International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE 2013) Coastline Remote Sensing Monitoring and Change Analysis of Laizhou Bay from 1978 to 2009

Weifu Sun Weifu Sun, Jie Zhang, Guangbo Ren, Yi Ma, Shaoqi Ni Ocean University of China First Institute of Oceanography Qingdao, China Qingdao, China [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—Coastline of Laizhou Bay was affected by natural [19]; Zhuang Zhenye et al. studied sand shore erosion of and anthropogenic factors and changed severely in the last 31 eastern Laizhou Bay [20]. Overall, the researchers studied only years. It has great significance to monitor Laizhou Bay coastline partial regions of Laizhou Bay, but not gave the whole change for coastal zone protection and utilization. Based on the situation of coastal Change of Laizhou Bay. extraction of coastline information by selecting 8 remotely sensed In this paper, Landsat images in the year of 1978, 1989, images of MSS and TM in the year of 1978, 1989, 2000 and 2009, changes of coastline of Laizhou Bay is analyzed. The results show 2000 and 2009 were collected to extract coastline information that: (1) The whole coastline of Laizhou Bay kept lengthening by human-machine interaction method. Based on the results of with the speed of 6.04 km/a; (2) The coastline moved 959.2241 4 periods’ coastline extraction, this paper analyzed movement km2 seaward and 0.4934 km2 landward, that is, 958.7307 km2 of coastline and transformation of coastline types. Base on the land area increased in total; (3) Transformation of coastline types results, change factors of the coastline are analyzed. is mainly from natural types to artificial types. Base on the results, key reasons of the changes of coastline are analyzed, II. STUDY AREA which revealed that, change of the conditions of sediment Laizhou Bay is located in the northwest of Shandong deposition, construction and extension of saline, cultivated fields and harbors were the main driving factors causing the change of peninsula which is in the southern Bohai Sea. It is one of the Laizhou Bay coastline. three major Bays in Bohai Sea. The study area started at the modern Yellow River estuary to the Qimu cape (Fig. 1). Index Terms—Laizhou Bay, coastline, remote sensing. In this study, Laizhou Bay was divided into two parts: west coast (from Yellow River estuary to tiger head cliff) and east I. INTRODUCTION coast (from the tiger head cliff to Qimu cape). Seen from the coastal geomorphology, the west coast is mostly alluvial - coast Laizhou Bay coast was influenced by both natural and Plain, the eastern part is mostly alluvial - flood plains; Seen anthropogenic factors, and changed severely. The natural from the coast types, the west coast is affected by many rivers factors contain changes of Yellow River estuary and tidal surge, forming silty and muddy coast, distributed a large number of and the anthropogenic factors consist of construction and saline and cultivated fields. The eastern part is mostly sandy extension of saline, cultivated fields and harbors. It has great coast with beach ridges, tombolo and lagoons, developing significance to monitor Laizhou Bay Coastline change for Laizhou Harbor, Longkou Harbor and other harbors. Laizhou Bay coastal zone protection and utilization. It is also very important to provide scientific and efficient information for decision-making administrations. Coastline study can be attributed to two main categories, one kind is coastline information extraction research [1-6], the other kind is about coastline change and analysis [7-15]. Some researchers have made studies of different parts of Laizhou Bay coastline. Xue Yunchuan et al. collected the modern Yellow River delta Landsat images from 1976 to 2000 analyzing the coastline length change, migration and the delta’s time-space developmental regularity [16]; Cui Buli et al. used 18 multi-temporal remote sensing images to analyze coastline evolution of Yellow River estuary and proposed strategies to prevent coastal erosion [17]; Li Yunzhao et al. took Landat TM/ETM+ images to monitor the coastline and area change of Yellow River delta from 1989 to 2009 [18]; Feng Aiping et al. collected ocean charts, water depth maps and TM images to study erosion of south coast of Laizhou Bay from 1958 to 2004 Fig. 1. Study area

© 2013. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 39 III. DATA AND METHOD B. Analysis 1) Change of coastline length A. Data It can be seen from TABLE II, the length of the entire In this paper, the remote sensing data include 2 scenes of coastline of Laizhou Bay increased. Compared with 1978, Landsat-5 TM images in 1989.3, 2 scenes of Landsat-5 TM there was an increase of 81.86 km in 1989, with the average images in 2000.9, 2 scenes of Landsat-5 TM images in 2009.7 growth of 7.44 km/a; Compared with 1989, there was an and 2 scenes of Landsat-3 MSS images in 1978.5 (TABLE I). increase of 67.43 km in 2000, with the average growth of 6.13 km/a; Compared with 2000, there was an increase of 38.03 km TABLE I. CHARACTERISTICS OF REMOTELY SENSED DATA in 2000, with the average growth of 4.23 km/a. In the last 31 Sensor Resolution Band Combination Imaging Date years, the coastline length increased 187.32 km, the growth MSS 80m NIR、R、G 1978.5 was slowing down gradually, with an average growth of 6.04 TM 30m NIR、R、G 1989.3 km/ a, as is shown in Figure 2. TM 30m NIR、R、G 2000.9 TM 30m NIR、R、G 2009.7 B. Method Field work was executed to get ground control points, that were used to correct images .The RMSE was controlled within 1 pixel. In this paper, there are 4 types of coastline: bedrock coastline, muddy coastline, sandy coastline and artificial coastline. Sun Weifu proposed this 4 types of coastline remote sensing interpretation keys respectively [21] , with field surveying data, by using Landsat images combination of NIR, Red and Green bands, coastline was extracted based on geographic properties (color, texture and vicinity).

IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

A. Results In this paper, 8 Landsat remote sensing images were used Fig. 2. Laizhou Bay coastline of 1978, 1989, 2000 and 2009, to extract Laizhou Bay shoreline types, length and change 2) Change of coastline location range. Coastline change led to obvious changes in spatial extent of According to the image information and related data, we coast accordingly. Compared with 1978, the coastline moved analyzed the change process and the factors of change, 4 seaward 533.6372 km2 and eroded back 0.2464 km2 in 1989; periods of coastline details are in TABLE II. Compared with 1989, the coastline moved seaward 129.8045 km2 and eroded back 55.3546 km2 in 2000; Compared with TABLE II. DISTRIBUTION OF 4 PERIODS’ COASTLINE UNIT: KM 2000, the coastline grown seaward 359.0467 km2 and eroded Coast 2 Types Year Sum back 8.1566 km . In the last 31 years, there were an accretion West East of land area of 959.2241 km2 and an erosion of 0.4934 km2. As 1978 —— 6.70 6.70 1989 —— 6.05 6.05 is shown in Fig. 3, the significant accretion occurred between Bedrock 2000 —— 5.12 5.12 1978 and 2000, and the obvious erosion took place between 2009 —— 2.95 2.95 1989 and 2000. 1978 —— 122.33 122.33 1989 —— 87.00 87.00 Sandy 2000 —— 57.85 57.85 2009 —— 49.75 49.75 1978 166.04 —— 166.04 1989 54.01 —— 54.01 Muddy 2000 80.75 —— 80.75 2009 86.25 —— 86.25 1978 110.00 8.98 118.98 1989 316.55 32.30 348.85 Artificial 2000 351.95 67.67 419.62 2009 349.61 112.81 462.42 1978 276.04 138.00 414.05 1989 370.56 125.35 495.91 Sum 2000 432.70 130.63 563.34 2009 435.87 165.51 601.37 Fig. 3. Coastline change from 1978 to 2009

40 3) Change of coastline types with the storm surge, it could make some effects in the south In the west Laizhou Bay from 1978 to 1989, because of branch, these causes could be ignored in the coast with the high saline and cultivated fields construction, the Yellow River speed epeirogenesis in the north branch. town, Zhangzhen estuary, coast from Yongfeng estuary to The region from the Yellow River Town to Tiger head cliff Guangli estuary, coast from Dajiawa Town to Yangzi Town, has low and flat plain. In this region, the structure is compact, coast from Bailang estuary to Tushan Town had muddy so that the little permeability made little evaporation, resulting coastline transforming to artificial coastline; from 1989 to 2000, in an ideal salt production area. The construction of saline and for the same reason, range from the Yellow River Town to cultivated fields driven by economic benefits made land cover Zhangzhen estuary, Zhangzhen estuary to Yongfeng estuary, extended seaward. In the last 31 years, Guangli saltworks built Yangkou Town had muddy coastline transforming to artificial the new 50 million tons of crude salt project, during these coastline; from 2000 to 2009, there was muddy coastline periods, Kenli, Guangrao saltworks had also expanded, in 2006, transforming to artificial coastline in the main form of coastal From Kenli to Dongying, District of saltern and culture areas levee and a little saline field. boundaries have been built into coastal embankments. In 1992, In the east Laizhou Bay from 1978 to 1989, because of Laizhou saltworks was expanded 100 million tons of crude salt cultivated fields construction, Taiping Bay, Diaolong Tsui, items; During the Eighth Five-Year Plan, Hanting saltworks Laizhou Harbor had sandy coastline transforming to artificial expanded 100 million tons of crude salt items; Changyi coastline. Because of Harbor construction, there were bedrock saltworks had also built and expanded; Yangkou saltworks and coastline in Laizhou Harbor and sandy coastline in Longkou Daijiawa saltworks were expaned. Yangkou Harbor, Yangzi Harbor transforming to artificial coastline; from 1989 to 2000, Harbor, and Xiaying Harbor were expanding construction, there were sandy coastline from Tiger head cliff to Haimiao supporting convenient conditions of transportation of materials. Harbor, sandy and bedrock coastline in Diaolong Tsui During the last 31 years, only guangnan reservoir was built up transforming to artificial coastline in the form of cultivated backwards to the land before 1989, Guangrao saltworks fields. Because of Harbor construction, there was sandy scrapped a small piece of culture areas from 2000 to 2009. In coastline transforming to artificial coastline in Laizhou Harbor general, the coastline of LaiZhou Bay was advancing rapidly to and Longkou Harbor. From 2000 to 2009, there was sandy the sea in the last 31 years. coastline transforming to artificial coastline in the form of B. East Coast cultivated fields, and sandy coastline and bedrock coastline transforming to artificial coastline because of harbor The east coast of Laizhou Bay is mostly made up of sandy construction. beach, the sheltered conditions are poor, winds and waves are strong, so that harbors can’t be constructed in this place. But V. CHANGE FACTORS Longkou Bay coast has Qimu Cape as barrier, Longkou Harbor Based on the results of information extracted and the was developed in the wide and calm bay. Till 1989, there have related information, we analyze the natural and anthropogenic been 12 berths, followed by continuous expansion, it is factors of coast change in Laizhou Bay. expected that, before 2020, Longkou Harbor’s throughput will be over 10 times compared to 1989. Laizhou Harbor was built A. West Coast up and expanding in Sanshan island, where the near-shore In Yellow River estuary, 1978-1989, Yellow River flowed water depth is deep, tidal range is small. Haimiao Harbor was into the sea from the Qingshui channel, the channel was developed in Taiping Bay where the waves are calm. In straight, in the process of epeirogenesis, as the deflection of the addition, Longkou mussel farming has been rapidly developed Yellow River’s flowing gradually to the southeast, the since 1985 with the mussel farming area gradually built. The coastline stretched into the bay along the southeast orientation, anthropogenic factors mentioned above made coastline Yellow River estuary was advancing to the southeast, creasing constantly advancing to the sea. land very fast, the coastline moved seaward. In June 2, 1996, Waves and tides continually eroded the coast, the Coast when Shengli Oilfield changed from sea mining to onshore continued to retreat; Reduced rainfall and artificial construction exploitation, the watercourse was artificially rechanneled in of reservoirs resulted in a decrease of river runoff; Sea level Qing8 Section and northern branch’s epeirogenesis began. rise and storm surge interacted; Beach sand mining developed Thus, it changed the conditions of sediment deposition, making with the growth of construction and industrial sand use. These the north branch epeirogenesis rate speed up towards the factors made Diaolong Tsui coast erode from 1978 to 1989. northeast. It formed a new Sand Tsui in 2000 and coastline But since 1978, the development of shrimp cultivated industry moved northward, but original Sand Tsui coast in the south fields and scallop aquaculture in Laizhou city has continued to branch has suffered erosion to some extent due to the incoming expand. The expansion of the cultivated area of Laizhou City flow and sediment conditions change. From 2000 to 2009, the concentrated in Diaolong Tsui and Taiping Bay, causing the new Sand Tsui continued to move seaward and old sand tsui coastline constantly advancing to sea. eroded backward since losing sediment supply. Meanwhile, in the last 31 years, the region was also affected by strong winds, VI. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION waves, storm surges and sea level rising. The sea level rising In this paper, we take Laizhou Bay as study area, based on could do no obvious effect on coastal erosion, but combined the extraction of length, location and types of coastline with human-machine interaction method by selecting 8 remotely

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