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Cambridge University Press 0521809258 - Out of the Blue: A 24-Hour Skywatcher’s Guide John Naylor Index More information

Index

ablation coloured shadows 37, 39 crepuscular rays 78 defined 306 defined 306 eclipse 220, 223 meteoroids 288 eclipse 228, 230 halo 145 abnormal refraction mirage 57, 62 Moon 175 lake monsters 61 Moon 185 shadow 31 mirages 51 planets 157 Sun 31, 82, 130 moon illusion 197 polarisation 21, 22 visual acuity 179 abnormal twilight section 4.7, red 14 Antares 271 316n., 326n. shadows 31, 36–7, 47 Antarctic absorption visual range 18–19 aurora 297 atmospheric 308 air turbulence mirages 59 defined 306 shadow bands 228 visual range 62, 132 ozone 71 stars 273, 274–5 anti-crepuscular rays see pigments 312 albedo crepuscular rays smoke 14 defined 306 antisolar point starlight 169 Earth 194 crepuscular rays 79 absolute magnitude see Moon 188–9, 191, 216 defined 306 magnitude Algol 281 gegenschein 299 acuity see visual acuity Alexander’s dark band 91, 119 glory 133–4 aerial perspective section 1.4, Alexandria 51, 158 heiligenschein 40–2 320n. Alpenglow 73 mountain shadows 79 airlight 17 Alps 73 rainbow 93, 108, 115, appearance of objects 14, 15, Altair 279 118 16 altocumulus clouds shadows 30 cause 14 cloud type 305 shadow hiding 314 estimating distance 14–15 coronae seen in 127–8 anti-twilight arch 69 investigating sunsets and 73 aperture visual range 18 amateur binoculars 303, 304 scenery 14 halo observers 139 eye 180, 278 aeroplanes (phenomena seen meteorologist 317n. photography 135 from) see also under astronomer stars 276 glories 101 Andes, zodiacal light seen from telescopes 283 halos 141, 154 299 aphelion 286 rainbows 100 Andromeda galaxy 261 apogee aerosol Andromeda nebula 281 defined 306 brightness 12, 19, 22 angle libration 208 defined 306 estimating 95, 301–2 Moon 175 visual range 19 incident 25 see also perigee aether 258 minimum deviation 114, 143 apparent brightness airlight section 1.3, 320n. angular diameter planets 249, 256 aerial perspective 17–18 defined 306 stars 261, 262, 267 colour of the sky 5–6, 11, 18 corona 129 apparent magnitude 267

345

INDEX

apparent motion C., Flamsteed, J., Halley, E., around a shadow on water 46 Moon 165, 168, 201 Henshaw, C., Herschel, W., around the Sun 7, 12, 21, 69 planets 165, 168, sky 162, 170 Hevelius, J., Hipparchus, aurorae section 13.4 stars 265 Huggins, W., Kepler, J., Australis 297 Sun 165, 166, see section 8.5 Laplace, S., Olbers, H., Borealis 297 apparent size Ptolemy, Riccioli, G. colours 295, 297 Andromeda galaxy 261 astronauts Earth’s magnetic field 295 colour discrimination 197 visual range on the Moon 16 frequency 297 comets 285 seeing Earth from orbit 177 sounds 297 Moon 180 Astronomical Unit 283, defined Australia moon illusion 197–8, 271 306 aurora 297, 311, 324 mirage 52 astronomy Blue Mountains 11 planets 251, 274 history of section 8.1 Skylab 294 Sun and Moon 219, 220, 230 naked-eye section 8.2 Austin, J. 326n. stars 274 astronomical twilight 66 autumn equinox see equinox Arctic Atkins, W.R.G. 325n. axis exploration 60 Atlantic Ocean 199, 325n. Earth’s 166, 168, 206, 279, 312 mirages 59, 325 atmosphere libration 208, 210–11 visual range 59. 62 absorption of light 64, 191, Moon’s 207 Arcturus 271 193, 195, 238, 268, 308 Pluto’s 208 Aries 279–80, 342n. colour 8–12, 17, 70–1, 76, 101, Aristotle (384–322 b.c.) 169, 198 Babylon and Babylonians comets 282 depth 5, 274 astronomy 235–6 moon illusion 197 refraction 51, 58, 80, 84, 197, constellations 278 on the nature of the heavens 238 records of halos 138 258, 282 solar wind 294 Baily’s Beads 226, 227, 228, 229, Earth’s shape 170, 238 temperature profile 315 231 rainbows 90 turbulence 172, 247, 268, Ballard, S.S. see Shurcliff, W.A. artificial meteors see meteoroids 274 Barlow Pepin, M. 337n. artificial satellites section 13.3 visual range 5, 15, 18–19, 50, Bartlett, Captain J. 63 Ashmore, S.E. 324 63, 84, 300, 320n. Belt of Venus 69, 73; see also asterisms 279 see also airlight, aerial Earth’s shadow asteroid 242–3, 248, 287, 289, perspective, atmospheric Betelgeuse 271 339n.; see also meteoroids extinction, shadows, 317n. Betlem, H. and Zwart, B. 329n. astrology constellations 279–80, atmospheric extinction Big Bang, origin of the universe 342 defined 308 160, 340n. astronomer meteors 288 binoculars amateur 162, 276, 285, 317n., sunset 84 choosing 302–4, 333n. 318n., 334n., 338n., 339n., stars 268–9 comets 285 n.341n., 342n. atmospheric optics defined 306; danger to eyesight 253 Babylonian 235 see also rainbows, halos, mirages 52, 53, 57 Greek 158, 235, 246, 261, 266, coronae, etc. Moon 176, 177, 178, 183, 193, 276, 334n. atmospheric refraction section 208, 215, 216, 217 pre-Copernican 160, 235, 246, 3.1 Sun 83, 84 258, 276 Moon 80, 217 natural satellites 293 professional 3, 161, 163, 181, Sun 51, 80, 82, 84, 217 night sky 162, 169, 172 196, 198, 242, 247, 248, 250, visual range 50 planets 248, 252, 253 259, 266, 267, 268, 271, 273, A.U. see astronomical unit stars 261, 264, 273, 274, 281 274, 279, 283, 338n., 340n., aureole binocular vision 300 341n. Buddha’s 134 Blake, R. see Sekuler, R. see also Brahe, T., Copernicus, corona 128–30 Black, D.M. 331n. N., Danjon A., Flammarion, defined 306 black 14, 306, 307

346

INDEX

black hole 260, 272, 307 magnitude system 266–7, 311 celestial sphere section 8.3, Blackwell, D.E. 343n. meteor 288 defined 306 blue 7; see also airlight, sky planets 240, 247, 249, 251, Centauri system 245 colour 254, 256, 339n. Ceres 243, 248; see also asteroids blue flash 85 polarisation 20, 25, 26, 75 Charon 174 blue moonlight 196 rainbows 94, 102, 114, 115, Cherrington, E. 337n. Blue Mountains 14 117, 120, 122, 126, 330n. China and Chinese Blue Moon 14, section 9.11, stars 169, 260, 262, section blue sun 199 337n. 12.3, 269, 273, 340n. glory 134 Blue Ridges 12 shadows 34, 44, 46 mirage 53 blue shadows 37, 39, 46 sky 6, 11, 72; see also colour records of halos 138 blue smoke 14 Sun 64, 82, 84 Churma, M.E. 322n. blue Sun 199 telescope 273 di Ciccio, D. 337n. Bobrovnikoff, N. 339n., 341n. visual range 18 circumpolar 306 Bohren, C.F. 316n., 319n., 321n., zodiacal light 299 circumpolar planets 339n. 324n., 326n., 327n., 330n., Brill, D. see Falk, D. circumpolar stars 281 336n., 337n., 340n., Fraser, British Astronomical circumscribed halo 144, 156 A.B. 320n., 321n. Association 210, 319n. circular rainbow 99–101 bolides 289 see meteoroid British Isles circumzenithal arc section 7.7 Bone, N. 342n. aurorae 297 cirrus Books, C.F. 328n., 330n. superior mirages 62 circumzenithal arc 150 Botley, C.M. 326n., 337n. British Meteorological Society defined 304 Bouguer, P. (1698–1758) 331n. 329n. halo 136 Bourriau, J. see Lamb, T. Brody, B. 343n. parhelia 146 Bowen, K.P. 341n. Brook, C.L. on lunar rainbow sunset 75 Boyer, C.B. 326n. 103, 327n. civil twilight 65, 78 Brahe, Tycho (1546–1601) 282, Brown, G.C., Hawkesworth C.J. cloud 336n. and Wilson, R.C.L. 336n. altitude 305 Brain, J.P. 331n., 332n. Bryant, H.C. and Jarmie, N. cloudbows 106, 111 Brewer, S.G. 337n. 331n. colour 17, 73–5, 199, 230 Brewster angle Buddha’s Aureole 134 coronae 128–30 polarisation 25, 123 Bull, G.A. 337n. crepuscular rays 46, 77–8, 79 water 321n. cumulonimbus 305 Brewster, Sir David (1781–1868) calendar 161, 171, 198, 200, 233 cumulus 48 98, 99, 327n. Callisto 248 coronae 129 brightness Canada defined 136, 304 apparent 261, 262, 267 aurora 297 eclipse 223, 230 artificial lights 193 forest fires and blue suns 199 glory 133–5 clouds 127 Cancer 279, 342n. halos 136, 139, 141, 146, 147, comets 285 candle flames 150 crepuscular rays 46, 77 shadows cast by 29, 39 interstellar gas 160, 240, 242, defined 306 sources of light 20, 33 260, 263 eclipse 230, 269, 276 Capricorn 342n. iridescence 128, 132, 328n., eyesight 87, 196 Cassiopaeia 281 330n. glory 134 Cavallin, C. see Mattson, J.O. lenticular 128 heiligenschein 39 Celsius, Anders (1701–1744) Moon mistaken for 185 intrinsic 261, 262, 267, 269 328n. nacreous 132 Moon 42, 185, 187, 188–93, celestial equator 164–8 nimbostratus 305 216 constellation 279 polarised light 22, 27 lunar eclipse 238, 239, 270, defined 306 primer 304–5 336n. Moon 187, 201, 204, 205 rainbows 108, 117, 119, 124 Mach bands 36 Sun 168, 201, 280 shadows 33, 48, section 2.8

347

INDEX

cloud (cont.) meteors 287, 291 Pisces (the Fish) 205, 279, 280, stratocumulus 305 number 243, 283 299, 342n. sunset/sunrise 67, 73, 75, orbits 243, 285–6 Sagittarius (the Archer), 263, section 4.3 origin 283 279, 342n. scattering 199 short period comets 286–7 Scorpius (the Scorpion), 279, Venus 253 size 283 342n. visual range 19 tail 284–5, 291 Taurus (the Bull), 342n. Coal Sack nebula 281 visibility 283, 284, 285 Virgo (the Virgin), 205, 279, cobweb horizontal rainbow 109 zodiacal light 297 342n. Codona, J.L. 338n. Compte, Auguste (1798–1857) on zodiacal constellations 342n. cold fronts 61 stars 259 see also asterisms colour computer simulations of the contrails 48, 134 aurorae 295, 297 night sky 166, 207, 248, contrast clouds 73, 75, section 6.3 253, 334 colour 38, 77 comets 285 condensation lunar visibility of features 183 coronae 127 clouds 304 shadows 29, 32, 44, 46, 77 eyesight 38, 75, 76, 86–7, 103, contrails 48 visual acuity 179, 315, 322n. 196, 275, 297, 300, 312 coronas 130 visual range 14–15, 18–19 defined 307 haze 14 see also simultaneous colour glory 133 cone cells 196, 271, 297, 312 contrast, Mach bands halos 136, 138, 146, 150 conjunction Copernicus, Nicholas haze 14 defined 200, 307 (1473–1543), 158–60, 161 Moon 185, 198, 238 Moon 215 246, 247, 254, 258, 259 moonlight 196 inferior planets 251, 252 Copernicus see under crater pigment 8, 312 superior planets 250–1, 252, Corfidi, S.F. 320n. polarisation 25–6 254, 256 Corliss W.R. 329n. rainbows 91, 94, 114, 115, syzygy 215, 220, 224, 231, 237, Cornish, V. 320n., 325n. 117–19, 126 315 coronae see section 6.1 refraction 83–4, 274, 307 Constable, John (1776–1837) on cornea 130 shadows 36 45, 322n., section the difficulty of seeing 1, cosmology defined 307 2.5 332n. counterglow see twilight sky section 1.1, section 1.2, constellation section 12.10 crater 319n. Aquarius (the Water Carrier), Aristarchus 179 smoke 14 342n. Clavius 176 stars section 12.4 Aries (the Ram), 279, 280, Copernicus 176, 177, (size) simultaneous contrast 38, 77 342n. 179, 182 Sun 64, 80 Cancer (the Crab), 279, 342n. shadows 33, 183 sunset 79–80 Capricornus (the Sea Goat), Galileo’s views on 181 twilight 69–71 342n. Grimaldi 182, 210 thin films 8 Cassiopeia 281 Hooke’s views on 181 water 57 change in apparent size 197 Kepler 179 comet section 13.1, 342n. Cygnus (the Swan) 262, 281 Manilius 176 coma 283 Crux 281 naming 182 composition 283 defined 278 origin 182 estimating brightness 285 and Earth’s sphericity 170 Plato 182 discovery of Neptune 248 Gemini (the Twins), 342n. Tycho 179, 182 frequency 285 Leo (the Lion), 279, 292, 342n. crepuscular rays section 4.5; see location 283 Libra (the Scales), 279, 342n. also purple light nucleus 283, 285, 286, 287 Ophiuchus 279 crescent see under Moon’s Halley 286. 287 origin of zodiac 279 phases Hale-Bopp 285 Orion (the hunter) 170, 263, Crux 281 Hyakutake 287 264, 271, 279, 281 crystals see ice crystals

348

INDEX

culmination 307 mirages 53, 56 tides 174 cumulonimbus 305 Moon 175, 197 see also earthlight cumulus 48 parsec 311 Earth/Moon system see section cyanometer 7 planets 243 9.2 rainbow 119, 124 Earth’s shadow Danjon, Andre visual range 14–16 dark segment 69, 72, 169, 219, lunar crescent 185, 187, 216, drop 238 336n., 337n., 338n. blue Sun/Moon 199 lunar eclipses 31, 219, 236, scale for lunar eclipses 239 coronae 128–9 237, 307 dark adaptation dew 43 sunset 69, 72 rods and cones 276 haze 76, 79 earthlight 183, 194, 218 stargazing 269, 276 rainbows 98, 106, 108, 113, earthshine section 9.8, 336n. dark segment see under Earth’s 117, 120 eclipse shadow Dulverton, Lord horizontal airlight 228, 230 Darwin, Charles (1809–1882) on rainbow 111, 329n. animals 231 aerial perspective 16, 320n. dust anular 63, 93, 171, 228 Davidson, N. 333n., 334n. blue Moon 14, 199 appearance of sky 10, 17 Davis, N. 342n. comets 283, 284, 285, 287 Baily’s beads 229 Day, J.A. see Schaeffer, V.J. interstellar 160, 169, 262, 263, Danjon scale 239 Dawson, G. on reflected 281, 308 defined 224, 307 rainbows 105, 328n. lunar eclipses 239 duration 171, 225 dazzle defined 307, stargazing 258 meteoroids 287, 291, 311 ecliptic 54, 112 declination astronomical 164 shadows 29 eyesight 224 Delsemme, A. 340n. sunsets 76 first contact 227 Deneb see stars Solar System 240, 242, 243 fourth contact 231 Descartes, Rene (1596–1650) stars 260 ground speed of shadow 225 rainbow 90 visual range 12 limits 233 desert mirage see under mirage zodiacal light 287, 297–8, 299 lunar 93, 109, 148, 162, dew section 236 heligenschein 43, 323n. Earth node 233 rainbow 109, 111, 118, 329n. diameter 175, 243 partial 174 diamond ring effect 229; see also distance from Sun 212 phenomena 223 eclipse ecliptic 165–6, 263 photography 224 Diego, F. xii magnetic field 295 rainbow 51 diffraction meteoroid impacts 79, 288, Saros cycle 236 defined 307 289 seasons 233 coronae 127 and Moon 42, 171, 172, 200, shadow 31, 34, 48, 225, 228 iridescence 132 207, 214, 341n. shadow bands 228 light 130 movement 168, 204, 218, 263, solar 145, 159, 162, 231 shadows 322n. 291, 299 solar corona 230 dispersion origin 336n. total 63, 171 defined 307 planet 158–60, 162–3, 165, visibility of stars & planets halo 141 246–7 230, 276 setting Sun 84 role in eclipses 220, 236, 307 weather 223 distance rotation 65, 67, 168, 197, 206, year 233, 236 blue sky 6 208, 225, 237–8 see also syzygy comets 283, 286 shadow 31, 43, 169 ecliptic section 8.4, 334n. horizon 63 sidereal period 314 defined 165, 307 fixed stars 158, 259, 262 sphericity 170, 211 comets 286 light year 310 Solar System 166, 242–5 Earth’s location 166, 263, 265, methods of estimating 300–1, surface compared with Moon’s 340n. 302 30, 180–2, 190–1, 194 eclipses 166, 215, 231, 237

349

INDEX

ecliptic (cont.) rainbow 115, 124 Moon 171, 196 Moon 166, 201, 205, 212, 215 Rayleigh scattering 8 rainbows 89, 235 Moon’s phases 167 shadows 35, 39 fovea 277; see also eyesight Moon’s visibility 187, 216 stargazing 278 France 51, seen from England 60, planets 166, 247, 249, 250, exposure (photography) 62 254, 256, 339n. coronae and glory 135 Fraser, A.B. 323n., 324n., 326n., precession 279 halos 155 330n., (and Mach, W.H.) Sun 167, 168, 201, 215 landscape by moonlight 196 323n., see also Bohren, C.F twilight 65 night sky 271 Fraser, A.B., Lee, R.L. and view of the night sky 165 rainbow 126 Fraser, A.B. zodiac 166, 279 extended sources of light 30, 48, frequency zodiacal light 298, 299 273 defined 308 Edberg, S.J. and Levy, D.H. extinction defined 308 electromagnetic radiation 307 339n., 342n., 343n. eyepiece Frost, P. on multiple rainbows Egypt binoculars 273, 302, 303 104, 328n. hieroglyphs 1 telescope 172 mirage 51, 57 eyesight Gage, J. 326n. electromagnetic radiation 170, dark adaptation 269 galaxy 224, 260, 284, 314, defined estimating distance 300 Andromeda 261, 281 307 glare 180 defined 308 electrons 294, 310 harm from Sun 69, 83, 127, Milky Way 160, 262, 263, 281 ellipse orbits 159, 175, 248, 311 253 Galilean satellites see Jupiter’s Ellis, E.L. 339n. naked eye 176, 177, 253 moons elongation persistence of vision 288 Galileo, Galilei (1564–1642) defined 308 sensitivity 87, 169, 276, 340 astronomical opinions and Moon 216 squinting 278 discoveries 30, 173, 180, Mercury 252 visual acuity 179, 268 181, 207, 247, 277, 335n. planets 250–1 on the nature of the lunar Venus 252–3 Falk, D., Brill D. and Stork, D. surface 30, 33, 181, 335n. English Channel mirages 62 322n. The Starry Messenger 335n. Enright, J.T. 322n. false dawn 298 see zodiacal light Ganymede 174, 243, 248, 335n. equator 170, 206, 225, 250, 276, far side see Moon Garstang, R.H. 341n. 297, 299, 307, 334n., see field of view 3, 27, 155, 172, 303 Gatty, H. 343n. also celestial equator Finland 318n. Gavin, M. 338n. equinox fireballs 289; see also meteor Gedzelman, S.D. 327n., 332n. defined 205, 279 First point of Aries 280 gegenschein 299 harvest Moon 205 first quarter see Moon’s phases Geminids see under meteor Moon 183, 194, 201, 216, 218 Flammarion, Camille geocentric 173, defined 308 planets 252 (1842–1925) 178–9, 335n. Germany, Hartz mountains 134 zodiacal light 298 Flamsteed, John (1646–1719) 247 gibbous defined 310; see also Eta Aquarids see under meteor Floor, C. 323n., 326n., 329n. Moon phases Europa 248 fog gibbous Earth 194 evaporation coronae 128 gibbous planets 251, 256 cloud drops 304 glories 133, 331n. Gilbert, William (1540–1603) raindrops 117 rainbows 106, 109 180, 336n. Evening star 250, 252, see also visual range 18,–19, 262, 313 Glaisher, J. (1809–1903) 329n. Venus fog bow 106, 111, 133, 328n., glitter path 124, 152 Evershed, J. on heiligenschein 329n. glory see section 6.4 40, 323n. folklore Buddha’s Aureole 134 experiments comets 282 Spectre of the Broken 134 craters 181 eclipses 195 Goethe, W. (1749–1832) 39, moonlight 196 halos 138, 224 322n.

350

INDEX

Goin, P. 325n. Harries, H. 327n. horizon Goldie, E.C.W. 331n., 332n. Harrison, E. 334n. atmospheric extinction 269 Goldie, E.C.W., Meaden, G.F. Harsch, J. 329n. atmospheric refraction 50–1, and White, R., 332n. Hartz mountains 134 57 Gombrich, E.H. on shadows 29 Harvest Moon 205 brightness and colour 6–10, grass Hawkesworth C.J. 336n. 17, 69–72 colour 306 haze celestial equator 166 heiligenschein 39, 40–2, 43 causes 11–13, 20 eclipses 226, 230 horizontal rainbows 109 cloud shadows 46 ecliptic 166, 250 polarisation 26 effect on visibility 15, 18–19 lunar 207 shadow hiding/self-shadowing defined 310 Moon 185, 187, 190, 201, 210 189 purple light 76 Moon illusion 197 Greenler, R. 316n., 320n., 323n., vegetation 11, 14, 18 polarisation 21 327n., 331n., 332n. Hawaii, rainbows seen in 88, stars 274 green flash section 4.9, 326n. 103 Sun 64, 69, 80–84, 168 Greenland 63 Heide, F. and Wlotzka, F. ‘Horse and Rider’ 281 Grimaldi, Franceso (1618–1663) 342n. Hoskins, M. 333n. 182, 210 heiligenschein section 2.6 Howard, Luke (1772–1864), on Grosser, M. 338n. dew 43 clouds 304n. grass 40–1 Hudson, W.H. (1841–1922), Haidinger’s Brush 27–8; see also road signs 43 describes mirages 50 polarisation heliocentric hue see colour Hannay, J.B. 329n. defined 310 Huggins, William (1824–1910), Harries, H. 327n. theory of Universe 162, spectroscopic analysis of harvest Moon 205 173 starlight 259 halo heliacal Hughes, D. 341n. 22° halo section 7.2 defined 310 Humboldt, Alexander von 46° halo section 7.4 rising and setting of planets (1769–1859), on the Solar circumscribed 144, 156 252, 256 System 240 circumhorizontal arc section Hely, C.P. 336n. humidity 13, 79 7.7 Henshaw, C., visibility of Sirius Humphreys W 316n., 327n., circumzenithal arc section 7.7 in daylight 276, 341n. 329n. colour 138 Herschel, John (1792–1871), frequency 90, 145 estimation of lunar ice crystals ice halos section 7.1 brightness 189–90, 336n. columnar 136, 141, 144 Hevel’s 146 Herschel, William (1738–1822), coronae 128 mistaken for rainbows 122 discovery of Uranus halos 136, 139, 141, 156, 332n. parhelic circle section 7.8 247–8 plate 136, 146, 151, 152 parhelia section 7.6 Hershenshon, M. 337n. ice halos see under halo photography 155 Hevelius, Johannes (1611–1687) Iceland mirages 63 polarisation 26 observation of an unusual incandescence 259 Sun pillar section 7.9 halo 146 inferior mirage 53–7 tangent arc section 7.3 Hinz, C. xii infrared Halley, Edmund, (1656–1742) Hipparchus (160?–125? b.c.) danger to eyesight 224 on comets 282, 286 prediction of eclipses 235 defined 310 on eclipses 236 spring equinox 279 stars 260 on halos 136, 139 star brightness 261 see also electromagnetic on rainbows 103–104, 122, star catalogue 266 radiation 328n. Hobbs, W.H. 324n. illuminance defined 310 Hannay, J.B. 329n. Hooke, Robert (1635–1703) on illusions Hardy, Thomas (1840–1928) 64, cause of lunar craters 181 aurorae 297 157 Hopkins, B.J. 338n. clouds 75

351

INDEX

illusions (cont.) Kaler, J.B. 316n. Lehn, W.H. 324, 325n. distance Keats, John (1795–1821) lenses Moon section 9.10, 211, 212, on rainbows 90 eye 180, 277 237 Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630) optical instruments 273, 303 mirages 52 on shadows 31, 321n. photography 57, 126, 155 night sky 162–3, 265, 334n. on planetary orbits 159 lenticular clouds 128, 132 perspective 302 Keppler see lunar craters Leo 279, 292, 342n. shadow 36 Kuhn, T.S. 333n. Leonids 292 insects Kiernan, N.S. 322n., 339n. Leonardo Da Vinci (1452–1519) eclipses 231 King, G. xii on the appearance of stars 278 polarised light 27 King-Hele, D. 342n. on the colour of the sky 8 interference Kirchhoff, Gustav (1829–1887), Notebooks 320n. defined 310 spectroscopic analysis of on shadows 31 rainbow 117 sunlight 259 sketches of the Moon 180, 335 sky colour 8 Können, G.P. 316n., 319n., Levy, D.H., Comet Shoemaker- internet sites 318n. 321n., 323n., 328n., 330n., Levy 287; see also Edberg, Io 248, 335n. 331n. S.J. and Levy, D.H. ionisation Krakatoa, effect on sunsets 80, Libra 279, 342n. comet tail 284 199, 326n. libration 178, section 9.16, 337n. defined 310 light iridescent clouds 128, 132, Laine, V.J. 329n. invisibility 8 328n. Lamb, T and Bourriau, J 343n. shadow 29 irradiation Langren, Michael van sources 30 defined 310 (1600–1675), early lunar see also absorption, airlight, stars 261, 266 map 181 colour, eyesight, Israelites, mirages 57, 324n. Langwith, Rev Dr.Benjamin, on interference, polarisation, Ives, R.L. 324n. supernumerary bows 97, reflection, refraction, 327n. scattering, spectrum, Jacobs, S.F. 323n. Laplace, Pierre Simon (Marquis wavelength Japan, heiligenschein 40 de) (1749–1827), Solar light pollution 3, 258 Jarmie, N. see Bryant, H.C. System dynamics 160 light year defined 310 Joslin, R. R., on eclipses last quarter see under Moon’s Littmann, M. and Willcox, K. 219 phases 338n. Jupiter lateral inhibition 36 Livingston, W. and Lynch, D., apparent brightness 247 latitude 12, 59, 61, 62, 163 325; see also Lynch, D.K. composition 243 aurorae 294, 297 and Livingston, W. data 243 circumpolar stars 307, 339n. Loch Ness monster, mirages 61 effect on comets 286–7 constellation 278 longitude 163, 208, 210, 278 discovery of Jupiter’s moons halos 150, 152 looming 2, 50–1 173 libration 208–10 visual range 62–3, 324n. features visible through low- moonrise 205, 210 low Sun phenomena power telescope 247 night sky 170, 193, 265 rainbows 109, 13 moons 173, 248; see also rainbows 97, 108 self-shadowing 42, 216 Callisto, Europa, seeing planets 250 see also green flash Ganymede, Io solar eclipses 225, 236 Lown, K.R. 324 relative size 245, 260 twilight 65, 66, 69 lumen cinereum see earthlight shadows cast by 34, 322n. zodiacal light 298 luminance defined 311, 340n. size compared with extra-solar Latham, W., description of luminosity 306, 314, 340, planets 242 unusual visual range 62, defined 311 visible in daylight 193 325n. lunar craters 181 Juday, C. 329n. Lee, R. L. and Fraser A.B. 326n., lunar day section 9.15 Juritz, C.F. 339n. 327n. lunar eclipse section 10. 7

352

INDEX

lunar features 30, 177 man in the Moon 179 synodic period 250 lunar month 199, 207 mare telescopic views 251 lunar phases section 9.18 defined 181 metals polarisation 25, 26, 27 lunar rainbows section 5.7 earthshine 193 meteor lunar seas 176, 182 Crisium 178, 179, 207, 210 brightness 288, 291 lunar shadows 33 Fecunditatis 176 comets 287 lunar surface 33, 180–3, 335n. Frigoris 176, 210 defined 311 lunation Humorum 176 Eta Aquarids 287 calendar 171 Imbrium 176, 182, 218 fireball 289 defined 200, 311 Nectaris 176 Geminids 292 earthshine 194 Nubium 176 Leonids 292 eclipses 220, 231, 236–7 Serenitatis 176 magnitude 289 libration 209–10 Tranquilitatis 176 Orionids 287, 292 observing the Moon 183, Vaporum 177 Persids 292 185–7, 201–5, 207, 214, maria 176, 177, 181, 182, 185, Quadrantids 292 216 189, 195, 335 showers 287, 292, 291, 292 Moon’s brightness 188–9 Mars sporadic 289, 294 rainbows 103 apparent brightness 247, 339 stream 291 Lynch, D.K. and Livingston, W. composition 243 UFOs 288 316n., 319n., 321n., 322n., data 243 visibility 288 323n., 325n., 327n., 331n. elliptical orbit 159 meteorite 289, defined 311, moons of 173 342n. McBeath, A. xii, observing the opposition brightening 42, 256 meteoroid young moon 337n., 343n. source of meteorites 289 composition 289 McCartney, E.J. 320n. synodic period and visibility defined 287, 311 McDonald, J.E. 328n. 254 lunar craters 182 MacRobert, A. 343n. telescopic views 247 meteors 287–8 Mach, Ernst (1838–1916), Mach zodiacal light 299 noise 289, size 287 bands 35–6, 322n. Martin, E.A. 328n. orbits 243, 287, 291 Maddocks, J.D. 336n. Mattsson, J.A., Nordbeck, S. and origin 242 magnetic field Rystedt, B. 329n. Tunguska 79 aurorae 295 Mattsson, J.O. 333n. meteorological optics see comets 285 Mattsson, J.O. and Cavallin, C. atmospheric optics solar eclipse 230 323n. Meus, J. 338n. magnification, optical Maunder, E.W., eclipse rainbow Mexico volcano 80 instruments 57, 60, 85, 181, 112, 329n. Middleton, W.E.K. 320n. 259, 273, 302–3 Meaden, G.F. 332n. midsummer 66 magnitude Medicii, Cosimo de (1590–1620) Milky Way Galaxy 2, 3, 161, 160, absolute 267 173 262, 263, 265, 281, 298, 299, apparent 267 Medicean stars 173 340n. asteroids 248 Meinel, A. and Meinel, M., minimum deviation comets 285 316n., 325n., 326n., 337n., halo 143, 145 defined 311 343n. rainbow 114, 115 meteors 289, 294 Meketa, J.E. 337n. Minnaert, Marcel (1893–1970), Moon 270 Mercury 252 on seeing 1, 316n., 320n., planets 247 albedo 188 323n., 325326n., 327n., star colour 271 apparent brightness 247 331n., 336n., 341n. stars 259, 266–9 composition 243 mirage stars visible in daylight 276 data 243 Arctic 59 Sun 84 elongation 251 cold front 61 system of 261, 266–7 lacks moons 173 desert 51, 57 Malin, D. and Muirdin, P. 341n. size 174 green flash 85

353

INDEX

mirage (cont.) see also craters, earthshine, multiple scattering 9, 11 high pressure refraction 59 eclipses, harvest Moon, mythology see folklore inferior 53–7, 324n. libration, mare illusion 52 moonlight section 9.9 nacreous clouds 132 lateral 55 halos 136, 141 naked eye looming 63 rainbows 102 acuity 179, 315 photographing 57 shadows 31–2, 37 asteroids 248 polarisation 27 use 171, 205 astronomy 333n. stooping 51, 54, 58 Moon’s phases section 9.18 comets 285 Sun 83 crescent Moon 33, 42, 183, constellation 279 superior 57–61 188, 193, 204, 211, 213, dark adaptation 268, 275 towering 51, 53, 58 215–16, 218 green flash 85 visual range 59, 62–3, 324n. visibility of crescent 187, 215 Jupiter’s moons 248 mist bows 106, coronae 130 first quarter 187–8, 204, 215, meteors 289 Mizar, difficult to see in a city 217–18 mirages 60, 62 269, 281 full Moon 103, 106, 161, 166, Moon 33, 173, 175–9, 181, mock suns see parhelia 171, 172, 175, 178, 180, 183, 189, 197, 210, 217, 336n. molecule 187, 188, 189, 191, 193, 196, natural satellites 293 aerial perspective 14 197, 201, 204, 205, 210, 213, parallax 163 airlight 11–12, 17 214, 215, 217, 220, 227, 230, planets 188, 193, 246, 247–9, defined 311 236, 261, 270, 336n. 253 scattering 8, 10–11, 19, 64, 70, gibbous 187, 189, 212, 217, purple light 76 198 335n. stars, 66, 169, 193, 261–2, 266, Mollon, J. 322n. last quarter 187, 195, 204, 215, 269, 271, 276, 277 Monge, Gaspard (1746–1818) on 217–18 Sun 82, 84, 168 mirages 51, 57, 324n. new Moon 171, 185, 187, telescope 161, 273, 274 monsters 61, 324n. 193–4, 200, 210, 214, 215, Nassau, K. 344n. Monteith, J.L. 325n., 329n. 216, 218, 220, 231, 233, 311 natural satellites 243, 335n. Montgomery, S.L. 335n. visibility of crescent 187, 215 near side of the Moon 181, 188, Moon young Moon 215 207, 216 apogee 208 morning star 250, 252 nebulae 259, defined 311 apparent path 168, 183, 201 Mount Pinatubo 76, 80 Neptune apparent size 175, 180, 197, mountains composition 243 220, 230, 251 Apennines 182 data 243 best time to moonwatch Baily’s beads 228 discovery 338n. section 9.5 Blue 11, 14 moons 173 brightness (objective) 31, 42, clouds 128, 132 visibility 248 217 section 9.7 colours 17, 73 new Moon see under Moon’s brightness (subjective) 193 Hartz 134 phases calendar 171 glories 133–4 New Zealand, sunrise 71 daylight visibility section 9.6 halos 154 Newton, Isaac (1642–1727) diameter 175 heiligenschein 40 on colour of the sky 7–8 estimation of brightness by Moon 33, 172, 181, 183 on colours of a rainbow 90 Herschel 189 Pinatubo 80 on comet’s orbit 282, n 320 far side 181 shadows 79, 183, 325n. dynamics of the Solar System lunar day sky colour 11 159–60, 283 maps 178, 180, 181–2 Snaefells Jokull 63 reports seeing a corona 127 near side 181, 188, 207 Table Mountain 190, 336n. night sky origin 182 visual range 16, 20, 63, 185 challenge 162 perigee 208 see also crepuscular rays computer simulation 207 period of rotation 208 Muirden, J. 333n., 337n., 339n., darkness 193; see also section rainbows 102–3 341n. 8.6

354

INDEX

ideas about 157–61 planets 158, 159, 166, 240, Perseus star cluster 281 illusion 163 242, 248, 250, 252, 254, perspective Sun 167 282 illusions 46, 48, 77, 79, 108, node 231 see also apogee, perigee, 291, 302 non-stellar objects 260, 281 aphelion, perihelion see also aerial perspective Nordbeck, S. 329n. Orion see under constellation Peterson, R.E. 325n. normal lapse rate 315 Orionids 287, 292 phase Norsemen 61, 63 Ottewell, G. 317n., 333n., 340n. astronomer’s schedules 196 North America calendars 171, 198 light pollution 298 Padham, C.A. and Saunders, J.E. cause 174, 200 zodiacal light 298 341n., 344n. defined 312 northern hemisphere 69, 76 paint 7, 8, 38, 43, 196 earliest sighting of crescent appearance of sky from 170 Palmer, F. 327n., 328n. Moon 238 aurorae 295, 297 description of a fog bow 106 Earth 194; see also earthlight earthshine 194 description of a rainbow 101 inferior planets 251 Moon 182, 183, 188, 201, 205, Pannekoek, A. 333n. lunar phases section 9.18, 33, 216, 218 parallax 41, 215 planets 252, 339 defined 311 lunar rainbows 103 Sun 168, 280 estimating distance 300 superior planets 256 sunset 80 stars 163 see also Moon’s phases zodiacal light 298–9 parhelion 136, 138, 150, 155, photographs and photography Norton, A.P., star atlas 334 156, section 7.6, 332n. choice of film and lenses 57, nuclei cloud formation 13 parhelic circle 27, 156, section 126, 155, 341n. 7.8, 333n. comets 285 Oceanus Procellarum 176 Parish, P.W. 322n. coronae 135 O’Connell, D.J.K. 336n. parsec 262, 340, defined 311 fog bow 135 Olbers, Heinrich (1758–1840), parselena 136, 146 green flash 86 Olber’s paradox 169 Parviainen, P. xii halos 155 Old Moon in the new Moon’s Peacock, J.M., describes a blue heiligenschein 43 arms 194 sun 199, 337n. Mach bands 26 Olson, D.W. 343n. Pegley, D.E., describes a tertiary Martian sky 199 opposition bow 123, 330n. mirages 57 defined 311 penumbra Moon 175 Moon 42 eclipses 225, 227–8, 237–9 moonlight 196 superior planets 247, 248, 254, solar shadows 31, 33, 35, 36, rainbows 103, 126 256 41 stars and planets 246, 247, syzygy 237 see also umbra 261, 271, 274, 340n. see also conjunction Perelman, Y. 276, 341n. value of photography 2, 146, opposition brightening perigee 155, 224 Mars 256 defined 311 photopic vision defined 312 Moon 42, 189 libration 208 physics 90, 133, 158, 159, 160, orbit Moon 175 316n., 317n. artificial satellites 293 perihelion 285, 291 pigment asteroids 242 period colour 8, 307 comets 248, 283, 285, 286 defined 311 defined 312 data for planets 243 orbits 199, 243, 286, 294 Pirenne, M.H. 341n. defined 311 oscillations 274, 281 plane of the ecliptic see ecliptic Earth 159, 165, 168, 174, 220, rotation 208 planets see also under names of 247, 311 see also sidereal, synodic individual planets meteoroids 287, 291, 297 peripheral vision section 12.8 apparent path 166, 168 Moon 42, 172, 174, 199, 207, p. 277 comets 283, 286, 291 208, 215, 218, 233, 237 Persids 292 composition 243

355

INDEX

planets (cont.) point sources conditions 95, 113 data 245 shadows 33, 111 defined 91 defined 246, 312 stars and planets 34, 296, dew bows distinguishing features 248 322n. drop size 120, 122 extra-solar 242 polar orbits 294 fog bows 106–8, 133 inferior 249–52, 339n. polarisation folklore 89 internet site 318n. airlight 21 frequency 88 moons 173–4 Brewster’s angle 25 horizontal 109–111 opposition brightening 42 clouds 22 islands 88 orbits 166, 242 defined 20 Moon 102–3 origin 240–2, 338n., 340n. detecting 20, 321n. personal 93, 124 pre-telescopic ideas 158–60, halos 26, 27 polarisation 123 161, 172, 246, 258, 282 insects 27 primary 91, 101, 115, 126 retrograde motion 254, 256 moonlight 27 red 101 shadows cast by 34 navigation 27 reflection 103–6 Solar System data 243 rainbows 26, section 5.19 searchlight 111 superior 249, 254–6, 339n. reflection section 25 secondary 91, 119, 126 telescopic views 176, 246–7, sunglasses 25 spray 101, 106 248, 261 see also Haidinger’s Brush supernumerary 97–8, 117, twinkling 274 precession 120–2, 126, 327n., 330n. visible in daylight section 11.6 defined 312 tertiary bow 122–3 visible during eclipses 223, Earth’s axis 279 rainbow ray 111, 114–15, 117, 230 Moon’s orbit 233 118, 119, 120, 122, 123 visible to naked eye 3, 157, Preston, J.S. 323n. Ratliffe, F. 322n. 162, 247, 269, 339n. Ptolemy, Claudius (c.90–168) Rayleigh scattering 8–9; see also planetologist 182, 199, defined distance to fixed stars158 selective scattering 240, 242, 249 geocentric theory 158 red shift darkness at night 170 planisphere 166, 207, defined Purkinje, J. E. (1787–1869) 86–7, reflection 334, 340n. 196, 326n. defined 312 planitesimal Purkinje effect 86–7 halos 151, 152 defined 312 purple light 69, 73, 75–7, 80, 325n. polarisation 25–7 origin of Moon and Earth 182 rainbows 103–4, 105, 113 Plassmann, J.P. 336n. quadrature Sun 127, 224 plate crystals defined 312 water 43–6, 57, 124 parhelic circle 151 superior planets 234, 236 refraction sundogs 146 Quadrantrids 292 atmospheric section 3.1 sun pillars 152 defined 313 Pleiades star cluster 281 radiant energy 169, 283, 284, lake monsters 61 Plutarch (c.46-c.120) 335n. 310, 340n. mirage 55–6, 58 Pluto radiant meteor shower 291 temperature gradients 58 comets 283 radiation 170, 224, 260, 284, 307, Sun 80–4 composition 243 314 retrograde motion data 243 radiation fog 109 retroreflection 323n.; see also discovery 242, 248 Radke, L.F. 332n. heiligenschein length of day 208 rainbow Riccioli, G.B. (1598–1671), moon moon 173, 335n. Alexander’s dark band 91, 119 map 182 orbit 166, 242 anomalous 104, 111–14 right ascension 164 relative size 245 brightness 103, 117, 120 Rock, I. 337n. size 174 circular 99–101 rods status as a planet 243 cloud 111 dark adaptation 276 visibility 248 colours 91, 101, 115, 117–18, defined 87, 196 Poey, A. 330n. 120 peripheral vision 277

356

INDEX

Rothery, D.A. 335n. Scotland sodium lamps 37, 70 Rudaux, L. and de Vaucouleurs, aurorae 297 solar 30 G. 332n. nacreous clouds 132 stars and planets 34 Rubens, P. (1577–1640), rainbow rainbows 104 umbra 31 painting 98 scotopic vision defined 314 Venus 34, 253 Ruskin, John (1819–1900) Sekuler, R. and Blake, R. 322n., water 43–6 on aerial perspective 17 344n. see also crepuscular rays, dazzled by moonlight 171 selective scattering Earth’s shadow, eclipses, on seeing 1 aerial perspective 14 heiligenschein, opposition on the sky 5 colour of the sky 8, 11, 77 brightening, Spectre of the Rystedt, B. 329n. defined 8–9 Broken, trees lunar eclipse 195 Shaw, G.E. 326n. Saggitarius 263, 279, 342n. solar eclipse 230 Sheehan, W. 335n. Saros cycle 236 Sun 79, 84 Shurcliff, W.A. and Ballard, S.S. satellites sunset colours 70–1 321n. artificial section 13.3, 342n. wavelength dependence 8 Siberia, asteroid impact 80 Galilean 173 see also blue Moon, Rayleigh Sidereal Messenger 181 number of natural 243, 335n. scattering sidereal period 199–200 Satterthwaite, G.P. see Norton seeing defined 199, 314 A.P. astronomical 169, 274, 248, Earth 249 Saturn 261, 268, 274, 276, 341n. Moon 200, 207 apparent brightness 247 dark adaptation 276 planets 243, 249, 315 composition 243 self-shadowing sighting tubes 276 data 243 defined 314 simultaneous colour contrast 38, telescopic views 247 on Earth 43, 188–9 77, 322n. moons 173, 243, 335n. lunar surface 42, 216 Sinus Medii 177 relative size 245 Shackelton, Ernest (1874–1922) Sirius see also superior planet 324n. brightness 262, 267, 269, 294 Saunders, J.E. see Padham, C.A. shadow bands 228, 275, 338n. shadows 34, 322n. Saussure, Horace de (1740–1799) shadow hiding visible in daylight 276, 341n. 7, 8, 320n. defined 314 sketching Sawatzky H.L. and Lehn, W.H. see also opposition coronae 135 325n. brightening, heiligenschein halos 155 scattering shadows Moon 178–9, 181, 335n. cloud colour 199 antisolar point 30 sky coronae 130 clouds 46–8 colour 6–7, section 1.2 defined 313 coloured 36–9 eclipse 223–6, 230 Earth’s shadow 72 contrails 48 mirages 57 multiple 9 defined 29 southern skies 170 visual range 15, 19 eclipse 31, 34, 48, 225, 228 transparency 5 see also selective scattering Earth compared with Moon see also airlight, aerial Schaaf, F. 334n., 339, 341 33, 188 perspective, night sky, Schaeffer, V.J. and Day, J.A. glory 133 polarisation, scattering, 317n. length 31 twilight Schechner, S.J. 342n. Mach band 35–6 Skylab falls to earth 294 scintillation Moon 33, 183, 188, 216 skywatching 3, 136, 161, 279, eclipses 228 moonlight 31 300 planets 274 mountains 79 Smith, G., Vingrys, A.J., seeing 274, 341n. penumbra 31 Maddocks, J.D., Hely, C.P. stars 274 point sources 33–6 336n. Scoresby, William (1789–1857) rainbows 95, 97, 106, 108, 115 smoke 14, 199 60, 324n. snow 37 solar corona 128, 230

357

INDEX

Solar System section 11.1 Deneb 262, 279 eclipses 10, 220–2 ideas about 159–62, 173, 182, historical ideas 158 eyesight damage 6, 224 240, 242, 282 irradiation 261 heliocentric universe 158–9, moons 173–4, 188, 208 nature 259–60 162 origin 240 numbers visible 169 nature 260, 262 position in galaxy 263 origin 240 origin 240 see also asteroids, comets, point sources 30 polarisation 20–1 meteoroids, planets, Proxima Centauri 311n. position 263 satellites shadows 34 refraction 51, 80–4 solar wind 284, 294–5 Sirius 34, 262, 267, 269, 276, sky colour 7, 12 soot as condensation nuclei 12 294 solar shadows 30–4, 48 southern hemisphere spectroscopic analysis 259 spectral analysis 259 aurorae 297 telescopes 261, 272–4 zodiac 279 night sky 170, 183, 188, 204, twinkling 274–5 see also green flash, phases of 211, 279, 281, 334n. variable 281 the Moon, Solar System, Moon 182, 217, 229 stars trails 196, 271 sunset, twilight Sun 280 stooping 51, 54, 58 sundogs see parhelion Southey, D.J. 325n. Stork, D. see Falk, D. sunglasses 25 Space Shuttle visible from the storms sun pillar 27, section 7.9 ground 294 dust 199 sunrise 64, 71 Spectre of the Broken 134 mirages 59 sunset section 4.1 spectrum thunder 304 clouds 67, 73 electromagnetic radiation 307 stratocumulus clouds colours 17, 67 sodium street lights 322 stratosphere 132, 315 Martian 199 starlight 259, 273, 340n. stratus clouds 134, 304 Moon brightness 193 sunlight 6, 9, 117, 196 street lamps rainbows 101 white light 39, 87, 141, 156, light pollution 3 shadows 37 306, 307, 312, 341n. light pillars 152, 333n. sun pillars 152 specular reflection defined 312 rainbows 111 visibility of stars 266, 276 spray bows 101, 106 shadows 70 volcano 80 spring 50, 59, 61, 166, 183, 187, Strutt, John, Lord Rayleigh, see also green flash, harvest 188, 194, 204, 205, 206, 216, (1875–1947) 8–9 Moon, Purkinje effect, 250, 252, 264, 279, 280, 298; sublimation purple light, twilight see also equinox defined 314 superior mirage 57–61 squinting 278 comets 283, 285 superior planets section 11.3, 11.7 stargazing sublunar point 214 apparent magnitude 256 dark adaptation 66, 269, 276 subsuns section 7.10, 333n. best views 166 twilight conditions 55 summer opposition brightening 42 star halos 151 retrograde motion 254 Algol 281 mirages 55, 59, 61, 62 see also sidereal, synodic Altair 279 Moon 180, 188, 193, 201, 204 supernumerary see under Antares 271 night sky 166, 170, 263, 339n. rainbows apparent brightness 247, 261, satellites 294 synodic period 262, 266–7, 269 twilight 66 defined 200, 314 apparent shape 277–8 summer triangle 279 eclipses 233, 236 apparent size 261 Sun Moon 199–200, 217, 311 apparent motion 165–6 apparent size 31 planets 243, 249, 254 Arcturus 271 apparent motion 167–8 see also sidereal period Betelgeuse 271 antisolar point 30 syzygy colour 271 blue Sun 199 defined 315 daylight visibility 19, 169 calendar 198 eclipses 162, 215, 220, 224, defined 314 diameter 243 231, 237

358

INDEX

tables terminator Tyndall, John (1820–1893), on cloud types 305 defined 315 the colour of the sky 8 culmination of lunar phases Moon 183 Tyrrell, J.B. 324n. 204 sunrise/sunset 65, 70, 71, 77, 78 Danjon Scale of Eclipse tertiary rainbow section 5.18, UFO Darkness 239 described 123, 330n. geese 2–3 interesting celestial objects Thomas, F.G. 325n. meteors 288 281 Thompson, A.H. 327n. ultraviolet 224, 284 major meteor showers 292 Thompson, S. P., describes a umbra planetary data 243 rainbow 108, 328n. eclipse 222–5, 227, 229, 230, relative dimensions of the Thoreau, Henry David 321n. Solar System 245 (1817–1862) solar shadow 31, 36, 77–8 summary of ice halos 156 Titan 335 universe visibility of an inferior planet towering 51, 53, 58; see also ideas about 158–62, 169, 173, 252 mirages 258, 282 visibility of Moon’s phases trees origin 160, 340n. 215 heiligenschein 41 Uranus visibility of a superior planet shadows 48–9, 228 apparent brightness 247 256 Tricker, R.A.R. 317n., 320n., composition 243 visual range under different 323n., 327n., 330n., 331n., data 243 conditions 19 332n. discovery 247, 338n. Tape, W. 323n., 332 tropic moons 173 Taylor, S.R. 336n., 338n. eclipses 225 relative size 245 tectonic 182, defined 315 moonrise 204 visibility 248 telescope rainbows 97 advantages 162, 169, 172, 240, twilight 65 vacuum 8, 311 273, 277 zodiacal light 299 van Eyck, Jan (1385?–1441), early astronomy 161, 162, 169, 173, tropopause 315 images of the Moon 335n. 180 Tunguska 79 van Langren, M. (1600–1675), binoculars 302 turbulence early map of the Moon comets 283, 285 defined 315 181 drawbacks 1–2, 196 green flash 326 vanishing line mirages 57, 86 Galileo 30, 161, 173, 181, 247 scintillation 274 Vaucouleurs, G., de 332n. mirages 60, 62 shadow bands 228, 275 Vega 279 Moon 33, 172, 183, 215 Turner, F.M. and Radke, L.F. Vesta see asteroids planets 246, 247–8, 251 332n. Venus section 11.6 satellites 293 Twain, Mark (1835–1910) apparent brightness 247, stars 259, 260, 261, 262, 266, describes rainbows 88, 108 270–1, 289 269, 272–4, 277, section describes starry sky 258, 328n. composition 243, data 243 12.5 twilight section 4.2 elongations 251 Sun 83, 85 astronomical 66 lacks moon 173 eyesight 161 civil 65 naked eye 278 temperature clouds 67 orbit 252 freezing water 108 counterglow 69, 73 relative size 245 gradient 55 crepuscular rays 46 shadow bands 275 stars 259–60, 271, 273 duration 67, 69 shadows cast by 34, 253, 322n. temperature inversion nautical 65 synodic period 250 defined 315 shadows 39 visible in daylight 193, 253 green flash 85–6 twilight arch 69 where to look for 250–2, 339n. mirages 51, 55, 58–9, 61–2 see also Purkinje effect, purple Vikings polarised light 27–8 sunset 82 light Vince, Rev. S., observes superior visual range 62 twinkling see scintillation mirage 60, 324n.

359

INDEX

Vingrys, A.J. 336n. radio 289, 297 white bow 106, 327n. Virgo 205, 279, 342n. rainbows 113 White, Gilbert (1720–1793) visual acuity reflection 312 description of shadows cast ageing 179 refraction 313 by Venus 253 defined 315 scattering 313 White, R. 332n. maximum 179, 268 sound 289 Widdershoven, J. xii visual range transverse 20 Willcox, K. 338n. airlight 18 water 46, 124 Wilson, R.C.L. 336n. defined 315 wavelength Windass, C. 331n. haze 19 absorption 71 winter limits 18–19 colour 9, 17, 22, 307 ecliptic 166 mirage 59, 62–3, 324n. defined 315 Galileo 181 polarising filters diffraction 130, 307 Milky Way 281 see also visibility electromagnetic radiation 306, mirages 55 visibility 307 Moon 180, 188, 193, 201, 204 comets 284, 286 eyesight 39, 86, 87 nacreous clouds 132 halos 141 refraction W. 83, 114, 307, 313 twilight 66 lunar features 183 scattering 8–12, 14, 45, 70, 71, sky 170, 209, 263–4 meteors 288 72, 83, 85, 198–9, 230, 313 superior planets 254, 256 planets 250, 252, 256 starlight 340 Wlotzka, F. 342n. satellites 293–4 red-shift 170 Wood, E.A. 317n., 331n., 335n. stars 262 visual range 19 Wood, R.W., describes unusual zodiacal light 298 see also frequency, period rainbow 113, 330n. see also visual range waxing Moon 33, 166, 171, 183, Wright, C.J. 331n. vitamin A eyesight 276 187–8, 201, 204, 217, 195, Wright, Thomas (1711–1786) volcanos, sunset colours 76, 80, 218 describes destructive effect 325n., 316n. weather of comets 282 Vollprecht, R.V. 324n. clouds 304 Voltz, F.E. 330n. eclipses 223 Young, A.T. 341n. Voyager 2, discovery of new halos 139, 141 young Moon 187, 201, 215–16 moons 173 lunar features 182 scintillation 274 zenith Walker, D. 327 superior mirage 59, 61 brightness of sky 11 Walker, J.D. 323, 329 Weather magazine 317n. extinction 268–69 waning Moon 218; see also Went, F.W. 320n. defined 315 waxing Moon Wentworth, C.K. 327n. Moon 197 warm front 139, 141 Whitaker, E.A. 336n. sky colour 7, 10 water white sunset 64, 70–1, 73 colour 57 airlight 7, 10–11, 230 twinking 274 green flash 86 aurora 297 see also circumzenithal arcs reflections 45 clouds 75, 199 under halos shadows section 2.7 comet 285 Zirker, J.B. 338n. vapour 13, 48, 79, 139 halo 143, 156 zodiacal light wave haze 12 section 13.5, 339n. electromagnetic 306, 307 light 8, 70, 130, 307, 313 comets 287 diffraction 307 rainbows 106, 327n. zodiac constellations 166, 279, interference 310 smoke 14 342n., 343n. light 114 stars 260 Zwart, B. 329n.

360