Cambridge University Press 0521809258 - Out of the Blue: A 24-Hour Skywatcher’s Guide John Naylor Index More information Index ablation coloured shadows 37, 39 crepuscular rays 78 defined 306 defined 306 eclipse 220, 223 meteoroids 288 eclipse 228, 230 halo 145 abnormal refraction mirage 57, 62 Moon 175 lake monsters 61 Moon 185 shadow 31 mirages 51 planets 157 Sun 31, 82, 130 moon illusion 197 polarisation 21, 22 visual acuity 179 abnormal twilight section 4.7, red 14 Antares 271 316n., 326n. shadows 31, 36–7, 47 Antarctic absorption visual range 18–19 aurora 297 atmospheric 308 air turbulence mirages 59 defined 306 shadow bands 228 visual range 62, 132 ozone 71 stars 273, 274–5 anti-crepuscular rays see pigments 312 albedo crepuscular rays smoke 14 defined 306 antisolar point starlight 169 Earth 194 crepuscular rays 79 absolute magnitude see Moon 188–9, 191, 216 defined 306 magnitude Algol 281 gegenschein 299 acuity see visual acuity Alexander’s dark band 91, 119 glory 133–4 aerial perspective section 1.4, Alexandria 51, 158 heiligenschein 40–2 320n. Alpenglow 73 mountain shadows 79 airlight 17 Alps 73 rainbow 93, 108, 115, appearance of objects 14, 15, Altair 279 118 16 altocumulus clouds shadows 30 cause 14 cloud type 305 shadow hiding 314 estimating distance 14–15 coronae seen in 127–8 anti-twilight arch 69 investigating sunsets and 73 aperture visual range 18 amateur binoculars 303, 304 scenery 14 halo observers 139 eye 180, 278 aeroplanes (phenomena seen meteorologist 317n. photography 135 from) see also under astronomer stars 276 glories 101 Andes, zodiacal light seen from telescopes 283 halos 141, 154 299 aphelion 286 rainbows 100 Andromeda galaxy 261 apogee aerosol Andromeda nebula 281 defined 306 brightness 12, 19, 22 angle libration 208 defined 306 estimating 95, 301–2 Moon 175 visual range 19 incident 25 see also perigee aether 258 minimum deviation 114, 143 apparent brightness airlight section 1.3, 320n. angular diameter planets 249, 256 aerial perspective 17–18 defined 306 stars 261, 262, 267 colour of the sky 5–6, 11, 18 corona 129 apparent magnitude 267 345 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521809258 - Out of the Blue: A 24-Hour Skywatcher’s Guide John Naylor Index More information INDEX apparent motion C., Flamsteed, J., Halley, E., around a shadow on water 46 Moon 165, 168, 201 Henshaw, C., Herschel, W., around the Sun 7, 12, 21, 69 planets 165, 168, sky 162, 170 Hevelius, J., Hipparchus, aurorae section 13.4 stars 265 Huggins, W., Kepler, J., Australis 297 Sun 165, 166, see section 8.5 Laplace, S., Olbers, H., Borealis 297 apparent size Ptolemy, Riccioli, G. colours 295, 297 Andromeda galaxy 261 astronauts Earth’s magnetic field 295 colour discrimination 197 visual range on the Moon 16 frequency 297 comets 285 seeing Earth from orbit 177 sounds 297 Moon 180 Astronomical Unit 283, defined Australia moon illusion 197–8, 271 306 aurora 297, 311, 324 mirage 52 astronomy Blue Mountains 11 planets 251, 274 history of section 8.1 Skylab 294 Sun and Moon 219, 220, 230 naked-eye section 8.2 Austin, J. 326n. stars 274 astronomical twilight 66 autumn equinox see equinox Arctic Atkins, W.R.G. 325n. axis exploration 60 Atlantic Ocean 199, 325n. Earth’s 166, 168, 206, 279, 312 mirages 59, 325 atmosphere libration 208, 210–11 visual range 59. 62 absorption of light 64, 191, Moon’s 207 Arcturus 271 193, 195, 238, 268, 308 Pluto’s 208 Aries 279–80, 342n. colour 8–12, 17, 70–1, 76, 101, Aristotle (384–322 b.c.) 169, 198 Babylon and Babylonians comets 282 depth 5, 274 astronomy 235–6 moon illusion 197 refraction 51, 58, 80, 84, 197, constellations 278 on the nature of the heavens 238 records of halos 138 258, 282 solar wind 294 Baily’s Beads 226, 227, 228, 229, Earth’s shape 170, 238 temperature profile 315 231 rainbows 90 turbulence 172, 247, 268, Ballard, S.S. see Shurcliff, W.A. artificial meteors see meteoroids 274 Barlow Pepin, M. 337n. artificial satellites section 13.3 visual range 5, 15, 18–19, 50, Bartlett, Captain J. 63 Ashmore, S.E. 324 63, 84, 300, 320n. Belt of Venus 69, 73; see also asterisms 279 see also airlight, aerial Earth’s shadow asteroid 242–3, 248, 287, 289, perspective, atmospheric Betelgeuse 271 339n.; see also meteoroids extinction, shadows, 317n. Betlem, H. and Zwart, B. 329n. astrology constellations 279–80, atmospheric extinction Big Bang, origin of the universe 342 defined 308 160, 340n. astronomer meteors 288 binoculars amateur 162, 276, 285, 317n., sunset 84 choosing 302–4, 333n. 318n., 334n., 338n., 339n., stars 268–9 comets 285 n.341n., 342n. atmospheric optics defined 306; danger to eyesight 253 Babylonian 235 see also rainbows, halos, mirages 52, 53, 57 Greek 158, 235, 246, 261, 266, coronae, etc. Moon 176, 177, 178, 183, 193, 276, 334n. atmospheric refraction section 208, 215, 216, 217 pre-Copernican 160, 235, 246, 3.1 Sun 83, 84 258, 276 Moon 80, 217 natural satellites 293 professional 3, 161, 163, 181, Sun 51, 80, 82, 84, 217 night sky 162, 169, 172 196, 198, 242, 247, 248, 250, visual range 50 planets 248, 252, 253 259, 266, 267, 268, 271, 273, A.U. see astronomical unit stars 261, 264, 273, 274, 281 274, 279, 283, 338n., 340n., aureole binocular vision 300 341n. Buddha’s 134 Blake, R. see Sekuler, R. see also Brahe, T., Copernicus, corona 128–30 Black, D.M. 331n. N., Danjon A., Flammarion, defined 306 black 14, 306, 307 346 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521809258 - Out of the Blue: A 24-Hour Skywatcher’s Guide John Naylor Index More information INDEX black hole 260, 272, 307 magnitude system 266–7, 311 celestial sphere section 8.3, Blackwell, D.E. 343n. meteor 288 defined 306 blue 7; see also airlight, sky planets 240, 247, 249, 251, Centauri system 245 colour 254, 256, 339n. Ceres 243, 248; see also asteroids blue flash 85 polarisation 20, 25, 26, 75 Charon 174 blue moonlight 196 rainbows 94, 102, 114, 115, Cherrington, E. 337n. Blue Mountains 14 117, 120, 122, 126, 330n. China and Chinese Blue Moon 14, section 9.11, stars 169, 260, 262, section blue sun 199 337n. 12.3, 269, 273, 340n. glory 134 Blue Ridges 12 shadows 34, 44, 46 mirage 53 blue shadows 37, 39, 46 sky 6, 11, 72; see also colour records of halos 138 blue smoke 14 Sun 64, 82, 84 Churma, M.E. 322n. blue Sun 199 telescope 273 di Ciccio, D. 337n. Bobrovnikoff, N. 339n., 341n. visual range 18 circumpolar 306 Bohren, C.F. 316n., 319n., 321n., zodiacal light 299 circumpolar planets 339n. 324n., 326n., 327n., 330n., Brill, D. see Falk, D. circumpolar stars 281 336n., 337n., 340n., Fraser, British Astronomical circumscribed halo 144, 156 A.B. 320n., 321n. Association 210, 319n. circular rainbow 99–101 bolides 289 see meteoroid British Isles circumzenithal arc section 7.7 Bone, N. 342n. aurorae 297 cirrus Books, C.F. 328n., 330n. superior mirages 62 circumzenithal arc 150 Botley, C.M. 326n., 337n. British Meteorological Society defined 304 Bouguer, P. (1698–1758) 331n. 329n. halo 136 Bourriau, J. see Lamb, T. Brody, B. 343n. parhelia 146 Bowen, K.P. 341n. Brook, C.L. on lunar rainbow sunset 75 Boyer, C.B. 326n. 103, 327n. civil twilight 65, 78 Brahe, Tycho (1546–1601) 282, Brown, G.C., Hawkesworth C.J. cloud 336n. and Wilson, R.C.L. 336n. altitude 305 Brain, J.P. 331n., 332n. Bryant, H.C. and Jarmie, N. cloudbows 106, 111 Brewer, S.G. 337n. 331n. colour 17, 73–5, 199, 230 Brewster angle Buddha’s Aureole 134 coronae 128–30 polarisation 25, 123 Bull, G.A. 337n. crepuscular rays 46, 77–8, 79 water 321n. cumulonimbus 305 Brewster, Sir David (1781–1868) calendar 161, 171, 198, 200, 233 cumulus 48 98, 99, 327n. Callisto 248 coronae 129 brightness Canada defined 136, 304 apparent 261, 262, 267 aurora 297 eclipse 223, 230 artificial lights 193 forest fires and blue suns 199 glory 133–5 clouds 127 Cancer 279, 342n. halos 136, 139, 141, 146, 147, comets 285 candle flames 150 crepuscular rays 46, 77 shadows cast by 29, 39 interstellar gas 160, 240, 242, defined 306 sources of light 20, 33 260, 263 eclipse 230, 269, 276 Capricorn 342n. iridescence 128, 132, 328n., eyesight 87, 196 Cassiopaeia 281 330n. glory 134 Cavallin, C. see Mattson, J.O. lenticular 128 heiligenschein 39 Celsius, Anders (1701–1744) Moon mistaken for 185 intrinsic 261, 262, 267, 269 328n. nacreous 132 Moon 42, 185, 187, 188–93, celestial equator 164–8 nimbostratus 305 216 constellation 279 polarised light 22, 27 lunar eclipse 238, 239, 270, defined 306 primer 304–5 336n. Moon 187, 201, 204, 205 rainbows 108, 117, 119, 124 Mach bands 36 Sun 168, 201, 280 shadows 33, 48, section 2.8 347 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521809258 - Out of the Blue: A 24-Hour Skywatcher’s Guide John Naylor Index More information INDEX cloud (cont.) meteors 287, 291 Pisces (the Fish) 205, 279, 280, stratocumulus 305 number 243, 283 299, 342n. sunset/sunrise 67, 73, 75, orbits 243, 285–6 Sagittarius (the Archer), 263, section 4.3 origin 283 279, 342n. scattering 199 short period comets 286–7 Scorpius (the Scorpion), 279, Venus 253 size 283 342n. visual range 19 tail 284–5, 291 Taurus (the Bull), 342n. Coal Sack nebula 281 visibility 283, 284, 285 Virgo (the Virgin), 205, 279, cobweb horizontal rainbow 109 zodiacal light 297 342n.