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Landguard Peninsula Outline Conservation Statement Prepared for the Landguard Partnership July 2014

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Landguard Peninsula Outline Conservation Statement Prepared for the Landguard Partnership July 2014 Landguard Peninsula Outline Conservation Statement Prepared for the Landguard Partnership July 2014 Alan Baxter Landguard Peninsula Outline Conservation Statement Prepared for the Landguard Partnership July 2014 Contents 1.0 Introduction �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 2.0 Understanding the Asset ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 2.1 Why Landguard? ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 2.2 Summary of Historic Phasing �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 2.3 History of the Landguard Peninsula �����������������������������������������������������������������������������8 2.4 Landguard Peninsula today ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 3.0 Assessment of Significance ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������30 3.1 Assessing Significance ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������30 3.2 Designations �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������31 3.3 Summary Statement of Significance ������������������������������������������������������������������������31 3.4 Significance by Interest ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32 3.5 Setting of the Landguard Fortifications �������������������������������������������������������������������34 4.0 Issues and Opportunities ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36 4.1 Ownership, Management and Funding ������������������������������������������������������������������36 4.2 Landguard Fortifications ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36 4.3 Landguard Peninsula �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37 5.0 Conclusion �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������39 6.0 Key Sources �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40 Appendix - List Entry Summaries ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������41 Alan Baxter N This drawing incorporates information from the Ordnance Survey which is © Crown Copyright. ABA Licence: AL1000 17547 AL1000 ABA Licence: Copyright. Crown © is which Survey Ordnance the from information incorporates drawing This Site Plan showing designations Local Nature Reserve Site Boundary Designation Area Port reconfiguration Phase 1 Site of Special Scientific (2008–11) Interest Port reconfiguration Phase 2 Listed Grade I (on hold) Scheduled Ancient Monument (includes buildings) Port reconfiguration not to scale 1.0 Introduction The Landguard Peninsula, south of Felixstowe in Suffolk, encompasses a number of statutory designations that recognise its historic and environmental significance. Most notable and central to this document is the Landguard Fort and its associated fortifications, which, according to English Heritage, “present an unusually complete physical record of developments in military engineering and the response to perceived changes in defence requirements over a period of more than two hundred years; from the early 18th to the mid- 20th century”. Today the Peninsula is owned and managed by a group of organisations that together make up the Landguard Partnership. This Outline Conservation Statement has been prepared to support the Partnership’s Round One submission to the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) for the Discover Landguard Project, which aims to improve access to the Peninsula as a major visitor attraction, increase community participation and ensure the long-term conservation of the future of the assets on the Peninsula. If the Discover Landguard Project is successful at HLF Round One, this document will form the basis of a full Conservation Plan to guide the developing proposals – which are currently at an early stage – for HLF Round Two. The site described here as the Landguard Peninsula is illustrated, with its designations, on the opposite page. This document outlines the historical development and present appearance of the Peninsula (Chapter 2), summarises its significance (Chapter 3) and sets out some Issues and Opportunities (Chapter 4). 1.0 Introduction 1.0 Aerial view of the Landguard Peninsula (photograph by Steve Wilson) Alan Baxter Landguard Peninsula Outline Conservation Statement / July 2014 1 2.0 Understanding the Asset 2.1 Why Landguard? The strategic importance of the Landguard Peninsula is as the most appropriate location to defend Harwich Haven from seaborne attack. The reason for this can be found in Admiralty charts, which show the relatively narrow approach channel from the Cork lightship. Simply put, to enter the Haven it was necessary for ships to approach and then pass close to the peninsula, where the channel was and is deepest. This meant that, until guns improved to reach targets far at sea, the artillery fortifications of the Peninsula were orientated towards the mouth of the Haven, guarding against intruders. Landguard Fort Entrance channel to Harwich Haven 2.0 Understanding the Asset the Understanding 2.0 1972 Admiralty chart. The purple buoys mark the approach channel at this time 2 Landguard Peninsula Outline Conservation Statement / July 2014 Alan Baxter 2.2 Summary of Historic Phasing The following drawings summarise the historical development of the fortifications of the Landguard Peninsula. They cover roughly the area that is designated as a Scheduled Ancient Monument. The eight phases of development are discussed in some detail in the following section. Plans identifying the age of the extant fabric of the fort itself can be found at the end of this chapter. To avoid confusion, the phasing of the fortifications is mapped onto the landmass of the Peninsula as it exists today. Please see the diagram below illustrating the extent of change to the Peninsula throughout this period. Landguard Fort N Entrance channel to Harwich Haven 2.0 Understanding the Asset the Understanding 2.0 2000 1980 1870 1783 1660 1554 Location of Landguard Fort today Coastline phasing of the Peninsula Alan Baxter Landguard Peninsula Outline Conservation Statement / July 2014 3 1543-88 • Threat of invasion from Catholic Europe • Earliest known fortification is a circular, moated earthwork on the east side of the Peninsula, constructed in 1543 but dismantled in 1552 • Rebuilt and garrisoned in 1588, the year of the Spanish Armada as a hexagonal earthwork approximately 37 metres on each side 1625-28 • Coastal raids by pirates from Dunkirk • Existing fortifications had been badly neglected since 1603 2.0 Understanding the Asset the Understanding 2.0 • First Landguard Fort erected to the designs of Simon Van Cranfeld 1625-28 in sand and shingle topped with sod and clay slabs 4 Landguard Peninsula Outline Conservation Statement / July 2014 Alan Baxter 1717-20 • War of the Spanish Succession broke out in 1702 • Fortifications had again fallen into a state of decay • New brick battery constructed to the south west in 1717-20 • Two-storey barrack range to the rear (enlarged with another storey in 1733) 1744-53 • War of the Austrian Succession in 1740-48; Jacobite rebellion in 1745-46 • Fort rebuilt by the Board of Ordnance in brick with stone dressings 2.0 Understanding the Asset the Understanding 2.0 • Existing battery incorporated into the two main faces of the pentagonal design • Beauclerk’s Battery added on the Haven side by 1753 Alan Baxter Landguard Peninsula Outline Conservation Statement / July 2014 5 1779-83 • American War of Independence began 1775 • New earthworks proposed by Captain Thomas Hyde Page to make Landguard Point a large defended camp • Fort extended with two wing batteries surrounded by wet ditches added to south east (South Redoubt) and north west (North Redoubt) • Additional square emplacement built to the north east (Rainham Redoubt) • The works are incomplete by the end of the American War of Independence in 1783 1870-80 • Royal Commission report of 1860 surveyed the defences of the United Kingdom, but works to Landguard Fort not approved until 1870 2.0 Understanding the Asset the Understanding 2.0 • Front curtain wall replaced with curved casemated battery for seven huge guns • Plan form and remaining curtain walls retained and remodelled with new concrete parapet • New elliptical keep within existing parade • Internal buildings replaced with semi-circular barrack block • Submarine Mining Establishment established at the north east of the Fort’s outworks in 1877-80 6 Landguard Peninsula Outline Conservation Statement / July 2014 Alan Baxter 1889-1918 • Rapid technological advances meant that the 1870s armaments were soon obsolete • New gun emplacements constructed to the north (Left Battery) in 1889-90 and east (Right Battery) in 1898-1902 • Darell’s Battery erected on the Haven side of the fort, at the former site of Beauclerk’s Battery, in 1900-01 • Fire Command Post erected on the roof of the Fort in 1903; second storey added 1915 • No major structural alterations made to the Fort during First World War 1939-42 • Harwich
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