DOCSLIB.ORG

Dover Western Heights Conservation Framework

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dover Western Heights Conservation Framework BUILT HERITAGE CONSERVATION FRAMEWORK FOR DOVER WESTERN HEIGHTS A Report to Dover District Council, English Heritage and Kent County Council Liv Gibbs BA MA (Cantab.) Ph.D. Final version February 2012 © Liv Gibbs BA MA (Cantab.) Ph.D., Dover District Council and English Heritage Built Heritage Conservation Framework for Dover Western Heights CONTENTS Abbreviations iii Glossary iv Acknowledgements xii Introduction 1 Understanding the site 2 Assessment of significance 136 Analysing the site 136 Approach to assessing significance 136 Applying the approach 137 Strand 1 137 Strand 2 138 Strand 3 140 Strand 4 141 Strand 5 141 Summary of the significances at the Western Heights 142 The whole site 142 The Citadel (western fort) 143 The Western Outworks 148 The North Lines 149 The North Centre Bastion and Detached Bastion 149 The North Entrance 151 The Drop Redoubt (eastern fort) 152 The North-East Line 156 The South Lines 157 The South Front, South Front Barracks and South Entrance 157 The Grand Shaft and Grand Shaft Barracks 159 The Military Hospital 160 The Citadel Battery 160 The Battery on the North Lines 161 The Drop Battery 161 St Martin’s Battery/Western Heights Battery 161 The South Front Battery 162 The Gun Shed 162 The Fortress Interior: ground between the western fort and eastern fort 162 The network of military roads 169 The Round Church 170 Conservation issues and recommendations 172 The aims of conservation 172 The approach 172 Conservation issues and recommendations relating to the Western Heights 173 1. The whole site 173 2. The Citadel (western fort) 182 FINAL VERSION February 2012 i Liv Gibbs BA MA (Cantab.) Ph.D. Built Heritage Conservation Framework for Dover Western Heights 3. The Western Outworks 185 4. The North Lines 186 5. The North Centre Bastion and Detached Bastion 188 6. The North Entrance 189 7. The Drop Redoubt (eastern fort) 192 8. The North-East Line 197 9. The South Lines 198 10. The South Front, South Front Barracks and South Entrance 199 11. The Grand Shaft and Grand Shaft Barracks 204 12. The Military Hospital 206 13. The Citadel Battery 207 14. The Battery on the North Lines 209 15. The Drop Battery 210 16. St Martin’s Battery/Western Heights Battery 210 17. The South Front Battery 211 18. The Gun Shed 212 19. The Fortress Interior: ground between the western fort and eastern fort 212 20. The network of military roads 214 Bibliography and sources 216 Published sources 216 Books, articles and reports 216 RCHME Survey Reports 219 Biographies 220 Unpublished sources 221 The National Archives, Kew 221 National Monuments Record, Swindon (English Heritage) 226 Her Majesty’s Prison Service 229 Kent Archives 231 Appendix I: Heritage designations at the Western Heights 232 FINAL VERSION February 2012 ii Liv Gibbs BA MA (Cantab.) Ph.D. Built Heritage Conservation Framework for Dover Western Heights ABBREVIATIONS AA anti-aircraft BC battery command BCP battery command post BL breech loader BL British Library BOP battery observation post CDMU Coastal Defence Maintenance Unit CO Commanding Officer CRE Commanding Royal Engineer DRF depression range finder DWH Dover Western Heights HAA Heavy anti-aircraft HMPS Her Majesty’s Prison Service IGF Inspector General of Fortifications KA Kent Archives LMG light machine gun MT motor transport NA National Archives NCO Non-commissioned Officer NMR National Monuments Record OP observation post pdr pounder PF position finding QF quick-firing RA Royal Artillery RBL rifled breech loader RCHME Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England RE Royal Engineer REME Royal Electrical Mechanical Engineers RGA Royal Garrison Artillery RML rifled muzzle loader SB smooth bore WD War Department WO War Office YOI Young Offenders’ Institution FINAL VERSION February 2012 iii Liv Gibbs BA MA (Cantab.) Ph.D. Built Heritage Conservation Framework for Dover Western Heights GLOSSARY Sources: RCHME Survey Reports Nos 2-10, except where otherwise stated Apron A sloping concrete surface, forming the front face of a gun emplacement, designed to deflect incoming shells over the top of the position Artillery store A subsidiary building in a fortification for the storage of equipment for the operation and maintenance of artillery pieces Banquette A low platform in the rear face of a rampart, with a low parapet to enable infantry to fire over it. Same as an infantry step Barbette A protective breastwork or forward edge of an emplacement, over which guns fire Bastion Part of a fortification which projects from the main work to provide flanking fire for its defence Batter The inward slope of the face of a wall or revetment (Saunders) Battery A work, either permanent or temporary, where artillery is mounted Battery observation post A position from which the area commanded by a battery is observed Berm A level space between the base of a rampart and the scarp face of a ditch, designed to absorb the weight and pressure exerted on the latter by the former Board of Ordnance The government department responsible for supply of arms, ammunition and warlike supplies to the country’s fighting forces on land and sea, until abolition in 1856 Bofurs gun A light anti-aircraft gun built by the Swedish company Bofurs Bombproof A thick covering of earth and other material over a vaulted room (barrack, store, magazine, etc.), providing protection against incoming fire Breech-loader (BL) A gun which is loaded from the rear of the barrel FINAL VERSION February 2012 iv Liv Gibbs BA MA (Cantab.) Ph.D. Built Heritage Conservation Framework for Dover Western Heights Caponier A covered communication, usually in the form of a trench with raised sides, running from the enceinte to a detached work or A powerful casemated work, projecting perpendicularly across a ditch for the purpose of delivering flanking fire (Duffy) Carronade A short heavy cannon, with a large bore, for close range defence Cartridge An amount of gunpowder or other explosive made up into a measured charge, usually contained in a silk bag, which was placed in a gun behind the shell. Firing the gun ignited the cartridge and thereby propelled the shell out of the gun towards its target Cartridge store A chamber used to store powder that was already made up into cartridges Cascable A round or ring-shaped projection at the breech end of a gun, so shaped to anchor a rope Casemate A bombproof vaulted chamber used for a variety of purposes, including artillery or small arms positions, storage of ammunition and to provide troop accommodation Chemin des rondes A passage or sentry path on the top of the scarp wall with a parapet for cover Citadel A self-contained fortress intended as a place of last resort (Saunders) Cordon A continuous rounded projection situated at a change in angle on the face of a fortification, usually between the scarp revetment and the parapet Counterguard A defensive work with two faces forming a salient angle, usually placed in front of a bastion to cover and protect its flanks Counterscarp The exterior slope or revetment of a ditch Counterscarp gallery A casemate built behind the counterscarp of a ditch providing flanking fire along the same ditch Covered way A continuous walkway, protected from enemy fire by an earthwork parapet Curtain A length of defensive wall or rampart, protected from enemy fire by an earthwork parapet FINAL VERSION February 2012 v Liv Gibbs BA MA (Cantab.) Ph.D. Built Heritage Conservation Framework for Dover Western Heights Davit A simple crane, usually an iron post, curved at the top and fitted with a pulley, for hoisting heavy ammunition from one level to another Depression range finder An instrument used to work out the position of a target in order to set the range and bearing for guns to fire upon it Drawbridge A bridge which was hinged at one end only so that the other could be raised, usually by chains or strong ropes Embrasure An opening in a parapet or wall through which a gun – usually an artillery piece – can be fired En barbette A gun mounted to fire over the forward edge of its emplacement Enceinte The main defensive enclosure of a fortress excluding the outworks. Also known as ‘the body of the place’ (Saunders) Enfilade fire Fire coming from a flank which sweeps the length of a fortification Entrenched camp A protected area for the assembly or re-grouping of an army (Saunders) Escarp See scarp Expense magazine A small magazine in which ammunition was stored for immediate use in part of a fortification Fenestration The arrangement of windows in the elevation of a building Fieldwork A temporary or semi-permanent fortification, usually an unrevetted earthwork, constructed during a field campaign or to meet an emergency need Fixed ammunition Ammunition in which the shell and cartridge are combined in a single casing Flanking fire Artillery or small arms fire coming from a flank (e.g. in a bastion or caponier) to sweep the length of the fortification FINAL VERSION February 2012 vi Liv Gibbs BA MA (Cantab.) Ph.D. Built Heritage Conservation Framework for Dover Western Heights Glaçis An external slope beyond an outer ditch, usually carefully and gradually extended in a long slope towards the field or ground level and often massively reinforced with earth and other materials to absorb incoming shell fire Gorge The rear of a fortification; usually the neck of a bastion or a detached work Guard house In this particular eighteenth-century context, a building fortified with thickened walls and loopholes for defence of a defined area. Normally, the guard house is found at the entrance to a military establishment,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1. Parish: Felixstowe
    1. Parish: Felixstowe Meaning: St. Felix’s place (Ekwall) 2. Hundred: Colneis Deanery: Colneya Union: Woodbridge RDC/UDC: (E. Suffolk) Felixstowe & Walton UD (1894-1914), Felixstowe UD (1914-1974), Suffolk Coastal DC (1974- ) Other administrative details: Woodbridge Petty Sessional Division and County court District 3. Area: 1,921 acres land, 11 acres water, 374 acres of tidal water, 132 acres foreshore (1912) 4. Soils: Urbanized area. Dune sand and marine shingle around Old Felixstowe. 5. Types of farming: Mainly urbanized development. Some scattered farms – main crops (1937) wheat, barley and peas. 6. Enclosure: 7. Settlement: Large coastal town development on main Ipswich road. Some scattered farms (1972). Inhabited houses: 1674 – 34, 1801 – 41, 1851 – 117, 1871 – 143, 1901 – 525, 1951 – 4,568 (includes Walton), 1981 – 8,035 8. Communications: Road: Main Ipswich Road 1912 Carriers to Ipswich daily Rail: 1891 Felixstowe station opened (1877), new station built (1898) Pier Trams opened (1904), closed (1939) 1 Water: 1886 up to the present – Felixstowe docks, port and ferry Air: 1913 Air station commissioned, closed (1962), occupied by army. 9. Population: 1086 — 72 recorded 1327 — 47 taxpayers paid £5. 16s. 7¼d. (includes Walton) 1524 — 59 taxpayers paid £5. 18s. 10d. 1603 — 225 adults (includes Walton) 1674 — 40 households 1676 — Not recorded 1801 — 259 inhabitants 1831 — 363 inhabitants 1851 — 691 inhabitants 1871 — 760 inhabitants 1901 — 2,720 inhabitants 1931 — 12,067 inhabitants (includes Walton) 1951 — 15,081 inhabitants (includes Walton) 1971 — 18,750 inhabitants (includes Walton) 1981 — 20,893 inhabitants (includes Walton) 10. Benefice: Vicarage 1254 Valued £13. 6s. 8d. 1291 Valued £13.
    [Show full text]
  • The Royal Citadel of Messina. Hypothesis of Architectural
    Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. XV to XVIII centuries / Vol II / Rodríguez-Navarro (Ed.) © 2015 Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/FORTMED2015.2015. 1716 The Royal Citadel of Messina. Hypothesis of architectural restoration for the conservation and use Fabrizio Armaleoa, Marco Bonnab, Maria Grazia Isabel Brunoc, Sebastiano Buccad, Valentina Cutropiae, Nicola Faziof, Luigi Feliceg, Federica Gullettah, Vittorio Mondii, Elena Morabitol, Carmelo Rizzom aESEMeP, Messina, Italy, fabrizioarmaleo@hotmail.it,bESEMeP, Messina, Italy, marcobonna@email.it, cESEMeP, Messina, Italy, mariag_bruno@hotmail.it, dESEMeP, Messina, Italy, sebastianobucc@gmail.com, eESEMeP, Messina, Italy, valentina.cutropia@hotmail.it, fESEMeP, Messina, Italy, nicolas2003@hotmail.it, g ESEMeP, Messina, Italy, luigifelice@alice.it, hESEMeP, Messina, Italy, federicagulletta@hotmail.it, iESEMeP, Messina, Italy, vittoriomondi@hotmail.com, lESEMeP, Messina, Italy, miligreen@libero.it, mESEMeP, Messina, Italy, carmelorizzo84@gmail.com Abstract The hypothesis of architectural restoration wants to ensure the conservation and the use of the Royal Citadel through a conscious reinterpretation of the work and a cautious operation of image reintegration. The Royal Citadel of Messina, wanted by the King of Spain Charles II of Habsburg, was designed and built, at the end of the XVII century, by the military engineer Carlos de Grunenbergh. It is a "start fort" located at the entrance of its natural Sickle port, that is a strategic place for controlling the Strait of Messina, the port and especially the people living here. The project is neither retrospective or imitative of the past forms, nor free from the constraints and guidelines resulting from the historical-critical understanding, but conducted with conceptual rigor and with the specific aim of transmitting the monument to the future in the best possible conditions, even with the assignment of a new function.
    [Show full text]
  • Martello Towers Research Project
    Martello Towers Research Project March 2008 Jason Bolton MA MIAI IHBC www.boltonconsultancy.com Conservation Consultant info@boltonconsultancy.com Executive Summary “Billy Pitt had them built, Buck Mulligan said, when the French were on the sea”, Ulysses, James Joyce. The „Martello Towers Research Project‟ was commissioned by Fingal County Council and Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council, with the support of The Heritage Council, in order to collate all known documentation relating to the Martello Towers of the Dublin area, including those in Bray, Co. Wicklow. The project was also supported by Dublin City Council and Wicklow County Council. Martello Towers are one of the most well-known fortifications in the world, with examples found throughout Ireland, the United Kingdom and along the trade routes to Africa, India and the Americas. The towers are typically squat, cylindrical, two-storey masonry towers positioned to defend a strategic section of coastline from an invading force, with a landward entrance at first-floor level defended by a machicolation, and mounting one or more cannons to the rooftop gun platform. The Dublin series of towers, built 1804-1805, is the only group constructed to defend a capital city, and is the most complete group of towers still existing in the world. The report begins with contemporary accounts of the construction and significance of the original tower at Mortella Point in Corsica from 1563-5, to the famous attack on that tower in 1794, where a single engagement involving key officers in the British military became the catalyst for a global military architectural phenomenon. However, the design of the Dublin towers is not actually based on the Mortella Point tower.
    [Show full text]
  • Park Report Part 1
    Alcatraz Island Golden Gate National Recreation Area Physical History PRE-EUROPEAN (Pre-1776) Before Europeans settled in San Francisco, the area was inhabited by Native American groups including the Miwok, in the area north of San Francisco Bay (today’s Marin County), and the Ohlone, in the area south of San Francisco Bay (today’s San Francisco peninsula). Then, as today, Alcatraz had a harsh environment –strong winds, fog, a lack of a fresh water source (other than rain or fog), rocky terrain –and there was only sparse vegetation, mainly grasses. These conditions were not conducive to living on the island. These groups may have used the island for a fishing station or they may have visited it to gather seabird eggs since the island did provide a suitable habitat for colonies of seabirds. However, the Miwok and Ohlone do not appear to have lived on Alcatraz or to have visibly altered its landscape, and no prehistoric archeological sites have been identified on the island. (Thomson 1979: 2, Delgado et al. 1991: 8, and Hart 1996: 4). SPANISH AND MEXICAN PERIOD (1776-1846) Early Spanish explorers into Alta California encountered the San Francisco Bay and its islands. (Jose Francisco Ortega saw the bay during his scouting for Gaspar de Portola’s 1769 expedition, and Pedro Fages described the three major islands –Angel, Alcatraz, and Yerba Buena –in his journal from the subsequent 1772 expedition.) However, the first Europeans to record their visit to Alcatraz were aboard the Spanish ship San Carlos, commanded by Juan Manuel de Ayala that sailed through the Golden Gate and anchored off Angel Island in August 1775.
    [Show full text]
  • Land on Seaton Hill, William Prance Road, Plymouth, PL6 5ZD, 17/01288/FUL Archaeological Field Evaluation
    Land on Seaton Hill, William Prance Road, Plymouth, PL6 5ZD, 17/01288/FUL Archaeological Field Evaluation Prepared for CDS Superstores (International) Limited Tamar House, Thornbury Road, Forresters Business Park, Plymouth, PL6 7LP By Report Number 122 28th November 2017 Black Mountains Archaeology Ltd Land on Seaton Hill, William Prance Road Report No. 122 Archaeological Field Evaluation Contents Page Summary .......................................................................................................................... 3 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Project Background and Proposals ........................................................................... 4 1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Legislative Framework .............................................................................................. 4 1.4 Location, Topography and Geology .......................................................................... 5 1.5 Archaeological background ...................................................................................... 5 2 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 7 3 Results .......................................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Stratigraphical evidence
    [Show full text]
  • The Halifax Citadel
    THE HALIFAX CITADEL National Historic Park Halifax, Nova Scotia Issued under the authority of the Honourable Arthur Laing, P.C., M.P., B.S.A., Minister of Northern Affairs and National Resources HALIFAX CITADEL NOVA SCOTIA THE HALIFAX CITADEL Halifax, Nova Scotia Halifax was founded in 1749 to provide a base for the British Navy and Army and a springboard for attack on the French at Louisbourg and Quebec, because the final contest between France and England for possession of the North American continent was clearly approaching. Citadel Hill was always the innermost keep and chief land defence of the Halifax Fortress. Four forts were built, at different periods, on its summit. The first was part of a wooden palisade around the young settlement, designed to protect the settlers from Indians. The second was built at the time of the American Revolution and was intended as a stronghold and base against the rebels. The third was built while Napoleon Bonaparte was trying to conquer the world, and this one was later repaired for the War of 1812 with the United States. Because of the latter war, Britain knew she must have a permanent fortress here as Atlantic base in time of peril, and so the fourth, the present one, was constructed. Not one of these forts was ever called upon to resist invasion. No shot was ever fired against them in anger. However, it is safe to say that they had served their purpose merely by existing. The First Citadel When the Honourable Edward Cornwallis arrived at Chebucto Harbour on June 21, 1749, accompanied by more than 2,500 settlers, one of his first thoughts was to secure the settlement from attacks by marauding Indians, ever ready to molest the British during periods of nominal peace between England and France.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAINING the HUDSON the Fight for the River in the American Revolution
    CHAINING THE HUDSON The fight for the river in the American Revolution COLN DI Chaining the Hudson Relic of the Great Chain, 1863. Look back into History & you 11 find the Newe improvers in the art of War has allways had the advantage of their Enemys. —Captain Daniel Joy to the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, January 16, 1776 Preserve the Materials necessary to a particular and clear History of the American Revolution. They will yield uncommon Entertainment to the inquisitive and curious, and at the same time afford the most useful! and important Lessons not only to our own posterity, but to all succeeding Generations. Governor John Hancock to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, September 28, 1781. Chaining the Hudson The Fight for the River in the American Revolution LINCOLN DIAMANT Fordham University Press New York Copyright © 2004 Fordham University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ii retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotation: printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN 0-8232-2339-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Diamant, Lincoln. Chaining the Hudson : the fight for the river in the American Revolution / Lincoln Diamant.—Fordham University Press ed. p. cm. Originally published: New York : Carol Pub. Group, 1994. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8232-2339-6 (pbk.) 1. New York (State)—History—Revolution, 1775-1783—Campaigns. 2. United States—History—Revolution, 1775-1783—Campaigns. 3. Hudson River Valley (N.Y.
    [Show full text]
  • The European Fortifications on the Coast of the Pacific Ocean
    Scientific Journal of Latvia University of Agriculture Landscape Architecture and Art, Volume 10, Number 10 The European fortifications on the coast of the Pacific Ocean Nikolay Kasyanov, Research Institute of Theory and History of Architecture and Urban Planning of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, Moscow, Russia Abstract. In the Russian Empire during XIX and early XX centuries, fortresses were built and strengthened along the frontiers. We studied the architecture of the Far Eastern Russian cities-fortresses using as examples Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Port Arthur (now Luishun) and mainly Vladivostok. Coastal fortresses significantly influenced the urban development of the Far Eastern cities. The architectural peculiarity of the fortress architecture at that period was associated with the transition from the brick and stone fortifications to the complex systems of monolithic reinforced concrete. In 1860, a military post with the expressive and geopolitically ambitious name "Vladivostok" ("Possess the East") was established. By the beginning of the XX century, Vladivostok became a rapidly growing city of the European culture and one of the most powerful marine fortresses in the world. The Vladivostok Fortress was an innovative project in early XX century and has distinctive features of the modern style (Art Nouveau), partly of the Russian and classical style in architecture, as well as an organic unity with the surrounding landscape. Plastic architectural masses with their non-linear shape are typical of the fortifications of Vladivostok. Vast and branching internal communication spaces link fort buildings, scattered on the surface and remote from each other. Huge, monumental forts located on the tops of mountains and fitted perfectly in the landscape are successful examples of landscape architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Terminologies
    FISH TERMINOLOGIES Monument Type Thesaurus Report Format: Hierarchical listing - class Notes: Classification of monument type records by function.
    [Show full text]
  • National Historic Landmark Nomination Old San Juan
    NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 OLD SAN JUAN HISTORIC DISTRICT/DISTRITO HISTÓRICO DEL VIEJO SAN JUAN Page 1 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form 1. NAME OF PROPERTY Historic Name: Old San Juan Historic District/Distrito Histórico del Viejo San Juan Other Name/Site Number: Ciudad del Puerto Rico; San Juan de Puerto Rico; Viejo San Juan; Old San Juan; Ciudad Capital; Zona Histórica de San Juan; Casco Histórico de San Juan; Antiguo San Juan; San Juan Historic Zone 2. LOCATION Street & Number: Western corner of San Juan Islet. Roughly bounded by Not for publication: Calle de Norzagaray, Avenidas Muñoz Rivera and Ponce de León, Paseo de Covadonga and Calles J. A. Corretejer, Nilita Vientos Gastón, Recinto Sur, Calle de la Tanca and del Comercio. City/Town: San Juan Vicinity: State: Puerto Rico County: San Juan Code: 127 Zip Code: 00901 3. CLASSIFICATION Ownership of Property Category of Property Private: X Building(s): ___ Public-Local: X District: _X_ Public-State: X_ Site: ___ Public-Federal: _X_ Structure: ___ Object: ___ Number of Resources within Property Contributing Noncontributing 699 128 buildings 16 6 sites 39 0 structures 7 19 objects 798 119 Total Number of Contributing Resources Previously Listed in the National Register: 772 Name of Related Multiple Property Listing: NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form ((Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 OLD SAN JUAN HISTORIC DISTRICT/DISTRITO HISTÓRICO DEL VIEJO SAN JUAN Page 2 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Plaaces Registration Form 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Fortification Renaissance: the Roman Origins of the Trace Italienne
    FORTIFICATION RENAISSANCE: THE ROMAN ORIGINS OF THE TRACE ITALIENNE Robert T. Vigus Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2013 APPROVED: Guy Chet, Committee Co-Chair Christopher Fuhrmann, Committee Co-Chair Walter Roberts, Committee Member Richard B. McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History Mark Wardell, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Vigus, Robert T. Fortification Renaissance: The Roman Origins of the Trace Italienne. Master of Arts (History), May 2013, pp.71, 35 illustrations, bibliography, 67 titles. The Military Revolution thesis posited by Michael Roberts and expanded upon by Geoffrey Parker places the trace italienne style of fortification of the early modern period as something that is a novel creation, borne out of the minds of Renaissance geniuses. Research shows, however, that the key component of the trace italienne, the angled bastion, has its roots in Greek and Roman writing, and in extant constructions by Roman and Byzantine engineers. The angled bastion of the trace italienne was yet another aspect of the resurgent Greek and Roman culture characteristic of the Renaissance along with the traditions of medicine, mathematics, and science. The writings of the ancients were bolstered by physical examples located in important trading and pilgrimage routes. Furthermore, the geometric layout of the trace italienne stems from Ottoman fortifications that preceded it by at least two hundred years. The Renaissance geniuses combined ancient bastion designs with eastern geometry to match a burgeoning threat in the rising power of the siege cannon. Copyright 2013 by Robert T. Vigus ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the assistance and encouragement of many people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Education of a Field Marshal :: Wellington in India and Iberia
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 1992 The education of a field am rshal :: Wellington in India and Iberia/ David G. Cotter University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Cotter, David G., "The ducae tion of a field marshal :: Wellington in India and Iberia/" (1992). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 1417. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/1417 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact scholarworks@library.umass.edu. THE EDUCATION OF A FIELD MARSHAL WELLINGTON IN INDIA AND IBERIA A Thesis Presented by DAVID' G. COTTER Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 1992 Department of History Copyright by David G. Cotter 1992 All Rights Reserved ' THE EDUCATION OF A FIELD MARSHAL WELLINGTON IN INDIA AND IBERIA A Thesis Presented by DAVID G. COTTER Approved as to style and content by Franklin B. Wickwire, Chair )1 Mary B/ Wickwire 'Mary /5. Wilson Robert E. Jones^ Department Chai^r, History ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to all in the History department at the University of Massachusetts, especially Professors Stephen Pelz, Marvin Swartz, R. Dean Ware, Mary Wickwire and Mary Wilson. I am particularly indebted to Professor Franklin Wickwire. He performed as instructor, editor, devil's advocate, mentor and friend.
    [Show full text]