A DISTINCT VOICE Medieval Studies in Honor of Leonard E

A DISTINCT VOICE Medieval Studies in Honor of Leonard E. Boyle, O.P.

Edited by Jacqueline Brown and William P. Stoneman

University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana

The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors

Jacqueline Brown

N1501, when Jean Chappuis completed the editio princeps of what would Ibecome known as the Corpus iuris canonici, he saw into print five texts whose contents had long been established, either by tradition (Gratian's Decre- tum, the Extravagantes Johannis XXIII or by papal decree (the Dectetales Gregorii IX, Boniface VIII's Libet sextus, the Constitutiones Clemetitinaes. But the sixth and last part of his edition was a novelty: the title, Extravagantes communes, was of Chappuis's own devising, and the contents, sixty-eight papal letters I ranging in date from the pontificate of Boniface VIII (1294-13031 to that of Sixtus IV 11471-841,2were of his own choosing. There were precedents in print for Chappuis's Communes, but it is striking how far he departed from them. Earlier printers and editors of the Sext and Clementines had included extravagantes at the end of those works, sometimes only one, sometimes as many as thirty-seven. In 1503, when Chappuis brought out his revised, and definitive, version of the Communes, it contained seventy-three papal decrees, double the highest number available in other printed editionsr' The manuscript precedents for Chappuis's Extravagantes communes are both more numerous and more varied than those in printed form. Even so, like the printed texts, none of the extant manuscript collections of late-medieval extravagantes provides even an approximate exemplar of Chappuis's work. And since it was Chappuis's selection of material that served as the Corpus iutis canonici of the Catholic Church from the sixteenth until the early twen- tieth century, the actual extravagantes communes of the later Middle Ages have largely been lost to view. This article will survey the manuscript and printed precedents of the Extravagatites communes in order to highlight what has been obscured by the success of Chappuis's work and to understand better what Chappuis himself hoped to achieve.

Manuscript Collections of Late-Medieval Extravagantes

Extravagantes-laws "wandering outside" the established collections of canon law-are often found in manuscripts with the Liber sextus or the Con-

373 374 JACQUELINE BROWN

stitutiones Clementinae (or both], they are also found in miscellanies and on their own. Hundreds of such manuscripts survive from the Middle Ages, and, in the nature of manuscripts, no two of them are exactly alike. That their contents should be ever-changing is a common feature of medieval collections, as other researchers have shown about miscellanies and other derivative texts; 4 and so it is not surprising to find scribes adding and subtracting extravagantes, rearranging them, adding their own summaries or adapting the ones found in their sources. I have singled out for attention in this essay only the most gen- eral aspects of the manuscript transmission in order to show which papal decrees were most often copied in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and were thus made easily available to canon lawyers, scholars, and ecclesiastical officialsf Some limitations in this survey should be mentioned. For reasons of space, manuscripts with only a few extravagantes and, conversely, extravagantes that turn up in very few manuscripts have not usually been cited. Also, there inevitably remain many manuscripts that I have not yet had the opportunity to examine/' I expect, though, that while the counts reported in Tables 1-5 cannot claim to be definitive, the picture given in Table 8 of the over- all distribution of extravagantes-that is, which ones are commonly found in manuscripts and which ones are rare-will probably not change signifi- cantly with further research. Lastly, while most of the manuscripts mentioned below predate the 1470s, when collections of extravagantes first began to be printed, some of the later manuscripts may be based on printed sources, as, for example, is certainly the case with the six extravagantes (the sixth unfinished) copied on fols. 77r-BOr of Vatican Library, MS Vat.lat. 12102. The six corre- spond in sequence and headings to the first six in a list of twenty-nine extravagantes found on fol. 49r-v of the same manuscript; those twenty-nine, in turn, are described as having been printed in Venice on 1 January 1480 at the end of a copy of the Constitutiones Clementinae/ The six extravagantes found later in the manuscript have the date of the edition in the top margin, making the connection unmistakable.

1. The Extravagantes Bonifatii VIII

Although the title is misleading-the contents are not limited to decrees issued by Boniface VIII-it is found in manuscripts and so I retain it here. This and the two following collections have a feature in common: each came into existence in conjunction with a commentary. In this first instance the commentary is the work of Johannes Monachus-known as lithe Cardinal" from his ecclesiastical rank-who had previously glossed the Libet sextus. The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 375

As R. M. Johannessen has recently demonstrated, the Cardinal's glosses on extravagantes were released in four stages between 1301 and 1307: (I) De- testandae, Antiquorum, and Super cathedram. (2) Excommunicamus, Pro- vide, Debent, and Iniunctae (all of the preceding extravagantes issued by Boniface VIII); (3) Unam sanctam, Rem non novam, Dudum bonae, Inter cunctas, Ex eo, Si teligiosus, Quod olitn, Piae, and Sancta Romana ecclesia (the first two and last two issued by Boniface, the rest by his successor, Benedict XI); (4) Pastotalis, Dudum Boniiatius, Meruit, and Quia nonmilli (all issued by Benedict's successor, Clement VJ.8 The Cardinal's choices proved to he popular: the decrees are commonly found in medieval manuscripts, often with his commentary but often grouped together even in its absence. The following manuscripts-and undoubtedly others than I have not yet had the opportunity to examine-contain the entire Extravagantes Bonifatii VIII in the order outlined above:

Admont, Stiftsbihliothek, 603, fols. 134r-143v; Chantilly, Musee Conde, 217, fols. 19Sv-208v; Krak6w, Biblioteka Jagielloiiska,333 ,fols.16 7v-182 v, Krak6w, Biblioteka Iagielloriska, 1288, fols. 137v-149v; London, British Library, RoyallO.E.l, fols. 204v-217v; London, Lambeth Palace Library, 13, fols. 353r-367v; Saint-Omer, Bibliotheque municipale, 458, fols. 81v-96v.

Far more frequently we find manuscripts that preserve only portions of the collection, reflecting the stages in which the Cardinal's glosses were published. For example, Angers, Bibliotheque municipale, 391, fols. 107r- 122v, and Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 329, fols. 129r-144v, contain the first sixteen decrees, with glosses, hut omit the final four issued by ClementV. In other manuscripts the relationship of the contents to the Extravagantes Bonifatii VIII is harder to detect. Amiens, Bibliotheque municipale, 376, fols. 87r-llOv, omits Super cathedram, Rem non novam, Dudum Bonifatius, and Pastoralis and gives the other sixteen in a completely different order from that given above: Sancta Romana ecclesia, Iniunctae, Debent, Unam sanctam, Piae, Detestatidae, Antiquorum. Excommunicamus, Provide, Si teligiosus, Quod olim, Dudum Bonifatius, Ex eo, Inter cunctas, Quia nonmilli. and Me- ruit. Possibly the compiler of the collection in this manuscript had his own independent access to original papal documents, hut given the presence of the Cardinal's gloss, it is more likely that the compiler, or a predecessor, copied the material of interest to him, in the order that he preferred, from a copy of the Extravagantes Bonifatii VIII. 376 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 1 Manuscripts Containing One or More of the Extravagantes Bonifatii VIII

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Admont StiftsB 603 X X X X X X X Amiens BM 376 X X X X X X Angers BM 391 X X X X X X X Arezzo B. della Cittä 345 X X X Arras BM 610 X X X· X X X Arras BM 793 X· X X· X X X· Aschaffenburg StiftsB Pap. 10 X X X X2 X X2 Avignon M. Calvet 1702 X Avranches BM 154 X Basel UB C.V.19 X X X X Berlin SPK lat. fol. 212 X X X X X X Berlin SPK lat. quo 209 X X X Bologna Coll. di Spagna 276 X X -• X X X X Brussels BR 8018-26 X* Cambridge CCC 450 X X X Cambridge Cony. & Caius 257 X X X X Cambridge Harv. Law Sch. 65 X X X X X X X Chantilly M. Conde 217 X X X X X X X Epinal BM 106 X X X Florence Laur. Aedili 45 Frankfurt a.M. S-UB Barth. 29 X Graz UB 49 X X X X X X Hannover LB 11282 X X X X X X Hereford Cath. P.VIII.3 X2 X X X X X Kassel LB 2° iur. 13 X X X X X X X Krak6w BJ323 X X X X X X Krak6w BJ 333 X X X X X X X Krak6w BJ 1288 X X X· X X X X Leipzig UB 980 X X X X X X Leipzig UB 1041 X X X X X X London BL Burney 354 X London BL RoyallO.E.l X X X X X X X London Lambeth 13 X X X X X X X London Lambeth 171 X X X X X X X London Ray. Call. Phy. 410 X X X X X X X The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 377

Table 1 (continued)

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X* X2 X X X X X X* X· X· X X X· X· X· X· X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X2 X2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X2• X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X· X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X· X 378 TACQUELINE BROWN

Table 1 {continued!

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lucca B. Capit. 144 X X X Lucca B. Capit. 294 Madrid BN 584 X Mainz SB I 463 X X X X X X Melk StiftsB 1879 X X X X X X Milan Ambros. 1.83 sup. X X X X X· X·2 Munich Clm 329 X X X X X X X Munich Clm 16186 X X X X X X New Haven Beinecke J C 28 no. 2 X X X X X X New York Hispanic Soc. B.2565 X X X X X X X Nuremberg SBCent. 11,60 X X X Oxford Bodl. Add. D.33 X X X X X X X· Oxford Bodl. Can. Pat. lat. 207 X X X X X X2• Oxford Bodl.lat. mise. b.20/1-2 X Oxford New ColI. 182 X X X X X X Padua B. Capit. A.25 X X X X X X Paris Mazarine 1301 X X X X X X X Paris Mazarine 1302 X X X X X X X Paris BN lat. 4046 Paris BN lat. 4095 Paris BN lat. 4119 X X X X X X X Paris BN lat. 4135 X X X X X X Paris BN lat. 14329 X X X X X X X Paris BN lat. 14362 X Paris BN lat. 14616 X X· X X Poznan A. Archid. 9 X X X X X X X Reims BM 743 X X X Rome Casanatense 419 X X X X X X·2 Rouen BM E.12 X X X X X X Saint-Die BM 67 X Saint-Omer BM 458 X X X X X X X Salamanca BU 2550 X X -• X X Schlägl StiftsB 137 X X X X X X Stuttgart LB HB VI 61 X X X X X X Toledo Catedral 8-1 X X X X X X X Toledo Catedral 8-3 X X X X2 X X The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 379

Table 1 (continued)

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X2 X X X2 X2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X2 X X X X X X X X X* X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X* X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X* X* X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X*2 - X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X2 X X X X X 380 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 1 (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Toledo Catedral 24-14 X Valenciennes BM 282 X X X X X Vatican Barb.lat. 1287 X X X X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 1171 X X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 1397 X X X X X X Vatican Vat.lat. 1404 X X X X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 3978 X X X X X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 3982 X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 6055 Vatican Vat.lat. 12570 X X -• X X X X Vatican Vat.lat. 12571 X X X X X X Vatican Vat.lat. 12572 X X X X X· X·2 Vienna ÖNB 5117 X X X X X X Wolfenbüttel HAB Helmst. 288 Wolfenbüttel HAB Helmst. 311 X X

TOTAL 69 66 29 60 73 60 64

1- Detestandae 11- Inter cunctas 2 - Antiquorum 12- Ex eo 3 - Super cathedram 13- Si religiosus 4 - Excommunicamus 14- Quod olim 5 - Provide 15- Piae 6 «Debent 16 - Sancta Romana ecclesia 7 - Iniunctae 17- Pastoralis 8 - Unam sanctam 18- Dudum Boniiatius 9 - Rem non novam 19 - Meruit 10 - Dudum bonae 20 - Quia nonnulli

What, then, of the many other manuscripts that overlap at least in part with the Extravagantes Bonifatii VIII but that give the decrees they have in common in a different order, often with other extravagantes interspersed among them, and without glosses? These must be studied on a case-by-case basis; close textual study will probably reveal, in at least some instances, an affiliation with the Extravagantes Bonifatii VIII (an example of this sort of textual study will be discussed below in the case of the Constitutiones Johannis XX/I). For the purposes of this essay, however, I am concerned primarily with documenting the extravagantes that commonly circulated in the later Middle Ages; the intricacies of their transmission can be left for another study. Table The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 381

Table 1 (continued)

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 x x x x

x X X X X X X X X X X X X· X X2 X2 X X X X X2 X X· X2 X2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

62 55 41 42 59 59 42 50 47 27 12 55 34 Rem non novam, Ex eo, Si religiosus, and Meruit (nos. 9, 12, 13, and 19)are also found with other extravagames, see Table 3 for additional manuscripts with these decrees. X· - defective, incomplete, or abbreviated copy. _. - a collection of extravagantes contains a cross-reference to the copy of Super cathedram in Clem. 3.7.2 and, in some instances, the opening lines of the text. X2 _ contains two copies of the extravagans. X2• _ contains two copies of the extravagans, one of which is defective, incomplete, or abbreviated. X·2 _ contains two copies of the extravagans, each of which is defective, incomplete, or abbreviated.

1 lists the twenty decrees of the Extravagantes Bonifatii VIII and the manuscripts in which I have found one or more of them; no doubt many more such manuscripts remain to be discovered.?

2. The Clementine Appendix

In 1319 William of Mont Lauzun, a professor of law at the University of Toulouse, completed a commentary on the newest official collection of canon law, the Constitutiones Clementinae, issued by John XXII on 1 November 1317. In the weeks immediately before and after its publication John had issued three major new decrees: Suscepti tegimitiis, Sedes apostolica, and Exe- 382 JACQUELlNE BROWN

Table 2 Manuscripts with the Constitutiones Clementinae Followed by Suscepti regiminis, Sedes apostolica, or Execrabilis

Suscepti Sedes Execrabilis

Admont StiftsB 8 X Angers BM 3911 X X X Aschaffenburg StiftsB Perg. 141 X X X Avranches BM 154 X Bamberg SB Can. 28 X Bamberg SB Can. 291 X X X Barcelona ACA Ripollll X X Barcelona ACA Ripoll 431 X X X BeauneBM31 X Beaune BM 50 X Berlin SPK lat. quo 190 X X X Besancon BM 4641 X X X Bologna BU 2269 X Brussels BR 2055 X Cambrai BM 675 X X X Cambridge Gonville &. Caius 253 X X Cambridge Gonville &. Caius 269 X X Cambridge Gonville &. Caius 311 X X X Cambridge Peterhouse 65 X X X Cremona BS 241 X X X Darmstadt LB 21991 X Douai BM 609 X X X Dresden LB k 61 X Durham Chapter Lib. B.IV.4l X X Durham UL Cosin V.III.3 X X Erfurt AllgemeinB CA 20 144 X X Florence Laur. Aedili 91 X Frankfurt a.M. S-UB Barth. 13 X X X Frankfurt a.M. S-UB Barth. 27 X X X Frankfurt a.M. S-UB Barth. 291 X X Fulda LB D 151 X X X Gniezno BKatedralna 34 X X Gniezno BKatedralna 36 X X GrazUB 41 X Grenoble BM 46 Reserve! X Hereford Cath. O.IV.21 X X X The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 383

Table 2 (continued)

Suscepti Sedes Execrabilis

Hereford Cath. O.VIII.S X X X Hereford Cath. P.VI.7 X X Kaliningrad UL 251 X X X Kaliningrad UL 311,2 X X X Kaliningrad UL 174 X Kassel LB 20 iur. 152 X Kassel LB 40 iur. 33 X X X Klosterneuburg StiftsB 10421 X Krak6w BJ3291 X X X LaonBM382 X Leipzig UB 980 X Lisbon BN Alcobaca 2162 X X London BL Arundel 1441 X X X London BL Arundel 4811 X London BL Burney 354 X X London BL Harley 3746 X X X London BL Royal 11.C.XI3 X X X Lueea B. Capit. 236 X Lucca B. Capit. 284 X X Madrid BN 1146 X Marburg UB 351 X X Melk StiftsB 1879 X Milan Ambros. H.134 inf, X Munich Clm 6566 X X Munich Clm 74691 X X X Naples BN XII.A.3 X Naples BN XII.A.8 X New York Columbia Smith Western 18 X New York Pierpont Morgan 9021 X Nuremberg SB Cent. I, 21 X Nuremberg SB Cent. I, 22 X Nuremberg SB Cent. I, 23 X Nuremberg SB Cent. 11,44 X Olomoue Stätni Archiv C.O.1931 X Oxford Bodl.lat. mise. b.20/1-21 X* X X Oxford CCC 70 X X X Oxford Exeter 171 X X 384 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 2 (continued)

Suscepti Sedes Execrabilis

Oxford New Call. 180 X X X Oxford New Call. 181 X X Oxford New Call. 183 X X X Oxford New Call. 2021 X X X Oxford New Coil. 341 X X Padua B. Capit. A.3 X Padua B. Capit. A.25 X Paris BN lat. 4096 (I) X X X Paris BN lat. 4096 (11) X X X Paris BN lat. 4100 X X X Paris BN lat. 41014 X X X Paris BN lat. 4104A X Paris BN lat. 14329 X X X Parma BP Pal. 95 X Prague UK III.C.1S1 X X Prague UK IV.D.3 X X Rauen BM £.12 X Rauen BM £.421 X 1 Saint-Die BM 67 X X Saint-Omer BM 458 X X X Salisbury Cath. 31 X X X Schlägl StiftsB 141 X 2 Siena BC H.III.2 X X X Siena BC H.III.31 X X X Toledo Catedral 4-17 X Toledo Catedral4-18 X Toruri BGlowna 36 X X X Troyes Archives de l'Aube G.23341 X X X Troyes BM 1718 X X X Vatican Arch. S. Pietro A.38 X Vatican Borgh. 285 X X X Vatican Chigi £.VIII.242 X 5 Vatican Ross. 565 X· X X Vatican Vat.lat. 13981 X X Vatican Vat.lat. 1402 X Vatican Vat. lat. 2500 X Vatican Vat. lat. 2505 X The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 385

Table 2 (continued)

Suscepti Sedes Execrabilis Vatican Vat. lat. 5929 x Vatican Vat. lat. 6055 X Venice Marciana lat. Z.186 X Venice Marciana lat. Z.187 X Venice Marciana lat. IV.IS X Venice Marciana lat. IV.17l,2 X X Vienna ÖNB 49S X X X Vienna ÖNB 2047 X Vienna ÖNB 20911 X Vienna ÖNB 2092 X Worcester Chapter Lib. F.168 x x X Wrodaw BU II.F.29 X

TOTAL 72 47 116

JOne or more other extravagantes are also found in this part of the manuscript. 1'he extravagantes precede the Clementines in this manuscript. 3Sext. 5.12.3 is copied with the extravagantes. 4rhe extravagantes are separated from the text of the Clementines by William of Mont Lauzun's apparatus. ' sThe scribe who copied the Clementines copied these extravagantes plus Clem. 5.11.2 in a separate section of the manuscript.

crabilis, and William added commentaries on those three to his apparatus on the Clememinesl'' William may have been acknowledging the existence of a already well-established package of texts, since the scribe of the oldest extant manuscript of the Constitutiones Clemetuitiae, 'Iorun, Biblioteka Glowna, 36, completed on 24 July 1318, copied these three extravagantes at the end of his copy of the text. I I There is, however, no uniformity in the transmission of the Cle- mentines. A substantial number (132) of the surviving manuscripts contain no extravagantes at all; of 168 manuscripts that do, the extravagantes mayor may not be in the same hand as the Clementines; they are not necessarily found immediately following the Clementines; and there may be other extravagantes in addition to-or, more rarely, in place of-the ones glossed by William. 12 These variations notwithstanding, it remains true that these three extravagantes, especially Execrabilis, frequently circulated as an appendix to the Clementines and that this was a common way for them to become known 386 JACQUELINE BROWN

to ecclesiastical officials and lawyers. Table 2lists those copies of the Consti- tutiones Clementinae currently known to me that include at the end one or more of the three extravagantes. Many of these manuscripts also include larger collections of extravagantes and will be noted again below.

3. The Extravagantes Johannis XXII

In 1325 Jesselin de Cassagnes, formerly professor of canon and civil law at Montpellier and currently attached to the household of Cardinal Amaud de Via, completed a commentary on twenty decrees that had been issued over the preceding nine years by Pope John XXII. The twenty include the three already glossed by William of Mont Lauzun, another indication of the interest taken in those particular extravagantes:

Ad onus Ecc1esiae Romanae Quia in [ututotum Dierum crescente Cum ad sacrosanctae Ad apostolatus nostri Copiosus Quia nonnunquam Si fratrum Prodiens Ouonindam exigit Ad nostri apostolatus Suscepti regiminis Antiquae concettationi Sedes apostolica Ad conditorem canonum Execrabilis Cum inter nonnullos Sancta Romana atque Quia quotundam mentes.

The collection survives in thirty-two manuscripts (and its individual components in many more: see Table 31:

Amiens, Bibliotheque municipale, 376, fols. 27r-39v; Arras, Bibliotheque municipale, 570, fols. 33r-78v (some folios have been lost); Autun, Bibliotheque municipale, 110, fols. lr-55r; Basel, Öffentliche Bibliothek der Universität, B.VII.12, front and back pastedowns and back flyleaf (fragments only); Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Hamilton 181, fols. 66r-llOv; Copenhagen, Kongelike Bibliotek, GI. kgl, S. 198, 2°, Part C, fols. lr-46v; Douai, Bibliotheque municipale, 636, fols. lr-38r; Frankfurt am Main, Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek, Barth. 22, fols. 86v-90r (missing Execrabilis); The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 387

Table 3 Manuscripts Containing One or More of the Extravagantes or Constitutiones JohannisXXII

The numbers in the top row give the sequence of the decrees in the Constitutiones Johannis XXII. with the addition of a fifty-second decree, Ad nostri apostolatus, from the Extravagan- tes Johannis XXll in order to show the circulation of all the decrees in that collection as well.

1 - Cum ad sacrosanctae 27 - Dignum arbitrantes 2 - Nuper certis-obtinenda 28 - Ad apostolatus nostri 3/39 - Nuper ex certis-allegare 29 - Vas electionis doctor 4 - Si [rattum 30 - Ex debito 5 - Etsi temporalium 31 - Quia nonnunquam 6 - Super gentes 32 - Antiquae concertationi 7 - Quia in futurorum 33 - Cum inter nonnullos 8 - Copiosus 34 - Ad conditorem canonum 9 - Sedes apostolica 35 - Si religiosus 10 - Suscepti regiminis 36 - Meruit 11 - Execrabilis 37 - Rem non novam 12 - Declaratio on Execrabilis 38 - Prodiens 13 - Dat vivendi 40 - Salvator noster 14 - Ad onus 41 - Romanus pontifex 15 Ut quos virtutis 42 - Nuper ex cettis-et c. 16 - Dispendiis 43 - Ad universalis 17 - Malitiis [lohn XXII) 18 - Ut prelatorum 44 - Docta sanctorum 19 - Etsi deceat 45 - Adnostrum 20 - Sancta Romana atque 46 - Exeo 21 - Dierum crescente 47 - Quia quorundam mentes 22 - Quorundam exigit 48 - In delictorum 23 - Postulasti 49 - Spondent 24 - Ecc1esiaeRomanae 50 - Ratio recta 25 - Cum nonnullae-haberi 51 - Cum Matthaeus 26 - Cum nonnullae-inc1udi 52 - Ad nostri apostolatus

See Table 1 for additional manuscripts with Si teligiosus, Meruit, Rem non novam, and Ex eo and Table 2 for additional manuscripts with Suscepti regiminis, Sedes apostolica, and Exe- ctabilis, those manuscripts are listed here only when they contain other extravagantes in common with the Constitutiones Johannis XXII.

X· - defective, incomplete, or abbreviated copy. X2 _ contains two copies of the extravagans. Xl. _ contains two copies of the extravagans, one of which is defective, incomplete, or abbreviated. X·2 _ contains two copies of the extravagans, each of which is defective, incomplete, or abbreviated. XB _ Benedict XII's version of Ratio recta, which is nearly identical with John XXII's. In Vi- enna 5117 the text has been corrected to turn it into the Iohannine version. XB2 _ the manuscript has both versions of Ratio recta. 388 JACQUELlNE BROWN

Table3 (continued)

1 2 3/39 4 5 6 7 8 9

Admont StiftsB 603 X X X X X Amiens BM 376 X X X X X X X Angers BM 391 X Arezzo B. della Citta 345 X X Arras BM 570 X X* - X X X Arras BM 610 X Aschaffenburgy StiftsB Pap. 10 X X X X X Aschaffenburg StiftsB Perg. 14 X AutunBM 110 X X X X X Avignon M. Calvet 1702 Avranches BM 154 X Bamberg SBCan. 29 X Basel UB C.V.19 Berlin DSB Hamilton 181 X X X X X Berlin SPK lat. fo1.212 X X X X X Berlin SPK lat. quo 209 Berlin SPK lat. quo 350 X X X X X X X Bologna BU 1867 Bologna CoIl. di Spagna 276 X X X X X X X X X Brugge SB 366 X X X X Brussels BR 8018-26 X Cambridge CCC 450 Cambridge G&.C 257 Cambridge UL Ii.3.7 Cambridge Harv. Law Sch. 65 X Copenhagen KB 198, 2° X X X X X Darmstadt LB 2199 X X X Douai BM 636 X X X X X Dublin TC 350 Epinal BM 106 X X X2* X X X X X X Fermo BC 77 Florence Laur. Aedili 45 X X Florence Laur. Gaddi 156 X Florence Laur. Plut. 31 sin. 3 Frankfurt a.M. S-UB Barth. 22 X X X X X Frankfurt a.M. S-UB Barth. 29 X The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 389

Table3 (continued)

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 211 22 23 24 25 26 X X X X XA X X X X X2* X* X X X* X X X X XA X X X2 X X X X X X* X* - X X* XA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XA X X

X X X X X X X X X X X XA X X X X X X* X X XA X X X X X X X X X X* X X X* X X X X XF X X X

X X X X X X X* X X X X XF X X X X X X X* - X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X* X

X X X X XA X X

X X X X X X* X X X X XF X X X X X X X X X X X X X* - X X X XA X X X X 390 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 3 (continued)

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Admont StiftsB 603 X X X X X* X Amiens BM 376 X X X X X X X X X Angers BM 391 X Arezzo B. dell a Cittä 345 X X X X Arras BM570 X X* X X* X* - Arras BM 610 Aschaffenburg StiftsB Pap. 10 X X X X X Aschaffenburg StiftsB Perg. 14 X AutunBM 110 X X X X X Avignon M. Calvet 1702 X X X Avranches BM 154 X X Bamberg SB Can. 29 Basel UB C.V.19 X X Berlin DSB Hamilton 181 X X X X X X Berlin SPK lat. fo1.212 X X X X X X Berlin SPK lat. quo 209 X Berlin SPK lat. quo 350 X X X X X X X X Bologna BU 1867 X X Bologna CoIl. di Spagna 276 X X X X X X X X X Brugge SB 366 X X X Brussels BR 8018-26 X X X X X Cambridge CCC 450 Cambridge G&C 257 X Cambridge UL Ii.3.7 X X X Cambridge Harv. Law Sch. 65 X Copenhagen KB 198,2° X X X X X Darmstadt LB 2199 Douai BM 636 X X X X X X Dublin TC 350 X X X X Epinal BM 106 X X X2* X X X2 X X X Fermo BC 77 X Florence Laur. Aedili 45 X Florence Laur. Gaddi 156 X X Florence Laur. Plut. 31 sin. 3 X X X Frankfurt a.M. S-UB Barth. 22 X X X X X Frankfurt a.M. S-UB Barth. 29 X X X The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 391

Table 3 (continued)

36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X* - X X X X* - X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X XB - X XB - X X X X X X X* - X X X X2* X X2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X* - X X X 392 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 3 (continued)

1 2 3{39 4 5 6 7 8 9

Graz UB 49 X 2 Grenoble BM 37 X X X X X X X X X Hannover LBIl 282 X X X X X X X X Hereford Cath. P.VIII.3 X X X X X Klosterneuburg StiftsB 204 Krak6w BJ323 X X X X X X X 2 Krak6w BJ333 X X X X X X X X X Krak6w BJ 1288 X X X X X X X X X Kues StiftsB 252 X X X X X Leipzig UB 980 Leipzig UB 1041 X X X X X X X X 2 London BL Add. 24979 X X X X X X X X X London BL Arundel481 London BL Burney 354 London BL Royal 7.E.X London Lambeth 171 Lucca B. Capit. 144 Lucca B. Capit. 294 X X X X X X X X X Madrid BN 393 X X X* - 2 Madrid BN 584 X X X X X X X X X Mainz SB I 463 X X X X X* - X X· Melk StiftsB 9 Melk StiftsB 1879 MetzBM31 X X X X X 2 Milan Ambras. 1.83 sup. X X X X • X X X X X* Munich Clm 7469 X Munich Clm 16186 X X X X X X X Naples BN XII.A. 7 X X X X X 2 Naples BN XII.A.14 X X X X X New Haven Beinecke J C 28 no. 2 - X New York Hispanic Soc. B.2565 X X Nuremberg SB Cent. Il, 46 X X X X X Nuremberg SB Cent. Il, 60 X Ottobeuren StiftsB 0.64 X X X X X X X X Oxford Bodl. Bodl. 247 X X X X X X 2 Oxford Bodl. Can. Pat. lat. 207 X X X X * X X X X X* The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 393

Table3 !continued)

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 211 22 23 24 25 26 x X X X X X X X X· X X X X XF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XA X X X X X X X X XA X X X· - X X X X X X· X X X X X X X X X X2* X X X X· X X X X X X X X X X X X X· X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X· X X X X XA X X X X X X X X X X X X· X X X X XF X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X· X X X· X X X X XA X X X X X X XA• X· - X X X X X X X· X X X X XF X X X X X X· X X X X X· X X X X XF X X X X X X· - X· - X X X X X X X XA X X A X· X· X X X X X X X X* X X X2• X· - X X X X X X X X X· X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X· X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X2 X X X X X* X X X* X X X X X X X X· X X* X· X X X X X X X 394 TACQUELINE BROWN

Table 3 (continued)

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Graz UB 49 X Grenoble BM 37 X X X X X2* X X X Hannover LB Il 282 X X X X X X X X X Hereford Cath. P.VIII.3 X X X X X Klosterneuburg StiftsB 204 Krak6w BJ323 X X X X X X X X X2 Krak6w BJ333 X X X X X X X X Krak6w BJ 1288 X X X X X X X X Kues StiftsB 252 X X X X X X Leipzig UB 980 X X X Leipzig UB 1041 X X X X X X X X London BL Add. 24979 X X X X X X X X X London BL Arunde1481 X X London BL Burney 354 London BL Royal 7.E.X X X X X London Lambeth 171 X Lucca B. Capit. 144 Lucca B. Capit. 294 X X X X X X X X X Madrid BN 393 X X X X X X Madrid BN 584 X X X X X X X X X Mainz SB I 463 X X X X X X X X X Melk StiftsB 9 X Melk StiftsB 1879 X MetzBM31 X X X X X X X Milan Ambros. 1.83 sup. X X X* X X X X X* X Munich Clm 7469 X Munich Clm 16186 X X X X X2 X X X2 Naples BN XII.A. 7 X X X X X X Naples BN XII.A.14 X X X X X X X X X New Haven Beinecke J C 28 no. 2 - X New York Hispanic Soc. B.2565 Nuremberg SB Cent. Il, 46 X X X X X Nuremberg SB Cent. Il, 60 Ottobeuren StiftsB 0.64 X X X X X X Oxford Bod!. Bodl. 247 X X X X X X X Oxford Bodl. Can. Pat. lat. 207 X X X X X X X X* X The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 395

Table 3 (continued)

36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

X X X X X X X X* X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XB - X X X X X2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XB X X X X X X X X X X X X2* X X X XB X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XB X X X X X X* X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X* X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X* X X X X X X2 X X X XB2 X X

X X X X X X2* _ X X X X X X X"

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X* X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X2 .. X X X X X X X X* 396 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 3 (continued)

1 2 3/39 4 5 6 7 8 9

Oxford Bodl. lat. mise. b.20jl-2 X X X X X Oxford New ColI. 182 X X Padua B. Capit. A.25 X X X X X Paris BN lat. 4046 Paris BN lat. 4078 X Paris BN lat. 4095 X X X X Paris BN lat. 4117 X X X X X Paris BN lat. 4119 X X X X X Xl X X X Paris BN lat. 4135 X Paris BN lat. 14329 X X X X Xl Paris BN lat. 14331 X X X X X Paris BN lat.14362 X X X2 X X X X X X Paris BN lat. 14616 X X X X X Paris BN nouv. acq.lat. 2657 X· X· - Prague SK V.D.lO Reims BM 743 X X X2 X X2• Xl X2 X X2 Rome Casanatense 419 X X X X2• X X X X X· Rouen BM E.12 X X X X X X X Saint-Die BM 67 Saint-Omer BM 458 X X X X X X X X X2 Salamanca BU 2550 X X X X X X X X Schlägl StiftsB 137 X X X X X X X X X Stuttgart LB HB VI 61 X X X X X Toledo Catedral4-17 X X X X X Toledo Catedral8-1 X X X X X X2 X X X Toledo Catedral 8-3 X X X2 X X X X X X 2 Toledo Catedra124-14 X X X X X X X X X Troyes Archives G 2334 X Troyes BM 856 X X Valenciennes BM 266 X X X X X Vatican Barb. lat. 1287 X X Vatican Ross. 565 X X X X X2 Vatican Vat. lat. 1171 X X X X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 1397 X X X X X X X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 1398 Vatican Vat. lat. 1404 X X X X X X X X X The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 397

Table 3 (continued)

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 211 22 23 24 25 26 X· X x X X X X X X· - X X 2 A X X - X X X X X X X X X X2•- X X· X X X X X X X X X XF X X X X X X X X X· X X X X XF X X X X X X X F X2• X2 X X· X2 X X· X X X X X X· - X X X X X X XA X X X X X X X X X· X X X X XF X X X X X X X X X X XA X X X X· - X* -

X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 X2 XF2 X*2 _ X· X X X X X X X* - X X2*X* - X X2 X X· X· X X X X X X X X X X X2 X2 X X· X X X· X X X X XA X X X X X X X· X X· X X X X XF X X X X X X X2•X X X X· X X X X XA X X X X X X X XA X X 2 A X X - X X X X X X X X2 X X X X* X X X X XF X X X X X X X X X X X X· X X X X XF X X X X X X X X X X X X· X X X X XF X X X X X X X X X X X· X X X· X X X X XF X X X X X XA X X X X X X X* X X X X* X X X· X X X X X X X X X X X* X X X X X X X XA X X X2 X X X X X· - X X X X X X X· X X X X XF X X X X X 398 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 3 (continued)

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Oxford Bodl. lat. mise. b.20jl-2 - X X X X Oxford New ColI. 182 X X X X X Padua B. Capit. A.25 X X X X X X Paris BN lat. 4046 X X X Paris BN lat. 4078 X X* X X X Paris BN lat. 4095 X X X Paris BN lat. 4117 X2 X X X X2 X X Paris BN lat. 4119 X X X X X X X X X Paris BN lat. 4135 Paris BN lat. 14329 X X X X X X Paris BN lat. 14331 X X X X X X Paris BN lat.14362 X X X X X X X X X Paris BN lat. 14616 X X X X X X X X Paris BN nouv. acq.lat. 2657 X* - Prague SK V.D.lO X X X Reims BM 743 X* X Rome Casanatense 419 X X X X X X X X* X Rouen BM E.12 X X X X X X X X Saint-Die BM 67 X Saint-Omer BM 458 X X X X X X X X X Salamanca BU 2550 X X X X X X X X X Schlägl StiftsB 137 X X X X X X X2 X X Stuttgart LB HB VI 61 X X X X X X X Toledo Catedral4-17 X X X X X Toledo Catedral 8-1 X X X X X X X X X Toledo Catedral 8-3 X X X X X X X X X Toledo Catedral24-14 X X X X X X X X X Troyes Archives G 2334 X Troyes BM 856 X X X X X X X X Valenciennes BM 266 X X X X X Vatican Barb. lat. 1287 X Vatican Ross. 565 X X X X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 1171 X X X X X X X X X2 Vatican Vat. lat. 1397 X X X X2 X X X2 X X2 Vatican Vat. lat. 1398 Vatican Vat. lat. 1404 X X X X X X X X X The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 399

Table 3 (continued)

36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 SO SI 52 X X X X X X X X X X X X X· -

X X X X X X· - X X X X X X X2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X· - X X X· - X X X X X X X· X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X· - X X X X X X· X X· - X X X2• X X X X X X X2 X· X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XB X X X X X X· X X X X X2 X X X X X X X X X· X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X2 X X X X X X X2 X X X X X2 X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 400 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 3 (continued)

1 2 3/39 4 5 6 7 8 9

Vatican Vat. lat. 2548 X X X2 X X X X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 2583 X X X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 3978 X Vatican Vat. lat. 3982 X X X X X X X X X Vatican Vat.lat. 4010 Vatican Vat. lat. 6055 X X X X X X X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 12570 X X X X2• X2 X X X X Vatican Vat.lat. 12571 X X X X X X X X X Vatican Vat.lat. 12572 X X X X2• X X X X X· Vienna ÖNB 5117 X Wolfenbüttel HAB Helmst. 288 Wolfenbüttel HAB Helmst. 311 Wolfenbütte1 HAB He1mst. 381 X X X X X X

TOTAL 67 40 47 74 46 46 67 64 86

Halle, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Ye 57, 2°, fols. 212r-227v (an abbreviated version, containing only Sancta Romana atque, Ad nostri apostolatus, Prodiens, and Cum inter nonnullosi, Hereford, Cathedral Library, P.VIII.3, fols. 152v-156v; Kues [Bemkastel-Kues], Sankt-Nikolaus-Hospital, Cusanus-Stiftsbiblio- thek, 252, fols. 53r-94v; Lucca, Biblioteca capitolare Feliniana, 294, fols. 273v-283v; Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional, 393, fols. 72r-80v (some folios have been lost and the ones remaining are out of order); Metz, Bibliotheque municipale, 31, fols. 3r-9v; Naples, Biblioteea Nazionale, XII.A.7, fols. 118r-156rj Nuremberg, Stadtbibliothek, Cent. 11, 46, fols. 2r-39v; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodl. 247, fols. 227r-285v; Oxford, Bodleian Library, lat. mise. b.20/l-2, fols. 234v-240v (an abbreviated version, containing Ad onus, Quia in futurorum, Cum ad sacrosanctae, Copiosus, Si [tatrum, Quorundam exigit, Sancta Ro- mana atque, Ad conditorem canonum, Cum inter nonnullos, and Quia quorundam mentes); Padua, Biblioteca eapitolare, A.25, fols. 77r-86r; Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, lat. 4117, fols. 108r-145r {Ad nostri apos- The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 401

Table 3 (continued)

1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

X X X X X X X· X X X X XF X X X X X X X X X X XA X X X X X X X X X X· X X X X XF X X X X

X X2 X X X X X X X X XA X X X X X X X X2• X X X· X X X X XA X X2• X X X2 X X X X X X X· X X X X XA X X2• X X2 X· X· X X X X X X X X XA X X2• X* - X

X X X· - X X 98 100 57 43 72 48 45 48 44 45 72 66 73 45 63 35 48 l1\vo versions of Dierum circulated, with nearly identical wording: the earlier version, dated 18 July 1318, concerns Ferrara (XF in the table); the later version, dated 25 August 1319, concerns the March of Ancona (XA in the table). (The printed catalogue does not specify which version is in Aschaffenburg Pap. 10.)

tolatus is omitted, and an earlier version of Dierum crescente has been substituted); Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, lat. 14331, fols. 47r-78r; Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, lat. 14616, fols. lr-22r; Saint-Omer, Bibliotheque municipale, 458, fols. 163r-208v; Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, HB VI 61, fols. 187r-212r; Toledo, Biblioteca de la Catedral, 4-17, fols. 79r-90r; Toledo, Biblioteca de la Catedral, 8-1, fols. 57r-121r (an earlier version of Dierum ctescente has been substituted); Valenciennes, Bibliotheque municipale, 266, fols. 160v-187v; Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ross. 565, fols. 178r-230r; Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 1397, fols. 133r- 171r; Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 1404, fols. lr-40v (a collection originally of fifty-six extravagantes with the Extrava- gantes Johannis XXII interspersed among them; an earlier version of Dierum crescente is given], 402 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 3 (continued)

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Vatican Vat. lat. 2548 X X X X X X X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 2583 X X X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 3978 X Vatican Vat. lat. 3982 X X X X X X X X Vatican Vat.lat. 4010 X X2 X2• Vatican Vat. lat. 6055 X X X X X X X Vatican Vat.lat. 12570 X2 X X X X X X X2 Vatican Vat. lat. 12571 X X X X X X X X X Vatican Vat.lat. 12572 X X X2• X X X X X· X Vienna ÖNB 5117 X X X Wolfenbüttel HAB Helmst. 288 X Wolfenbüttel HAB Helmst. 311 X X X X X Wolfenbüttel HAB Helmst. 381 X X X X X

TOTAL 43 67 62 57 77 81 81 84 59

Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 2583, fols. 212r- 267r; Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 6055, fols. 233r- 289r.

The transmission of the text is complicated, and the details need not be repeated here.13 What is significant for the present purpose is the fact that the individual parts of this work, like the components of the Extravagantes Bonifatii VIII, were widely copied in the later Middle Ages. Unlike the Ex- travagantes Boniiatii VIII, however, the Extravagantes Johannis XXII ultimately retained its identity as a text in the Corpus iuris canonici, although with some changes, as will be noted below.

4. The Constitutiones Johannis XXII

In contrast to the Extravagantes Bonijatii VIII and Johannis XXII, the existence and composition of this collection were not determined by the action of a commentator. Moreover, no commentaries were written on it after it began to circulate. The title given here, the one most often found in manuscripts, The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 403

Table 3 (continued)

36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

X X X X· X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X· X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X2• X X X X X X X X· X X X X XB X X X X X X 56 58 68 34 23 23 20 44 36 62 74 25 40 46 31 53

is not unique to it-the same title is often found in manuscripts for the Ex- travagantes Johannis XXII, the Constitutiones Clementinae, and many other manuscript groupings that consist primarily of decrees issued by John XXII. In short, there is no easy way to identify the presence of this work in manuscripts-it looks like a random assortment of extravagantes, like so many other seemingly random collections that survive from the later Middle Ages. The key to identifying this particular compilation lies in the fact that its contents are not randomly arranged. In seven manuscripts we find a series of fifty-one extravagantes-including duplicate copies of one decree, Nupet ex certis-allegare-copied in the same, nonchronological order. (There is only one departure from this pattern: Toledo MS 8-3 moves one extravagans, Ad universalis, out of order.] Any suspicion that this sequence might be the result of coincidence, of like minds thinking alike, can be discounted by another striking feature shared by the seven. In each the text of Salvator noster has been disrupted: the last thirty-four lines (as printed in Friedberg's edition) are dropped and in their place are substituted the last seven lines of another of John's extravagantes, Dignum arbitrantes. Clearly we are not dealing with seven unrelated collections in these manuscripts but with seven copies of a single collection. 404 JACQUELINE BROWN

The contents of the collection are as follows (the numbers in parentheses are keyed to Table 3):

Cum ad sactosanctae (I) Dignum arbitrantes (27J Nupet certis-obtinenda (2) Ad apostolatus nostri (28J Nuper ex certis-allegare (3) Vas election is doctor (29) Si fratrum (4) Ex debito (30J Etsi temporalium (5) Quia nonnunquam (31) Super gentes (6) Antiquae concertationi (32) Quia in futurorum I7l Cum inter nonnullos (33) Copiosus (8) Ad conditorem canonum (34) Sedes apostolica (9) Si religiosus (35J Suscepti regiminis (10) Meruit (36J Execrabilis (11) Rem non novam (37J Dec1aratio on Execrabilis (12) Prodiens (38) Dat vivendi (13) Nupet ex certis-allegare (39) Ad onus (14) Salvator noster (40) Ut quos virtutis 115) Romanus pontifex (41J Dispendiis (16) Nupet ex certis-et c. (42J Malitiis (17) Ad universalis14(43J Ut prelatorum (18) Docta sanctorum (44J Etsi deceat (19J Ad nostrum (45) Sancta Romana atque (20) Ex eo (46J Dierum crescente [Ferrara] (21J Quia quorundam mentes (47J Quorundam exigit (22J In delictorum (48J Postulasti (23 J Spondent (49J Ecc1esiae Romane (24J Ratio recta (50J Cum nonnullae-haberi (25) Cum Matthaeus (51). Cum nonnullae-inc1udi (26)

The following manuscripts contain the entire collection in the order presented above (with the single anomaly noted above in Toledo 8-3):

Grenoble, Bibliotheque municipale, 37, fo1s. 70r-82r; London, British Library, Add. 24979, fols. 69r-84r; Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional, 584, fols. 141r-154v; Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, lat. 14362, fols. 175r-189r; Toledo, Biblioteca de la Catedral, 8-3, fols. 17r-80r (with other extiava- gantes before and after these fifty-one], Toledo, Biblioteca de la Catedral, 24-14, fols. 57r-74r; Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat.lat. 2548, fols. 33r-47v.

While seven manuscripts may seem rather few, that figure is not the final The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 405 tally in describing the transmission of this collection in the later Middle Ages. For example, in editing the Declaratio on John XXII's Execrabilis I showed that these seven manuscripts were related to seven other manuscripts that also contain the Declaratio (folio references are to the sections of the manuscript with the Dec1aratio and other exttavagantes, some of these manuscripts have more than one section of extravagantes):lS

Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz, lat. quo 209, fols. 133r-142r; Mainz, Stadtbibliothek, 1463, fols. 1r-37r; Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale, XII.A.14, fols. 41r-71v; Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, lat. 4119, fols. Ir-IVr and lr-93r; Reims, Bibliotheque municipale, 743, fols. Ir-IIv and 221r-226v (the earlier folios originally followed the later ones, with one or more folios lost between the two sections); Schlägl, Stiftsbibliothek, 137, fols. 277r-307r; Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 3982, fols. lr-33r.

Yet another manuscript, Bologna, Collegia di Spagna, 276, contains two copies of Salvator tiostet, the second of which has the telltale botched ending otherwise found only in the copies of the Constitutiones Johannis XXII and in four of the seven affiliated manuscripts just named (the Mainz, Naples, Reims, and Vatican manuscripts). The chances that such a mistake would occur independently must surely be remote, which leads to the conclusion that the Bo- logna manuscript is also in some way related to the Constitutiones Johannis XXII, even though the ordering of its eighty-three extravagantes shows no similarity to the sequence found in the other collection. Thus the original group of seven quickly expands to more than twice that number; and there is every reason to believe that the number will go still higher on closer examination of the manuscripts. In Table 3 I list the manuscripts currently known to me that contain one or more of the Extravagantes and Constitutiones Johannis XXII. The relationship of these manuscripts to one another remains an open question at this point, as does the relationship of the Constitutiones Johannis XXII to the three other compilations described above: the Constitutiones Johannis XXII has four decrees in common with the Extravagantes Bonifatii VIII (Ex eo, Meruit, Rem non novam, and Si religiosus); it contains all three of the decrees of the Clementine Appendix and eighteen of the twenty Extravagantes Johannis XXII (it omits Ad nostri apostolatus and gives a different version of Dierum crescente). The table therefore 406 JACQUELINE BROWN serves only to demonstrate that these extravagantes are commonly found in late-medieval manuscripts.

5. The Extravagantes Benedicti XII

The Extravagantes Benedicti XII is found as such in only three manuscripts:

Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale, XII.A.I4, fols. 29r-40vj Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 2548, fols. 48r-53vj Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 3982, fols. 33r-42v.

The collection is identical in the Naples manuscript and Vat. lat. 2548: sixteen decrees issued by John XXII's successor, Benedict XII, given in the same sequence. Vat.lat. 3982 has the first fifteen extravagantes but in a different order and substitutes another decree for the sixteenth. Like the Constitutiones Johannis XXII, the Extravagantes Benedicti XII was not glossed and its components are found in many more manuscripts than the few listed above. Table 4lists the manuscripts currently known to me that include one or more of the following:

Vas electionis Paulus (1) Pastor bonus (9) Ex cottidiana-salutari (2) Ad regimen (10) Benedictus Deus (3) Regularem vitam 1111 Dudum nos (4) Caeca cotdis 1121 Dudum felicis tecoidationis 15) Ex cottidiana-derogare (13) Circa confovendum (6) Super gregem (14) Attendentes I7l Exigit apostolatus 1151 Expetimento (8) Ptidetti nobis 1161.

6. Other Late-Medieval Extravagantes

Hundreds of other papal decrees survive in late-medieval manuscripts, only a handful of them recurring with any frequency. Table 5 lists those found in more than a dozen manuscripts and three other extravagantes-Divinis exemplis, Sane ne in vinea, and Unigenitus-that will be discussed below.

Printed Editions of Late-Medieval Extravagantes

The printed transmission of late-medieval extravagantes has some similarities to the manuscript transmission. In both media extravagantes are often The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 407 found with the Libet sextus or the Constitutiones Clementinae or both. Printed and manuscript extravagantes are also often grouped under tituli taken over from the official collections of canon law, the Decretales Gregorii IX, Libet sextus, and Constitutiones Clementinae. But the differences in transmission are more striking than the similarities, and the most striking of those differences is the abrupt contraction in the number of extravagantes available in printed as opposed to manuscript form. In quantity at least, the information conveyed by the modem technology of printing was markedly inferior to that available by older means. Table 6 provides a chronological overview of early editions of the Liber sextus and the Constitutiones Clementinae that include extravagantes, with date and place of publication and the number assigned to each edition in the Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke. As the table shows, in the years before Chappuis's edition, Paris had not distinguished itself in the production of printed copies of late-medieval extravagantes-quite the opposite. The same can be said of its production of other late canonical texts: only two editions of the Liber sextus were printed in Paris before 1500 (GW 4855 and 4866) and only one of the Constitutiones Clementinae IGW 7086). One Paris shop produced both works: the printers Ulrich Gering, Michael Friburger, and Martin Crantz, originally from Basel, who had established the first press in Paris in 1470, produced the first Paris edition of the Liber sextus in April 1475 and, three months later, the first and only Paris edition before Chappuis of the Constitutiones Clementinae. Friburger and Crantz are not heard of after 1477, but Gering stayed in business until only a year or so before his death in 1510. In 1494 he took on a new associate, Berthold Rembolt, from Alsace; and it was the team of Gering and Rembolt that in 1500-1501 printed Chappuis's first edition of the cluster of texts that came to be called the Corpus iutis canonici IGW 4904).16 In the half century before Chappuis's edition, Venice, not Paris, was the most active center for the printing of extravagantes, partly because of the popularity of a collection compiled by Alexander de Nevo, a professor at the nearby university in PaduaY Nevo's compilation, which contained twenty extravagantes following his edition of the Constitutiones Clementinae (see Table 7), is reported in the Gesamtkatalog to have gone through ten printings IGW 7098-7107) between 1476 and 1491. Interest in it was not confined to the area around Venice: it was also printed in Ferrara, Lyons, Strasbourg, and twice at Basel. And interest in Venice itself was not confined to a single printer: the five Venetian editions are signed by four different printers or associations of printers. 408 TACQUELINE BROWN

Table 4 Manuscripts Containing One or More of the Exttavagatites Benedicti XII

1 2 3 4 5 6

Admont StiftsB 603 X X X X X X Amiens BM 376 X X X X2N X X Arezzo B. della Cittä 345 X X X Arras BM570 X· Aschaffenburg StiftsB Pap. 10 X Autun BM 110 X Basel UB C.V.19 X Berlin SPK lat. fol. 212 X X X2 Berlin SPK lat. quo 209 X X Bologna BU 1867 X Fermo BC 77 X X4N Florence Laur. Aedili 45 X X2 X X Hannover LB II 282 X Klosterneuburg StiftsB 204 Krak6w BJ323 X X Krak6w BJ333 X London BL Burney 354 X Lucca B. Capit. 294 XN Mainz SB I 463 X X X X X X Milan Ambras. 1.83 sup. X· XN2 X X Munich Clm 16186 X X X Naples BN XII.A.14 X X X X X X Oxford Bodl. Bodl. 247 X Oxford Bodl. Can. Pat. lat. 207 X XN X X Oxford Bodl.lat. mise. b.20/1-2 X Oxford New ColI. 182 X X2 Paris BN lat. 4095 X X X X X X Paris BN lat. 4119 X X Paris BN lat. 4135 X Rome Casanatense 419 x· XN2 X Saint-Omer BM 458 X X· Salamanca BU 2550 X Schlägl StiftsB 137 X Stuttgart LB HB VI 61 X X X2N X Toledo Catedral 8-1 X X X X2N X X Toledo Catedral8-2 X X X X2N X X The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 409

Table 4 (continued)

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

x x x X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X2 X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X· X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X· X X

X X2S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X· X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 410 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 4 (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Toledo Catedral 8-3 X X X X X X Valenciennes BM 266 X Valenciennes BM 282 Vatican Barb. lat. 1287 X Vatican Vat. lat. 1171 X X X· X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 1398 Vatican Vat.lat. 1404 X2 Vatican Vat. lat. 2548 X X X X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 2583 X Vatican Vat. lat. 3982 X X X X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 12570 X X3N X X Vatican Vat.lat. 12571 X X X X3N X X Vatican Vat.lat. 12572 X XN2 X X Vienna ÖNB 5117

TOTAL 37 14 23 40 24 18

N x _ the laterversionof Dudum nos. issuedone month after the first. X2N _ both versionsofDudum nos are in this manuscript. N2 X _ two copiesofthe later versionofDudum nos are in this manuscript. X3N _ two copiesofthe earlyversionofDudum nos and one copyof the later versionare in this manuscript. 4N X _ duplicatecopiesofboth versionsof Dudum nos arein this manuscript. X* - defective,incomplete,or abbreviatedcopy. X2 _ containstwo copiesofthe extravagans. 2S X _ the manuscripthas two versionsof Pastor bonus. the longversiondatedXV Kal. July Year1 and a short versiondatedXV Kal. JuneYear1.

Unlike the official collections of canon law, in which the canons are grouped in five books and under tituli, or subject headings, within those books, Nevo organized his extravagantes by titles only. With only one excep- tion he took his headings from the official collections, preserving the order in which the tituli are found there. All the extravagantes he chose predate the fifteenth century, the popes who issued them were Boniface VIII, Benedict XI, Clement V, and John XXII. Pietro Albignani, who had received his doctorate in canon and civil law from the University of Padua, provided the main printed alternative to Nevo's edition in the last two decades of the fifteenth century. Like Nevo's collection, his followed a copy of the Constitutioties Clementinae-in fact, his text of the The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 411

Table 4 (continuedl

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

X X X X2 X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

10 19 28 22 29 11 10 21 15 4 1 - Vaselectionis Paulus 9 - Pastor bonus 2 - Ex cottidiana-salutari ID - Ad regimen 3 - Benedictus Deus 11 - Regularem vitam 4 - Dudumnos 12 - Caeca cordis 5 - Dudum feUds tecotdatiotiis 13 - Ex cottidiana-derogate 6 - Circa confovendum 14 - Super gtegem 7 - Attendentes 15 - Exigit apostolatus 8 - Experimento 16 - Psidem nobis

Clementines is described in the Gesamtkatalog as simply a duplication of Nevo's. But Albignani did change Nevo's collection of extravagantes: he up- dated it by adding nine decrees, all but one (Adregimen of Benedict XIII issued in the fifteenth century (see Table 7); and for Nevo's anomalous titulus, De expectantibus beneficium in episcopatu aliorum, he substituted the traditional De concessione praebendae. That substitution accounts for another change in Albignani's edition: Sedes apostolica, the sole extravagans under Nevo's anomalous titulus, had been placed at the end of Nevo's text. But in the official collections of canon law the titulus De concessione praebendae appears in book 3, and accordingly it and Sedes apostolica are found in the middle of Albignani's collection. As for the nine new decrees, these were placed under the appropriate tituli, in chronological order, according to the practice of the official collections; where needed, Albignani introduced more 412 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 5 Selected Other Late-Medieval Extravagantes

1 2 3 4 5 6

Admont StiftsB 603 Amiens BM 376 X Arezzo B. dell a Citta 345 Arras BM 610 Avranches BM 154 X Basel UB C.V.19 Berlin SPK lat. fo1.212 X X Bologna CoIL di Spagna 276 X X X X Brussels BR 8018-26 Cambridge CCC 450 X Cambridge Conv. & Caius 257 Cambridge Harv. Law Sch. 65 Darmstadt LB 2199 X Epinal BM 106 X X Fermo BC 77 Florence Laur. Aedili 45 X Florence Laur. Caddi 156 X Frankfurt a.M. S-UB Barth. 29 X· Crenoble BM 37 X Hannover LB II 282 Kassel LB 2° iur. 13 Klosterneuburg StiftsB 204 X Krak6w BJ323 X Krak6w BJ 333 X X Krak6w BJ 1288 X X Leipzig UB 980 X Leipzig UB 1041 X X London BL Add. 24979 X London BL Arundel 481 London BL Burney 354 X London Lambeth 171 X London Roy. Coll, Phy.41O X Lucca B. Capit. 294 Madrid BN 584 X Mainz SB I 463 X X X Milan Ambros. 1.83 sup. X X X The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 413

Table 5 (continued)

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 X* X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X* X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X2 X X X X X X X X 414 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 5 (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6 Munich Clm 7469 Munich Clm 16186 X Naples BN XII.A.14 X New Haven Beinecke J C 28 no. 2 New York Hispanic Soc. B.2565 X Nuremberg SB Cent. 11, 60 Oxford BodL BodL 247 Oxford BodL Can. Pat. lat. 207 X X X X Oxford Bodl. lat, mise. b.20jl-2 Oxford New CoIl. 182 X Paris Mazarine 1301 Paris BN lat. 4046 Paris BN lat. 4078 Paris BN lat. 4095 X X X Paris BN lat. 4119 X X X Paris BN lat. 4135 Paris BN lat. 14329 X Paris BN lat. 14362 X X Poznan A. Arehid. 9 Prague SK V.D.10 Reims BM 743 X Rome Casanatense 419 X X X Rouen BM E.12 X Saint-Omer BM 458 X Salamanca BU 2550 X X X X Schlägl StiftsB 137 X Stuttgart LB HB VI 61 X Toledo Catedral 8-1 X X X X X X Toledo Catedral 8-2 X Toledo Catedral 8-3 X Toledo Catedral24-14 X Valenciennes BM 282 Vatican Barb.lat. 1287 Vatican Ross. 565 Vatican Vat. lat. 1171 X Vatican Vat. lat. 1397 The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 415

Table 5 (continued)

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 X X X· X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X· X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X 416 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 5 (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Vatican Vat.lat. 1404 X X Vatican Vat. lat. 2548 X Vatican Vat. lat. 3978 X Vatican Vat. lat. 3982 X X Vatican Vat.lat. 12570 X2• X X X Vatican Vat. lat. 12571 X X X X X Vatican Vat.lat. 12572 X X X X Vienna ÖNB 5117 X Wolfenbüttel HAB Helmst. 288 Wolfenbüttel HAB He1mst. 311

TOTAL 16 20 19 16 11 14

1 - Ad providarn 7 - Excornrnunicarnus ... illos qui ... capiunt 2 - Ad univetsalis [Sixtus IV) 8 - Excornrnunicarnus ... hereticos 3 - Cupientes 9 - Exiit (Sext. 5.12.3) 4 - Discipulotum 10 - Exivi (Clern. 5.11.1) 5 - Divinis exetnplis 11 - Frequentes 6 - Ex supernae 12 - Nuper proposito

tituli from the official collections. In two instances he departed from tradition: he invented a new heading, De beneficiis affectis, for Paul I1's decree Ad Ro- mani, which he inserted in the sequence of titles from book 3; and he aban- doned the traditional format for his last extravagans, Ad universalis of Sixtus rv, for which he provided a summary, "Concordata inter papam et regem fran- eie," instead of a generic titulus [Albignani also added a summary before Quemadmodum, under the titulus De penitentiis et remissionibus). The Ge- samtkatalog reports nine printings, starting in 1479 (GW 7108-16), of the Constitutiones Clementinae followed by Albignani's collection of extrava- gentes, and in another nineteen instances, again starting in 1479(GW 4864, 4886 plus 7117,4888-4903,4905), it reports the same combination but pre- ceded by the Liber sextus. Fourteen of the remaining printings reported in Table 6 (GW 7078-81, 7085-90, 7092-94, 7096) contain only a single extravagans, John XXII's decree Execrabilis, which, as noted above, had often been copied in manuscripts at the end of the Constitutiones Clementinae, sometimes (erroneously) presented as the last decree of that work, sometimes (accurately) presented as a new decree that postdated the Clementines. IS The editio princeps of the Cle- The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 417

Table 5 (continued)

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

X X

X X X X X X2• X X X X2 X2 X X X2• X X X X X X X X X X X X2 X X

13 23 24 14 19 14 23 15 11 14 11 13 - Quia cunctos 16 - Supemi dispositione 14 - Recolendae 17 - Unigenitus 15 - Sane ne in vinea

X' - defective, incomplete, or abbreviated copy. X2 _ contains two copies of the extravagans. X2• _ contains two copies of the extiavagans, one of which is defective, incomplete, or abridged. mentines (GW 7077) has a second extravagans: Benedict XII's Ad regimen. And an unusual volume (GW 7091), printed in Rome c. 1478 by Johann Bulle, has the Constitutiones Clementinae with Execrabilis followed by two sets of extravagantes: the fourteenth-century Extravagantes Johannis XXII, in its first and only printing before Chappuis, followed by nineteen extravagantes. The picture that emerges from the Gesamtkatalog is thus a fairly straight- forward one: with only two exceptions (GW 7077 and 7091), one of which is slight indeed, incunabular editions of the Liber sextus and Constitutiones Clementinae with extravagantes contain Exectabilis, or Nevo's collection of twenty decrees, or Albignani's collection of twenty-nine. The truth is somewhat more complicated. At least two of the incunabular printings (GW 4890 and 4901) contain thirty-three exttavagantes, and at least one (GW 4905) includes thirty-seven.P Both of these new collections are the work of Sebastian Brant, better known as the author of Das Narrenschiff than as an editor of canonical texts.20 Brant's two collections appear to be based on Albignani's work. Brant I, with thirty-three extravagaiites, omits Clement V's decree Meruit and adds 418 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 6 Incunabular Editions of the Liber sextus (VI) and Constitutiones C1ementinae (Cl with One or More Extravagantes

Work Preceding GWNo. Place Date Extravagantes

7077 Mainz 25 June 1460 C 7078 Mainz 8 October 1467 C 7079 Strasbourg ca. 1470 C 7080 Mainz 13 August 1471 C 7081 Strasbourg 21 November 1471 C 7085 Rome 6 July 1473 C 7086 Paris 1 July 1475 C 7098 Venice 1476 C 7087 Basel 2 May 1476 C 7088 Basel 2 May 1476? C 7089 Rome 31 May 1476 C 7090 Mainz 10 September 1476 C 7091 Rome ca. 1478 C 7092 Basel 2 May? 1478 C 7093 Basel 2 May 1478? C 7099 Ferrara 1479 C 7108 Venice 7 June? 1479 C 4864 Venice November 1479 VI,C 7094 Speyer 21 September 1481 C 7100 [Lyons] 11 May 1482 C 7101 Venice 3 August 1482 C 7109 Milan 2 September 1482 C 7096 Rome 3 July 1483 C 7110 Venice 30 October 1483 C 7111 Venice 6 November 1484 C 7102 Venice 15 November 1484 C 7103 Venice 20 April? 1485 C 7104 Basel 1486 C 7112 Venice 13 June 1486 C 7113 [Lyons] [ea. 1488] C 7114 [Lyons] [ea. 1488-90] C 710S Basel not after 1489 C 7116 Venice 16 February 1489/90 C 7106 Venice 1 June 1489 C 7115 [Lyons] [ea, 1490] C The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 419

Table 6 (continued)

WorkPreceding GWNo. Place Date Extravagantes

4886 Venice 24 December 1490 VI 4888 Venice 1491 VI,e 7107 [Strasbourg] 19 March 1491 e 7117 Venice 23 March 1491 e 4889 Venice April 1494 VI,e 4890 Basel 1 September 1494 VI,e 4891 [Lyons] [not after November 1494] VI,e 4892 [Lyons] [ca. 1495-1500] VI,e 4893 [Lyons] [ea. 1495-1500] VI,e 4894 Lyons 1495 VI,e 4895 Venice May 1496 VI,e 4896 [Lyons] 28 July 1496 VI,e 4897 Venice 20 December 1496 VI,e 4898 Venice 17 November 14971 and VI,e post-17 November 14971 4899 Venice [ea. 1498l] VI,e 4900 Venice [not before 1499l] VI,e 4901 Venice 1499-1500 VI,e 4902 [Lyons] 25 June 1500 VI,e 4903 Venice September 1500 VI,e 4905 Basel 1 December 1500 VI,e 4904 Paris 1500-1501 VI,e

Sources:GWandStephanKuttner,"DateoftheConstitution'Saepe,'" pp.445-47. Only two of these editions IGW7091 and 4904) include the ExtravagantesJohannisXXII; each also includesotherextravagantes.

five others (see Table 7), all issued in the fifteenth century and given summary- style headings as opposed to traditional tituli. Four of the new extravagantes, the two decrees Regimini, Cum praeexcelsa, and Grave nimis, are placed at the end, just before Sixtus IV's Ad universalis. The fifth new extravagans, Vices illius of Sixtus IV, with its summary, is inserted where Meruit had been found in Albignani's edition, in the middle of the titulus De privilegiis et excessibus ptivilegiatotum, thereby bumping the last decree of the titulus, Eugene IV's Divina, into a kind of no-man's land. Apart from these modifications Brant I follows Albignani's pattern. 420 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 7 Extravagantes in pre-1501 Editions of the Libet sextus and Constitutiones Clementinae

Extrav. Incipit Nevo Bulle Albignani Brant I Brant 11 comm.

Ad nostrum X 3.8.2 Ad regimen X X X 3.2.13 Ad Romani X X X 3.2.14 Ad univetsalis (Sixt. IV) X X X 1.9.1 Ambitiosae X X X 3.4.1 Antiquorum X X X X 5.9.1 Cum detestabile X X X 5.1.2 Cum in omnibus X Cum Matthaeus X 5.3.3 Cum nonnullae-inc1udi X 3.2.11 Cum nonnullae-haberi X 3.2.12 Cum ptaeexcelsa X X 3.12.1 Cum ptoptietas X Debent X X X X 1.7.1 Declatatio on Execrabilis X -* Declarationes X X X X 3.7.1 Detestandae X X X X 3.6.1 Dignum atbittatues X 5.2.2 Dispendiis X 1.2.1 Divina X X X 5.7.3 Docta sanctorum X 3.1.1 Etsi deceat X 1.8.3 Etsi dominici (Paul Il] X X X 5.9.3 Etsi in tempotalium X 3.2.3 Ex debito X X X X 1.3.4 Ex eo X X X X X 5.3.1 Excommunicamus X X X X 5.10.1 Execrabilis X X X X 3.2.4 Exhibita X 5.7.4 Gravenimis X X 3.12.2 Iniunctae X X X X 1.3.1 Inter cunctas X X X X 5.7.1 Malitiis X 1.4.1 Meruit X X 5.7.2 Multa mentis X X X X 5.2.1 Nupet certis-obtitienda X 3.2.6 The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 421

Table 7 (continued)

Extrav. Incipit Nevo Bulle Albignani Brant I Brant 11 comm.

Nuper ex ceitis-allegate X 3.2.7 Provide X X X X 5.10.2 Quemadmodum X X X 5.9.4 Quia simoniace X Quod olim X X X X 3.13.1 Regimini (Martin V) X X 3.5.1 Regimini [Calixtus Ill) X X 3.5.2 Rem non novam X X X X 2.3.1 Sancta Romana ecclesia X X X X 1.3.3 Sane ne in vinea X 5.1.1 Sedes apostolica X X X X 1.6.1 Si religiosus X X X X 1.3.2 Super gentes X 1.1.1 Suscepti tegiminis X X X X 3.3.1 Unam sanctam X X X X 1.8.1 Ut praelatorum X 1.8.2 Ut quos virtutis X 1.7.2 Vas electionis doctor X 5.3.2 Viam ambitiosae X X X 3.8.1 Vices illius X X 1.9.2

*The Declatatio on Execrabilis is printed in Chappuis's edition in the smaller type that he used for glosses.

Sources: Nevo: GW 4871 + 7l01(Venice, 14821. Harvard Law School, Special Collections. Bulle: GW 7091 (Rome, ca. 14781. Oxford, Bodleian Library. Albignani: GW 4897 (Venice, 14961. Harvard Law School, Special Collections. Brant I: GW 4890 (Basel, 14941. Harvard Law School, Special Collections. Brant 11:GW 4905 (Basel, 15001. Harvard Law School, Special Collections.

His second collection, Brant 11, differs little from Brant I: Brant added three extravagantes of Urban V and one of Paul 11to those included in his earlier work [see Table 7). More striking than Brant's modifications of Albignani's collection is his explicit statement of his goal. Brant had an idea of a "corpus" of canon law: in the preface to his edition of the Liber sextus, Constitutiones Clementinae, and thirty-seven extravagantes he remarks that he had already produced editions of the Decretum IGW 11389) and Decretales Gregorii IX IGW 11502) and 422 JACQUELINE BROWN speaks of those works plus the ones in his newest edition as the "corpus of canon law." The idea is repeated at the end of Brant Il, where he refers to the completion of the "whole of canon law" ("totiusque iuris canonici"). In a poem at the end of Brant 11he speaks with clear pride of what he had accom- plished: "Nowhere has a book been printed like this one" ("Nusquam huic impressum consimilem esse librum"). Brant may have been the first to speak of a "corpus of canon law" in something like the modem sense of the term, but his collection of extravagantes was soon to be completely overshadowed by Chappuis's even larger collection. There may be other surprises awaiting a full examination of the incunables, but, pending such an examination, Table 7 provides a provisional list of the extravagantes available to Chappuis from printed copies of the Libel sextus and Constitutiones Clementinae. As the table shows, only fifty-two of the seventy-three decrees in Chappuis's final version of his Extravagantes communes had been printed in comparable earlier editions. Those earlier editions do not exhaust the printed resources available to Chappuis, however. Boniface VIII's Unam sanctam, for example, with a commentary by Johannes Franciscus de Pavinis, was printed in Rome c. 1478 (GW 4847). The twelve-folio booklet contained two other commentaries by the same author, on Ad onus and Si [tatrum, and a letter issued by Innocent III. Other printers, primarily in Rome, also produced booklets of papal letters, old and new, independently of other works. The survival rate of such booklets, consisting of only a dozen to eighteen folios in one, two, or three gatherings, is probably lower than for the more substantial editions of the Liber sextus and Constitutiones Clementinae noted above. The copies recorded in the Ge- samtkatalog under the heading "Bullae et constitutiones" (5728-36) contain groups of six, eleven, or thirteen extravagantes, with an emphasis, not surpris- ingly, on contemporary or nearly contemporary papal decrees: eleven of the thirteen date from the fifteenth century; the two earlier decrees are John XXII's Execrabilis and Benedict XII's Ad regimen, both of which are commonly found in print before Chappuis, as are six of the fifteenth-century extravagantes, Ad Romani, Ambitiosae, Cum detestabile, Divina, Etsi dominici, and Viam ambitiosae (Table 7). Of the remaining extravagantes printed in these booklets-Ad sacram (Nicholas V, 1 April 1447), Apostolicae camerae (Innocent VIII, 17 February 1484/85), Etsi ab apostolica (Innocent VIII, 23 August 1485), Cum alias venerabilis (Innocent VIII, 22 October 1485), and Finem litibus (Innocent VIII, 13 January 1488/891-all but the first were issued after Nevo and Albignani had put together their collections of extravagantes and after the printing of GW 7091. Brant did not select any of the six for inclusion in either of his collections, and neither did Chappuis. The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 423

Extravagantes were also added by printers to works other than the Libet sextus and Constitutiones Clementinae, where they remain hidden from view by catalogues that record them, not in their own right, but under the primary work of the volume. So, for example, four extravagantes-Cum in omnibus [Paul 11, 11 May 1465), an unidentified constitution of Pius 11117 November 1461), Cum detestabile (Paul 11,23 November 1464), and Etsi dominici [Paul 11,3 March 1469)-were put at the end of the 1474 Venice edition of Antoninus Florentinus's De sponsalibus et matrimonio (GW 2070), much as a treatise on excommunication, a short work of Thomas Aquinas, and the Ten Command- ments lall in Italian) filled out the 1472 Bologna edition of another of his works IGW2075). How many and which extravagantes were printed in such fashion-in small booklets or as supplementary material to works other than the earlier official collections of canon law-is unknown, and such alternatives to the collections of extravagantes following the Liber sextus and the Constitutiones Clementinae must be remembered as a potential source for Chappuis when he put together the Extravagantes communes.

Chappuis

Virtually nothing is known of Jean Chappuis's life and career apart from his activity as an editor in the first quarter of the sixteenth century.21 He may well have received a licentiate in law from the University of Paris, as he is customarily said to have done in histories of canon law, but no record confirms itP His editorial activity, on the other hand, is firmly documented. Some- times working alone, sometimes with a collaborator.P he produced editions that were printed by a number of Paris shops. Most of the texts he edited were legal or pastoral in nature, and they range from the well known to the obscure; among them are Justinian's Codex, Digest, and Institutes; the Pragmatic Sanc- tion of Charles VII; Constitutiones legatinae with John Acton's commentary [the second part of an edition of William Lyndwood's Provinciale); and the Synonima Britonis attributed to John of Garland. Many of these editions went through a number of printings.K'happuis's sole venture in classical literature, an edition of Horace's Odes in 1507, was not reprinted, however.) His last reported new edition, a revised version of the Decretales Gregorii IX, is dated October 1527; all the works published after that date are unchanged reprint- ings.24 As noted at the opening of this essay, Chappuis's selection of material for the Corpus iuris canonici was predictable except for the last section. We now have a basis for seeing how unpredictable that selection was. 424 JACQUELINE BROWN

First, as to organization: None of the previous printers of extravagantes had distributed the material in the five-book arrangement of the official collections of law (the Decretales Gregorii IX, Liber sextus, and Constitutiones Cle- mentinae), although they did take over the subdivisions, the tituli, of the traditional five-book arrangement. The manuscript pattern is less uniform: tituli are sometimes used, sometimes not, and the five-book structure is very rarely found (Vat. lat. 12571, copied in the last third of the fifteenth century, with roughly seven hundred extravagantes, is one such manuscript); far more often we find extravagantes grouped in manuscripts under the name of the pope to whom they are attributed. Chappuis-perhaps because his collection was so much larger than the other printed ones-took the logical step of organizing his Extravagantes communes under the familiar five-book structure with tituli, even though none of his extravagantes concerned marriage law, the subject of the fourth book: the notice "Quartus lib er vacat" is found between the end of book 3 and the start of book 5. He also rearranged the contents of the Extravagantes Johannis XXII, which in manuscripts and the sole previous edition had been given in chronological order: Chappuis regrouped the twenty under fourteen tituli taken over from the official collections; he did not try to impose the five-book structure here (books 2 and 4 would have been empty if he had). Chappuis's innovations in organization, therefore, were aimed at making the two collections of extravagantes look more like their counterparts elsewhere in the Corpus (the Decretum, with its unique structure, remaining the sole anomalyl.i'' As to the contents of the Extravagantes communes: Chappuis in his first edition included all of the extravagantes printed in earlier editions, with six exceptions.i? He did not include the three decrees I have labeled the Clemen- tine Appendix, Suscepti tegiminis, Sedes apostolica, and Exectabilis. and he did not include three later decrees, Cum in omnibus, Cum ptoptietas, and Quia simoniace, found in Brant 11(see above about other printings of Cum in omnibus). Chappuis was aware of the omission of the first three: in a statement to the reader that he called his "Antilogia" he noted that the three had been glossed by Iesselin de Cassagnes, an implicit direction to the reader to the copies of the three found in his edition of the Extravagantes Johannis XXlI. (The same reasoning may have led the printer of GW 7091, Iohann Bulle, to omit the three from his collection of extravagantes, which also followed a copy of the Extravagantes Johannis XXII.) Chappuis may not have been aware of the omission of the second three extravagantes. They do not seem to have circulated widely in manuscripts, and there is no reason to believe Chappuis saw a copy of Brant 11before putting together the first edition of his Com- The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 425 munes: Brant 11,printed in Basel, is dated 1 December 1500, and Chappuis brought out his first edition of the Communes just one month later, 2 January 1501.27 In his second edition of the Communes, two years after the first, Chappuis changed his mind about the Clementine Appendix. Redundant or not, the three were included, along with William of Mont Lauzun's apparatus. (Later editors dropped William's gloss, thereby obscuring the reason for the duplication of material, and gave only the incipits of the three with cross-references to the copies in the Extravagantes Johannis XXII.)'IWo other decrees were also added in the second edition: Super cathedram and Vas e1ectionis Paulus. Nei- ther of them had been printed in the earlier collections of extravagantes. Super cathedram was already available to readers in the Constitutiones Clementi- nae, where it is incorporated in Clem. 3.7.2; repeating it in the Communes allowed Chappuis to include Johannes Monachus's gloss. (Super cathedram met the same fate as the decrees of the Clementine Appendix-in later editions it is cited by incipit and cross-reference only.) Vas electionis Paulus also came with a gloss, by Johannes Franciscus de Pavinis. Nineteen of the decrees in Chappuis's first edition (twenty-one as of the second edition) had not been included in any of the earlier printed collections of extravagantes. To those we might add Sane ne in vinea, available only in the contemporaneous Brant 11.The following list gives the incipits of the twenty-two extravagantes that Chappuis almost certainly had to obtain from manuscript sources ("almost certainly" because there is always the possibility of lost printed sources):

Ad universalis (John XXII) Piae Andionicum'" Postulasti Discipulorum Quia cunctos Divinis exemplis Quia nonnulli Dudum bonae Ratio recta Etsi dominici-et c. Salvator noster Ex supernae Sane ne in vinea Frequentes Spondent In delictorum Super cathedram (2nd ed.] Infidelis Unigenitus Nuper ex certis-et c. Vas electionis Paulus (2nd ed.],

By including Dudum bonae, Piae, Quia nonnulli, and Super cathedram Chappuis now had all of the decrees of the Extravagantes Bonifatii VIII (the opening of Pastoralis is appended to Quod olim with a cross-reference to Clem. 3.17.1 for the remainder of the text; Dudum Bonifatius is Clem. 426 JACQUELINE BROWN

2.1.1). His selection of Ad universalis (John XXII), Discipulorum, Divinis exemplis, Ex supernae, Frequentes, In delictorum, Nuper ex certis-et c., Postu- lasti, Quia cunctos, Ratio recta, Salvator noster, Sane ne in vinea, Spondent, Unigenitus, and Vas electionis Paulus is not surprising: as shown above, each of them circulated in manuscript form-although not necessarily more frequently than other extravagantes that Chappuis did not use (see Table 8). Of the three remaining extravagantes in Chappuis's Communes, one, Etsi dominici [Sixtus IV), was fairly recent, having been issued in 1478. The choice of the two last decrees, Andronicum and Infidelis, is puzzling. Andronicum, issued by Clement V, survives in not a single manuscript known to me; moreover, its topic, the excommunication of Andronicus Paleologus and the con- comitant ban on the supplying of aid to him, could hardly have been of more than historical interest two hundred years after the fact. John XXII's Infidelis seems equally obscure. It, too, is concerned with what must have seemed an- cient history by the year 1500: "nonnulli degeneres filii" who had stolen church property are given four months to return it. Moreover, the decree is found in only three manuscripts (Darmstadt, Landesbibliothek, 2199, fols. 30v-31r; Frankfurt, Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek, Barth. 29, fol. 157r-v; and Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, lat. 14329, fols. 187v-188r); it is hard to see why it was included among extravagantes called "communes." However, there is more evidence than the extravagantes themselves and their transmission to consider when trying to understand Chappuis's choice of material. His "Antilogia," which appeared at the end of the first edition of the Communes and in slightly revised form in the second edition, is a defense of the Communes and deals explicitly with its purpose.F' That the "Antilogia" appears in the first edition need not surprise us: surely Chappuis was fully aware that his compilation differed notably from the others available in print, and he may well have wanted to forestall criticism. He anticipated the objec- tion that some of his extravagantes had been abrogated or were merely local in their application, to which he responded with a list of examples of super- seded or minor legislation that had nonetheless been included in the Liber sextus and Decretales Gregorii IX, both of them promulgated by lawyer popes. He quotes Justinian, another famed legislator, that "nothing of antiquity" should be ignored and maintains that the "tyros of the law," for whom his edition is intended, will find much of use in it. That same theme, the "utility" of these extravagantes, emerges also in the summaries Chappuis printed before the texts. Thus of Divinis exemplis Chap- puis wrote, "Doctrina utilis hie nobis tribuitur, ut scilicet cognoscamus cri- mina et excessus, pro quibus praelatus deponi possit." Of Salvator noster: "Utilitas ex hoc capitulo habetur, quoniam cognoscimus causas erigendi et The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 421

Table 8 Comparative Manuscript Frequency of Late-Medieval Extravagantes

Incipit Ranking Ranking Incipit

Ad apostolatus nostrP l2a 1 Bxectobilis' Ad certitudinem: SEE 2 Suscepti tegiminis' Andronicum 3 Sedes apostolica' Ad conditorem canonutir 4 4 Ad conditorem canonum2 Ad cuiuslibet: SEE Ad Sa Antiquae concenationi" universalis [Iohn XXII) Sb Cum inter nonnullos" Ad nostri apostolatust 21 6 Quia nonnunquam2 2 Adnostrum3 33 7a Quia quorundam mentes Ad onus2 9a 7b Si iiatrutxi" Ad providatn' 48a 8a Provide' Ad regimen' 43 8b Ouotundam exigir 2 Ad Romani3 9a Ad onus Ad universalis [Iohn XXII)3 45a 9b Sancta Romana atque" Ad universalis (SixtusIV)3 45b lOa Detestatidae' Ambitiosae' lOb Exeo3 Andronicum3 11 Ptodiens" Antiquae concertationP Sa 12a Ad apostolatus nosttt: Antiquorum3 13a 12b Cum ad sacrosanctae' 2 Auendentes" 54a 12c Quia in futurorum 3 Benedictus Deus4 42a 13a Antiquorum Caeca cotdis: 53a l3b Dierum ctescente' Circa coniovendum' 47 14 Si religiosui Copiosus" ISa 15a Copiosus: Cum ad sacrosanctae' 12b ISb Iniunctae' Cum detestabile' 16a Ecc1esiae Romance" Cum inter notuiullos" Sb 16b Rem non novam3 Cum Matthaeut 36 17a Unam sanctam3 Cum nontiullae-includi' 23a 17b Vas election is doctor: Cum nonnullae-habeti' 34 18 Meruit3 Cum praeescelsa' 19a Debenr' Cupientes' 46a 19b Excommunicamus' s Dat vivendi4 28a 20a Dec1aratio on Execrabilis Debent3 19a 20b Ex debito3 Declaratio on Bxectobilis' 20a 21 Ad nostri apostoiatus" Declarationes' 22 Piae3 Deiestandae' lOa 23a Cum notmullae-includi' 428 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 8 (continued) Incipit Ranking Ranking Incipit Dierum cresceate' 13b 23b Malitiis3 Dignum axbitrantes' 28b 23e Ut quos vinutie: Discipulotum' 48b 24a Nuper ex cettis-allegare' Dispendiis' 26a 24b Sancta Romana ecclesia' Divina: 25a Etsi tempotalium' Divinis exemplis' 53b 25b Ratio secta' Docta3 27a 25e Super gentes3 Dudum bonae' 30 26a Dispendiis' Dudum Boniiatius" 52 26b Etsi deceat' Dudum [elicis recorda- 4la 26e Postulasti' tionis4 Dudum nos" 3la 27a Docta sanctorutu' Ecclesiae Romanae: l6a 27b Ut ptaelatotum' Etsi deceat' 26b 28a Dat vivendi' Etsi dominici3 (Paul11) 28b Dignum atbitiatites' Etsi dominici: [Sixtus IV) 29a Inter cunctas3 Etsi in temporaliutu' 25a 29b Quod olim3 Ex cottidiana-derogare' 54b 30 Dudum bonae' Ex cottidiana-salutari' 50a 3la Dudum nos" Ex debita' 20b 3lb Nuper cettis-obtinenda' Exeo3 lOb 3le Spondetir Ex supemae' SOb 32 Vas electionis Paulus3 Excommunicamus' 19b 33 Ad nosttum' Excommunicamus ... 51 34 Cum nonnullae-baberi' capiunt" Excommunicamus ... 42b 35a Quia nonnulü: hereticost Bxectabilis' 1 35h Salvator nosier' Exhibita3 36 Cum Matthaeus' Exigit apostolatust 49a 37a Regularem vitamt Exiit4 (Sext. 5.12.3) 4lh 37h Super cathedram' Exivi4 (Clern. 5.11.11 50e 38 Pastor bonus4 Bxperimentot 46h 39 Pastotalist Ptequentes' 46e 40 In delictotum' Gtave tiimis' 41a Dudum [elicis recorda- tionis" In delictorum' 40 4lb Exiit4 (Sext. 5.12.31 The Extravagantescommunes and Its Medieval Predecessors 429

Table8 (continued)

Incipit Ranking Ranking Incipit

Iniidelis' 42a Benedictus Deus4 Iniunctae' ISh 42h Excommunicamus ... beteticos' Inter cunctas' 29a 42c Nuper ex certis-et c.3 Malitiis3 23h 42d Quia cunctos' Meruit3 18 42e Romanus potuiiex' Multa mentis' 43 Ad tegimeit' Nuper certis-obtinenda' 3lb 44 Super gregem4 Nupet ex cenis-allegare' 24a 45a Ad univezsalis' (JohnXXII) Nuper ex certis-et c.3 42c 45h Ad univetsalis' [Sixtus IV) Nuper proposito' SOd 46a Cupientee' Pastor bonus: 38 46b Bxpetimemoi Pastoralis' 39 46c Ptequentes' Piae3 22 47 Circa conioveiidum' Postulastf 26c 48a Ad ptovidam" Pridem nobts" 55 48b Discipulorutir Ptodiens" 11 49a Exigit apostolatust Provide: 8a 49b Recolendae: Quemadmodum3 50a Ex cottidiana-salutari" Quia cunctos' 43d SOb Ex supemae' Quia in futurorum2 12c 50c EXivi4(Clem.5.11.1) Quia tionnulli' 42d SOd Nuper proposito4 Quia nonnunquam2 6 50e Superni dispositionei Quia quorundam mentes2 7a 51 Excommunicamus ... capituitt Quod olini: 29b 52 Dudum Boniiatius" Quorundam exigit" 8b 53a Caeca cotdis' Ratio tecta: 25b 53b Divinis exemplis' Recolendaet 49b 53c Sane ne in vinea: Regimitit' [Calixtus Ill) 53d Utiigenitus' Regimini (MartinV) 54a Attendentes" Regularem vitam': 37a 54b Ex cottidiana-derogarei Rem non novam3 16h 55 Pridem nobis4 Romanus pontifex4 42e Ad Romani Salvator nosier' 35h Ambitiosae' Sancta Romana atque: 9b Andronicutir Sancta Romana ecclesia' 24b Cum detestabile' 430 JACQUELINE BROWN

Table 8 !continuedl

Incipit Ranking Ranking Incipit

Sane ne in vinea: 53c Cum ptaeexcelsa' Sedes apostolica' 3 Declarationes' Si itattum" 7b Divitia' Si xeligiosus' 14 Etsi dominici: [Paul III Spotident' 31c Etsi dominici' [Sixtus lVI Super cathedram' 37b Exhibita3 Super gentes3 25c Grave nimis: Super gregem" 44 lnfidelis' Superni dispositione: 50e Multa mentis' Suscepti tegiminis' 2 Cniemadmoduiu' Utiam sanctam3 17a Regimini' [Calixtus IIII Unigenitus' 53d Regimint' [Martin VI Ut praelatoiuru' 27b Viam ambitiosae' Ut quos vittutis' 23c Vices illius: Vas electionis doctor' 17b Vas electionis Paulus: 32 Viam ambitiosaei Vices illiue'

- - not ranked because found in fewer than ten manuscripts (or in none at all). lIncluded in both the Extravagantes Johannis XXII and the Extravagantes communes. 2Included in the Extravagantes Johannis XXII only. 3Included in the Extravagantes communes only. "Not included in the Extravagantes communes or the Extravagantes Johannis XXII. 5The Dec1aratioon Execrabilis was included in Chappuis's Communes as part of the apparatus of glosses. ~he opening lines of Pastoralis are appended to Quod olim with a cross-reference to the remainder of the text in Clem. 3.17.1. The rankings have been adjusted to account for the overlap of data in Tables 1-3. Ties are indicated by a, b, c, etc. dividendi ecclesias, alias aliis subiiciendi, et alias ab aliis eximendi. ... " Of Inter cunctas, revoked by later legislation: "Et licet sit revocata per Clem. 2. de sepult., multa tarnen notatu digna in ea reperiuntur, quae non sunt retrac- tata." Of Infidelis, the seemingly obscure decree of long ago that had not been used by any of Chappuis's predecessors, Chappuis wrote, "Et hie habetur op- tima practica monendi malefactores, ut intra certurn terminum satisfaciant, alias excommunicationem incurrant, et modum ipsius excommunicationis publicandae haec extravagans clare manifestat." In one case he even supplied The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 431 information that "tyros of the law" might not know: "Adverte, quod ecclesia de Vavro et ecclesia de Mirapice sunt sub ecclesia Tholosana tanquam suffra- ganeae, licet de illis hic mentio nulla fiat" [from the summary for Salvator noster). Chappuis thus intended the Communes, at least in part, as a teaching aid: "Quas tyronibus iuris [quorum laboribus leuandis quantum per faculta- tern licuit incubuimus] extrauagantes edidimus." And if its lessons were judged by some to be too elementary, he was not bothered: "Veterani rudeque donati si ad eorum manus pervenerint, etiam si reiiciant, nihil me offendent, ut que non sua ipsorum causa sic in unum fuerint congeste.v'" Chappuis clearly went to some trouble in compiling the Communes; he included virtually all of the material printed in other such editions but went far beyond them. Since no single extant manuscript corresponds to his work, it is probable that he consulted more than one, picking the decrees that seemed to him "useful." Chappuis left two explicit clues about his sources. In the colophon to the first edition of the Communes he wrote that the glosses to some of the decrees had been found in various Paris libraries: "Nonnullisque illarum subtilia glossemata variis ex bibliothecis Parisiensibus sunt adiecta." But he does not name the libraries, and there were more than fifty in Paris at this time.'! His second clue is more specific and refers to the text, not the glosses: in the summary for Divinis exemplis he wrote, "Et, nisi antiqui libri hoc c. sub titulo de poenis adnotavissent, sub titulo de excess. praelat. positum fuisset." The earlier editions did not include Divinis exemplis, so the "antiqui libri" must be manuscripts. Only two of the eleven manuscripts with this decree put it under a titulus: Vat.lat. 1257l has it under De excessibus prelatorum, as Chappuis would have preferred; Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, lat. 14329, is the only extant manuscript to give Divinis exemplis under the titulus Depenis. And since that manuscript is known to have been in Paris, in the library of the Abbey of Saint-Victor, in 1514,32it is almost certainly one of the "antiqui libri" Chappuis consulted [this manuscript is also likely, then, to have been Chappuis's source for the rare text of Infidelis mentioned above). In fact, all but two of the extravagantes in MS lat. 14329 are found somewhere in Chappuis's Corpus, if not in the Communes then in the Extrava- gantes Johannis XXII or the earlier collections, which suggests that he was inclined to be inclusive in his selection of material-a picture that fits with the size of his Communes in comparison with its printed predecessors. One of the missing extravagantes-Avaritiae, a text otherwise known to me only in Rouen, Bibliotheque municipale, MS E.12-is found on an isolated page and may have been inadvertently omitted. The other missing extravagans is John XXII's Dat vivendi, found here in an abbreviated version.P As Table 8 shows, Dat vivendi and a fair number of other extravagantes had circulated in manu- 432 JACQUELINE BROWN scripts far more commonly than many other texts ultimately selected for the Communes, but that record counted for nothing if a reliable text was unavail- able to Chappuis in Paris c. 1500. If Chappuis was allowed to consult one manuscript at Saint-Victor, he was probably also allowed to consult others in the abbey'S library. Three more manuscripts cited in the tables above are known to have been at Saint-Victor in 1514 and could well have been there fourteen years earlier for Chappuis to consult: Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, MSS lat. 14331, 14362, and 14616.341£ Chappuis used lat. 14362 in addition to lat. 14329, he would have had access to thirteen of the twenty-two extravagantes that were not readily available from printed sources: Ad universalis [Iohn XXII), Discipulorum, Divinis exetnplis, Ptequentes, In delictotum, lnfidelis, Nuper ex certis-et c., Postulasti, Quia cutictos, Ratio recta, Salvator nostet, Spondent, and Super cathedram. The only extravagantes in MS lat. 14362 that do not occur in the Communes are, again, Dat vivendi, which, interestingly, is available here in a complete text (did Chappuis, contrary to his usual practice "edit it out"?), and Romanus potitiiex, which concerns John XXII's division of an ecclesiastical province (here, Tarragona) and so repeats material found in his decree Salvator noster (on the division of the see of Toulouse). A source for Chappuis's remaining nine extravagantes-Andronicum,

Dudum bonae, Etsi dominici-et C., Ex supetnae, Piae, Quia tionnulli, Sane ne in vinea, Utiigenitus, and Vas electionis Paulus-remains elusive. It is not too difficult to imagine that printed copies of Sixtus IV's decree Etsi dominici, issued in 1478, might have been available in Chappuis's day and subsequently lost. And if Chappuis did, after all, have an opportunity to see Brant 11,he could have obtained a copy of Sane ne in vinea from it (to the obvious question-where did Sebastian Brant get his copy of Sane ne in vineat=cme would begin by looking at the copy now in the Universitätsbibliothek in Basel, which came there from the Dominican house in Basel). But this process still leaves seven extravagantes that are not known to have been printed before Chap- puis's time and that are not in the two manuscripts proposed above as sources for Chappuis. None of the extant manuscripts has all seven of the remaining exttavaganies, but five manuscripts do have six of the seven: Paris, Biblio- theque Nationale, lat. 4119; Toledo, Biblioteca de la Catedral, 8-1; and Vat.lat. 12570, 12571, and 12572.35 There is no obvious reason to suppose the Toledo and Vatican manuscripts were in Paris in Chappuis's time, but one would like to know more about the history of MS lat. 4119 before its acquisition by Cardinal Mazarin in the seventeenth century." Yet, even if it could be shown that MS lat. 4119 was in Paris in 1500 and even if textual analysis showed similarities between its text and Chappuis's, we would still have one exttava- The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 433 gans to account for: Andronicum, issued by Clement V in 1307,37is not found in any manuscript or early printed edition known to me, nor does an original survive in the Archives Nationales.P Where Chappuis got hold of it remains a mystery-perhaps to be solved for LEB's next festschrift.

Medieval Academy of America 1430 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02138

Notes

Much of the manuscript research on which this article is based was begun while I was a doctoral student at the University of Toronto, working under Leonard Boyle's supervision. I am grateful to Father Boyle and to Prof. Norman Zacour, who first suggested late-medieval extravagantes as a research topic, for their helpful advice and unsparing criticisms during my Toronto years. I would also like to acknowledge with gratitude the financial support given me by the Canada Council and the Killam Fund.

1. The list of incipits in Chappuis's 150l edition contains seventy extravagantes. The two extra texts are Pastoralis and the Dec1aratioon Execrabilis. Chappuis included only the opening few lines of Pastoralis, which he appended to another extravagans (Quod olim) with a cross-reference to the remainder of the text in Clem. 3.17.1. The Dec1aratioon Execrabilis is not a papal decree (see further below, n. 15), and Chappuis's treatment of it is ambiguous: although listed in his table of incipits, he printed it in the small type that he used for glosses. When the capitula of the Communes were later numbered, the Declaratio was not counted among them; and when the glosses were dropped from still later editions of the Corpus iuris canonici, the Dec1aratiowas dropped with them. 2. Chappuis mistakenly attributed Viam ambitiosae to Martin IV (1281-85) instead of Martin V (1417-31), an error repeated in later editions and in Potthast's Regesta ponti- ficum Romanorum (no. 21773). The text has been edited from the Vatican Registers of Martin V's letters by A. 1.Täutu in Acta Martini P.P. V (141'-1431), Pontificia Commissio Codici Iuris Canonici Orientalis Recognoscendo, Fantes, ser. 3, 14/1 (Rome, 1980), no. 52, pp. 129- 31. 3. The seventy-three have been printed most recently in EmH Friedberg's edition of the Corpus iuris canonici (Leipzig, 1879-81; repr. Graz, 1959),2:1237-1312. Friedberg's in- dex lists seventy-four, not seventy-three, extravagantes (2:1339-40), since he includes Pasto- ralis (see above, n. 1). 4. So, for example, Mary A. Rouse and Richard H. Rouse, in "The Texts Called Lumen anime," Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum 41 (1971),5-113: "The processes of enlargement, of revision and rearrangement, of combination, and of translation, have left us with not three but with a dozen or so versions of the Lumen anime" [p, 49). 5. The opposite approach-focusing on all the extravagantes contained in a single manuscript-was taken by G. Mollat in "Un recueil d'extravagantes," Revue de droit cano- 434 JACQUELINE BROWN nique 4 (1954),243-51, in which he lists the eighty-five extravagantes found in Vatican Li- brary, MS Vat.lat. 1171. 6. Most of the manuscript information reported in this article has been obtained first- hand or from published catalogues. I am indebted to F.Ekowski for information about Han- nover, Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek, MS 11 282, and to D. N. Cole, for information about London, Royal College of Physicians, MS 410. 7. The printed source must have been the Albignani collection described below, but in an otherwise unrecorded printing. 8. R. M. Johannessen, "Cardinal Jean Lemoine and the Authorship of the Glosses to Unam sanctam," Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law, n.s. 18 (1988),33-41. Johannessen distin- guishes between two commentaries on Unam sanctam, one composed by the Cardinal, the other not, and gives information about many of the manuscripts discussed here. 9. Table 1 does not include copies of the pseudonymous commentary on Unam sanctam attributed to [ohannes Monachus, which usually incorporates a nearly complete copy of Unam sanctam interspersed as lemmata; an example is found in Paris, Bibliotheque Natio- nale, MS lat. 4116, fols. 83v-86r. 10. Paul Fournier, "Guillaurne de Mont Lauzun, canoniste," Histoire litteraue de la France,35 (Paris, 1921),pp. 467-503. 11. On page 111 of part 2 of my census of manuscripts of the Constitutiones Clemen- tinae (see the following note) I speculated that since Toruri MS 36 had formerly been in the Royal Library in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad), perhaps more of the lost Königsberg manuscripts might now be found in Toruri. In a letter to me dated 18 March 1993 the current librarian, Stefan Czaja, reports that the Königsberg manuscripts "are not preserved in our Library" and that his inquiries about them at the National Library in Warsaw and at the University Library in Lodz have been "negative." 12. The numbers given here have been compiled from my earlier article (as Jacqueline Tarrant], "The Manuscripts of the Constitutiones Clementinae," Zeitschrift der Savigny- Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Kan. Abt. 70 (1984),67-133 (part 1: "Admont to München"), and 71 (1985),76-146 (part 2: "Napoli to Zwettl"). I have no information about extravagantes in 92 of the 392 manuscripts and fragments reported in my census. 13. See my edition (as Jacqueline Tarrant), Monumenta iuris canonici B/6 (VaticanCity, 1983). 14. The incipit of this decree in Friedberg's edition is given as Ad cuiuslibet, an error that goes back to Chappuis's edition. (One wonders if John XXII would have been amused at the mistake: with the change of "vocati" to "vocato," Bertrand, bishop of Montauban, instead of John XXII, is said to have been "called by divine dispensation to exercise rule over the universal church.") The Communes includes another decree that begins Ad universalis (1.9.1), issued by Sixtus IV. See n. 28, below, concerning a second erroneous incipit in the Communes. 15. "The Declaratio on John XXII's Decree Execrabilis and the Early History of the Rota," Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law, n.s. 21 (1991),47-78. 16. On the early history of printing in Paris see Philippe Renouard, Repertoire des im- primeurs patisiens.Libtaites, fondeurs de catacteres et correcteurs d'imptimetie depuis l'in- troduction de l'imptimetie Q Paris (1470) jusqu'a la fin du seizietne siecle, rev. ed. (Paris, 1965), esp. pp. 152, 168-69, and 366-67; and two essays in Histoire de l'edition [rancaise, 1: Le livte conquerant: Du moyen age au milieu du XVlle siecle, ed. Henri-Iean Martin and Roger Chartier (Paris, 1982):[eanne-Marie Dureau, "Les premiers ateliers francais," pp. 163- 75, and Dominique Coq, "Les incunables: Textes anciens, textes nouveaux," pp. 177-93. (I am grateful to Mary Rouse for referring me to these essays.) The year 1470 is accepted as the starting date for printing in Paris (see, e.g., Dureau, pp. 164 and 166), but the three Basel printers may have arrived in Paris the year before (see Coq, p. 179). 17. Stephan Kuttner, "The Date of the Constitution 'Saepe,' the Vatican Manuscripts, The Extravagantes communes and Its Medieval Predecessors 435 and the Roman Edition of the Clementines," in Melanges Eugetie Tisserant, 4, Studi e testi 234 (VaticanCity, 1964),pp. 427-52, reprinted with supplementary material in his Medieval Councils, Dectetals, and Collections of Canon Law, Collected Studies 126 (London, 1980), discusses both the Nevo and the Albignani editions at pp. 446-47. 18. On the complicated transmission of two of the Clementine decrees, Exivi de para- diso and Saepe, and of Execrabilis, see Kuttner, "Date of the Constitution 'Saepe.' " Exiit (Sext. 5.12.3) was also sometimes copied in collections of extravagantes, see Table 5. 19. I have seen GW 4890 and 4905 at the Harvard Law School Library. For GW 4901 I am relying on the information provided by Johann Wilhelm Bickell, Über die Entstehung und den heutigen Gebrauch der beiden Extravagantensammlungen des Corpus iutis canonici (Marburg, 1825),p. 120A. 20. The most recent study of Brant refers only briefly to his editing of extravagantes: [oachirn Knape, Dichtung, Recht und Freiheit: Studien zu Leben und Werk Sebastian Brains, 1457-1521, Saecula spiritalia 23 (Baden-Baden,1992),p. 98, n. 258, and p. 107. 21. The surname "Chappuis" (also "Chapuys" and "Chapuis"), meaning "carpenter," is a common one. I doubt there is any connection between the Jean Chappuis discussed here and the Jean Chapuys who was utriusque iutis doctor by 1484: the latter (the uncle of Eustache Chapuys, who served as Emperor Charles V's ambassador to King Henry VIII of England from 1529 to 1545) spent most of his career far from Paris, first at Annecy, later at Chambery, before retiring as "a country gentleman." See Carrett Mattingly, "Eustache Chapuys and Spanish Diplomacy in England (1488-1536): A Study in the Development of Resident Embassies," Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1935, pp. i, 1,3-4. (My thanks to H. A. Kelly for commenting on the coincidence of the surnames.) 22. Bickell in 1825 referred to Chappuis's licentiate (Über die Entstehung, p. 3), and that "fact," with the addition that the degree came from Paris, has been repeated ever since. YetChappuis's name does not appear among those awarded the licentiate at Paris in the years 1434-1502(published by Marcel Fournier and Leon Dorez in vols. 2-3 of La Paculte de Dectet de l'Univetsite de Paris au XVe siede [Paris, 1902, 1913]);the only possible match from those records is "Johannes Carpentarii" from the diocese of Chartres, described variously as a Benedictine and an Augustinian, who received a bachelor's degree in March 1474 and who continued his studies until at least November 1475, but who is not recorded as having received the licentiate (2:218,222-23, 230, 236; see also Thomas Sullivan, Benedictine Monks at the University of Paris, A.D. 1229-1500: A Biographical Register, Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 4 [Leiden, 1995J,p. 93). In contrast, the name of Vital de Thebes, Chappuis's collaborator for the Decretales Gregorii IX, does appear in the records: he received his baccalaureate in 1495, his licentiate in 1498(3:399 n. 3, 403, 406,462,467,480). Since there is a gap in the published records from 1449 to 1472, Chappuis could have received a degree then; if so, he would have been a rather elderly editor in the late 1520s, when he is known to have still been active. Chappuis must have studied law somewhere, but it may not have been at Paris; or perhaps he left the university before formally taking his advanced degree. 23. Chappuis seems to have worked alone on the Communes: he names himself as the "corrector" at the front of the volume; his surname is given in an acrostic in the middle; and he takes full credit for the Communes in his "Antilogia," to be discussed below. "Girolamo Chiari," named by Brigitte Moreau as co-editor of the Communes (see the following note), is Hieronymus Clarius, author of the "Praeludium in extravagantes" printed in early editions of extravagantes and in Chappuis's as well; there is no reason to make him a co-editor of the Communes. 24. Brigitte Moreau, lnventaire chronologique des editions patisiettnes du XVle siecle, 4 vols. to date (Paris, 1972-). 25. See Rene Metz, "La contribution de la France a l'etude du Decret de Gratien depuis le XVIe siecle iusqu'ä nos jours," Studia Gtatiana, 2(Bologna, 1954),pp. 499-501, on Chap- 436 JACQUELINE BROWN puis's editorial interventions in the Decretum, and Tarrant, ed., Extrauagantes Johannis XXII, pp. 123-27, on Chappuis's edition of that work. 26. In his "Antilogia" Chappuis refers to other editions of extravagantes, and I think we can assume that he had seen the popular Nevo and Albignani collections. Whether he saw Bulle's edition (GW 7091) and Brant's is less certain; on the former see the comments in my edition of the Extravagantes Johannis XXII, pp. 120-27, where I showed that Chappuis had access to a source very similar to Bulle's edition and to its near twin, Vat.lat. 6055. Whatever that source was, Chappuis might well have continued using it for the Communes portion of the Corpus. 27. On the date as January 1501 and not January 1502 see the Gesamtkatalog entry for no. 4904 at col. 552. 28. In Friedberg's edition the incipit of this decree is mistakenly given as Ad certitudinem, an error that can be traced back to Chappuis's edition. See n. 14, above, concerning a similar mistake in the incipit of John XXII's Ad universalis: in that instance the true opening words have been treated as part of the address clause; in the case of Andronicum the reverse has occurred-the address has been mistaken for part of the text proper. 29. In the revised version of the "Antilogia," which I have seen only in the edition printed by Bickell, Über die Entstehung, pp. 127-30, Chappuis mentioned the five extravagantes added in his second edition of the Communes. For the original version of the "Antilo- gia," and the rest of the first edition of the Communes, I have used a microfilm of the copy in Geneva, Bibliotheque Publique et Universitaire. 30. The last two quotations are taken from the first edition of the "Antilogia" and appear virtually unchanged in the second edition as printed by Bickell. 31. Alfred Franklin, Les anciennes bibliotbeques de Paris,3 vols. (Paris, 1867-73), lists more than 160 libraries in Paris before the French Revolution, roughly a third of which ex- isted in Chappuis's day. 32. Gilbert Ouy et al., Le catalogue de la bibliotbeque de l'abbaye de Saint-Victor de Paris de Claude de Grandrue, 1514 (Paris, 1983), p. 74. BN lat. 14329 also includes glosses by Johannes Monachus. 33. For a study and edition of Dat vivendi, with discussion of its manuscript transmission, see Norman P.Zacour, "Papal Regulation of Cardinals' Households in the Fourteenth Century," Speculum 50 (1975), 434-55. Gilles Bellemere, writing a hundred years before Chappuis, complained that he could make no sense of the texts he had to hand of Dat vivendi and of Postulasti and so could not write glosses on either of them (quoted in Zacour, p. 438, n.13). 34. Ouy, Catalogue, pp. 74, 99, and 90, respectively. 35. Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, 1.83 sup., and Rome, Biblioteca Casanatense, 419, would be included here if they were not missing approximately the first fifteen lines of Vas electionis Paulus. Four of the five manuscripts listed above-all but Vat. lat. 12571-<:ould also have been Chappuis's source for Pastoralis (see above, n. 1).Pastoralis was not included in earlier editions of extravagantes. 36. H. Omont, Anciens itiventaites et catalogues de la Bibliotheque Nationale, 5 vols. (Paris, 1908-21),3:386, 4:287, and 5:102_Further information about this manuscript's history might also help to explain the crosses found in the margin next to some of the extravagames, I have not detected any correspondence between the markings and the Communes. 37. Benedictines of Monte Cassino, Regestum Clementis Papae Vex Vaticanis arche- typis S. D. N. Leonis XIII P. M. iussu et munificentia, 8 vols. (Rome, 1885-92), no. 1759. 38. It is not listed in B. Barbiche, Les actes pontificaux originaux des Archives Natio- nales de Paris,3: 1305-1415 (VaticanCity, 1982).