghanistan On the other hand, covering tenth in the world for the high number stories about positive news and of journalists killed in Afghanistan. progress is generally unnoticed too There is short histories about the and has no impact. Though, the struggle of afghan journalists and for- demand for positive news is high, it eign for a better media group in will remain not very interesting to the Afghanistan ,afghan society always public. Now, since the international remember them as heroes. community has been in the country Zakia Zaki : An Afghan jour- for the last ten years, people all over nalist for the Afghan Radio Peace sta- the world also would want to hear tion north of Kabul. Zaki was the about the achievements of their own first Afghani journalist to speak out contributions to the rebuilding. against the Taliban after the US forces However, there is a risk in covering initiated war in Afghanistan (2001-

61 2014). Zakia Zaki was known for being independent and an activist in her community. While she was the founder of the Afghan Peace Radio station, the 35-year-old woman was also the headmistress at a local school. She had six children-four sons and two daughters-and two of her children were present at the time of her murder. Zaki was founder and an active journalist at the Afghan Peace Radio (Sada-i-Sulh) in jabal seraj. Zaki was killed in her home outside of Kabul in April 2007. Before her murder, Zakia Zaki had received threats to shut down her radio station and on her life.On June 4, 2007, around midnight, three men armed with handguns and rifles entered Zaki's family home and shot Zakia zaki her 7 times in the head and the chest Anja Niedringhaus with afghan while she slept and then fled. Two of women her six children were in the room but left unharmed. Zaki's 8-month-old son Anja Niedringhaus (12 October was in bed with her but it was her 7 1965 - 4 April 2014) was a German or 8-year-old son who called her hus- photojournalist who worked for the band and informed him of Zaki's associated prss (AP). She was the death. only woman on a team of 11 AP pho- tographers that won the 2005 Pulitzer Zakia Zaki was one of the few prize for braking news photography female journalists to speak out during for coverage of the Iraq war . the Taliban's reign. Koichir matsuura Niedringhaus had covered director-general of UNESCO, said, Afghanistan for several years before "These crimes are all the more shock- she was killed on Friday, 4 April ing because they not only undermine 2014, while covering the presidential the basic human right of freedom of election after an Afghan policeman expression, but also the right of opened fire at the car she was waiting women to exercise a profession that is in at a checkpoint, part of an election vital for the reconstruction of convoy.In 2001, Niedringhaus pho- Afghanistan.

62 tographed the aftermath of the media firm Pressistan, which he September 11 terrorist attacks in in founded to support visiting foreign new York city and then traveled to correspondents.He was used to cover- Afghanistan, where she spent three ing tragedies with gravitas and depth, months covering the fall of thetaliban and he also sought out every opportu- In 2002, she joined Associated Press, nity to show another side of his coun- for whom she has worked in Iraq, try, from ball

Afghanistan, the Gaza strip ,isreal ,turkey and .On 23 October 2005, she Sardar Ahmad: a courageous journal- received the IWMF Courage in ist who delivered exceptional cover- Journalism Award from American age broadcaster bob schieffer a ceremony in New York. DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIA Television in Afghanistan Sardar Ahmad The Altai survey indicates that Sardar Ahmad's last tweet was a typi- television ownership, contrary to cal celebration of the small joys of radio set ownership, has been growing Afghan life, a picture of dried fruits slowly over time. The survey results and nuts piled high in a Kabul shop, showed that in 2010, almost half ready to celebrate a Persian new year (47%) of Afghans have a TV set at that for him and his family never home. Household expenditures also came.A gregarious 40-year-old star of show a higher amount dedicated to Afghanistan's booming media scene, television purchases: in 2005, a color Ahmad had an eye for both a story TV set cost $70 on average; five and a joke that helped him juggle two years later, the average TV-equipped jobs as senior correspondent for household spent $113 on its last set Agence France-Press and head of (less than half the average household

63 income ,of $252). A total of 82% of are the product of a few Afghan fig- the population has had their current ures to whom the public can, without television set for three years or longer. distinction of cultural background. A third of TV owners have two sets or Radio more, and almost a third have a DVD Radio is second in the emer- player. gence of mass media in Afghanistan. Content of TV broadcasts: For the first time, radio broadcasted in One of the highest expecta- 1925 in Afghanistan.With the 30 per tions voiced by the public across the cent literate population, radios are the country was that media should pro- most popular mediums in mote a sense of national unity, rather Afghanistan. In addition to the litera- than trying to further divide people of cy, with the lack of electricity, people different political, ethnic or religious cannot have access to TV channels in groups. This goal is difficult to attain, most parts of the country. Besides, given the ethnic, religious and tribal newspapers and magazines are also tensions in Afghanistan, in part only limited to urban areas that can reflected in the diversity of media read. Poverty is another reason that actors currently in the country. people choose to have radios than TV. Difficult as it may be, though, it is not Some fundamentalists also choose impossible.One of the main ways to radio because they believe TV is pursue this goal is through the public haram (forbidden). broadcaster (RTA). To this end, it Every year, several radio would be necessary to build on RTA's mediums distribute free radios to their relative success and significantly audience in rural areas advocating for enhance its audience share through a their mediums and assisting people to lineup of more attractive programs, have access to receive information designed with the goal of promoting a and news. Among them are Radio sense of national unity. Free Europe/Radio Liberty, BBC, Programs focusing on positive Bayan (previously named Sada-e- achievements, showing the results of Azadi, ISAF military supported radio) the nation-building effort, testimonials and some more. In addition to the of conflict resolution and well-admin- radio mediums that distribute radios, istered justice, examples of successful international military and internation- (and not corrupt) business ventures al organizations based in Afghanistan and clever promotion of Afghan histo- also distribute radios across the coun- ry, culture and identity (see below) try. Though radio is the first medium can contribute to fostering a sense of that shares a huge number of audi- national unity - especially if these ences, only limited numbers of radio programs are not directly linked to channels have broadcasts relatively in foreign intervention or assistance but the majority parts of the country.

64 Print media/Publications bike riders media group, and partici- According to the Altai pating afghan robotic girls in Europe research, only 13% of Afghans read competition is the example for the press, and those who do read are that.Afghan society now more power- apparently doing so less and less. ful by media, they can their voice Illiteracy is obviously the main factor against injustice ,and in equality. hindering print media consumption. Access to the press is far less problematic for the younger generation than for older adults. Young people *** read the press twice as often, although illiteracy is still the second most important factor preventing access to the press among youth. Poor and or not in time distribution is another commonly cited factor hindering press consumption. Repetition of news, printing not many new news stories and copying news from news agencies and some famous radio WebPages is another factor. Conclusions : Afghanistan has started a new era in media and communication After 2001.Situation of media and freedom of speech in Afghanistan is better than last decades. In recent time in afghan media, journalist at least more than 50 percent are womenNow afghan media covers ,women rights,education,social problems. The recent media now in Afghanistan was, in the result of struggle has taken by social activist, journalists, even in the price of their life.In last decades many journalist they lost their life ,for freedom of speech ,equality, and all.Afghan people ,specially youths ,they want change in Afghanistan ,they have done many activities for that, afghan

65 Changing trends in Cinematography and its impacts on audience with special reference to film “Devdas” (1936-2002).

Jagadeeswaran Kesavan

This research paper explores Visuals communicate more efficiently the connection between visual presen- than any other media, they invoke tations with the help of technological thought process and attach emotions innovation over the period in this to the art. Visual techniques in films field. The visuals with inherent emo- take an interpretive role as opposed to tions were dealt in rhythm with the the cognitive content information help of technical advancements. The composed of the facts about the contribution of science and technolo- genre, temporal content structures and gy to this evolutionary visual process spatio - temporal content elements. is probably the first to come to mind. Jagadeeswaran Kesavan – Email: jog- Visual communication has gone [email protected] - Mob :+91 through a fascinating transition over 9890959565. !1 the centuries from paintings to pho- Research Paper presented at tography, black and white to colour, International Conference, TMV-Pune. digital to high definition , We are interested in obtaining the 3D to IMAX screens and to new information about the feelings, emo- media mobile phone screens. tions,

66 and moods evoked by images and communities that the interaction of sounds. In short, it is, how we feel brain, about body and culture is more reciprocal the content we see and how this than was initially thought, we will informs our understanding of said explore the consequences of evolution content. and scientific advancement upon (Hanjalic). visual communication and what the The film visuals deal with short–term future of film holds. (Jablonka and and long-term memory. Analysis of Lamb, 2005) different content elements in the film It is known that visuals can have a revealed differential memory keen effect upon brain activity, long performance profiles according to term time since encoding. (Furman O, and short term memory (Frings L, Dorfman N, Hasson U, Davachi L, Mader I, and Hüll M 2010) and Dudai Y 2007) In addition, the visuals provide an This research will put some light on unparalleled and highly rewarding how the aesthetics of visual experimentation space for the mind of presentation had interlaced with tech- the individual consumer of the art nical innovations and how they (Dudai Y 2012) complement each other. There were studies primarily con- Further, we will discuss the “improve- cerned with psychology of cinema ments of visuals” presented on screen and the with technological innovations in film effect of visuals on human thoughts making, largely, the human desire of and insight into the habits of younger watching the “real in reel” is close at viewers.(Gibson, Harold J.(Mrs.) and our hand through new media. Nahabedian Vaskey (Mrs.)and We will also explore the well docu- (UNESCO report-1961) mented relationships between visuals As the presentation of visuals deals and emotions and visuals in the with so many important aspects of expression of cultural aspects in film. human life we feel there is a need for Jagadeeswaran Kesavan – Email: jog- further research on these aspects. In [email protected] - Mob :+91 our understanding there is also a 9890959565. !2 scope to find out the correlations Research Paper presented at between International Conference, TMV-Pune. “visuals – technology – emotions”. Visuals are created to be a reflections Jagadeeswaran Kesavan – Email: jog- of our society. The human evolution [email protected] - Mob :+91 amalgamates biological and cultural 9890959565. !3 change is taken as a given. It has Research Paper presented at become apparent within scientific International Conference, TMV-Pune.

67 The research will revolve around and [email protected] - Mob :+91 deal in depth with each of the 9890959565. !4 technical advancements in film mak- Research Paper presented at ing process which revealed the International Conference, TMV-Pune. concepts of new visual presentations cave paintings of the same period in on screen. both Asia and Europe. The study will try to point out the (wikipedia.org)9. improvements of visuals which are Hoping that the visuals and sound are associated with emotions with help of going to remain in future, in many technological innovations. forms of meta-data which will reflect The research will study the most human as whole and his planet. So I important milestones of film making would like to concentrate and put my of that sincere efforts to formulate better period. visuals. During the research we would like The analysis concluded that all conduct a survey to get the opinion on humans experience the world in three transition of visual changes from dimensions of visuals from birth, and renowned cinematographers, camera in true colour. Hence the urge to see and realistic visuals on screen exists in film manufacturers, film critics, film our hearts. I believe that a cinematic school students and teachers, film experience that is a realistic depiction club of a fantastic scenario is not so far members, general public and film away in digital film production. The lovers of different age groups. research output based on the survey My experience in teaching and ana- may also help to introduce and adver- lyzing the technical as well as aesthet- tise new technical gadgets and gear ic up manufacturing process of the values of visuals over a period of same. three decades will help in exploring It is my desire to do research that will the work towards making better and topic matter and will lead to signifi- more realistic films and improving the cant contributions to the field of film presentation of art and film for future making. generations to enjoy. Before coming to an end, it sounds Proposed 3 Hindi Films for research low that there are no evident found on from 1936 to 2013. sound recordings which date back to 1. Devdas (1936) some 40,000 years ago (around 2. Devdas (1955) 38,000 BCE). On the other hand we 3. Devdas (2002) have evident of visuals in the form of Jagadeeswaran Kesavan – Email: jog- Jagadeeswaran Kesavan – Email: jog- [email protected] - Mob :+91

68 9890959565. !5 6/000612/061213eo. Research Paper presented at 8. Emotion, Motivation, and Anxiety: International Conference, TMV-Pune. Brain Mechanisms and References: Psychophysiology 1. Hanjalic, A.: Extracting moods Peter J. Lang, Margaret M. Bradley, from pictures and sounds: towards and Bruce N. Cuthbert. truly Jagadeeswaran Kesavan – Email: jog- personalised tv. IEEE Signal [email protected] - Mob :+91 Processing Magazine 23, 90-100 9890959565. !6 2. Furman O, Dorfman N, Hasson U, Davachi L, and Dudai Y2007.They saw a movie: long-term memory for an *** extended audiovisual narrative, Learning and Memory14 (6): 457- 467. 3. Jablonka and Lamb, 2005 http://www.frontiersin.org/Human_Ne uroscience/10.3389/fnhum. 2012.00248/fnhum-06-00248- HTML.html#B34. 4. Frings L, Mader I, and Hüll M2010Watching TV news as a memory task – brain activation and age effects, BMC Neuroscience11: 106. 5. Dudai Y2012The cinema-cognition dialogue: a match made in brain, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience6: 248. 6. Gibson, Harold J. (Mrs .) and Nahabedian, Vaskey (Mrs.). A Survey of the Reading, Radio and Motion Picture Habits of Royal Oak Public School Students and their Parents. Royal Oak, Michigan, Royal Oak Public School, 1949, 21 p. 7. UNESCO report-1961. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/000

69 EFFECTIVENESS OF GUIDED IMAGERY ON PAIN AND ITS ASSOCIATED BEHAV- IOURALCHANGESAMONG POST ABDOMINALSURGERY CLIENTS

Mrs. FERGANZIA JUBILSON Designation: ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Department: NURSING Address: I.N.E.R, T.M.V Pune.

Introduction subsequent tolerance level, the inci- Pain is much more than a sion site, the nature of the operation, physical sensation caused by a specif- the extent of the surgical trauma and ic stimulus. the type of the anesthetic agent used. Caregivers should include assessment Postoperative pain is characterized by of pain as a fifth vital sign to empha- sharp, stabbing and shooting. size its significance and to increase Unrelieved postoperative pain can the awareness among the healthcare affect the pulmonary, cardiovascular, professionals of the importance of gastrointestinal, endocrine and effective pain management. immune systems. Kozier Bacleare Guided Imagery teaches to (1995) use our imagination to reduce stress, Statement of the Problem relieve pain and stimulate healing A study to assess the effectiveness of responses in our body. It can be a Guided Imagery on Pain and its asso- powerful tool in helping persons to ciated behavioral changes among Post lessen their pain and stress, take a Abdominal Surgery Clients at A.J. more active role in their treatment and Hospital, Kanyakumari. regain a feeling of control Objectives of the Study Need for the Study ¢ To assess the level of Pain and Pain is the major problem in its associated behavioral changes the postoperative period. The degree among Post Abdominal Surgery and severity of postoperative pain Clients before and after Guided depends on the physiologic and psy- Imagery. chological makeup of the person, the ¢ To assess the effectiveness of

70 Guided Imagery on Pain and its asso- associated behavioral changes among ciated behavioral changes among Post Post Abdominal Surgery Clients with Abdominal Surgery Clients. their demographic variables. ¢ To find out the association Review of Literature between the Pain and its associated ¢ Studies related to effectiveness behavioral changes among Post of Guided Imagery on pain. Abdominal Surgery Clients with their ¢ Studies related to effectiveness demographic variables. of Guided Imagery on pain among Hypotheses abdominal surgery clients. H1: There will be a significant differ- ¢ Studies related to behavioral ence between the mean pre and post changes associated with pain. test level of Pain and its associated ¢ Studies related to pain among behavioral changes among Post post abdominal surgery clients Abdominal Surgery Clients. H2: There will be a significant associ- Research Methodology ation between the level of Pain and its

71 Pilot study 3. With regard to effectiveness of The pilot study is a trial run Guided Imagery on pain and its asso- for the major study. The refined tools ciated behavioral changes among post were used for the pilot study to test abdominal surgery clients, the result feasibility. The pilot study was con- showed that Guide Imagery was ducted at Dr. Kumaraswami Health effective among post abdominal sur- Centre. The study was conducted after gery clients. The obtained 't' values obtaining formal permission from the were significant, P<0.05. It implies Principal and research committee, that there was a greater effect of Ellen College of Nursing. Formal Guided Imagery on pain and its asso- consent was obtained from the partici- ciated behavioral changes among post pants for collecting the data. The abdominal surgery clients. study was conducted from 10/12/12 to 4. Regarding association between 22/12/12. Total sample size was 3 the level of pain of patients with their which consist of one tenth of the total selected demographic variables, the sample size. In Pilot study the results revealed that there was signifi- obtained 't' values of level of pain and cant association only between the its associated behavioral changes level of pain of patients with their were 5.47 and 6.92 which were sig- sex, P<0.05. There was no association nificant, P<0.05. The results of the between the age, education, type of pilot study showed that the study was anesthesia, type of surgery and family feasible and practical. The samples of support. Also there was no significant the pilot study were not included in association between the level of the main study. behavioral changes with the demographic variables, P>0.05. Major Findings of the Study Recommendations 1. Among 30 Post abdominal ¢ The study can be replicated with surgery clients, majority of them large sample size. belong to 20-30years, female, second- ¢ A study can be conducted to assess ary education, Spinal anesthesia, the attitude and practice among nurs- Laparoscopic surgery and Presence of es. family support. ¢ A comparative study can be con- 2. Regarding level of pain, most ducted between the post abdominal of the patients in pre-test had severe surgery patients and other surgery pain and most of them had moderate patients. pain in post-test; regarding behavioral ¢ A comparative study can be con- changes most of the patients in pre- ducted between the males and female test had severe behavioral changes and most of them had moderate behavioral changes in post-test. ***

72 A comparative study to assess the effect of feeding performance on cheek stimulation versus lip stimulation among the preterm babies in the selected hospitals of Pune city

Ms.Chhaya Godase, Clinical instructor, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune.

ABSTRACT graphic variable. A comparative study to assess the The present study aimsA comparative effect of feeding performance on study to assess the effect of feeding cheek stimulation versus lip stimula- performance on cheek stimulation tion among the preterm babies in the versus lip stimulation among the selected hospitals of Pune city was preterm babies in selected hospitals. conducted by Ms.Chhaya Godse in The conceptual frame work of the partial fulfillment of the requirement present study is based on Brazeltone of the award of a degree Master of Scale. This model focuses on effect of Science in Nursing at the College of feeding performance on cheek stimu- Nursing, Dr. D. Y. Patil University lation and lip stimulation. Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra. The researcher has adopted Pre- The objectives of the study were: experimental two-group pre-test post- 1) To find out assess the effect of test design; A Non Probability feeding performance of preterm Convenient Sampling Technique was babies, before & after cheek stimula- used for this study. The Sample was tion. selected from NICU for special 2) To determine the effect of preterm. The samples consisted of 60 feeding performance of preterm samples as per criteria. The researcher babies, before & after stimulation. prepared a Modified Brazeltone scale 3) To find an association of feed- as a tool for this study. ing performance with selected demo- The tool consisted of 2 sections.

73 Section I consists of items searching Groups pre-test post-test Research the information on demographic pro- design used for this study. file of a sample such as gestational age, Gender, Day of life weight of Setting of the study: baby, and source of information. The setting for this study was the Section II consists of Modified selected hospitals in PCMC, Pune. Brazeltone scale Observationaltool for Those included NICU, Vastly hospi- the effect of feeding performance on tal, Y.C.M hospital and Dr.D.Y.Patil cheek and lip stimulation those who Hospital & research centre. are admitted in NICU. Sample: The content validity was determined In this study, the samples are by the experts. The reliability of the Preterm's babies admitted in hospital. tool was done by Inter rator Observer Sampling technique: Method and was found to be 0.85. A Non Probability Convenient Conceptual framework Sampling Technique was used for this A conceptual framework for research study. It is also known as judgmental study helps to organize the study and sampling is a type of non-probability provides a context for the interpreta- sampling in which the subjects are tion of the study finding .framework selected because they are identified provides a back ground. regarding feeding performance. This A conceptual framework helps sampling technique was used to select to explain the relationship between 60 preterm who are admitted in concepts. A conceptual framework NICU. formalizes the thinking process so Sample size: that others may lead and know the Sample size is the number of subject frame reference and solve the needed in sample. The sample size for research problem. The framework, this study was 60. of present study is based on systems MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE model for the development of feeding STUDY performance of the preterm babies. The major findings of the study were This study aims to evaluate the effect based on the objective of the study. of feeding performance on cheek Section I Demographic characteris- &lips stimulation .The frame work, of tics the study is based in systems model. I have included gestational age, day The conceptual frame work divided of life, gender and weight of a baby in into these phases, input, process and Demographic variable. output in specific context, including In lip stimulation group, 43.3% of evaluation of all phases. them had gestational age 32-33 Research design: weeks, 30% of them had gestational Quasi experimental design - two age 34-35 weeks and 26.7% of them

74 had gestational age 36-37 weeks. In 96.7% of them had average feeding cheek gestational group, 16.7% of performance and 3.3% of them had them gestational had gestational age good feeding performance. 32-33 weeks, 56.7% of them had ges- Section III Analysis of data related tational age 34-35 weeks and 26.6% to effect of feeding performance of of them had gestational age 36-37 preterm babies, before & after lip weeks. stimulation In Lip stimulation group, 0% In pretest, 70% of the preterm of them had 1-7 days day of life, 60% babies had average feeding perform- of them had 8-14 days of life, 20% of ance and 30% of them had good feed- them had 15-21 days of life and 20% ing performance. of them had 22-28 days of life. In In posttest, effect of feeding perform- cheek stimulation group, 20% of them ance of preterm babies, after lip stim- had 1-7 days of life, 36.7% of ulation on day fifth, 3.3% of them had t4e3ehem had 8-14 days of life, average feeding performance and 26.7% of them had 15-21 days of life 96.7% of them had good feeding per- and 16.7% of them had 22-28 days of formance. life. The Researcher applied paired t-test In lip stimulation group, 53.3 of them for effect of feeding performance of were male and 46.7% of them were preterm babies, before & after lips female. In cheek stimulation group stimulation. Average feeding score in 56.7% of them were male and 43.3% pretest was 9.7 which increased to 9.9 of them were female. in day one posttest. Then it came In lip stimulation group, 33.3% of the down to 9.8 on day second posttest babies' weight was between 1.6-2 kg and remained same on day third, and 66.7 of the babies' weight were increased to 11.2 on day fourth and between 2.1-2.5 kg. In cheek stimula- 11.6 on day fifth. T-values for this test tion group, 70% of the babies' weight are 1.42, 0.41, 0.45, 4.73 and 6.40. was between 1.62 kg and 30% of the Corresponding p-values were 0.084, babies' weight was between 30%. 0.342, 0.327, 0.000 and 0.000 on day Section II: Analysis of data related to one, day two, day third, day fourth the effect of feeding performance of and day fifth. After lips stimulation, preterm babies, before &after cheek feeding performance improved signif- stimulation. icantly on day fourth and day fifth. In pretest, 43.3% of the preterm Section IV Analysis of data related to babies had average feeding perform- association of feeding performance ance and 56.7% of them had good with selected demographic variable. feeding performance. Since p-value is not significant (less In post-test, all of them had good than 0.05), researcher found to have feeding performance. On day fifth, not significant association with feed-

75 ing performance of preterm babies, so my study its shows that lip stimula- hypothesis rejected tion has more demand than cheek Association of feeding performance stimulation , mother assured that they with selected demographic variable will practice routinely . was assessed using Fisher's Exact Test. The summary of Fisher's Exact Test is tabulated in this research. *** After comparing between pre-test and post-test knowledge and practice score, it was proven that there was increase in effect of feeding performance on cheek stimulation and lip stimulation in preterm. Thus it can be concluded that oral stimulation is proved to be effective in effect of feeding performance on cheek stimulation and lip stimulation in Preterm's. CONCLUSION The overall experience of conducting this study was satisfying one, as there was good response of cheek & lip stimulation setting for the study. The study was a new learning experience for the investigator. It has been observed that pretest knowledge average mean score is 11.6 and practice score is 7.8 after stimulation average score rises to 11.6 respectively. This indicates that the knowledge and practice grades improved after stimulation. After comparison cheek & lip stimulation p-value not significant (less than 0.05) hypothesis is rejected. Summary Mothers were receptiptive regarding feeding performance of lip stimulation and cheek stimulation and result of lip stimulation was more than the cheek stimulation so in conclusion of

76 A study of service quality of ICICI Bank Kondhwa branch using "Serqual model"

Dr. Daniel Penkar Sukhdeo B. Nimangare Director, Research Scholar, PCET's S. B. Patil Institute Of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Management Nigdi Pradhikaran, Pune Gultekadi Pune-37 Email ID: [email protected] Email ID: [email protected] Mobile No.: 9881522211. Mobile No.: 9960033555.

ABSTRACT preferences. So, a customized portfolio for every client is the need of the Private Banking is a concept which is day. This research will highlight more new and fast emerging in the world of on the products & services portfolio banking where changes have become of the ICICI private banking, how a necessity in order to survive in this they have changed or innovatively competitive environment vis-à-vis not structured to be attractive and com- only from the public and private sec- petitive. This study, hence, is an tor banks but also from foreign banks. attempt to measure the perceived The objective of the research is to service quality in ICICI Bank- explore the various products, which a Kondhwa Branch using SERQUAL private banker deals into and the sys- instrument. The study aims to identify tematic process used by the ICICI those dimensions that influence the bank to make its services customer level of customers? perceptions in the friendly. ICICI started in Aug 2002 sampled banks branch, examine the and since then it has been a remark- effect of service quality on customer. able success. Today there are enor- mous solutions to cater client needs KEYWORDS: Customer satisfaction, but what suits best to a client is where quality of banking services, Service private banking fits in. Every client quality, SERVQUAL will have different needs, liking and INTRODUCTION

77 ICICI Bank is India's largest private LIBERALIZATION IN THE sector bank with total assets of Rs. 1990'S 6,461.29 billion (US$ 103 billion) at March 31, 2015 and profit after tax In the early 1990s, the government Rs. 111.75 billion (US$ 1,788 mil- embarked on a policy of liberaliza- lion) for the year ended March 31, tion, licensing to the private banks. 2015. ICICI Bank currently has a net- These are recognized as New work of 4,450 Branches and 13,797 Generation tech-savvy Indian banks, ATM's across India. and included Global Trust Bank (the first of such new generation banks to HISTORY be set up), which later merged with ICICI Bank was initially advanced in Oriental Bank of Commerce, UTI 1994 by ICICI Limited, an Indian Bank (Axis Bank), ICICI Bank Ltd money related establishment, and was and HDFC Bank Ltd. Because of this its entirely possessed auxiliary. move, there was rapid growth in the ICICI's shareholding in ICICI Bank Indian economy, was lessened to 46% through an open offering of offers in India in financial The Indian banking sector, which has 1998, a value offering as ADRs seen rapid growth with strong contri- recorded on the NYSE in monetary bution from all the three segments of 2000, ICICI Bank's obtaining of Bank banks, i.e. government banks, private of Madura Limited in an all-stock sector banks and foreign banks. amalgamation in financial 2001, and auxiliary market deals by ICICI to BANKING SERVICES IN INDIA institutional speculators in financial 2001 and financial 2002. ICICI was With years, banks are likewise adding shaped in 1955 at the activity of the administrations to their clients. The World Bank, the Government of India Indian keeping money industry is and delegates of Indian industry. The going through a period of clients primary target was to make an showcase. The clients have more advancement money related founda- options in picking their banks. An tion for giving medium-term and long competition has been set up inside the haul extend financing to Indian organ- banks working in India. With hard- izations. In October 2001, the Boards ened rivalry and headway of innova- of Directors of ICICI and ICICI Bank tion, the administrations given by endorsed the merger of ICICI and two banks have turned out to be all the of its entirely possessed retail back more simple and advantageous. The auxiliaries, ICICI Personal Financial previous days are observer to a hour Services Limited and ICICI Capital hold up before withdrawing money Services Limited, with ICICI Bank. from accounts or a check from north

78 of the nation being cleared in one banks as well as the time taken in month in the south. This segment of opening an account. saving money manages the most recent disclosure in the banking DEFINITION AND MEASURE- instruments alongside the cleaned MENT adaptation of their old systems. Service Quality is services that is con- sistent with customer expectations BANK ACCOUNT and stated obligation. Service quality The most common and first service of is defined by Gronroos (1983) as the the banking sector. There are different fulfilment of customers' Parasuraman types of bank account in Indian bank- et al. defined service quality as the ing sector. The bank accounts are as gap between customers' expectations follows: of service and their perception of the " Bank Savings Account - Bank service experience. Savings Account can be opened for eligible person / persons and certain RESEARCH PROBLEM organizations / agencies (as advised o Though organisations invest by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) from massively in quality service, the time to time). returns are questionable as not all " Bank Current Account - Bank banking organisations benefit from Current Account can be opened by service. My study is oriented towards individuals / partnership firms / understanding whether quality service Private and Public Limited impacts on Banking Performance and Companies / HUFs / Specified how it results in gaining effective Associates / Societies / Trusts, etc. returns to Banking Industry with ref- " Bank Term Deposits Account - erence to customer satisfaction level. Bank Term Deposits Account can be opened by individuals / partnership PURPOSE OF THE STUDY firms / Private and Public Limited The main purpose of this study is to Companies / HUFs/ Specified assess the applicability of the Associates / Societies / Trusts, etc. SERVQUAL model the context of " Bank Account Online - With ICICI Bank-Kondhwa Branch and the advancement of technology, the empirically, describe how consumers major banks in the public and private perceive service quality and whether sector has facilitated their customer to they are satisfied with services offered open bank account online. Bank by ICICI Bank-Kondhwa Branch in account online is registered through a Pune city. PC with an internet connection. The advent of bank account online has RESEARCH OBJECTIVES OF saved both the cost of operation for THE STUDY

79 "To study consumer percep- " It will serve as a valuable tions about service quality dimensions source of information that high lights using SERPERF analysis. the switching intention of customers "To develop strategies to to other operators. enhance service quality among private " It will essentially uncover banks in ICICI Bank Kondhwa dimension of service quality that branch. ICICI Bank Kondhwa Branch cus- "To develop an instrument con- tomer consider as important as well as sisting of different service quality customer's intention to switch to other dimensions that can be used to meas- operator. ure the quality of banking services. "A key analysis has been lev- "To study satisfaction levels of eled against ICICI Bank Kondhwa customers of ICICI Bank Kondhwa branch that there operating culture has branch using Serqual model. been changed from the general principle of the banking. In many occasions HYPOTHESES OF THE an ordinary member finds it difficult RESEARCH STUDY to get it credit facility in ICICI bank H1: There is gap between expecta- branch. tion and perception with reference to tangibility. RESEARCH GAP ANALYSIS H2: There is gap between expecta- After cautiously scrutinizing a variety tion and perception with reference to of research studies have been con- responsiveness. ducted so far using the SERVQUAL H3: There is gap between expecta- model in the service industry, has tion and perception with reference to been realized that many research Reliability. works have been carried in different H4: There is gap between expecta- service industries such as education, tion and perception with reference to restaurants, banking, health care, etc, Assurance. but limited empirical study has been H5: There is gap between expecta- conducted using the SERVQUAL tion and perception with reference to model to review service quality in the Empathy. banking industry in Indian economy. Researcher considers banking indus- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY try as part of the service industry pro- This study is significant in the follow- viding financial services. There are ing regards: some of research which find out the " It will help ICICI Bank relationship between customer satis- Kondhwa Branch to develop and faction levels, perceived service quali- implement effective service quality ty by the service providers, customer improvement initiatives. satisfaction and customer loyalty and

80 it is proven that perceived service quality had a positive relationship The perceived quality is measured with customer satisfaction and this based on service quality elements supports the argument of connecting such as a. tangibles, b. reliability, c. service quality and customer satisfac- responsiveness, d. assurance and e. tion. empathy. Some concerns about the SERVQUAL instrument were raised SERQUAL MODEL by Cronin and Taylor (1992; 1994) A significant contribution towards and Teas (1993; 1994). The authors measurement of service quality is by argue that there are serious conceptual Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry and operational drawbacks associated (1985, 1988) by way of developing a with the SERVQUAL model, induc- measuring instrument called ing Cronin and Taylor (1992) to pro- SERVQUAL. The central idea in this pose a perceived quality model called model is that service quality is a func- SERVPERF. tion of the difference scores or gaps between expectations and perceptions Gap 1 - Not knowing what customers here service quality parameters are expect: measured using five dimensions such ¢ Lack of marketing orientation as: in the business. ¢ Insufficient upward communi- Tangibles- appearance of physical cation from the contact staff to senior facilities, equipment, personnel, and management. communication materials; ¢ Too many levels of manage- Reliability- ability to perform the ment in one organisation. promised service dependably and Gap 2- The wrong service quality accurately; Standards: Responsiveness- willingness to help ¢ Inadequate commitment to customers and provide prompt serv- services quality of the employees. ice; ¢ Lack of perception of feasibil- Assurance- knowledge and courtesy ity. of employees and their ability to con- ¢ Inadequate assignment stan- vey trust and confidence; dardisation. Empathy- the caring, individualized ¢ The lack of goal setting in the attention the firm provides its cus- service quality. tomers SERVQUAL instrument con- Gap 3- The service performance gap sists of a 22-item instrument for role ambiguity & role conflict: assessing service quality based on ¢ Unconvinced of what your customer's perceptions, which is, by responsibility is and how it fits with his turn. others to appropriate task.

81 ¢ Poor employees or technology al., 1988, p.13). in the system. ¢ Unsuitable managerial control. The first refining stage came up with ¢ Lack of collaboration and the ten dimensions for evaluating teamwork. service which were; a) tangibles, b) Gap 4- When promises made do not reliability, c) responsiveness, d) com- match actual delivery in the service: munication, e) credibility, f) security, ¢ Inadequate parallel communi- g) competence, h) courtesy, i) under- cation between departments a tenden- standing, j) knowing, k) customers, cy to overpromise to the customers. and l) access. They went into the sec- Gap 5- The difference between what ond purification phase of the assess- customers expectations of service ing and in this step they determined quality and what they are actually on concentrate scale consistency, receives: dimensionality and reliability. ¢ Expectations are made up of past knowledge, wants of the cus- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY tomers and word of mouth of the Research methodology is defined as users. the study of methods and principles ¢ Dimension is on the basis of and their application in a given field two sets of announcements in groups of academic inquiry (Saunders et al., according to the five key quality serv- 2009). ice dimensions. The questions from the questionnaires The Evolution and Progress of the used by reviewers are grouped by SERVQUAL Model service quality dimensions in total "Parasuraman et al. (1985) identified SERVQUAL contains 22 questions 97 attributes which were found to that are adjusted according to the type have an impact on service quality. of service evaluated. When complet- These 97 attributes were the criteria ing the questionnaire client should that are important in assessing cus- consider the extent to which the serv- tomer's expectations and perceptions ice should meet specified quality on delivered service" (Kumar et al., attributes, respectively, to appreciate 2009, p.214). These attributes were what it means for that service quality categorized into ten dimensions based on its own experience as a user (Parasuraman et al., 1985) and later of the service. 422 responses were subjected the proposed 97 item instru- received from the ICICI Bank ments for assessing service quality Kondhwa branch. The responses were through two stages in order to purify received on a 5 likert scale format. the instruments and select those with significant influences (Parasuraman et Nature of Study: Quantitative study

82 Time-Dimension: Cross-sectional from savings account holder, salary Population Size: 40000 account holder, credit card holder, investment holder and Demat account Sample Size holder from sample identified from Sample sizes of 422 respondents have the said population. been selected for the purpose of the study from the sample frame for the Secondary data research study. For this research study secondary data was collected from journals, Sampling Method Magazines, web sites and other rele- Convenience sampling method is used vant publications. for the primary data collection in the research study based on the enthusi- Hypothesis Testing: Tangibility asm, accessibility and the availability Hypothesis of the time of the customers. The Expectation of ICICI Bank customers study was conducted on the customers are higher comparative, perception with different types of profiles, serv- with respect to tangibility (ICICI ices and business. Bank customers differs in expectation and perception with reference to tan- Sampling Design: Descriptive gibility). Research (& Analytical) Variable and measurement Sampling design is the process of Independent variables: Customer selecting samples from the popula- expectation / perception tion. Non-probability sampling design Dependent variable: Tangibility is involved in the research study. Components Because research is case study design. A: The ICICI Bank should have mod- Non-probability sampling designs are ern looking equipment an appropriate for an exploratory B: The ICICI Bank physical features research. It means non-probability should be visually appealing. sampling design are used to C: The ICICI Bank's employees exploratory research. should be well dressed & appear neat. D: Materials associated with the serv- Sample element ice (such as pamphlets or statements) Sample element is customer's of should be visually appealing at the ICICI Bank Kondhwa branch. bank. Level of Significance Primary Data ?= 0.05 A questionnaire survey using H0: Mean difference is 0 (µd= 0) SERVFERF instrument with 22 items H1: Mean difference is not 0 (µd? 0) was designed to collect primary data

83 Table 1: Significance for Tangibility and Perception that the ICICI Bank Note: *** = Significant at 0.1 % physical features are visually appeal- Level of Significance. Sig. = signifi- ing. cant ICICI Banks physical features are Interpretation: visually appealing are not as per the A. The ICICI Bank should have expectations of the customers. modern looking equipment C. The ICICI Bank's employees (Expectation Mean = 4.45 and should be well dressed & appear neat. Perception Mean = 3.57). (Expectation Mean = 3.50 and Hence it is concluded that there is a Perception Mean = 2.94). gap between customer's Expectation Hence it is concluded that there is a and Perception that the ICICI Bank gap between customer's Expectation should have modern looking equip- and Perception that the ICICI Bank's ment. Equipments of the ICICI bank employees should be well dressed & are not as per the expectations of the appear neat. customers. ICICI Bank's employees are well B. The ICICI Bank physical fea- dressed & appear neat are not as per tures should be visually appealing the expectations of the customers. (Expectation Mean = 3.54 and D. Materials associated with the Perception Mean = 2.77). service (such as pamphlets or state- Hence it is concluded that there is a ments) should be visually appealing at gap between customer's Expectation the bank. (Expectation Mean = 3.50

84 and Perception Mean = 2.68). Variable and measurement Hence it is concluded that there is a Independent variables: Customer gap between customer's Expectation expectation / perception and Perception that Materials associ- Dependent variable: Reliability ated with the service (such as pam- Components phlets or statements) should be visual- A: When the ICICI Bank promises to ly appealing at the bank. do something by a certain time, it Materials associated with the service should do (such as pamphlets or statements) are B: When you have a problem, the visually appealing at the bank are not ICICI Bank should show a sincere as per the expectations of the cus- interest in solving it. tomers. C: The ICICI Bank should provide its Hypothesis Testing: Reliability service at the time it promises to do Hypothesis so. Expectation of ICICI Bank customers D: The ICICI Bank should insist on are higher comparative, perception error free records. with respect to Reliability (ICICI Level of Significance Bank customers differs in expectation ?= 0.05 and perception with reference to H0: Mean difference is 0 (µd = 0) Reliability). H1: Mean difference is not 0 (µd ? 0)

85 Table 2: Significance for Reliability and Perception that the ICICI Bank Note: *** = Significant at 0.1 % performs the service correctly at the Level of Significance. Sig. = signifi- first instance. cant The ICICI Bank perform the service correctly at the first instance, are not Interpretation: as per the expectations of the cus- A. When the ICICI Bank promis- tomers. es to do something by a certain time, D. The ICICI Bank should pro- it should do.(Expectation Mean = vide its service at the time it promises 3.46 and Perception Mean = 2.82). to do so.. (Expectation Mean = 3.44 Hence it is concluded that there is a and Perception Mean = 2.79). gap between customer's Expectation Hence it is concluded that there is a and Perception that When the ICICI gap between customer's Expectation Bank promises to do something by a and Perception that The ICICI Bank certain time, it does so. provides its service at the time it When the ICICI Bank promises to do promises to do so. something by a certain time it does The ICICI Bank provides its service so, are not as per the expectations of at the time it promises to do so, are the customers. not as per the expectations of the cus- B. When you have a problem, the tomers. ICICI Bank should show a sincere E. The ICICI Bank should insist interest in solving it. (Expectation on error free records. (Expectation Mean = 3.43 and Perception Mean = Mean = 3.39 and Perception Mean = 2.81). 2.76). Hence it is concluded that there is a Hence it is concluded that there is a gap between customer's Expectation gap between customer's Expectation and Perception that the When you and Perception that the ICICI Bank have a problem, the ICICI Bank insists on error free records. shows a sincere interest in solving it. The ICICI Bank insists on error free When you have a problem, the ICICI records are not as per the expectations Bank does show a sincere interest in of the customers. solving it, are not as per the expectations of the customers. Hypothesis Testing: Responsiveness Hypothesis C. The ICICI Bank should per- Expectation of ICICI Bank customers form the service correctly at the first are higher comparative, perception instance. (Expectation Mean = 3.48 with respect to Responsiveness (ICICI and Perception Mean = 2.74). Bank customers differs in expectation Hence it is concluded that there is a and perception with reference to gap between customer's Expectation Responsiveness).

86 Variable and measurement Level of Significance. Sig. = signifi- Independent variables: Customer cant, **Significant at 1% level of sig- expectation / perception nificance. Dependent variable: Responsiveness Interpretation: Components A. Employees in the ICICI Bank A: Employees in the ICICI Bank should tell you exactly when the serv- should tell you exactly when the services will be performed. (Expectation ices will be performed Mean = 2.97and Perception Mean = B: Employees in the ICICI Bank 2.74). should give you prompt service. Hence it is concluded that there is a C: Employees in the ICICI Bank gap between customer's Expectation should always willing to help you. and Perception that Employees in the D: Employees in the ICICI Bank ICICI Bank tell you exactly when the should never too busy to respond to services will be performed. your request. Employees in the ICICI Bank tell you Level of Significance exactly when the services will be per- ?= 0.05 formed are not as per the expectations H0: Mean difference is 0 (µd = 0) of the customers. H1: Mean difference is not 0 (µd ? 0) B. Employees in the ICICI Bank

Table 3: Significance for should give you prompt service. Responsiveness (Expectation Mean = 3.40and Note: *** = Significant at 0.1 % Perception Mean = 2.82).

87 Hence it is concluded that there is a Hence it is concluded that there is a gap between customer's Expectation gap between customer's Expectation and Perception that the Employees in and Perception that Employees in the the ICICI Bank give you prompt serv- ICICI Bank are never too busy to ice. respond to your request. Employees in the ICICI Bank give Employees in the ICICI Bank are you prompt service is not as per the never too busy to respond to your expectations of the customers. request are not as per the expectations C. Employees in the ICICI Bank of the customers. should always willing to help you. (Expectation Mean = 3.52 and Hypothesis Testing: Assurance Perception Mean = 2.84). Hypothesis Hence it is concluded that there is a Expectation of ICICI Bank customers gap between customer's Expectation are higher comparative, perception and Perception that the Employees in with respect to Assurance (ICICI the ICICI Bank are always willing to Bank customers differs in expectation help you. and perception with reference to tan- Employees in the ICICI Bank are gibility). always willing to help you is not as Variable and measurement per the expectations of the customers. Independent variables: Customer D. Employees in the ICICI Bank expectation / perception should never too busy to respond to Dependent variable: Assurance your request. (Expectation Mean = Components 3.45 and Perception Mean = 2.84). A: The behavior of employees in the

88 ICICI Bank should instill confidence (Expectation Mean = 3.40 and in you Perception Mean = 2.85). B: You should feel safe in your trans- Hence it is concluded that there is a actions with ICICI Bank. gap between customer's Expectation C: Employees in the ICICI Bank and Perception that you feel safe in should be consistently courteous with your transactions with ICICI Bank. you. You feel safe in your transactions D: Employees in the ICICI Bank with ICICI Bank, are not as per the should have the knowledge to answer expectations of the customers. your questions analysis of service quality parameters in ICICI Bank. C. Employees in the ICICI Bank Level of Significance should be consistently courteous with ?= 0.05 you. (Expectation Mean = 3.46 and H0: Mean difference is 0 (µd = 0) Perception Mean = 2.79). H1: Mean difference is not 0 (µd ? 0) Hence it is concluded that there is a gap between customer's Expectation and Perception that the Employees in Table 4: Significance for the ICICI Bank are consistently cour- Assurance teous with you. Note: *** = Significant at 0.1 % Employees in the ICICI Bank are Level of Significance. Sig. = signifi- consistently courteous with you, is not cant as per the expectations of the customers. Interpretation: A. The behavior of employees in D. Employees in the ICICI Bank the ICICI Bank should instill confi- should have the knowledge to answer dence in you. (Expectation Mean = your questions analysis of service 3.43and Perception Mean = 2.94). quality parameters in ICICI Bank. Hence it is concluded that there is a (Expectation Mean = 3.54 and gap between customer's Expectation Perception Mean = 2.96). and Perception that the behavior of Hence it is concluded that there is a employees in the ICICI Bank instills gap between customer's Expectation confidence in you. and Perception that Employees in the The behavior of employees in the ICICI Bank have the knowledge to ICICI Bank instills confidence in you, answer your questions analysis of are not as per the expectations of the service quality parameters in ICICI customers. Bank. Employees in the ICICI Bank have B. You should feel safe in your the knowledge to answer your ques- transactions with ICICI Bank. tions analysis of service quality

89 parameters in ICICI Bank are not as individual attention per the expectations of the customers. B: The ICICI Bank should have oper- Hypothesis Testing: Empathy ating hours convenient to all its Hypothesis customers. Expectation of ICICI Bank customers C: The ICICI Bank should have are higher comparative, perception employees who give you personal with respect to Empathy (ICICI Bank attention. customers differs in expectation and D: The ICICI Bank should have your perception with reference to tangibili- best interests at heart. ty). E: The employees of the ICICI Bank Variable and measurement should understand your specific needs Independent variables: Customer Level of Significance expectation / perception ?= 0.05 Dependent variable: Empathy H0: Mean difference is 0 (µd = 0) Components H1: Mean difference is not 0 (µd ? 0) A: The ICICI Bank should give you

90 Table 5: Significance for Empathy give you personal attention, is not as Note: *** = Significant at 0.1 % per the expectations of the customers. Level of Significance. Sig. = signifi- D. The ICICI Bank should have cant your best interests at heart. (Expectation Mean = 3.47 and Interpretation: Perception Mean = 2.70). A. The ICICI Bank should give Hence it is concluded that there is a you individual attention. (Expectation gap between customer's Expectation Mean = 3.42and Perception Mean = and Perception that The ICICI Bank 2.84). has your best interests at heart. Hence it is concluded that there is a The ICICI Bank has your best inter- gap between customer's Expectation ests at heart, is not as per the expecta- and Perception that The ICICI Bank tions of the customers. gives you individual attention. E. The employees of the ICICI The ICICI Bank gives you individual Bank should understand your specific attention, are not as per the expecta- needs. (Expectation Mean = 3.45 and tions of the customers. Perception Mean = 2.64). B. The ICICI Bank should have Hence it is concluded that there is a operating hours convenient to all its gap between customer's Expectation customers. (Expectation Mean = and Perception that the employees of 3.46and Perception Mean = 2.85). the ICICI Bank understand your spe- Hence it is concluded that there is a cific needs. gap between customer's Expectation The employees of the ICICI Bank and Perception that the ICICI Bank understand your specific needs, is not has operating hours convenient to all as per the expectations of the cus- its customers. tomers. The ICICI Bank has operating hours convenient to all its customers, are CONCLUSION not as per the expectations of the cus- o Q. Whether there exists gap tomers. between expectation and perception C. The ICICI Bank should have with reference to tangibility, employees who give you personal Responsiveness, Reliability, attention. (Expectation Mean = 3.50 Assurance & Empathy? and Perception Mean = 2.85). o Tangibility: ICICI Bank cus- Hence it is concluded that there is a tomers have high expectations with gap between customer's Expectation respective of 'modern equipment', and Perception that the ICICI Bank 'appealing physical features', 'employ- has employees who give you personal ees being well dressed' and 'service attention. visually appealing' the shows that The ICICI Bank has employees who there lies a gap between customer's

91 expectations and service delivery of 'specific needs should be understood ICICI Bank with respect to tangibility. by employees' the shows that there o Reliability: ICICI Bank cus- lies a gap between customer's expec- tomers have high expectations with tations and service delivery of ICICI respective of 'Promises should be Bank with respect to Empathy. kept' 'problems should be solved', 'service should be performed correctly REFERENCES on the first occasion itself', 'execution 1. Study of customer service of service on time', 'records should be quality of bank in India, Dr. Manasa error free' the shows that there lies a Nagabhushanam. gap between customer's expectations 2. Analytical Study of Customer and service delivery of ICICI Bank Satisfaction at ICICI Bank with spe- with respect to reliability. cial reference to ATMs, Dr. o Responsiveness: ICICI Bank Manvinder Singh Pahwa. customers have high expectations 3. Impact of Service Quality on with respective of 'should inform Customer Satisfaction in Public when the service will be performed', Sector and Private Sector Banks, J. 'prompt service ', 'employees should Joshua Selvakumar. always help you' and 'employees 4. Service Quality Impact On should respond to customer request Customer Satisfaction - AStudy Of promptly' the shows that there lies a ICICI Bank In Mysore City Arun gap between customer's expectations Kumar. G, Dr. S. J. Manjunath and service delivery of ICICI Bank 5. Comparative Study Service with respect to responsiveness. Quality Assessment Of Public & o Assurance: ICICI Bank cus- Private Sector Banks Using Servqual tomers have high expectations with Model, Reema Kamlani. respective of 'employees should 6. Customer's Perception And exhibit confidence in customers', Satisfaction Towards Services Of 'feeling of safety in transaction', 'cour- Public & Private Sector Banks Kesari teous employees', 'Knowledgeable Singh And Nitin Gupta. employees' the shows that there lies a 7. "A Comparative Study Of gap between customer's expectations Customer Satisfaction Towards and service delivery of ICICI Bank Banking Services Provided By Public with respect to assurance. Sector Banks And Private Sector o Empathy: ICICI Bank cus- Banks In South Mumbai". Kainat tomers have high expectations with Kapadia. respective of 'attention to individual customers', 'convenient operating hours', ' personal attention from *** employees', 'customers interests first',

92 Siddharameshwara - Saint of Virasaivism

Dr. Nalini Avinash Waghmare Department of NISS Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune Mobile No: 9975833748 Email: [email protected]

Introduction: Among the immortals Siddharama Charitra, Harihara's of Virasaivism, Siddharameshwara Prabhudevara Ragale, Bhimakaviya finds a distinguished place along with Basavapurana, Jayadevi Lingade, Basavanna, Chennbasavanna, Siddharameshwara Purana etc. In all Prabhudeva and others. Siddharama these Virasaiva prose, Kavya and was one of the well known personali- Puranas we find the mentioned the ties of the twelfth century. He was a name of Siddharameshwara. In the devotee of god and belonged probably Sunyasampadane the third and the to the Lakulisa-Pasupatha Shaiva sect. tenth chapter are devoted to him. He was a social worker with the zeal of a missionary. He was certainly an Vachana Shastra is another important historical person. Since references to and relatively modern source of him are found as Siddharama of Virasaiva literature and Sonnalige, the present Sholapur, Vachanakaras.Vachana literature con- Maharashtra. Here can be seen to this tains the compositions of Devar day the Lingas he installed. The tem- Dasimayya, Allama Prabhu. ples and tanks he built and other Basaveshwara, Channabasaveshwara, relics of his activity. Siddharameshwara, Akka Mahadevi, etc. Vachana literature is also called Sources : There are many sources Vachanadeva. Vachanas are Agama - which under the authentic sources oriented. Therefore, it is also called Palkurike Somanatha's Someshwara Vachanagama. Both the term - Purana, Virakta Tontadarya's work Vachana and Vachanagama, are used Siddheshwara Purana, for Vachana literature. Vachanas are Shantalingeshwara Bhairaveshwara also authoritative and authentic Kavyakatha Sutra Ratnakara, sources of Virasaiva religion form the Lakkanna Dandesa's Sivatatva- point of view of history and literature. Chintamani, Raghavanka's These Vachanas also focuses on

93 Siddharameshwara thoughts and reli- bound for Srisaila. gion. Not only Literary but some of 22 inscriptions give us information After his return from Srisaila about the Siddharama of Sholapur Siddharama left the family of his birth under the inscription Budasingi, for good. He took to the life of renun- Ghadalsnur etc. In these inscriptions ciation, and established a Matha, 1190 along with along with his brother. Once he Kapilsiddhamallikarjuna mentioned. It underwent spiritual transformation, he shows that he was the contemporary gave up his allegiance to the tradition- of Basavanna. al Desi deity of Makala.

Brief life of Siddharameshwara: He In his place, he enshrined Lord Kapila was one of the outstanding Siddhamallikarjuna in his heart, as his Vachanakara. There are many personal deity. Siddharama was a Vachanas , inscriptions , legends and great social worker in his time. narratives about his life. He was born Siddharama had a desire to convert in Sonnalige (Sholapur in present day Sholapur into another Srisaila. It was Maharashtra). Muddagowda was his in the realization of this aspiration father and Suggle his mother. Dhooli that he set about the establishment of Maakala was the deity of his family. Linga , the building of a temple for it, Parents named him Dhuli Maakala as surrounded by a tank. He was the he was born with the blessings of head of a monastery and had a large Revannasiddha and later on he following. His place Sonnalige became well-known as Siddharama (Sholapur of Maharastra) was a small when he followed Nathasiddha tradi- village; he built it into a big town. He tion. In his beyond days he was constructed numerous temples in cowherd and a naïve devotee. When other places also. He constructed a he reached adulthood, he began to huge reservoir -which is still in tact in show the traditional qualities of the Sholapur, for 'the benefit of men, Peasant stock manliness, truthfulness feasts, insects and all'. He was a kind and bluntness. man who rescued many poor people from their debts. He arranged mass While he was tending the cattle in the marriage in his temple and helped forest as a boy, he brooded over poor people perform their marriages Shiva. He spent his time otherwise in with minimum expenditure. His con- worshipping Shiva. He worshipped temporaries looked upon him as God Lord Shiva and one day without Himself. telling his parents and leaving the cattle in his care to fend for themselves, Siddharama regarded this activity as Siddharama joined a band of pilgrims pure and holy activity, and he

94 dreamed of merging into Shiva He has prepared what other Vachana- through such activity. He saw before writers have done.His Vachanas are him only one path to his goal, the generally short, limpid, well-cadenced path of work and worship. Thus and expressive of a simple idea. Siddharamas work is to uplift the peo- It would not be an exaggeration if it is ple, help the needy and worship the said that Siddharama excels many God Kappilsiddhamallikarjuna. Vachana-writers in the art of express- It was Allama Prabhu who first ing difficult subjects in a most per- diverted Siddharama from his path of spicuous way. His Vachanas do not work and turned him towards a life of abound in technical terms common to renunciation. Allama transform him the Virasaiva philosophy. So we find from a yogi into a Shivayogi. Hence simplicity, not symbolism, in his he proposed that Siddharama should Vachanas. In his Vachanas we find the accompany him to Kalyana, which Trividi style mostly. was then the home of Basavanna and In his teachings he mentioned the Istalinga worship. Ishwara ( God) , Jiva ( life) , Prakruti ( nature) along with his devoted God But there was no entrance into Kapilsidhamallikarjuna. This Basavanna's Anubhava Mantapa for Kapilasiddhamallikarjuna was also a one who had no Istalinga. Ankitanama of Siddharama. Siddharamayya had accordingly to learn it secret. So he was invested Siddharameshwara's Thoughts rele- with Istalinga, and it seems that the vance to Modern Times: ceremony was performed by Devoting himself mostly to the work Chennabsavanna as his Guru and then of the all, he realized his own path of dedicated of the Lingayat religion and monism and the body -linga identity. society. Eventually, his life's efforts This was his contribution to the were crowned with the signal honour movement initiate by Basavanna in of being made the president of the medieval Karnataka. At the same hall of Shiva experience. time, another well-known Vacanakara of the 12th century, Sonnalige Siddharameshwara's Vachanas: In Siddharama, upheld the superiority of the early age he was involve in the womanhood, he also opposed the social work to get the salvation. Later inferior views of men toward the on turned as spiritualist. More than women community. He agreed that, 1378 Vachanas written on woman in no way inferior to man. He Kappilsiddhamallikarjuna. They show upheld the nobility and greatness of his belief that the world is God's wor- womanhood. He expressed his views ship and equanimity of mind is the by this following Vachana: supreme achievement.

95 "Women is not just a female sex of greed, Women is not a demoners even Wiping out such desire, Women is the very embodiment of God Show me the good of siva-yoga, Kapila Siddha Mallikarjuna" O father, Kapilsiddhamallikarjuna.

The "free atmosphere" created by The symbolic Linga, an oval round Basaveshwara and other object, duly consecrated has assumed Vachanakaras enabled many a the highest importance in the woman folk to possess "self-knowl- Virasaiva religion and philosophy. It edge" and to give expressions to their symbols the God Shiva himself. Shiva experiences in the form of Vacanas. is to be worshipped in the form of The Vacanas of Akkamahadevi, of Linga secured only through the Guru, Muktayakka, of Neelalocane, of the spiritual preceptor and guide, at Molige Mahadeviyamma, of Amugi the time of Diksha or initiation. This Rayamma and the like stand testimo- is called Istalinga. This is to be worn ny to the fact. The Sunyasampadane on one's body at all times and never give us the information of these five to be separated. On account of this women will make apparent their three symbolic emphasis, which is its out- basically distinct responses-militant standing characteristic, the followers rejection, reluctant independence, and of this system are aptly called accommodation-to the tension Lingayats. Worship of Linga conse- between social expectation and the crated in a temple or shrine is not call to spiritual perfection. favoured in virasaivism . Strictly speaking, it is even prohibited. This Siddharama, a contemporary of Linga is called Sthavara or immov- Basaveshwara, has extolled the great- able Linga. This Linga is worn both ness of the Vachanas in his Vachana by males and females irrespective of thus; 'The precursor' Vachana opened caste, class, colour, age and nationali- up the inner eye and ensured mental ty. Virasaivism keeps the path of real- equilibrium by freeing the mind form ization open to all the persons. the six internal enemies viz, lust, Siddharama mentioned importance of anger, greed, desire, arrogance and Linga in one of his Vachana: jealousy, the seven kinds of grief, Carnal pleasures and the ten evil ele- Once the Linga is as the anga, ments.' And the anga is as the linga, Oneness with linga is as with anga, Being alive in the root cause of anger, Oneness with anga is as with linga! Being in the body is the root cause of Since all our words ring hollow, desire, When mind is as the linga, Moving in the world is the root cause And linga is as the mind,

96 When the word is one with linga, Between learning and ignorance , And linga-oneness is as the sound, And is known to the world Where is the room for clash of words? Is a supreme scholar, O Kapilasiddha Mallinatha, Kapillasiddha Mallikarjuna. Do you , O Lord , make clear Whether or no, henceforth, Basava's influence on him mentioned You I should seek as God. in his Vachana:

Siddharama said that the idea -that Basava's image is motivating force for does not make a man great, mere meditation, reading does not make a man great, Basava's fame is source of knowledge, offering of flowers and leaves does Uttering Basava, Basava itself con- not make a man great, and any notes amount of preaching does not make a devotion Kapila siddha man great unless he realizes the light Mallinathayya, within. Siddharama said in his Vachana: Tribute: Many Sharanas, both men and women have paid tributes to When the world is within the self, Siddharamesvara. The following may Why have any truck with world, O be quoted among others. Lord ? "I gained through Siddharamayya one After the self becomes the touchstone, -pointed faith------Allama Why the pride of gold, O father ? Prabhu After becoming kamadenu, "Siddharameshwara is the Sivayogi Why the pride of other cattle, who can be Linga himself and himself O Lord Kapilsiddhamallikarjuna. be Linga"--Chennabasavanna. "Following Basavanna , the Siddharama mentioned good qualities Jangamalinga Siddharamayya became of a Scholar in one of his Vachana : as Basavanna"---Nilambike He went to serve the human and One who utters the Vachana behave the all others with as a human And does not experience it being, treaty equally along with ani- Is a demon. mals and get the salvation. He was One who utters the Vachana totally against those people who are And experience it after wearing Istalinga they praised Is a scholar other Gods. It means he was totally Learning belongs to one who works involved his Anga to Paralinga. So for it, many of his Vachanas influence the Ignorance is possessed by everyone. common people and they attracted the One who knows the difference Virasaivim.Thus he was considered

97 one of the greatest Sivayogi of the role in the Virasaiva movement. 12th century of Karnataka. For liter- Prabhudeva and Akkamahadevi ary point his Vachana are precious belong to one type; Basavanna and one. A common person easily under- Siddharama belong to another type. stands that and he also made Kannada They are Bhakti Oriented. With the literature rich through his Vachanas. wisdom of life. So the sayings of In the Siddharama's Vachanas he also Siddharama are free from any poetic criticizes the existing blind beliefs, embroidery. . Thus the meaning and social evils, superstitions where the content of Vachanas are broad, effec- common people follow those things. tive and sublime. It has the great qual- Siddharama stated the man's mind is ity of elevating man to godhood. The the main thing to decide the right and liberty, equality, fraternity, social dig- wrong path on this earth. He criticize nity, social justice and humanity the when the happiness comes they praise message Vachanakaras are not con- the God when sadness comes they fined to any particular region or per- God's angry. So he says that it is the son but all men and women of nations inner heart which give the correct of the world. Because the importance direction to man. of Vachanas Siddharama and other Conclusion: -- Siddharama, a native Vachanakaras Vachanas translated into of Sonnalige, modern Sholapur, was many (23) languages like English, another great writer of Vachanas. He Hind Telugu,Marathi Tamil etc by was a Karma-yogi. His compositions Basava Samithi Bangalore. proclaim the great ideal of wiping Siddharama's thoughts still follower every year from every eye. In the many Virasaivas as well as other Siddharama's Vachanas he mentioned lover of literature went through his the souls salvation, Basavanna's influ- Vachanas and find their own path to ence on him, Allama converted him to get the salvation. Virasaivism and how the Chenabasavanna as his Guru. So Reference: Siddharama was one of the greatest "Basavaraja K.R, Basavesvara His, popular Sivayogi of Sholapur. Till Life, Vision and Work, Someswara today also his sayings influence on Publications, Dharwad, 2001. his devotees. And the tank, temples, "Basavaraju L (ed), Allamanna Mathas were existing along with that Vacanagalu, Geeta Book House, his Vachanas which are great medi- Mysore, 1969 (Kannada). cine to solve our internal and outer "Blake Michael R., Women of the problems. Sunyasampadane, Basava Journal, So he was a great Shivayogi of the Vol. 9, No.1, September 1984, Basava 12th century. Siddharama was a spiri- Sarniti, Bangalore. tual force that played an important "Chidananda Murthy, Basavanna,

98 National book Trust, India, 1991. Literature" Basava Journal, Vol. No. "Hiremath RC.(ed) 9 & 10, issue No 4, June & Sept Siddharameshwarara Vachanagau, 1985, Basava Samithi, Bangalore. Karnataka University, Dharwar, 1968, "Vidyashankar. S. Siddharameshwara Vacana no. 1242.(Kannada) Vachana Samputa, Kannada and "Ishwaran K., Religion and Society Sanskrit Department, Bangalore, among the Lingayats of South India, 1993, Volume V.( Kannada) Vikas publishing House, New "Virupakshappa B., Basava Journal Delhi,1983. Silver Splendour , Basava Samithi, "Kalburgi M.M (ed), Vachana, Basava Bangalore, 2003. Samithi, Bangalore, 2012. "Virupakshappa, Basava and his "Nandimath S.C., Handbook of teachings, Basava Samiti, Bangalore, Virasaivism, The Literary Committee, 2002 L.E.Association , Dharwar, India "Wodeyar S.S, Sri Basaveshwara, 1941. Eighth Centenary Commemoration "Nandimath, S.C L.M.A.Menezes and Volume, Govt. of Mysore, 1965. R.C.Hiremath , Sunyasampadane Vol. I to V, Karnataka University, Dharwar, 1965 "Pradep kumar, Chennagowda and *** Vinaya Chaitya, Selected Vacanas of Saranas , Basava Samiti Bangalore , 2005. "Ramanujan R.K, The Speaking of Siva, Penguin Books, New Delhi, 1973. "Sangamesh Savadattimatha, Bayala Karanika, memorial volume of Silver Jubliee celebration of P.Shivayogishwara Maharswamiji, Bhatambra Bhalki 2000. (Kannada). "Sasnur H.T, Eleventh and Twelfth Century Kannada Literature, Ramakrishna Academy of Education and Culture ,Bijapur ,1991. "Suryakant Ghugare, Veerasaivism in India, Sadhana book stall, Gadhigaj, Kolhapur, 1995. "Uma Devi entitled " The contribution of Palkurki Somanatha to Sanskrit

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1.1 {dYr {ejU n[afX Am°b B§{S>`m bm° Q>rMg© H$m±J"ogÛmao 1.1.1 àñVmdZm : Am`mo{OV Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`m_Üò 21 ì`m {ejU hr Aer à{H"$`m Amho Á`m_wio eVH$mVrb g_ñ`m Am{U g§^mì`Vm `mda MMm© EImÚm ì`ŠVrÀ`m, g_yhmÀ`m d amï´>mÀ`m Pmbr. {dH$mgmg _XV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmg 1.1.2 H$m`Xm (Law) : _XV hmoVo. {dYr {ejUm_wio _Zwî`mbm H$m`ÚmMo {dYr J"§Wmb`mVrb Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m nmbZ H$aÊ`mMo ehmUnU òVo. _m{hVr emoY dV©ZmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm H$m`Xm {dYr {ejU ho _ybV: ~hþCÔoer` {ejU åhUOo H$m`? ho nmhUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Amho ho {eñV~Õ {ejU Amho. `m {ejUmbm gd©gm_mÝ`nUo H$m`Xm åhUOo H$m` Va g_wXm`mZo ~iH$Q>r XoÊ`mgmR>r _mZdr g§gmYZo {dH${gV H$aUo qH$dm XoemÛmao bmJy Ho$bobo {Z`_ åhUOo H$m`Xm Amdí`H$ Amho. `m {ejUmVyZ gj_ d{H$bmMm hmo`. ho {Z`_ A{Y{Z`{_V Ho$bobo AgVmV. hr {dH$mg hmoB©b Am{U Ë`mÀ`mÛmao gm_m{OH$ d EH$ àUmbr Amho. H$m`Xm EH$ _OHy$a AmYm[aV amï´>r` {dH$mg hmoB©b. Kulashreshtha {eñV Amho. (2002) {dYr {ejUmbm àmYmÝ` XoUo ho Zoh_rM H$m`ÚmÀ`m ì`m"`m : gdm}ËH¥$ï> ì`dgm` åhUyZ _mZbo Jobo Amho. Maxwell and Schafer (2008) gm_mÝ` {ejUmMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ {dYr `m§À`m _Vo, {dYr joÌmV OJm_Üò gdm©V _moR>çm {ejUmH$S>o doJio nmhVm òUma Zmhr. AmO {dYr à_mUmV nmR>çmYm[aV òmoV AmhoV. {ejUm_wio g_mOmMr amOH$s` d Am{W©H$Ñïçm Sing (2011) `m§Zr H$m`Xog§X^m©V ñnï> Ho$bo àJVr hmoÊ`mgmR>r àoaUm {_iVo. AmO {dYr {ejU H$r, gd© {Z`_m§Mr aMZm `mV H$aVmZm Am{U {dYr _hm{dÚmb`m§_Üò d AZoH$ {dH${gV EImÚm {d{eï> g_wXm`mÀ`m amÁ`mVrb qH$dm BVa {dÚmnrR>m§_Üò CnbãY Amho. Singh (1999) JQ>m§Ûmao A{YH$ma, H$m`Xo `mMr A§_b~OmdUr Ho$br ^maVm_Üò 1999 _Üò {bJb EÁ`wHo$eZ B§{S>`m OmVo. ZmdmMr EH$ n[afX Am`mo{OV Ho$br hmoVr. Vr Garner and Black in Blacks Law

100 Dictionary (2004) `m§Zr H$m`Úmbm ^y{_H$m ZìhVr. B§J"Om§Zr `mM Ý`m`àUmbr_m\©$V n[aJ{UV Ho$bo Amho. {VMr Ý`m`mbò _VôX Xoe^ŠVm§Zm XoeÐmohr R>adyZ Vwê§$JmV S>m§~bo. AgmM gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ý`m`mb`rZ nyd©{Z`mo{OV H$mhrgm AZw^d WmoS>çm\$ma \$aH$mZo {dYr{df`H$ VÎdo, {Z`_ Am{U {gÕm§VmMm dmna ñdmV§Í`mZ§Vahr AmUr~mUrÀ`m H$mimV Ambm. H$aVmV. XwX£dmZo ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va P|S>m ~Xbbm, amîQ´>JrV Farlex Free Dictionary (2014) - ~Xbbo nU Ý`m`ì`dñWm _mÌ ~Xbbr Zmhr. {VMo gm_mÝ` H$m`Xo åhUOo Ý`m`mYrem§H$Sy>Z hdo Vgo ñdXoerH$aU Pmbo Zmhr. AmOhr AmnU Ý`m`mb`mÛmam Vo {Z{_©V Ho$bo OmVmV. XrK© B§J"Om§À`m H$m`Úm§À`m YVr©daM dmQ>Mmb H$arV H$mbmdYrV Ý`m`mYrem§Zr V`ma Ho$bobo Vo {Z`_ AmhmoV. AmhoV. 1.1.4 {dYr {ejUmMm B{Vhmg : 1.1.3 {dYr {ejUmMr JaO … ^maVmV H$m`ÚmMr nmio_wio nwamVZ {dYr kmZmMr JaO hr g§{dYm{ZH$ éT>tda AmYm[aV AmhoV. Am`©Z g§ñH¥$VrnmgyZ Vr g§X^m©V Oê$ar R>aVo. XoemVrb àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$ _J ApñVËdmV AmhoV. {dYr {ejUmÀ`m àma§^m~Ôb Vmo lr_§V Agmo AWdm Jar~, g§{dYmZmZo {Xboë`m {d{dY _Vo AmhoV. _Zy hm d{H$bmbm g§~moYVmZm A{YH$mam§Mm _mZH$ar R>aVmo. AWm©VM H$m`ÚmMo {dà (~"m÷U) åhUVmo (Manu VIII 169). Cëb§KZ Z H$aUo d Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m na§Vw ho AeŠ` Agy eH$Vo H$maU {dà hm gä` {dYr{df`H$ A{YH$mam§Mr OmUrd R>odUo ho Ë`mMo (Jury) À`m gXñ`mbmgwÜXm g§~moYbo Agy H$V©ì` R>aVo. na§Vw Aem n[apñWVrV, Ym{_©H$ eH$Vo. Kane (1984) Z_yX H$aVmV, Ë`mbm A§YlÕm, Jwbm_{JarMr _mZ{gH$Vm `m§Mm nJS>m _mZYZ XoD$Z EImÚm njmMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aÊ`mMo ^maVr` g_mO_Zmdê$Z AOyZ Xya Z Pmë`m_wio, H$m_ gmon{dbo Jobo Agob Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mbm _mZYZ OZVm g§{dYmZmV Z_yX A{YH$mamMm \$m`Xm {_iV Ago. ñdV…gmR>r d g_mOmgmR>r H$ê$Z KoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Jayswal (2011) `m§À`m _Vo, ^maVr` bmoH$emhrMr Ý`m`g§ñWm hm EH$ _moR>m ^maVmV _Zwñ_¥VrÀ`m H$mimnmgyZ ì`mdgm{`H$ AmYmañV§^ Amho. na§Vw OZVoMm Ë`mdarb {dídmg dH$sb ApñVËdmV hmoVo. Kane _mÌ Jayswal hiyhiy H$_r hmoV Amho. `mM H$maUm§gmR>r {dYr `m§À`m _Vmer gh_V ZmhrV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, Ago {ejU AË`§V Oê$ar dmQ>Vo. Ý`m`ì`dñWm d {VMr H$moUVohr nwamdo CnbãY ZmhrV, Á`mZo ho {gÕ H$m`©àUmbr `mMo kmZ bmoH$m§Zm AgUo AmO hmoB©b H$s ^maVmV Voìhm ì`mdgm{`H$ dH$sb hmoVo. H$mimMr JaO Pmbobr Amho. Ý`m`g§ñWoer {ZJ{S>V Vo Z_yX H$aVmV H$s, Ë`m H$mir amOmÀ`m Xa~mamV Aì`dñWoMr OmUrd bmoH$m§Zm H$ê$Z XoUo AmO bmoH$m§Mo à{V{Z[YËd H$aUmao {dYrVÁk Agy Amdí`H$ Pmbobo Amho. {Oëhm ~ma Agmo{gEeZ eH$VmV. na§Vw amOmda Ë`m§Mo _V ~§YZH$maH$ `m H$m_mV _XV H$arV Amho. ZìhVo. Y_©emñÌmV d {dYr nÕVrV {ZnwU B§J"Or gm_"mÁ`mZo Ý`m`ì`dñWoMr AgboboM à{V{Z{YËd H$ê$ eH$V hmoVo. `m nmÌVm ~§mYUr Ë`m§Mo gm_"mÁ` _O~yV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$br Zgboë`mg d Varhr n¡go KoÊmmè`mg amOm {eúmmn- hmoVr. Ë`mV ñWm{ZH$ ^maVr`m§Zm Ý`m` XoÊ`mMr mÌ _mZyZ {ejm XoV Ago.

101 B§J"Om§À`m H$mimV Ooìhm Ë`m§Zr àJV kmZ AgUmè`mbm Xmdm Mmb{dÊ`mMr nadmZJr ZdrZ {dYr àUmbrMr gwédmV H$aÊ`mMm KmQ> hmoVr d Vmo dmXr-à{VdmXrMr Ho$g _m§Sy> eH$V hmoVm KmVbm Voìhm ^maVr` {dÛmZm§Zr ^maVmMr nwamVZ BWn`ªV hmoVo. àmMrZ amOo Y_©emñÌmÀ`m AmYmao {dYr àUmbr Iyn àJë^ d àJV hmoVr Agm Xmdm amÁ` H$arV d H$m`Xm H$arV. {~"{Q>e amÁ` Ho$bm. B§J"O gaH$maZo {dYr {ejUmbm gh_Vr ^maVmV òB©n`ªV _Zw, `mkdëŠ` (Manu, {Xbr d Bhavani (1962) Eb{\$ÝñQ>Z {dYr Yajna Volkya) d BVa øm§Zr Ho$boë`m _hm{dÚmb` _w§~B©V 1866 gmbr ñWmnZ Pmbo d H$m`ÚmMo nmbZ Ho$bo OmB©. ~m°å~o {dÚmnrR> 1956 _Üò ApñVËdmV Ambo. Koul (1999), "21 ì`m eVH$mV Eb{\$ÝñQ>Z {dYr _hm{dÚmb` ho _w§~B© ^maVr` {dYr {ejUm_Yrb g_ñ`m Am{U {dÚmnrR>mbm g§b½Z Amho. Ludo (1986) nydu ^{dî`mVrb g§^mdZm" `m {df`mda A{Ib Y_©emñÌmÀ`m H$mimV {dYr {dÛmZ ZgmdoV. Ë`m ^maVr` {dYr {ejH$ H$m±J"ogV\}$ EH$ n[afX H$mir ^maVmV G$fr Agbo nm{hOoV, Oo d¡{XH$ 1999 _Üò Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. emñÌmV {ZnwU hmoVo. Ë`mMm ^ma d¡{XH$ g§{hVoda d g§nmXH$s` g{_VrZo Ago _V ì`ŠV Ho$bo H$s, VËg§~§Yr J"§W, nwamUo, Ogo- ~"m÷Um AmO 84 {dÚmnrR>o {dYr emIoV nXdr àXmZ H$aV (Brahmana), AmaÊ`H$m (Aranyaka), AmhoV. gw_mao 913 {dYr _hm{dÚmbò XoemV Cn{ZfX (Upanishad), ñVmoÌgyÌ AmhoV Am{U àËòH$ dfu VrZ bmI {dYr ñZmVH$ (Stotrsutra), J¥øgyÌ (Grhyasutra), {dYr nXdrYa hmoVmV. ^maV hm OJm_Üò dH$sb Y_©gyÌ (Dharmgsutra) `mda hmoVm. Voìhm bmoH$g§"òV A_o[aHo$Z§Va Xwgè`m H"$_m§H$m§da Amho Y_©emñÌ d {dYr VÁk ZìhVo, nU n[apñWVr d Varhr ^maVr` bmoH$m§À`m {dYr{df`H$ JaOm nyU© ~Xbbr. Y_mªdarb nwñVHo$ d¡{XH$ emioÀ`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwaoem g§"òZo dH$sb ZmhrV Ago nJS>çmVyZ doJir Pmbr. H$mhr Y_©n§{S>V _mZbo OmVo. Y_©emñÌmda â XoD$ bmJbo. 1.1.5 {dYr {ejU - g_ñ`m d Ë`m§Mm g§~§Y Schmittneener (1986) … ^maVr` {dYr nÕVr hr {~"[Q>e dmagm ^maVmV Ooìhm n{hbo {~"{Q>e H$moQ>© _§w~B©V 1672 Mmb{dUmè`m gm_m{OH$ àUmbrMm EH$ ^mJ Amho. gmbr Governor Gerald Angier Zo ^maV ho OJmV _moR>o bmoH$emhr amîQ´²> ñWmnZ Ho$bo Voìhm ì`mdgm{`H$ ApñVËdmV hmoVo Agë`mH$maUmZo {dYr {ejUmMr ^y{_H$m d àJVr Ago nwamdo AmT>iVmV. JìhZ©aZo A°Q>Zu OZab _hÎdmMr Amho. {dYr {ejUmV Mmirg dfm©V åhUyZ Om°O© {dëH$m°Šgbm Zo_bo. Ë`m§Zm H$m`ÚmMo Am_ybmJ" ~Xb KS>bm Amho. {dYr {dÚmÏ`mªZm CÎm_ kmZ hmoVo. g_mOmV {d{dY ^y{_H$m KoÊ`mg d {dYrMr {d{dY Hindu Law Omo npíM_obm 18 ì`m H$m`©o H$aÊ`mg {dYr {ejUmMr _XV hmoVo. {dYr eVH$mV AdJV Pmbm Voìhm Oar AmOÀ`mgmaIo {ejUmMo H$m`© ho d{H$br ì`dgm`, {deofk {Z_m©U {dYr {eúmU ZìhVo Varhr Vo ~"m{÷H$ H$aUo Amho, OoUoH$éZ g_mOmMr àJVr hmoB©b d (Brahmic) nÕVrV CnbãY hmoVo. Ë`m H$mir A§{V_V… nyU© amîQ´²>mMr àJVr hmoB©b. {dYr {ejUmMo _hÎd ho Ho$di {dYr H$m`©dmhrMo d{H$br ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m§_Üò ho

102 gm_Ï`© AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ogo g_ñ`m§Mo kmZ AmO Amdí`H$ Amho. {ddoMZ H$éZ, gm_m{OH$ d AW©emñÌmbm Yê$Z d 1.1.6 ^maVmVrb {dYr {ejU … H$m`ÚmMo {Z`§ÌU OmUyZ H$m¡eë`mZo g§emoYZmMr àmMrZ ^maVmVrb {dYr {ejUmMm {H"$`m H$aVm òUo JaOoMo Amho. Pillai (2012) g§{já B{Vhmg … àmMrZ ^maVmV H$m`Úmbm Y_© ^{dî`mV d{H$br ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m§Zr XjVoZo Ago g§~moYbo Om`Mo d Mma doXm§Zm H$m`ÚmMo òmoV amÁ` d H|$ÐmZo Ho$boë`m H$m`ÚmMo {ZarjU Ho$bo _mZbo OmV hmoVo. doX n{dÌ _mZbo OmVmV. nm{hOo. ^maVr` {dYr {ejUmMo _yë` Ho$di Cƒ {deofV… G$½doX (F$JmdoX) ho _hÎdmMo òmoV _mZyZ loUr {_i{dUmè`m {dYr nXdrYam§Mo _yë` A{YH$ qhXy g_mO d g_mOmVrb _yë` gm§^miUmao _mZV. dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r ZgyZ {dYrÀ`m gm_mÝ` {dÚmÏ`mªMm "_Zwñ_¥Vr' hm H$m`ÚmMm g§J"h _mZbm OmVmo. XOm© dmT>dyZ Ë`m§À`mV ~Xb KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Agmdo. Ë`mV ì`pŠVJV, gm_m{OH$ A{YH$ma d H$m`} _J Vo H$moUË`m {dYr {dÚmb`mVyZ nXdr KoVmV {Xbobr AmhoV. Ý`m`mb`mMr gwédmV hr EH$X_ ømMm {dMma H$ê$ Zò. ~ma H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ ImbÀ`m ñVamnmgyZ Pmbr. IoS>oJmdmV J"m_ B§{S>`mZo àW_ ndm©À`m gwYmaUoA§VJ©V Z°eZb bm° Ý`m`mbò MmbV hmoVr. Ë`mV JmdmMm _w{I`m/_w"` ñHy$b ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. øm {dÚmb`m_Üò OmJ{VH$ _mUyg ^m§S>U-V§Q>o EoHy$Z Ý`m` H$arV Ago. Ë`mda XOm©Mo H$m`ÚmMo {ejU ^maVmVhr gdmªZm nadS>ob gwZmdUr {Oëhm Ý`m`mYremH$S>o hmoV Ago d Ago CnbãY Amho ho XmIdyZ {Xbo. Xwgè`m Ë`mZ§Va amOmÀ`m Xa~mamV nwT>rb {ZdmS>çmgmR>r ndm©Vrb gwYmaUm VrZ ñV§^mda AmYm[aV OmV Ago. AgVrb. {dñV¥VnUm g_m{dîQ> H$aUmao d loîR>Ëd gÜ`m ApñVËdmV Agboë`m {dYr {_idyZ XoUmao ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUob Ago à{VnmXZ àUmbrMr gwédmV 1774 _Üò A{VCƒ Moily (2010) `m§Zr Ho$bo. Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m H$bH$Î`mVrb ñWmnZoZo Pmbr. ZdrZ ê$nmV CnbãY Agbobr ânya gwédmVrbm dH$sb hmoÊ`mgmR>r n{e©`Z ^mfoMo kmZ _m{hVrZo {dYr ì`mdgm{`H$m§À`m g§emoYZ à{H"$òV AgUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo nU gZ 1826 Z§Va ~Xb KS>{dbm Amho. AmO _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m n{e©`Z ^mfoMo n[adV©Z ho B§J"Or ^mfoV Pmbo. AmKmVm_wio AZoH$ {dYr J"§Wmbò Amnbo gm_Ï`© ^maVmV Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU 1855 gmbr §B©-gmYZo, Am°ZbmBZ S>oQ>m~og BË`mXrÀ`m ApñVËdmV Ambo. Ooìhm àW_M {dYr àmÜ`mnH$s g_mdoemZo dmT>dV AmhoV. JUZ `§Ìmjao ~moQ>mZo H$m`© gaH$mar Eb{\$ÝñQ>Z _hm{dÚmb`m_Üò ~Q>U Xm~VmM {_iUmar _m{hVr hr g§emoYH$mbm d 1855 _Üò gwé Pmbo. Z§Va Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mMr J"§Wnmbm§Zm ZoQ>da CnbãY H$ê$Z {dYr ñWmnZm Cƒ Ý`m`mb` H$m`Xm A§VJ©V 1861 ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm XoVm òB©b. Pillai (2002) _Üò Pmbr. Á`mV VrZ loUrMo dH$sb Ý`m`mb`mV world wide web (www) Zo A{ebmgmR>r H$m_ nmhmV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm ~°[añQ>a, g§emoYH$m§Zm {deofV… {dYr g§emoYH$m§Zm A{YH$ gm°br{gQ>a d dH$sb Ago g§~mo{Ybo OmV hmoVo. gwg§Yr {_idyZ {Xbr Amho. ZdrZ {dYr Ë`m_mJmo_mJ AZoH$ Cƒ Ý`m`mbò ñWm{nV Pmbr. ì`mdgm{`H$ {nT>rg ñdV…À`m amîQ´²>mÀ`m ømMo H$maU ^maVmVrb BVa ^mJmVhr Iyn IQ>bo H$m`Úm§gmo~V BVa Xoem§À`m H$m`Úm§Mo CÎm_ àVrMo dmT>bo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ^maVmVrb BVa ^mJmVhr

103 1857 gmbr Am¡nMm[aH$ {dYr {ejU gwê$ Pmbo. AÜ`jVoImbr ñWmnZ Ho$br. Ë`m§À`m gyMZoà_mUo VrZ {dÚmnrR>m§VyZ {dYr {ejU hm {df` {eH${dbm ~ma H$m¡pÝgb n"ËòH$ amÁ`m§V ñWmnZ H$ê$Z OmD$ bmJbm. Vr VrZ {dÚmnrR>o åhUOo _Ðmg, ZmdZm|XUr H$aUo, ñW{JVr XoUo, H$m_mdéZ H$_r H$bH$Îmm d _w§~B© hr hmoVr. H$aUo Aer H$m`© H$aVrb. Ë`m§Zr ho XoIrb gy{MV {bJb à°pŠQ>eZg© A°ŠQ>, 1879 bm Ho$bo H$s, ßbrS>aernMr narjm dÁ`© H$amdr d Oo nmarV Ho$bm Jobm. Ë`mÀ`m_wio Cƒ Ý`m`mb`m§_Üò {dYr nXdrYa ZgVrb Ë`m§Mr Zmdo d{H$br d BVa H${ZîR> H$m`m©b`mV d{H$br ì`dgm` ì`dgm`mÀ`m `mXrV Zm|Xdy ZòV. 1961 gmbr H$aUmè`m§Mr `mXr amIbr OmB©. Cƒ Ý`m`mbò A°S>ìhmoHo$Q> A°ŠQ> nmarV Pmbm. Á`mÀ`m AÝdò d{H$bm§Mr narjm KoV d Ë`mV CÎmrU© Pmboë`m§ZmM Am°b B§{S>`m ~ma H$m¡pÝgb d àËòH$ amÁ`mgmR>r Ý`m`mb`mV Xmdo Mmb{dÊ`mMr ñdV§Ì ~ma H$m¡pÝgb ñWmnZ Pmbo. Ë`mÀ`mà_mUo _w^m {Xbr OmV hmoVr. _w§~B© d _Ðmg {dÚmnrR>m§Zr Ý`m`mb`mV dH$sbr ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mgmR>r {H$_mZ àW_M {dYr nXdr àXmZ Ho$br. Oo d{H$br XOm©Mo {Z`_ àñWm{nV Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio VrZ dfm©Mm ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mg `mo½` hmoVo Ë`m§Zm nXdr àXmZ {dYr Aä`mgH"$_ 1967 nmgyZ gd© ^maVmVrb H$aÊ`mV Ambr, H$maU Ë`m§Zr 10 df} ì`dgm` {dÚmnrR>m§Zr gwê$ Ho$bm. H$aUmè`m ÁòîR> d{H$bm§H$S>o à{ejU KoD$Z Cƒ Benjamin (2007) ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m Ý`m`mb`mMr narjm CÎmrU© Ho$br hmoVr. H$mimV Á`m§Zm d{H$br ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m dH$sb, ~°[añQ>a d gm°br{gQ>a `m§Zm Ago, Vo àW_ B§½b§S>bm OmV d B§p½be ~ma_Üò {Xë`m OmUmè`m dmJUwH$sVrb \$aH$, {deofV… Á`m ~°[añQ>a åhUyZ Zmd Zm|XdV. Á`m§Zm ho nadS>V Img gdbVr ~°[añQ>g©Zm {Xë`m OmV hmoË`m Zgo Vo H$moUË`mhr ^maVr` {dÚmnrR>mVyZ {dYr Ë`m_wio gd©Ì ZmamOr hmoVr. Am°b B§{S>`m ~maMr emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z àm§Vr` qH$dm amÁ`mÀ`m ~ma {Z{_©Vr ìhmdr Aer Xoeâ _mJUr Pmbr. 1923 H$m¡pÝgbMr narjm XoD$Z ì`mdgm{`H$ dH$sb gmbr B§{S>`Z ~ma H${_Q>rMr ñWmnZm ga ES>dS>© åhUyZ àm§Vr` qH$dm amÁ`mÀ`m Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mV em{_à øm§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr ho _wÔo Zmd Zm|XdV AgV. {dÚmnrR>mV {dYrMm nS>VmiÊ`mgmR>r Pmbr. Aä`mgH"$_ XmoZ dfm©Mm hmoVm d àËòH$ dfm©À`m Benjamin (2007) øm eodQ>r {dÚmnrR>mMr narjm hmoVr. nXdr g{_VrÀ`m gyMZm§déZ B§{S>`Z ~ma H$m¡pÝgb hm {_imë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm df©â ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m`Xm 1926 _Üò nm[aV Pmbm. Ë`m H$m`Úm_wio d{H$bm§H$S>o à{ejU ¿`mdo bmJo d Ë`mZ§Va Vo {d{dY Cƒ Ý`m`mb`m_Üò ~ma H$m¡[Ýgb {Z_m©U amÁ` ~ma H$m¡pÝgbMr narjm XoÊ`mg nmÌ R>aV. Pmbo. ømV dH$sb d Ë`m§À`m joÌmVrb g_ñ`m§Zm d{H$br ì`dgm`mda ~ma H$m¡pÝgbMo {Z`§ÌU hmoVo d Ý`m` {_imbm. Aä`mgH"$_mda {dÚmnrR>mMo {Z`§ÌU hmoVo. 1.1.7 ñdV§Ì ^maVmV {dYr {ejU … X A°S>ìhmoHo$Q> A°ŠQ>, 1961 Zo ~ma ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maV gaH$maZo Am°b H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ B§{S>`mbm {dYr {ejUmÀ`m `mo½`VoMo B§{S>`m ~ma H${_Q>r, 1951 _Üò A{VCƒ _moO_mn H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar {Xbr d {dYr Ý`m`mb`mMo Ý`m`mYre Eg. Ama. Xmg `m§À`m Aä`mgH"$_mMr nwZa©MZm H$aÊ`mMrXoIrb

104 O~m~Xmar gmon{dbr. 1967 gmbr Ë`m§Zr {dYr {deofm{YH$mamVrb {dYr {dÚmnrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm Aä`mgH"$_ VrZ dfm©Mm gwM{dbm d gd© H$aÊ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV ^maVmVrb n{hbo Z°eZb bm° ^maVmVrb {dÚmnrR>m§Zr Vmo ñdrH$mabm. EH$ dfm©Mr ñHy$b ~|Jbmoa_Üò ñWm{nV Pmbo. `mMo Zmd C_oXdmar d ~maMr narjm dÁ`© H$ê$Z Ë`m OmJr Z°eZb bm° `w{Zìh{g©Q>r (NLU) Ago Amho. EbEb.~r.À`m Aä`mgH"$_mMo àË`j {ejU Ë`mZ§Va BVa {dÚmnrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr d nmM XoÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. ~rgrAm`Zo doimodoir ~Xb KSdyZ dfm©À`m nXdr Aä`mgH"$_mg gwédmV Pmbr. hr ZdrZ {df` gwê$ Ho$bo. Á`mdoir {dÚmnrR>m§Zm 5 {dYr {dÚmnrR>o {dYr {ejUmgmR>r EH$ ~hþ{eñV~Õ dfmªMo EbEb.~r. Aä`mgH"$_ gwê$ H$aÊ`mg Am{U EH$sH¥$V nÕV àXmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmoVr, CÚwŠV Ho$bo. øm ndm©Mr gwédmV Z°°eZb bm° ñHy$b åhUyZ ^maVm_Üò EbEb.~r. qH$dm ~r.Eb.EodOr Am°\$ B§{S>`m, `w{Zìh{g©Q>r, ~§oJbmoaZo 1986 _Üò Xwgar EH$ {dYremIoMr nXdr _§Oya H$aÊ`mV Ho$br. `mÀ`m {Z`{_V Aä`mgH"$_mMo H$m`© 1 Owb¡ Ambr. 1988 bm gwê$ Pmbo. ^maVr` {dYr {ejU Z°eZb bm° ñHy$bMm nmM dfm©Mm {dYr àUmbrV `m_wio ZdrZ ~Xb KS>dyZ Ambm, Omo Aä`mgH"$_ èñdr[aË`m nyU© Pmë`mda g_mZ H$m`ÚmÀ`m amîQ´²>m§_Üò nyU©V… doJim hmoVm. {dÚmÏ`mªZm nwT>rb nXì`m {Xë`m OmVmV. Ë`m nmM dfu` Aä`mgH"$_mMm CÔoe àJV åhUOo ~r.E.EbEb.~r.(Am°Zg©)/~r.Eñgr, Ñ{ï>H$moZ R>odyZ, g_mOmMr OmUrd ~miJyZ ZdrZ EbEb.~r.(Am°Zg©)/~r.H$m°_.EbEb.~r.(Am°Zg©) / H$m`Úm§À`m VÎdmda ZdrZ g_mO KS>{dUo hm hmoVm. ~r.~r.E.EbEb.~r.(Am°Zg©) `m nXì`m {Xë`m nmM dfu` Aä`mgH"$_mMo XmoZ ^mJ AmhoV. n{hbr OmVmV VrZ d nmM dfm©À`m ~°Mba {S>J"r{edm` XmoZ df} {dYrAJmoXaMm Aä`mg {eH${dbm OmVmo d _mñQ>a BZ bm°, S>m°ŠQ>a Am°\$ {\$bm°gm°\$s Ë`mZ§VaMr VrZ df} {dYr Aä`mgH"$_ {eH${dbm (nrEM.S>r.),E_.~r.Eb.Eb.Eb.E_./E_.~r.E.Eb OmVmo. nmM dfu` {dYr Aä`mgH"$_Zo {dYr Eb.E_. ho Aä`mgH"$_ ^maVmV CnbãY AmhoV. ì`dgm`mbm nyU© doioMo _hÎd àmá H$ê$Z {Xbo. Ë`mZ§Va A°S>ìhmoHo$Q> A°ŠQ> 1961 A§VJ©V nmM dfmªMm EH${ÌV {dYr nXdr XoUmè`m AZoH$ {dYr 1.1.8 ^maVmVrb {dYr {ejUmMr gÚpñWVr … _hm{dÚmb`m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. {dYr {ejUm{df`r Zoh_r ~mobbo OmVo Z°eZb bm° ñHy$bÀ`m ñWmnZoZ§Va {dYr H$s, ho Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU Amho H$s ~m¡{ÕH$, ~w{Õ_ÎmoÀ`m _hm{dÚmb`m§_Üò gZ 2000 nmgyZ Am_ybmJ" _mÜ`_mVyZ {_imbobo Amho. Vgo AZoH$ ~Xb hmoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr Moily (2010). _mÝ`dam§ZrXoIrb {dYr J"§Wmb`mbm b°~moaoQ>ar Ago Joë`m 10 dfmª_Üò Z°eZb bm° ñHy$bMm AmH$S>m g§~mo{YV Ho$bo Amho. ^maVmV gwédmVrbm {dYr EH$dê$Z EH$drgda Jobm. Bar and Bench {ejU na§namJV ñdê$nmV VrZ dfm©Mm nXdr à_mUo _o 2010 _Üò ^maVmV 913 {dYr Aä`mg åhUyZ Mmb{dbm OmV hmoVm. VWm{n, _hm{dÚmbò hmoVr. AmO{_Vrbm Ë`m§Mr g§"`m 1987 nmgyZ hr g§aMZm ~XbÊ`mV Ambr Amho. hOmanojm OmñV Amho. ~ma H$m¡pÝgbAm°\$ B§{S>`mbm ^maVmVrb {dYr Am`moJ Am{U ~ma H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ `m gdmªda bj R>odUo \$ma H$R>rU Pmbo Amho. {dYr B§{S>`m `m§Zr {Xboë`m gyMZoZwgma {dYrÀ`m _hm{dÚmb`m§Mm XOm© Cƒ amIÊ`mgmR>r d

105 ì`mdgm{`H$ XOm© C§M{dÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$ amÁ`mVrb 2. Farlex Free Dictionary (2014). gaH$maZo Amnë`m amÁ`mgmR>r EH$ H$m`ÚmMo Retrieved from http://www.thefreed {dÚmnrR> ñWmnZ H$amdo. Ë`m_Üò à_m{UV {dYr ictio nary.com/law {ejUmMm XOm© amIÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`m§Vrb gaH$mam§Zr 3. Maxwell, K. T. and Schafer, H$m`ÚmMr ñdV§Ì {dÚmnrR>o ñWm{nV Ho$br, B. (2008). Concept and context in Á`m§À`mÛmao {dYr {ejUmMm XOm© nm{hbm OmVmo. legal information retrieval. The Imbrb H$m`ÚmMr {dÚmnrR>o ^maVmV CnbãY Twenty-First Annual Conference on AmhoV. Legal Knowledge and information g_mamon : Systems. Nertherland: JURIX, 63-72. Retrieved from https://www.research- ^maVmVrb H$m`ÚmMr nmio_wio Oar gate.net/profile/Burkhard_Schafer/pub nwamVZ ê$T>rda AmYm[aV Agbr Var AmOMo {dYr lication/220809928_Concept_and_Co {ejU Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdarb hmoÊ`mgmR>r ~ma ntext_in_Legal_Information_Retrieval H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ B§{S>`m {ZaV§a à`ËZ H$arV Amho. /links/0fcfd50d9a01e4d11a000000.pdf Amnbm g_mO Ý`m`m{Y{ð>V g_mO Amho {dYr{df`H$ kmZmMr JaOhr g§{dYm{ZH$ g§X^m©V 4. Moily, V. (2010). Law Minister Announces Vision for Legal Oê$ar R>aVo Am{U Ë`m_wio Joë`m Mmirg dfm©V Education Reform: A vision statement {dYr {ejUmV Am_ybmJ" ~Xb Pmbm Amho. {dYr delivered by the Law Minister veerap- {ejUmMo H$m`© ho d{H$br ì`dgm`mV {deofk pa consultation for second Generation {Z_m©U H$aUo ho Amho. OoUoH$ê$Z gd© g_mOmMr Reform in Legal Education held at the àJVr hmoB©b d gaVoeodQ>r nyU© amîQ´>mMr àJVr vigyan Bhavan,The Bar council of hmoB©b. India, New Delhi. Retrieved from http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/law- dH$sb, ~°[añQ>a d gm°{b{gQ>a `m§Zm ministers-vision-statement-for-sec- AmO g_mOmV _mZmMo ñWmZ àmá Pmbo Amho. ond-generation-reforms-in-legal-edu- XoeâmV OdiOdi EH$ hOma {dYr _hm{dÚmbò cation/ AmO{_Vrbm AmhoV. XoemV EHy$U EH$drg {dYr {dÚmnrR>o H$m`©aV AmhoV. Ë`m_Üò Am§Vaamï´>r` 5. Pillai, K.N. Chandrasenkharan CÝhmir emim, AXbm~XbrMo H$m`©H"$_ (2012). Legal Education and the {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r Am`mo{OV Ho$bo OmVmV. Digital Era in Singh, R., Devroa, S., Rai, P. & Singh, A. (Eds.) g§X^© gyMr … International conference on Access to 1.Bhavani, J. K. C. (1962). Legal information and Research in Legal Education in India. Digital Age. New Delhi, National Journal of India Law institute, Law University. Retrieved from IV. 167. http://nludelhi.ac.in/download/publication/2015/august/Conference%20Pr oceeding-

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