URBAN ANTHOLOGIES III The success stories CASE STUDIES highlighted All cities meet with crises. their way, so that the disruption how cities can innovate in the in Urban Barcelona’s urban re-vitalization, increase in the budget share of Whether the city is large or and dislocation to people’s lives face of crisis and become more to Washington, DC’s experience health and education spending small, new or existing, in can be minimized. resilient. Anthologies touch in tackling human trafficking, from 13% to close to 40% over an advanced or emerging on 8 key themes provide examples of the extent a decade. Similarly, the case economy, at some point all How cities respond to crises One of the most interesting of cooperation and partnership studies on how Shenzhen cities come face-to-face with often defines them. Many of the words for crisis is the Chinese needed across different and Dubai responded to rapid a crisis that will put them to the most vibrant cities today have word “危机”. On their own, the 1. Multi-pronged solutions stakeholders in the city. urbanization clearly demonstrate Tackling Sudden Shocks Tackling Creeping Crises test. The most resilient cities find met with a crisis of one form characters mean “danger” and are necessary the value of long term ways to innovate to overcome or another, and responded in a “opportunity” respectively. This 4. Working with the market commitment spanning decades. these crises. robust way that has influenced is an apt description of the Crises are often complex and can be effective Transportation Sri Lanka + New Orleans Bogotá, Colombia where they are today. They aspirations for this volume. We complicated, demanding a 7. Local solutions become and Infrastructure Solutions For Safe(r) Houses Investing to Transform Transportation Crises come in many forms. did not let the crisis diminish hope this collection of case multi-pronged response that Cities have begun to learn to global when they are adapted (Low-Tech Construction Los Angeles, USA They could be economic, the city; instead they chose to studies will be a user-friendly spans regulation, incentives, work with the market to achieve locally and High-Tech Design) The Capital Of Car Culture Goes Green political, social or environmental be bold, finding the will and reference for mayors and urban investment and technology, optimal solutions. By innovating Tohoku, Japan Chicago, USA in nature. They could be local or determination to implement the leaders, that will help them to amongst others. Melbourne’s on this front, they can harness Many of the solutions came Learning from Crises Addressing Infrastructure Revitalization global, or both. They could be necessary measures to restore prepare their cities for crises, urban transformation, New York the efficiency of market about from a very specific Through Private Sector Investment sudden and devastating, or they normalcy. In many cases, they and when a crisis does come, City’s economic diversification, mechanisms to develop new response in a very local context. Partnerships could be creeping and insidious. re-invented themselves and to turn it into an opportunity and Singapore’s response possibilities, adding a powerful When sufficiently generalized, Their effects could be once- found new strengths, putting to innovate and build an even to the global financial crisis new tool for tackling crises. the lessons drawn from these off or chronic, with both short themselves on a firmer footing better city for their citizens. provide three examples of such The Chicago Infrastructure responses become transferable Financial and Fiscal Singapore Porto Alegre, Brazil and long term ramifications. than before the crisis. multi-pronged strategies and Trust is one such example, to other urban settings Learning and Innovating Participatory Budgeting - An Inclusive Very often, they are a mix of the solutions. and Los Angeles’ drawing on worldwide. To be effective in During Financial Crises Approach To Municipal Fiscal above, creating complicated and The case studies in this third private capital for its initiatives these urban settings, care must Dubai, United Arab Emirates Management complex challenges for cities. volume of Urban Anthologies 2. Working across government in sustainable power and be taken to intelligently adapt The World’s Most Virtual City illustrate vividly this tremendous is imperative transportation is another. them to the local context. Human lives are always capacity of cities to overcome For example, if cities wish to inevitably disrupted. In extreme adversity. They come from all The tools for a multi-pronged 5. Communication is critical replicate Bogota’s bicycle and Economic and Social New York City, USA Barcelona, Spain cases, they are even dislocated. around the world, representing solution typically do not fall bus rapid transit success, they Economic Recovery Through Diversification Adjusting For New Global Opportunities As the majority of the world’s cities of different sizes and under the remit of any single Crises responses can only would have to set up local Melbourne, Australia population now live in cities, and stages of development. The government agency. The case be effectively implemented organizations that “support From Urban Decline to the World’s as that proportion continues to crises tackled and the tools studies clearly demonstrate if those responsible for them efforts to promote active Most Liveable City rise rapidly in the decades to employed cut across many how important it is for different in the public, private and transport policies.” Shenzhen, China come, it becomes even more dimensions. While these may agencies to work together people sectors understand Responding to the Challenges important that cities develop be a diverse set of case studies, quickly and effectively, and to why they are doing it and what 8. Technology plays an of Rapid Urbanization the capacity to prepare for and they are all similar in one very use their different experiences they need to do. Constant increasingly significant role Washington DC, USA resolve any crisis that comes important respect: they all show and perspectives to develop communication is thus critical. Combatting Human Trafficking joint and robust responses to Singapore’s comprehensive As technologies become Through Innovation and Impact crises. public communications during more advanced and reliable, the SARS crisis built confidence and as the costs of deploying 3. Working across the city and trust in the tough measures them become lower, cities are Health Singapore Melbourne, Australia expands possibilities taken; similarly Melbourne’s increasingly using technology and Environment Fighting SARS From Heat Island to “A City In the Forest” extensive public engagements to assist them in responding Seattle + Naples For a city to effectively tackle ensured stakeholders’ buy-in for to crises. The case studies Tracking Trash the severity of a crisis and the the Urban Forest Strategy. on safer disaster housing speed at which it unfolds, even and trash tracking offer new working well across government 6. Sustained efforts ensure and interesting innovations; agencies may be insufficient. success technology has also played a It will also have to enlist the significant role in several other efforts of many stakeholders, Regardless of whether the crisis case studies such as their use in from businesses, to non- is short or long term, success understanding human trafficking governmental organizations, in restoring normalcy to a city mechanisms (Washington, to non-profits, to community in times of crisis is only ensured DC), designing urban solutions organizations, and even to the if the efforts are sustained. (Melbourne), and developing citizens themselves. Most of Porto Alegre’s commitment SARS thermal scanners the case studies, from Bogota’s to participatory budgeting, for (Singapore). transport transformation, to example, contributed to the authors ADDITIONAL AUTHORS 00 Victor Vergara and Mark Hirschboeck Rob Adams Abha Joshi-Ghani Mats Williamson co-authored Participatory Budgeting Director, City Design Vice-Chair — Director, Thematic Executive Vice-President Innovation: City of Melbourne, Knowledge and Learning Skanska AB Federica Ranghieri URBAN Australia World Bank Sweden and Mark Hirschboeck from Crisis to Opportunity www.melbourne.vic.gov.au Washington DC, USA www.skanska.com co-authored Learning from Crises www.worldbankgroup.org ANTHOLOGIES III Christina Bain and Louise Shelley co-authored Combatting Human Trafficking through Innovation and Impact

Rosemary Feenan John Alschuler Adele Naudé Santos Scot Wrighton co-authored The World’s Most Chairman Vice-Chair — Architect, Urban City Manager Virtual City, Responding HR&A Advisors Designer and Dean Lavasa Corporation Limited to the Challenges of Rapid USA MIT, School of Architecture India Urbanization and Adjusting www.hraadvisors.com and Planning — USA www.hccindia.com for New Global Opportunities sap.mit.edu Hardik Bhatt co-authored Addressing infrastructure revitalization through private sector investment partnership

Poon King Wang and Jun Jie Woo Samer I. Asfour Konrad Otto-Zimmermann Nancy Kete co-authored Fighting SARS Director, Economic Secretary-General Managing Director, Resilience and Learning and Innovating during and Social Affairs Directorate ICLEI, Local Governments Rockefeller Foundation Financial Crises The Royal Hashemite Court for Sustainability — Germany USA Matthew Claudel Twitter: @ICLEI_SG Jordan www.rockefellerfoundation.org co-authored Tracking Trash Twitter: @samerasfour www.iclei.org Carmen Barbati co-authored From Urban Decline to the World’s Most Liveable City and From Heat Island to a “City in a Forest” Chan Heng-Chee Fahd Al Rasheed Varun Sivaram Chair — Ambassador-at-Large Chief Executive Officer Associate With support from the Bill & Melinda and Chairperson and Member of the Board McKinsey & Company Gates Foundation Lee Kuan Centre King Abdullah Economic City USA for Innovative Cities — Singapore Saudi Arabia www.mckinsey.com With support from www.mfa.gov.sg www.kingabdullahcity.com Muriel Skaf Lead, Editing, and Production Associate, Urban Development World Economic Forum

Charles Doyle Carlo Ratti Poon King Wang Chief Marketing Officer Director, SENSEable City Contributor, Editing and Oversight Director, Lee Kuan Yew Centre Jones Lang LaSalle Laboratory for Innovative Cities United Kingdom MIT, Department of Urban Studies Singapore University Twitter: @cjadoyle and Planning — USA of Technology and Design www.joneslanglasalle.com Twitter: @senseablecity dusp.mit.edu James Pennington Council Manager Research Analyst World Economic Forum

Gordon Feller Melanie Walker studio FM milano Graphic Design In collaboration with MIT Director, Urban Innovation Advisor to President Kim Cisco Systems Inc. World Bank Puritan Capital USA USA Printing www.cisco.com www.worldbank.org introduction CONCLUSION

Participatory budgeting is a One of the advantages of Since its genesis in Porto Alegre, Poor municipal fiscal Brazil, piloted a new, radically process by which citizens participatory budgeting is that the concept of participatory Despite these reservations, it is hard to see the themselves articulate their it is, on its own terms, revenue budgeting has been discussed, management presents democratic model spending priorities and influence neutral. Some expense and studied, and replicated process in Porto Alegre as anything but a success. significant risks to inclusive for budgeting in the late budgetary allocations. As inefficiencies are associated worldwide. According to The concrete improvements in service outcomes developed in Porto Alegre, with the consultation process, the Participatory Budgeting urban development. The 1980s. It became known as it entails an essentially year- but gains in government Project, a non-profit, over are joined by evidence suggesting that participation 2008-2009 global financial Orçamento Participativo round set of large-scale performance and public 1,500 cities have adopted the is not limited to the middle class or supporters of neighborhood and thematic satisfaction can be realized in practice. Thus, despite its roots crisis brought some of the (participatory budgeting, meetings, as well as smaller revenue neutral environments. in a unique political context, the incumbent party, and that the poor do take coordination assemblies. Moreover, some studies show participatory budgeting has been most obvious dangers into or PB). Funding decisions are debated that it increases citizens’ adapted on a truly massive scale part, at least to some extent. Most encouragingly, abrupt focus. Slower growth, at both the district and city willingness to pay taxes. While (though to differing extents— as the concept has spread, it has been refined level, and determinations are not attributable to participatory sometimes involving smaller higher borrowing costs, and Participatory budgeting presented to the City Council for budgeting alone, progress proportions of the population, and improved. The use of internet voting allows lower revenues placed local is now probably one of final approval. At least initially, in Porto Alegre has been or determining a smaller portion participation on a much larger scale. And budget the amount of funding allocated quite impressive: new public of the budget). However, serious governments under significant the most widely studied, under participatory budgeting housing units accommodated questions still linger—some literacy campaigns and web-based budget represents a relatively small an additional 27,000 residents theoretical, some practical. fiscal stress, limiting their praised, and emulated fraction (5-8%) of the total by 1989 and the percentage One concerns the ideal balance monitoring tools have increased the effectiveness ability to provide key services innovations in municipal fiscal city budget (though, in Porto of households with sewer and between representative of the deliberative process. Alegre, the share has increased water connections increased and direct democracy in a and invest in much needed management. While not a considerably over time, reaching from 75% in 1988 to 98% in modern city. Some argue infrastructure. panacea, it has contributed 21% in 1999). The criteria for 1997. Porto Alegre’s share of the that a technically proficient allocating funding among budget for health and education administration needs to be to improved public service districts (usually indicators spending increased from 13% in insulated, to a certain extent, like poverty rates, number/ 1985 to nearly 40% in 1996. Just from an ever changing, largely But there are more subtle, outcomes where it has size of schools, and so on) are as impressively, in some sense, is unprofessional public opinion. less dramatic dangers of been implemented. Just as themselves negotiated by the the scale of citizen participation: Others question if the model of participants. As the concept in 1999, roughly 40,000 citizens participatory budget is really a fiscal mismanagement: lack importantly, perhaps, of participatory budgeting has of Porto Alegre (out of a total of solution to marginalization—do of transparency, waste, it dramatically illustrates how, spread worldwide, it has been 1.3 million) helped determine the the truly vulnerable have the adapted to the local context, city’s budget. time to attend public meetings, corruption, and elite capture. in today’s interconnected but these core features remain for instance? To help combat these world, a single innovative idea relatively constant. problems, the city of Porto can be quickly recognized Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, and imitated on a global scale.

Porto Alegre’s share of the budget for 27,000 The percentage CREDITS AND LINKS health and of households education additional with sewer Deepti Bhatnagar, Animesh Rathore, Magui Moreno Torres, and Parameeta Kanungo. 2003. Participatory budgeting in Brazil. Empowerment Case Studies. Washington, DC: World Bank. spending residents and water http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/01/11297674/participatory-budgeting-brazil increased from accomodated connections 13% in 1985 in public increased from World Bank. 2008. Brazil: Toward a More Inclusive and Effective Participatory Budget in Porto Alegre, to nearly 40% housing units 75% in 1988 Volume 1. Washington, DC. in 1996 by 1989 to 98% in 1997 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8042 PORTO ALEGRE Participatory budgeting is now probably one of 01 the most widely studied, praised, and emulated PORTO ALEGRE, Brazil innovations in municipal Participatory fiscal management Budgeting, an Inclusive Approach

1 to Municipal

Porto Alegre Fiscal Management

COORDINATES 30°03’S 51°13’W AREA 496,8 sq mi POPULATION 1,509,939 DENSITY 2 2,836,86 sq mi GDP total 1. Budget 2. Skyline $58.574 billion resulting from of Porto GDP per capita a participatory Alegre, Brazil. $13,352 process in Icapuí, Brazil.

In collaboration with MIT SOURCES

1 Paolo Massa, Wikimedia Commons 2 Eurivan Barbosa, Wikimedia Commons introduction COMPREHENSIVE RESPONSIVE CONCLUSION AND DECISIVE AND UNITED

The World Health sharply (-74% in May). Singapore initially did not negatively as draconian, their The government responded Since the SARS crisis, Singapore has continuously respond fast enough. Early effectiveness prevailed flexibly as the crisis unfolded. Organization (WHO) issued Many flights were cancelled. public communications and they were later A taskforce was first set up to strengthened its pandemic defenses. It was thus a global SARS alert on 12 The normally bustling seemed over-reassuring. Some adapted internationally. understand the situation. The ready in 2009 and 2013 for the H1N1 virus and doctors and hospital staff were The second was Infectious Diseases Act was March 2003. Singapore airport became deserted. complacent, contributing to communication. then invoked and amended Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus declared a national crisis An already recessionary the virus’ spread to hospitals. The government took a cautious so that several of the control respectively. Through its experiences and the efforts The first affected hospital and honest approach that measures could be put in place. on 6 April. Worldwide, SARS economy was hence battered. and patients could have been was timely, transparent, and When it became clear this was of many across the city, Singapore now stands isolated earlier. It took a month thorough. They: the most severe health crisis infected 8000 people and It was a health, economic, after the first SARS alert to form – acknowledged the public’s Singapore had ever faced, an at a much higher level of readiness against killed 800 in 26 countries. psychological and social crisis the high level inter-ministry fears and uncertainties; Inter-Ministerial Committee was infectious diseases. taskforce. – explained worst-case formed. Comprising ministers In Singapore, 238 were all at once as the city came scenarios and advised the public across key ministries, the infected with 33 dead. to a standstill. Once the severity became clear, not to let their guard down Committee resolved cross- the crisis was tackled swiftly on (even after Singapore was off the Ministry issues and tackled the SARS spread rapidly. Government, businesses three fronts. watchlist); social and economic impact. The first was medical and health – provided steps the public Organizations and individuals Little was known about it and people worked together related. As the most susceptible could take to protect also rallied together. Television and its countermeasures. to overcome it. Within group, hospital staff all had themselves; networks started a special to don personal protective – mobilized voluntary bodies to public education channel. CREDITS AND LINKS It was lethal. Fear escalated. three months, on 30 May, gear. Their temperatures were assist; Scientists deciphered the virus monitored (fever was one of – gave frequent updates on and developed a diagnostic kit. Lai, Allen Yuhung and Tan, Seck, Impact of Disasters and Disaster Risk Management in Singapore: A Case People stayed home. Public Singapore was taken off the Study of Singapore Experience in Fighting the SARS Epidemic (November 20, 2012). Lee Kuan Yew School SARS’ symptoms). Incoming cases and measures; Engineers built temperature of Public Policy Research Paper No. 12-18. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2188192 or http:// places, malls and eateries WHO watchlist. The lessons hospital patients with fever – encouraged everyone to lead scanning machines. Neighbors dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2188192 emptied. Public transport use and measures improved symptoms were separated at normal lives with the adoption delivered food and groceries first contact. A hospital was of necessary precautions; to those under quarantine. Lanard, Jody (2004). Singapore’s SARS Outbreak Communications at the WHO Expert Consultation on dipped. Healthcare workers Singapore’s pandemic designated the SARS hospital – apologized for mistakes made. Hospitals, community Outbreak Communications. 21 Sep 2004. (http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/pretoria/ to isolate the cases. In the These efforts built trust and organizations and companies press_statements_speeches/2004/200410/press_200410.html) (accessed 16 Jan 2014) were initially shunned defenses and were also city at large, temperature confidence, and 80% of a set up video conference facilities by some. Tourist arrivals fell adapted globally. screening was made mandatory survey’s respondents felt for isolated patients to see and 1. As fear Ministry of Health. Speech by Minister for Health Gan Kim Yong, at Tan Tock Seng Hospital “Remembering in schools, enforced with the official information was talk with their families. Many escalated, SARS: 10 Years On”. 20 March 2013. (http://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/pressRoom/ speeches_d/2013/speech-by-minister-for-health-gan-kim-yong--at-tan-tock-seng-hos.html) (accessed thermal scanners at airports accurate, clear, sufficient and healthcare workers volunteered public spaces 15 Jan 2014) and seaports, and encouraged trustworthy. to work on SARS cases. Others were severely in workplaces. The military The third was economic. The demonstrated support for these affected and Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. Prime Minister’s May Day Message 2003. Singapore was mobilized to establish a Government provided SARS workers including starting a people stayed Government Press Release. (http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:zQNr025BqXcJ:ht nationwide contact tracing and economic relief packages Courage Fund to help and honor home tps://gpxsvr3.np.edu.sg/apps5/lib/reference/refenq.nsf/0/8bafeea05e4180a148256fdb000481f5/%24FILE/ system. Suspected SARS cases to help affected businesses them. GCTMayDay2003.doc+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=sg) (accessed 17 Jan 2014) were put on home quarantine and sectors. Businesses were or daily telephone surveillance; encouraged to consider short Mui Hoong, Chua (2004), A Defining Moment – How Singapore Beat SARS. Institute of Policy Studies. erring on the side of caution, term cost cutting measures Prime Minister’s Office. Speech by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at the 10th Anniversary of SARS over 12000 contacts were put such as shorter work weeks, Commemoration Event. (31 May 2013) (http://www.pmo.gov.sg/content/pmosite/mediacentre/ on them. While several of these temporary lay-offs, skills speechesninterviews/primeminister/2013/May/speech-by-prime-minister-lee-hsien-loong-at-the-10th- pioneering control measures upgrading and training. anniversary.html#.UtiVtdK1Zj4) (accessed 15 Jan 2014) were initially perceived 8,000 people infected Straits Times (2013), All Ready for Next Virus Outbreak. 01 Jun 2013. (http://www.straitstimes.com/the- and 800 deaths big-story/sars-10th-anniversary/story/all-ready-next-virus-outbreak-20130601) (accessed 15 Jan 2014) worldwide Straits Times (2003), Sars Communication: What Singapore is Doing Right. Jody Lanard and Peter 238 Sandman. 06 May 2003. (http://www.psandman.com/articles/sars-2.htm) (accessed 16 Jan 2014) Straits Times (2013), Sars in Singapore: Timeline. 16 Mar 2013. (http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/ people sars-10th-anniversary/story/sars-singapore-timeline-20130316) (accessed 15 Jan 2014) infected in Singapore Tan, Chorh-Chuan. SARS in Singapore – Key Lessons From an Epidemic. Annual Academy of Medicine and 33 deaths 1 Singapore. May 2006, Vol 35 No. 5. SINGAPORE 2. As the most susceptible 02 group, all hospital staff had to don SINGAPORE, personal Fighting SARS protective gear Republic of Singapore (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

2

3. Hospitals Singapore now stands were at a much higher level thoroughly of readiness against cleaned and infectious diseases disinfected

Singapore 5. The public rallied behind the healthcare workers, and showed their support in COORDINATES 3 myriad ways 1°17’N 103°50’E AREA 4. Temperature 274 sq mi screening was POPULATION implemented 5,312,400 across the city, often with the DENSITY help of thermal 18,943/sq mi scanners GDP total developed by $327.557 billion engineers in GDP per capita response to the $61,046 crisis 5

In collaboration with MIT

SOURCES

4 Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore introduction SUSTAINABLE CONCLUSION ALTERNATIVES Los Angeles is no stranger by 28% and is on track IN POWER LA is proof that a car-choked, smoggy metropolis to dealing with environmental to rapidly expand public AND TRANSPORTATION can shed its reliance on coal and gasoline to lead crises. In the 1970s, transportation to reduce Megacities like LA recognize representatives about the However, passenger vehicles the US in renewable energy adoption and carbon that they can play an outsize causes of climate change comprise the vast majority of the LA skyline was shrouded the prevalence of passenger role in leading the fight against and the benefits of cleaner transportation sector emissions, emission reduction. Through strong leadership, by smog, and the city vehicles. A key driver climate change, a global crisis power. Political consensus was which the City does not public outreach, and diverse financing approaches, with dramatic local impacts. By required, because cleaning directly control. Therefore, LA consistently exceeded federal of this success was political mid-century, the LA region will up the power supply would needed to invest extensively in Los Angeles is leading megacities around the world be warmer by 4-5°F, impacting increase electricity rates over public infrastructure to offer air pollution standards. consensus between the public health, water supplies, the long run. To minimize the residents a viable alternative to avert a climate crisis. By 2005 LA was well on its Mayor and City Council on and disaster risk. But cities, impact to the ratepayer, LADWP to personal vehicles. Over which globally account for 70% auctioned large renewable the coming decades, LA will way to reducing smog, but environmental imperatives, of the greenhouse gases behind projects to private developers extend its subway to the newly elected Mayor Antonio enabling clear directives climate change, can control who provided the up-front Pacific Ocean and serve many their own destiny by slashing capital to build massive solar and other neighborhoods by rail. Villaraigosa pledged not only to the publicly owned utility collective emissions. To play wind farms outside of LA, selling To fund the projects, the its part, LA targeted the power the power back to the City at Mayor campaigned for and to reduce smog further, and port to reduce their and transportation sectors in predictable rates over twenty won a ballot measure which but also to reduce greenhouse emissions. Furthermore, LA pursuit of an ultimate goal of a years. Finally, to incentivize will raise $4 billion over thirty 35% greenhouse gas reduction, distributed solar power within years through a local sales tax. gas emissions faster than leveraged disparate financing below 1990 levels, by 2030. the City, LA enacted the nation’s Furthermore, the Mayor lobbied any other city in the country. sources–local tax revenue, largest urban Feed-in Tariff, Congress to pass America Fast LA attacked power sector designed to pay businesses a Forward, a legislation which By the end of the Mayor’s term federal appropriations, emissions by deploying premium price for selling solar enables the City to leverage renewable energy and phasing power back to the grid. federal funds for public transit in 2013, LA had reduced its and private capital–to fund out its consumption of dirty In the transportation sector, LA infrastructure. Through new power sector emissions its new infrastructure. coal power. By 2010, LA had began by targeting emission rail lines, electric vehicle reduced its carbon dioxide sources it controlled, like in the chargers, and transit-oriented emissions by 28% from the power sector. The Port of Los development, LA will encourage power sector and is on pace Angeles is the nation’s largest a cultural shift from personal, to reduce them by 40% in the container port, composes gasoline-powered vehicles, next decade. Before enacting almost 3% of LA’s citywide to sustainable transportation these policies, the Mayor’s emissions, much of which are options. Office, in partnership with the caused by freight transport on Los Angeles Department of short haul trucks. Therefore, Water and Power (LADWP) and the Port of LA’s Clean Trucks several nonprofit organizations, Program aimed to modernize educated Angelenos and 17,000 inefficient diesel trucks, their elected City Council culminating in a clean fleet 4. CiclaVia of 5,500 trucks powered by in Los Angeles electricity or alternative fuels like natural gas. As a result, harmful emissions (diesel particulate matter, nitrogen and sulfur oxides) from trucks plummeted by 80%, and the Los Angeles port’s greenhouse gas emissions Carbon Dioxide declined by 18%. An important Emissions: 33% lesson is that air pollution and Electricity, 30% greenhouse gases decreased Transportation, simultaneously, adding an 18% of carbon 35% the 30% Heating/ immediate local benefit to the dioxide greenhouse other global battle against climate emissions gas reduction’s combustion change. reduced goal 1 LOS ANGELES Map. Existing Metro Lines LA’s Clean 03 Planned & under construcion Transport Expansion: EV Fast Charger Locations San Fernando the map LOS ANGELES, USA Valley displays LA THE CAPITAL 210 Metro’s plans to extend OF CAR 5 its rail service using funds from Measure CULTURE Central LA 210 R and America Westside to Ontario Fast Forward 10 GOES GREEN Cities Airport federal San Gabriel legislation Valley

5

Gateway Cities 605 405 South Bay Cities

Chart. Electricity Sources Los Angeles and Emissions: increasing 3,000 share of renewable Renewable energy, on target 2,000 Large Hydro COORDINATES to meet Other 34°3’N 118°15’E the state AREA Renewable Nuclear 1,290,5 sq mi Portfolio 1,000 Natural Gas POPULATION Standard 3,857,799 of 33 percent Coal by 2020, has DENSITY contributed CO2 Emissions 2,989,38 sq mi to a 28 percent LADWP (GWh) or Generation Emissions (MMtons) CO2 0 GDP total decline 1990 2004 2010 2025 $365.4 billion in carbon GDP per capita dioxide $6,220 emissions

In collaboration with MIT introduction KEY INTERVENTIONS OUTCOMES CONCLUSION

In order to achieve an increase The program commenced in population, many of whom are In the early 1980s central A fundamental challenge in its residential population and 1992 and by 2000 had achieved overseas students and have Today central Melbourne has over 28,000 residential develop a mixed use city with the original target of 10,000 added to the cultural vitality of Melbourne was, like many was the need to increase greater densities, interventions new residential units rising the downtown. units and around 80 residential development inner cities, in a state of steady the central city’s residential were made at six levels; to 28,097 by 2013. This change projects that are under construction or have 1. Financial incentives – has also led to the opening This project saw Government decline. It was experiencing population. the City waived the 3% tax of over 90 new convenience intervention in favour of planning approval. The Government is faced a reduction in almost every Out of the 1985 Strategy Plan for the provision of open space stores and supermarkets, 800 residential development with the dual challenge of how to accommodate as well as the building new bars, cafes and restaurants combine with innovative sector of its economy. a program, “Postcode 3000”, and planning fees for new and 300 new sidewalk cafes. architectural and development this new development without compromising residential developments. solutions. During the process It was losing retail to district was developed to attempt 2. Technical support – building Municipal taxes charged to the government was able to the liveability of the city. This will require a balance shopping centres, residential to increase the population and planning regulations were landowners have been reduced refine its building and planning between the very intense development currently amended to favour residential from 13 cents for each 100 regulations to streamline the to the suburbs and was from 800 residential units development. dollars Net Annual Value in 1996 development process. coming through the system and the realization increasingly becoming a dead to 8000 over the next 15 years 3. Streetscape improvements to less than 5 cents by 2013. Its building surveyors became that the major public space of any dense urban city – the City upgraded the proactive in looking for ways to mono functional business within central Melbourne adjacent public realm so as to In the early stages of the assist desirable development. is its streets. Streets make up 80% of our city’s public complement and support the program residential units Architects developed new living centre. In the early 1980s including Southbank, developer’s investment. were predominantly provided models and found innovative realm, so design a good street and you design strategies from the City Docklands and St Kilda Road. 4. Promotion – the City put through the conversion of ways of recycling and extending a good city. Since the early 1980s we have worked together a comprehensive vacant heritage and commercial redundant commercial building and State Governments In 15 years, the program, marketing strategy. office buildings, moving later to stock. Developers discovered to achieve the ingredients of good streets: their were put in place to arrest combined with strategies 5. Pilot projects – the City medium rise new residential and new ways of minimizing risk scale, solar access, low wind factors, mix of uses, converted a number of buildings finally to high rise residential. through finance models that and reverse these trends. on retail, business promotion, in order to illustrate the potential These earlier phases saw saw the early involvement and active frontages, consistent high quality paving, building stock available for streetscapes and building stock commitment of future owners Their thrust was incremental events, arts and culture, reuse. upgraded resulting in greater buying into the plan. trees, quality street furniture, sidewalk cafés improvement strategies community infrastructure, 6. The City actively encouraged amenity at street level and a and abundant street life. the recycling and additions decline in office vacancy rates The overall program had targeting increased density, sustainability, major to existing vacant from 26% in 1992 to 10% in financial benefits for all mixed use, better connectivity projects and public realm or underutilized office 2013. The decline in retail space participants, improved social 1. Hero, If Melbourne can achieve this balance it has buildings. was halted and saw additional outcomes for the citizens an example and a high quality public improvements, succeeded major new retail development and the city and positive of old the ability to retain its place as one of the world’s added to the central city. environment outcomes through commercial realm built on Melbourne’s in turning the city’s fortunes reduced energy consumption conversion most liveable cities and continue to improve distinctive local character. around. The new central city residential due to higher densities close to and residential its social inclusion, financial viability population was made up essential services and recycling addition of older people, young of old buildings. and environmental footprint. professionals and students. Students now make up around 30% of the central city

28,000 80 thousands residential 30% 26% of decline of new development CREDITS AND LINKS of students in office residential projects make up vacancy rates units approved Census of Land Use and Employment the central city in 1992 or under Property Council of Australia Office Market Report population to 10% in 2013. construction 1 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census of Population and Housing MELBOURNE 04 MELBOURNE, Australia From urban decline to the World’s Most Liveable City

2 3

Melbourne

4

2-3. Maps 5. Majorca The increase in the indicating Building, housing stock change COORDINATES the location an example has also led to the 37°52’S 145°08’E and number of residential opening of over 90 new of apartments to commercial AREA convenience stores 1,705 sq mi in 1983 adaptive reuse and supermarkets, 800 POPULATION and 2013 4,170,000 new bars, cafes 4. Melbourne DENSITY and restaurants and 300 Terrace, 2,445,75 sq mi new sidewalk cafes an early GDP total example $998.265 billion of a new GDP per capita high-density $42,640 medium-rise residential building 5

In collaboration with MIT

SOURCES

Development Activity Monitor introduction conclusion

Italian armed forces moved en billion tons. The situation is States. “Tracing” is a powerful Inspired by the trash crisis with measurable outcomes force into the streets of Naples exacerbated by accelerating method to study the structure While it is not economically quantifiable, this kind during the summer of 2008 – urbanization, population and metabolism of complex in Naples, a 2008 research spanning from individual not to resolve violent conflict, growth, industrialization and systems, much like nuclear of project can have a dramatic impact on the whole project by the MIT Senseable behavioral change but to address a danger no economic development world medicine, in which radioactive removal chain and its structure, as well less threatening to the city’s wide – particularly cases of rapid labels are used to measure flows City Lab, called Trash to systematic optimization function: rising piles development in regions that and chemical processes in living as an emotional meaning for citizens, which may Track, analyzes the waste on the national scale. of waste. The recently-elected have no existing infrastructures. organisms. Trash Track was transform behavior patterns. Even small changes Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi “Waste management is one of initiated by MIT and financed management system As the cost of sensors drops deployed hundreds of troops the most complex and cost- through a partnership between can have great impact: a 2010 UNEP report showed to “return Naples to being a intensive public services,” Waste Management Inc. – one of Seattle (Washington State, and sophistication of both civilized city,” after declaring a the study finds, “even when of the largest environmental that, in Northern Europe, recycling one tonne USA). Today, the global supply technology and analysis state of emergency and calling organized and operated service companies in the world of paper or aluminium saves more than 600kg armed forces to collect over properly.” – and the City of Seattle, to chain is studied and optimized grows, Trash Track points 2500 tons of garbage. Naples’ apply the same analytic tool of and 10,000kg of CO2 equivalent respectively, in great detail, however to innovations in more cities, dense urban center and high This amounts to an urgent call “tracing” on the regional and and that “urban mining” might bring to light wealth make it one of the largest for innovation in the removal national scale. By following the same is not true of its broader categories of trash producers of trash in the world chain. Smart technologies will thousands of ordinary pieces a dizzying number of untapped resources (a 2009 per square meter – and place turn a sharp focus on trash of trash, a surprising (and opposite: the removal chain. (from e-waste to hazardous it on the precarious edge of and our behavioral patterns inefficient) removal chain was UNEP report showed that there is 65 times more Through a novel application waste) and new startup catastrophe if the removal chain surrounding it. Physical tools, revealed, opening the way for gold in one ton of old mobile phones than in one fails. such as the Big Belly Solar, action innovation from of geolocating tags attached companies to address suggest a “smart grid for waste the individual behavior scale ton of ore). Trash Track shows that fine-grained to ordinary pieces of garbage, this global challenge. Beyond the acutely catastrophic and recycling,” increasing the to the systematic management ambient intelligence vivifies the built environment events of Naples, waste and efficiency of garbage processing scale. Expanding the project Trash Track reveals urban disposal are a mounting global through solar renewable energy may include new dimensions at the convergence of bits and atoms, suggesting crisis, from the developed and “smart” trash bins. A project of waste, from hazardous waste management systems to the developing world. called “Forage Tracking” by the materials to technology e-waste. new ways to address a catastrophic urban and their inefficiencies – World Bank termed it a “silent MIT Senseable City Lab offers a The idea has taken hold and challenge. problem that is growing daily,” less tangible response, deploying spun off into new startups, one that comes to stark light geolocating tags on informal and is poised to grow to new when existing systems fail, but recyclers in Brazil’s Favelas – cities or to be implemented is far more urgent in regions to streamline the bottom-up on the national scale. In short, that have no established effort. Most significantly, a 2011 the digital suffusion of urban management system. The same research project called Trash space allows an unprecedented World Bank report estimates Track, carried out by the same understanding of hidden that by 2025, city dwellers will lab, used geolocating tags to system dynamics, pointing generate 70 percent more map the dynamics of waste towards a broad spectrum waste per year, reaching 2.2 management across the United of solutions.

The World Bank estimates a 70% increase in annual waste production per capita by 2025 1 SEATTLE 05 Naples, Italy Tracking Seattle, USA Trash

Seattle 5

COORDINATES 3 4 47°36’35”N 122°19’59”W AREA 2.2 600 142.5 sq mi billion tons kg of CO2 can POPULATION (city) is the estimated be saved by 634,535 amount recycling one DENSITY of trash city ton of paper 7,402/sq mi dwellers will generate in 2025 NAPLES

By following thousands of ordinary pieces of trash, a surprising (and inefficient) removal chain was revealed

Naples

2 Smart technologies will turn a sharp focus on trash and our COORDINATES behavioral patterns 40°50’N 14°15’E surrounding it AREA 45.28 sq mi In collaboration with MIT POPULATION (city) 959,574 POPULATION (metro area) 4,200,000 5 introduction CONCLUSION

Chicago became the first City have sometimes skyrocketed). The United States invested Similar to many other American energy efficiency initiatives. Though Chicago’s model is quite innovative heavily in infrastructure decades cities, Chicago’s infrastructure The first project initiated by in the USA to create a non- In fact, parking management ago. With the economy slowing needs far exceed the current Chicago Infrastructure Trust, and unique, the Chicago Infrastructure Trust could profit entity to accept private outsourcing in Chicago has down and Congress in a financial resources of the City Retrofit Chicago, is a city-wide, be compared to the European Commission’s gridlock, over the last few years and its sister agencies. At the multi-department and multi- finance proposals for public been a strongly debated issue cities are finding it tougher to same time, private investors city agency energy retrofit initiative around FI-PPP (Future of Internet – Public infrastructure retrofit and and is considered as a serious find timely federal financing for and organizations (including program, comprised of multiple Private Partnership) to shape the future internet decaying infrastructure retrofit. foundations, labor unions, public individual Retrofit Projects with revitalization. No other city loss of future revenues Chicago’s new Mayor decided and private sector pension an expected value of at least infrastructure using public and private financing. to tackle this issue through the funds, private equity funds, $200 million at various facilities. in the USA is undertaking such by many independent studies. creation of a non-profit entity, charitable organizations, mutual Collectively, Retrofit Chicago Another comparison could be made with EBP Brazil, an initiative, and there are only Chicago Infrastructure Trust, funds and sovereign wealth seeks to reduce the energy which performs feasibility studies for large public- to identify creative private funds) have demonstrated dependence associated with a a few elsewhere that have Despite the risks and potential financing options. a growing interest in low- specific list of municipal-owned private partnership initiatives in Brazil, including gone this route. downsides of this effort, risk, long-term infrastructure facilities by as much as 20% in outsourcing and expansion of airports Mayor Rahm Emanuel and investments. The City and its the aggregate for each year of this innovative thinking proved the Chicago City Council sister agencies will continue to the program. One of the issues and sanitation systems. established Chicago identify, prioritize and implement governments face is the long There needs to be an optimum to be highly beneficial and led Infrastructure Trust (CIT) in April infrastructure projects. procurement cycles. CIT has public oversight in order for to tangible improvements in 2012. It was incorporated as not been able to resolve the an Illinois Not for Profit for the The Trust floats for infrastructure long procurement cycle issue the public to trust an external infrastructure. It has also led express purpose of assisting investment proposals and yet. Retrofit Chicago took over a entity’s decision about their to the establishment the City and its sister agencies invites private sector to submit year to go through the process in completing investments ideas and financing options. and was reduced to $25 million city’s future. The public of energy retrofit in transformative and legacy The Trust works collaboratively in its first phase. municipal infrastructure projects. with its Financial Partners, is often skeptical that private measurements, increased These projects will include: the City and sister agencies The Retrofit Projects is sector interests can be aligned revenue (public sector) and — Energy efficiency retrofits; in a transparent and strategic being grouped in tranches. — Land utilization; manner to accomplish a range The first tranche of Retrofit with long-term needs improved savings (private — Mass transit, surface and of transformative infrastructure Projects is expected to of public goods (e.g. pricing sector). highway transportation; projects for the benefit of the involve improvements to — Economic development City and its residents. With facilities owned by the City’s for privatized water services — Education (elementary, some exceptions, the trust has Department of Fleet and Facility secondary and community to follow City’s procurement Management and Department of college) facilities; process, including approval from Water Management and Chicago — Broadband; the Chicago City Council. Public Schools. The second — Environment; and subsequent Tranches are — Human potential; Chicago’s status as a leading planned to include other City — Other infrastructure: water global city relies, in part, on its departments and agencies. and sewer; broadband, etc. ability to be at the forefront of

2012 the year Mayor Rahm Emanuel and the Chicago City Council established the Chicago Infrastructure Trust (CIT) Chicago Chicago’s new Mayor decided to create 06 a non-profit entity, Chicago Infrastructure Chicago, USA Trust, to identify creative ADDRESSING private financing options to invest in infrastructure INFRASTRUCTURE renewal REVITALIZATION THROUGH PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT 1 PARTNERSHIPs

The Trust floats for infrastructure investment proposals and invites private sector with ideas and financing options

2

COORDINATES 41°52’55”N 087°37’40”W AREA Chicago 234.0 sq mi POPULATION 2,714,856 DENSITY 3 11,864.4 sq mi ELEVATION 597 ft SETTLED 1770s

In collaboration with MIT

SOURCES

1 US Census/Next City 2-3 Next City introduction A JOBS-ORIENTED CONCLUSION STIMULUS PACKAGE

As an open and trade- the severity of the crisis, While most other nations incomes and defaults in contrast to higher rates of The 2009 economic stimulus package served have typically focused on mortgage payments. The risk of unemployment experienced dependent city-state, the 2009 Budget Speech social welfare and tax relief, mortgage default is particularly in Hong Kong (5.2%), Malaysia to mitigate the impacts of the GFC on the city Singapore was among by Finance Minister Tharman Singapore’s stimulus package high, since Singaporeans are (3.7%), Indonesia (7.9%) and the by maintaining employment, facilitating business was geared towards maintaining allowed to use their social US (9.3%). A poll of business the first to feel the impact Shanmugaratnam was shifted employment and lowering security contributions to pay off leaders carried out by a local operations, and supporting households. of the 2008 Global Financial forward from February labour costs through a host of their mortgage loans. The 2009 newspaper during the crisis also This means that it was “business as usual” in the city. measures. First, employers were stimulus package thus broke showed that businesses were Crisis (GFC) that began to January. The stimulus granted a subsidy on the wages with precedent by drawing on relatively upbeat on Singapore’s of Singapore and Permanent past reserves to subsidize wage medium to long-term prospects. in the US. Singapore’s package contributed to Resident workers. Permanent costs, rather than requiring Although the financial services economy experienced a steep Singapore’s swift recovery, Residents are expatriates who wage freezes or social security sector faced a decline in trust are allowed to live and work in contribution rate cuts. This from citizens and the tourism decline of 17% in the fourth with annual GDP growth Singapore for at least 5 years. reflects a process of policy industry faced a decline in visitor quarter of 2008. In response, reaching 14.8% in 2010. This was complemented by learning and innovation that arrivals, the city did not see a “workfare” payments given involved adapting past policies decline in business activity. the Singapore government The 2009 stimulus package out to low-income workers, to new circumstances. The stimulus package also contingent upon employment. While the stimulus package included other measures that acted swiftly to forestall thus provides a useful example A skills training program was also presents a plausible policy sought to mitigate the impacts further economic decline of innovative policy design initiated to upgrade the skills of alternative for countries facing of the crisis on households. both employed and unemployed financial crises, its enmeshment These included income and by unveiling a SGD 20.5 billion within the constraints workers. This employment focus within Singapore’s unique property tax rebates, value economic stimulus package of a financial crisis. ran against the grain socio-political context suggests added tax credits, bonus payouts of conventional wisdom caution in its direct application to senior citizens, and rebates in its 2009 Budget. Reflecting by focusing on workfare rather to other national contexts. First, on rental, utilities, and service than welfare. reducing labour costs through and conservancy charges for Given its lack of unemployment wage freezes and social security Singaporeans staying in public benefits and limited social contributions rate cuts is only housing. Although 80% of welfare, the Singapore feasible in countries that do Singapore’s population stay government is particularly not feature strong opposition in public housing, household averse to any crisis-driven bouts in the form of consolidated income levels vary across of unemployment. This means labour unions. Second, funding different public housing types. strong state intervention in labour cost reductions through More rebates were thus given to the labour market in order to state spending is a possible lower income households living maintain employment during policy alternative provided in one-room to two-room flats, financial crises. Past efforts policymakers have access to as compared to households at maintaining employment strong reserves and ample fiscal living in three-room to five- typically involved cuts in social space. room flats. These measures CREDITS AND LINKS security contribution rates and allowed households to maintain wage freezes. An important MAINTAINING a minimum quality of life and Budget Speech 2009 by Minister for Finance Tharman Shanmugaratnam: Keeping Jobs, Building for the Future, 22 January 2009. http://www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2009/ governance mechanism NORMALCY ensured social order in the city. that underpins Singapore’s Lim Wei Chean, Leaner times for S’pore tourism, The Straits Times, 27 September 2008 employment-focused stimulus IN THE CITY packages is the National Wages Rosalind Chew, Global Financial Tsunami: Can the Industrial Relations Mechanism save Singapore this time Council which is a tripartite The stimulus package around? in Singapore and Asia: Impact of the Global Financial Tsunami and Other Economic Issues, eds. wage-setting arrangement allowed Singapore to Sng Hui Ying and Chia Wai Mun, (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, 2009) between the government, function economically and employers and trade unions. socially as a city. Given that Singapore Budget 2009. http://www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2009/ However, the scale and employment was maintained magnitude of the GFC meant and household incomes were The Business Times, Business confidence sagging?, 31 March 2008 that the level of reductions in not affected, there were few 3% of 80% The Economist, Alleviating the pain, 23 January 2009 social security contribution rates signs of recession in the city. unemployment of Singapore’s needed to mitigate the effects Job loss was at a minimum, peaking population The Straits Times, Your Insights, 8 November 2008 of the crisis would have meant with unemployment peaking in 2009 stay in public drastic reductions in household at 3% in 2009. This stood in housing World Bank Database, Unemployment Data. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS SINGAPORE 1. Morning rush to 07 work during the 2008 Crisis SINGAPORE, 2. A busy Learning and shopping mall Republic of Singapore during the Innovating height of the financial crisis During Financial Crises

1

Chart. Singapore’s economic growth rates plunged with the onset of the Singapore financial crisis. (Monetary Authority of Singapore Annual Report 2 2008/2009) The stimulus package COORDINATES allowed Singapore 1°17’N 103°50’E to function economically AREA and socially as a city. 274 sq mi 20 POPULATION 5,312,400 15 DENSITY 18,943/sq mi 10 GDP total YOY Growth 5 $327.557 billion GDP per capita 0 $61,046 Per Cent -5

-10 QOQ SAAR In collaboration with MIT -15 SOURCES

chart (Monetary Authority of Singapore -20 Annual Report 2008/2009) 1 Flickr User 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Q1 David Teo 2 Flickr User Cris Campos introduction CONCLUSION

In the immediate post-Franco the use of design as an urban After the iconic Olympic Barcelona was not an obvious and a new urban economic era, Barcelona did not possess re-invention method. In the fortnight in 1992, Barcelona’s By the late 1990s Barcelona had become recognized the clear political, economic first few years in office, Maragall leaders sought to capitalize on candidate to become the model. A generation of or scale advantages to make a brought about a shift from the exposure and to convert the internationally as an innovative and self-confident “capital of the Mediterranean”. visionary leaders used the smooth or successful post- investment in large-scale road city’s aesthetics and senses of capital of media, arts, education and tourism. industrial transition. Although projects towards bespoke exhilaration into private sector Until the advent of democracy city’s identity to bind its the city council had a sizeable investments in central and dynamism - and they did so Its unified pitch to tourists, investors, residents, in Spain in the late 1970s, people and institutions around tax base and symbolic power suburban public space and with great success. In Barcelona, students, and institutions had been achieved as capital of the Catalan region, architecture. He also began the private business was invited to Barcelona’s Catalan heritage a clear and confident notion the quest for metropolitan municipal government’s active become much more actively through the careful integration of assets, ideas, leadership was fragile, contested participation in urban symposia involved in the cycle of public had been suppressed and about their future identity in and never guaranteed. The city when creating the first inter- investment. values, culture and aspirations. urban space planning had a changing global economy. did benefit however, from a mayoral dialogues. This process generation of highly capable has since embedded shared During the mayoral term of Joan been neglected. Leaders The city’s distinctive character and visionary municipal urban learning into the DNA of Clos, Barcelona committed itself were confronted by chronic also helped build a unified and business leaders who, Barcelona’s governance model. to a framework of multi-lingual, in tandem with an engaged business-friendliness, municipal industrial unemployment, proposition to sell its products civil society, kick-started the The award of the Olympics in openness and management process of internationalization. 1986 accelerated investment rigor. The previous decade of a crumbling physical and services globally. into Barcelona’s built investments into art, design environment and endemic As a result, Barcelona has This pattern began under environment, communication and sport provided much of the Pasqual Maragall, the Mayor platform, waterfront landscape impetus for the city to grow its political instability. With these enjoyed two decades from 1982, under whose and architecture, its logistics position as a regional gateway inauspicious conditions, of sustained success: it is the stewardship the city council’s and air quality. The Olympics, for entrepreneurs in new administrative structure was which were a well-executed technological industries, aided Barcelona emerged as an sixth most visited city in Euro- overhauled. A more productive global media event, helped by pioneering development relationship with the trade Barcelona to present an agency Barcelona Activa. urban role model of how to African time zones, and has unions was forged through attractive and stylish image to leverage a unique identity to witnessed a phenomenal rise his personal involvement. the world. Along with critical Maragall enabled a culture of infrastructure and place-making achieve radical transformation in cultural diversity. social democratic leadership improvements, the Olympic to emerge. Some key elements experience also set the pattern were: to deploy private capital of collaboration among public to extract public utility, and to and private stakeholders that strengthen civil representation remains pivotal to the city’s and embrace citizen-based can-do ethos – and which has pragmatism. With the help of proved successful in attracting experts in economics, society international events, students and culture, he spearheaded and trade shows. 1986 This year, the award of the Olympics accelerated CREDITS AND LINKS investment into Barcelona’s Euromonitor International (2013) “Euromonitor International’s Top 100 City Destinations Ranking”, built http://blog.euromonitor.com/2012/01/euromonitor-internationals-top-city-destinations-ranking1-.html environment, communication http://w42.bcn.cat/web/en/per-que-barcelona/barcelona-en-xifres/comerc-proximitat.jsp platform, Donald McNeill (2003), “Mapping the European Urban Left: The Barcelona Experience”, Antipode, Vol.35 waterfront (1), pp.74-94 landscape and architecture, its Further information available at: logistics and air http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Multimedia/Interactives/2013/tentraits/Barcelona.pdf quality 1 http://www.barcelonactiva.cat/barcelonactiva/en/all-about-barcelona-activa/who-we-are/ BARCELONA 2 08 BARCELONA, Spain Adjusting for New Global Opportunities

3 In the post-Franco years, the city did benefit from a generation of highly capable and visionary municipal and business leaders who kick-started the process of internationalization Barcelona COORDINATES 41°23’N 2°11’E AREA 310 sq mi POPULATION 1,620,943 DENSITY 41,420/sq mi

In collaboration with MIT

1-3. Barcelona, views of the city introduction CONCLUSION

Bogotá’s record levels The key issues for Bogotá The implementation The IDU was responsible The rapid implementation Bogotá has encouraged public investment- of Bogotá’s transformative for executing the acquired of BRT and bicycle infrastructure of motorization reached crisis have been integrating bicycle transport policies was the result expertise in the design process was possible due to strong generating infrastructure for sustainable mobility status when traffic congestion and bus rapid transit of strong, forward-thinking and construction of the political will, effective guidance, through the urban renewal that occurred alongside mayoral leadership, with the new system (including land adequate financial support, and became so severe (BRT) policies into a wider cooperation and collaboration management, environmental, enthusiastic commitment the construction of TransMilenio and the bike paths, that commuting took hours sustainable urban transport of a variety of stakeholders. social, network utilities, and of stakeholders. among other green economy initiatives. In 1998, in the midst of new city other technical aspects). To One of the most important and public transport was context and overcoming regulations coming into effect, ensure the smooth operation of factors of increasing use These projects have generated citizens’ confidence Bogotá’s Urban Development the bicycle network, investment of TransMilenio and the unable to effectively serve political barriers in order Institute (IDU) realized of public funds was necessary bicycle network has been in public entities, which in turn became an enabler citizens. Staggering levels for projects and policies the need to formulate a Bike for its upkeep. This was realized the implementation of a for future progress. Today Bogotá is known Path Master Plan. through a community service promotional plan. Cities hoping of air pollution further added to have continuity between The implementation of the plan scheme of social work, which to achieve similar results for having a notable transport system covering to the urgency to address each political term of office. was only possible thanks to targeted vulnerable sectors of must establish institutions the transport needs of the vast majority of citizens, the joint efforts of various law the community. that support efforts to the issue. In response, Bogotá Now, Bogotà’s TransMilenio enforcement district entities Over US$ 200 million was spent promote active transport rather than favoring cars. The introduction (planning and mobility sectors) on the construction of the cycle policies. Ambitious advertising directed attention toward BRT system has gained and utilities, along with strong network. The city has spent campaigns, accompanied of TransMilenio and a well-designed bicycle network increasing public transport international recognition corporate management. approximately US$ 560,000 by an institutional presence improved traffic flow by reducing congestion, In 2000, TransMilenio was on maintenance from 1998 to have led to greater use of BRT use while improving as an example of sustainable introduced, through a public- 2008. The average cost of one and bike paths in Bogotá and and improved air quality by reducing carbon conditions for bicycling, mobility. Meanwhile, private partnership, and quickly kilometer of cycle path built in consequently, less reliance on emissions, all in a cost-effective manner. developed into a widely-used Bogotá is US$ 600,000, while automobiles. thus minimizing automobile the strengthening of bicycle BRT system. the cost of one kilometer of a The promotional campaign has TransMilenio is credited with reducing carbon Under the partnership, the 30-meter wide road is about also generated benefits such dependence policy and infrastructure has private sector is in charge of US$ 6,500,000. as time and money savings, emissions by more than 1.7 million tons between as well as reducing increased the modal share TransMilenio’s operations and Investment has been done increased civil involvement 2006 and 2009 alone, according to a 2010 study. maintenance, while the public exclusively with public resources and cooperation, and the consequent traffic of cycling, from 0.58% in 1998 sector is responsible for the BRT from the municipality where heightened awareness of health Bogotá’s planning model can be replicated in cities congestion and pollution. to circa 5% in 2010. infrastructure and the oversight the main sources of income are and environment issues, with similar socio-economic characteristics; of the system. fuel surcharges and income as well as establishing an overall from traffic tickets and land improvement in Bogotá’s it can be realized with low budgets especially when value tax. TransMilenio was transport infrastructure. similarly cost-effective, with compared with other heavy infrastructure projects. the first phase costing US$ 240 million to develop 41 km of BRT infrastructure. TransMilienio ridership quickly rose above 800,000 passengers daily, and in 2006 daily ridership surpassed 1 1 million people. million passengers take the BRT everyday CREDITS AND LINKS

$560 $200 EcoMobility Alliance Secretariat, ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, World Secretariat Kaiser-Friedrich-Str. 7 — 53113 Bonn, Germany thousand million tel +49-228 / 97 62 99 55 spent on spent on the http:// www.ecomobility.org maintenance construction from 1998 of the bicycle For the full case study to 2008 network http:// www.iclei.org/fileadmin/PUBLICATIONS/Case_Studies/ICLEI_cs_165_Bogota_2013.pdf BOGOTÁ Today Bogotá is known for having a notable transport system covering 09 the transport needs of the vast majority of citizens, rather than favoring cars BOGOTÁ, Colombia Investing to transform transportation

$240 $600 million for thousand for developing one kilometer 41 km of BRT of cycle path infrastructure instead of $6.5 million for a 30 meter wide road 1 Investment for public transport has been done exclusively with public resources from the municipality

Bogotà

COORDINATES 4°6’N 74°08’E AREA 1,732 sq mi POPULATION 9,000,000 DENSITY 4,251,61 sq mi 2 GDP total $378.713 billion GDP per capita $10,742

1.7 In collaboration with MIT million tons of carbon SOURCES emissions reduced 1 GIZ 2 Instituto de Desarrollo Urbano introduction conclusion

Dubai has deliberately pursued and December 2010 with Dubai recapturing of momentum is Dubai is in many ways unique: a city known worldwide for its a high growth strategy, by experiencing the greatest fall highlighted by its placing third In summary, many visitors remark that the drive ensuring that its infrastructure in real estate values anywhere in a recent survey of dynamism scale, size and growth but still with a residential population and real estate is developed in the region. At the height of and momentum across 111 down Sheik Zayed Rd (Dubai’s main thoroughfare) of only 2 million. It is a city of truly international dynamism ahead of end user demand. the downturn in 2010, investors global cities undertaken by is reminiscent of SimCity. Dubai is now taking the This “build it and they will come” were overwhelmingly negative Jones Lang LaSalle. characterized by extraordinary global connectivity. Dubai’s mentality saw property as a key towards the Dubai’s real estate virtual analogy to the next level and is developing vision has historically been expressed largely in terms part of nation building and the market, favoring Saudi Arabia, In 2013 investor sentiment was a city for the global citizen rather than the local city ensured that there were Egypt, Doha and Abu Dhabi, stronger towards Dubai than any of ambitious economic and demographic growth targets. few constraints to potential with around 45% of investors other market in the Middle East. population. Dubai is perhaps the most virtual city in development in terms of land expecting no recovery in the Its status as a ‘safe haven’ within supply, zoning restrictions Dubai market for at least 24 a volatile region, its relatively the world, driven by high levels of capital inflow and or delays in addressing the months. high levels of transparency and visitors, rather than a large local population. concerns of neighbouring land regulation (compared to other owners. The development Three years later, both the markets in the region) and the of Free Trade Zones and the economy and the real estate ease of investment for both opening up of the real estate market are recovering strongly regional and global players have market to foreign ownership in and there are many signs that combined to make Dubai once particular, resulted in a massive the city is regaining much of its again, the preferred destination development boom in Dubai previous vibrancy. Population for property investment with, in the mid 2000’s, culminating and employment growth are according to the Dubai Land in estimates that 50% to 60% both running at around 5% per Department, an increase in of all the worlds construction annum while the average price total investment in real estate cranes were located in the city of residential accommodation from AED32 billion ($8.8 billion) in 2006/7. grew by more than 20% in 2013. in 2009 to more than AED161 billion (US$44 billion) in 2013. This unprecedented period Interestingly, the model for came to an abrupt end with Dubai’s future remains largely the global financial crises unchanged, if a little more in 2008/2009. The now refined and targeted; it provides unattainable high levels of a low tax environment that is debt required to fund the rapid open to overseas capital and expansion of the city and the labour flows, high levels of previous reliance upon overseas spending on global marketing capital, resources and expertise, and a continued emphasis on resulted in a sharp contraction investment in the physical and in the Dubai economy and a social fabric. The city vision significant loss of population and remains that of being a true employment in 2008-2009, with global gateway. a resulting major impact upon the local real estate market. The success of Dubai in pursuing this very different city building The withdrawal of capital, for approach is now markedly example, saw average residential evident in levels of investment prices decline by more than confidence and the matching 40% between October 2008 capital it is attracting. Dubai’s

In 2006–07 Between 50% to 60% October 2008 of all the and December world’s 2010, average construction residential cranes were unit prices CREDITS AND LINKS located in declined Dubai city by 40% 1 Jones Lang LaSalle DUBAI 10 Dubai, United Arab Emirates The World’s Most Virtual City

2 Dubai The model for Dubai’s future remains largely unchanged: low tax environment that is open to overseas capital and labour flows, high levels of spending on global marketing and investments in the COORDINATES physical and social fabric 25°15’00”N 55°18’00”E AREA (federal district) 1,588 sq mi POPULATION 3 2,106,177 DENSITY 1,199.6 sq mi

Since 2013, Since 2013, Dubai’s the average population and price of a In collaboration with MIT employment residential unit rates are in Dubai grew SOURCES growing by 5% by more per year than 20% 1, 2, 3 Wikimedia Commons introduction conclusion

The main efforts against human 2007. It serves as an umbrella SOS, a national non-profit, The Washington, DC group within this region. trafficking include coordination organization of local, state, and works with Vietnamese migrants In Washington, DC, and in other large and diverse of civil society and federal, state, federal agencies and private through legal assistance, metropolitan area, one of Over the last decade, a and local law enforcement organizations designed to emergency housing, education, metropolitan areas, human trafficking can best the most ethnically and large and varied NGO sector through task forces; work collaboratively to identify and medical services. The be tackled using a regional strategy, combining the presence of an active civil and assist victims of human Multicultural Clinical Center linguistically diverse in the has emerged that operates society effort; and an active law trafficking while investigating hosts educational training and resources and expertise that represent a varied country, is known for its sex both locally and nationally, enforcement response. and prosecuting offenders. It conducts gang intervention. geographical urban territory. This type of regional also serves the Maryland suburbs These NGOs, despite fine service trafficking of domestic minors; addressing trafficking within 1) Task Forces that are part of the Washington, delivery, have faced budgetary approach would be a critical step towards Since the passage of human DC metropolitan area. challenges in recent years. They the role of Central American these diverse communities. trafficking legislation in the also have replicable programs. addressing, combatting, and impacting trafficking gangs in trafficking; and the NGOs cooperate with local United States, federal resources 2) Development of NGOs in larger urban areas in the United States have become available since A diverse range of NGOs exists 3) Law Enforcement latent problem of domestic law enforcement; state level 2004 to develop regional in the metropolitan area, the The Northern Virginia area and globally. servitude among diplomats task forces against human trafficking task forces. Task largest of which is the Polaris of metropolitan Washington, forces now exist in Northern Project founded in 2002. The DC has been among the and international officials. trafficking; and in some cases, Virginia, DC, and Maryland Polaris Project operates the most successful in the United although there is not adequate federally funded National States in prosecuting serious Apart from these distinctive advising the U.S. Congress on coordination among these Human Trafficking Resource traffickers with numerous features, Washington, DC best practices against human groups across the different Center, a national hotline, and victims. From 2011-2013, there jurisdictions of the greater provides service delivery to were 24 federal cases against and the surrounding metro trafficking. Prosecutors Washington, DC area. victims through the previously 57 defendants engaged in areas of northern Virginia employed technology discussed task forces. The human trafficking in northern In 2004, the FBI and the Polaris Project also engages Virginia. Convictions in these and Maryland have a full innovatively to infiltrate gangs Washington, DC Metropolitan in policy advocacy, training, cases resulted in sentences Police Department partnered and technical assistance. Apart ranging from 10 years to life range of human trafficking engaged in human trafficking, with victims’ service providers from this larger NGO, there imprisonment and involved offenses, touching almost rescuing numerous victims and NGOs to form the first are many NGOs that focus at least 38 juvenile victims of Washington, DC Human exclusively on human trafficking sex trafficking; over 350 adult every racial, social, and ethnic and sentencing offenders. Trafficking Task Force funded victims or provide assistance victims of prostitution and sexual by the U.S. Department of to victims along with other exploitation; and 2 adult victims Justice. The Northern Virginia services. Many of the most of forced labor. This success in Human Trafficking Task Force successful NGOs focus on prosecuting human traffickers formed in the same year and specific sub-groups within the has been achieved through the has recently received $1 million trafficking population such as innovative use of technology from the federal government Ayuda that serves the Hispanic to understand the mechanisms to train detectives, conduct community and Courtney’s of trafficking organizations and crime analysis, and provide House and FAIR Girls which their networks. This experience victim service delivery. The provide crisis intervention has been shared with other Maryland Human Trafficking and services to sex trafficking jurisdictions. Task Force was formed later in victims. In addition, Boat People CREDITS AND LINKS

U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office, District of Columbia, DC Task Force, 2014 http://www.justice.gov/usao/dc/programs/cp/human_trafficking.html

U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office, District of Maryland, Priorities: Human Trafficking, 2014 http://www.justice.gov/usao/md/priorities_human.html

Polaris Project, What We Do, 2014 http://www.polarisproject.org/what-we-do

George Mason University, Northern Virginia Human Trafficking Resources: Resource Manual, 2012 http://chhs.gmu.edu/socialwork/pdf/nova-ht.pdf

Fairfax County Government, VA, Police, “Northern Virginia Task Force Receives $1 Million Grant to Combat Human Trafficking”, 2013 1 http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/police/news-releases/2013/101113humantraffickinggrant.htm WASHINGTON DC 11 Washington DC, USA Combatting Human Trafficking Through Washington DC Innovation and Impact

2

Prosecutors employed technology innovatively to infiltrate gangs engaged in human trafficking, rescuing numerous victims and sentencing offenders

COORDINATES 38°53’42.4”N 77°02’12.0”W AREA (federal district) 68.3 sq mi POPULATION 3 646,449 DENSITY 10,528/sq mi 24 $1 federal cases million against 57 received by defendants The Northern engaged Virginia Human in human Trafficking Task trafficking Force to train in northern detectives, In collaboration with MIT Virginia from conduct crime 2011–2013 analysis, and SOURCES provide victim Kay Chernush for the U.S. State service delivery Department introduction KEY INTERVENTIONS GOVERNANCE CONCLUSION

In 2010 the City of Melbourne corporate website page for the In conjunction with the Royal The City of Melbourne’s The urban forest is a critical The Urban Forest Strategy started to address its ageing strategy, video content, articles Botanic Gardens, the City of governing document Council The development of an urban forest strategy tree population and increased and editorials in the mainstream Melbourne has also started Plan 2013-2017 has adopted element of cities as developed by the City urban heat island, which had media, and an “Urban Forest Art trialling alternative species the targets established in with long-term planning horizons sets a worldwide it contributes to the health of Melbourne set strategies, aggregated over nearly a and Design Competition”. for diversifying the urban the Urban Forest Strategy in example on how cities can implement a “whole- decade of drought. Recognising forest. Stormwater harvesting relation to increased canopy and wellbeing of urban standards and targets that close to 23 per cent of MEASURABLE and water sensitive urban cover and species, and will be of-forest” approach to understanding and managing inhabitants. In creating for promoting a resilient city the tree population could design projects have been reported on an annual basis. its response to climate change and urban growth, be lost within ten years, the OUTCOMES implemented for improving The Lord Mayor of Melbourne resilient communities that will be able urban forest strategy set about water management, while engendered the support of the and adapting the urban landscape for future planning ahead for the future The Urban Forest Strategy areas of permeable pavement Council’s elected members as it is necessary to develop to maintain its ecological of Melbourne’s trees in a way has established a program for have been incorporated well as the wider community: resilience. The City of Melbourne has demonstrated strategies that deal with functions under periods that responds to climate change the immediate to long-term throughout the city to improve “In politics, so much is driven how well-designed urban forest management and urban expansion, reinforces development of an adaptable soil moisture. These projects by the artificial… election cycle. climate change, the urban of constant environmental Melbourne’s character and and resilient forest, based on have been initiated in diverse Not this plan. Our trees are continues to deliver ecological, economic heat island effect, urban and anthropogenic pressures. enhances the wellbeing of its targets for increasing canopy situations throughout the too important.” (Robert Doyle, and social benefits while enhancing the city’s inhabitants. cover, species diversity, surface city, not only located in high 2011) intensification, population Implementation of this permeability, water management profile locations; therefore they biodiversity, health and wellbeing. The vision and objectives for and community participation – represent a variety of efficient The strategy has also formed growth and cultural identity. program has led the strategy were developed in all of which take full account of solutions that readily allows the basis for the development The urban forest in the City to incremental increase conjunction with stakeholders the inherent economic, social transferability to other urban of other associated policies from the public and political and environmental benefits of circumstances. and outcomes such as of Melbourne, composed in canopy cover, replacement domain, and in late 2011 and increasing urban vegetation. the Urban Forest Diversity of approximately 75,000 trees of the ageing tree population, mid 2012 the draft propositions Specific targets of the urban Guidelines, urban forest were taken to various Over the past five years the forest strategy include: community engagement plan, in the public realm, is capable increased surface permeability community engagement forums Council has committed an doubling canopy cover from urban forest precinct plans, to provide all members of the average of AUD 1.5 million 22.5 % to 40% by 2040; master plans for avenues and of reducing stormwater and diversification of green community the opportunity annually for the implementation 5:10:20 will be the maximum boulevards, the Growing Green runoff, providing shade infrastructure. In so doing to offer feedback. Different of the strategy. From 2010 percentage of the tree Guide, the exceptional tree channels for engagement were to 2013, the municipality has population composition by register, and the Urban Ecology and cooling, as well as Melbourne has confirmed utilised, such as an “Eco-City” planted more than 12,000 trees species:genus:family; and 90% and Biodiversity Strategy. connecting communities and strengthened Forum, consultation for different through individual projects and of the tree population will be precincts, online forums, a the annual planting program. healthy by 2040. By understanding the by creating a sense of place its renowned reputation quantity, diversity and health of the City’s urban forest and enhancing streets as a beautiful “garden city”. the municipality is able to and spaces for recreation. monitor and review planting programs, species selection and green infrastructure management projects. The development of a genuinely participatory program facilitated the integration of academics, professionals and the community in the decision- CREDITS AND LINKS 1. Urban proven making process. Forest Lemon to grow well https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Sustainability/UrbanForest/Pages/About.aspx Scented Gums in Melbourne, Birdwood Ave. combined https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Sustainability/SavingWater/Pages/Watersensitivedesign.aspx Transforming with landform the “tan track” changes https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/aboutcouncil/plansandpublications/councilplan/Pages/CouncilPlan. aspx with Corymbia to adapt citriodora landscapes for https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Sustainability/UrbanForest/Documents/Urban_Forest_Diversity_ (Lemon climate change Guidelines.pdf Scented Gums), 1 a species http://growinggreenguide.org” MELBOURNE Map. Urban Forest Useful 12 Life Expectancy mapping for the City of MELBOURNE, Australia Melbourne’s FROM HEAT trees between March 2011 ISLAND and April 2012. 35,000 trees were assessed TO “A CITY with results indicating that IN A FOREST” 23% of the tree population will be at the end of its useful life in the landscape within ten years and 39% within twenty years Melbourne

2. Urban 75,000 Forest Stressed Elm Fitzroy trees compose Gardens. the public Many of the realm of the magnificent urban forest Specific targets elm avenues in Melbourne of the urban in Melbourne’s forest strategy heritage 12,000 include: landscapes are doubling approaching trees have been canopy cover the end of their planted from from 22.5 % to life 2010 to 2013 40% by 2040 COORDINATES 37°52’S 145°08’E AREA 2 1,705 sq mi POPULATION 3. Urban Forest heat from solar 4,170,000 Thermal image radiation of central and retain DENSITY Melbourne, it long into 2,445,75 sq mi taken late the night, GDP total at night, contributing $998.265 billion which shows to increased GDP per capita how paved temperatures $42,640 unshaded in urban areas surfaces store

In collaboration with MIT

3 introduction tsunami-safe(r) to decentralize the provision external sprinkler system and components include roof conclusion house | low-tech of flood protection for the rainwater catchment. mounted photovoltaics, a construction | residents of New Orleans. This Two houses on Point Henry geothermal pump for heating One of the key issues caused Less research has focused purpose was motivated by the Peninsula Australia, Dr Ian Weir and cooling, a trellis wall Context plays a large role in determining high-tech design seemingly intractable challenges research architect Queensland to shade the south and a by natural disasters is the loss on making housing less of continuing to protect the University of Technology – The rainwater cistern on the ground the design of a safer house starting with of housing and the need for vulnerable to environmental In the wake of the Indian Ocean city through the problematic concept is to allow the houses for non-potable water. environmental conditions, cultural norms, house tsunami disaster of December design and often-substandard to burn accepting that the patina Harunatsu Archi _ Villa 921 temporary shelters. This is hazards by anticipating the 2004, most governments maintenance of a citywide created is part of the aesthetic. _ This project, located on a traditions, and most importantly the economic a vast subject, and numerous forces of nature and designing in the affected countries system of levees and pumps. These buildings are raised remote island in southern constraints. Political will ultimately is a major announced policies to resettle The catastrophic failure of this above the ground on stilts using Japan, combines a bunker- solutions have been proposed for protection against the population away from the centralized system during Katrina fire-resistant concrete slabs. like concrete structure with determining factor for setting standards for building, coastline. The Sri Lanka Public led to fundamental questions Windows are covered with very open facades that can for temporary shelter, driven them. Earthquake resilient Security Ministry proposed to about the continued viability perforated metal shutters, and be protected with deployable for the use of land and requires some investment largely by economics. construction is defined by relocate 800,000 people. of large-scale infrastructure roll down metal doors. Roof storm screens during the to ensure environmentally safer communities. Such policies, however, come as the primary strategy for spaces are partitioned frequent typhoons that batter While tented environments codes in most contexts that at a high social, cultural, preventing widespread flooding to individually insulate different the island. Wooden sliding are the most prevalent, these have seismic activity, though environmental and economic and protecting lives and areas of the structure. doors (Amado) close the house cost. The aim of this project is property. against the typhoon, which unfortunately do not last enforcement of such codes to investigate the development The Float House takes a different Storm/Flood can last several days. During of technological strategies approach. The design shown Float house for New Orleans power outages, air conditioning beyond a reasonable time varies widely. Storm surges that could guarantee future here incorporates a flotation (or elsewhere) for “Make it cannot be used. To still be able frame, disrupting family life. caused by hurricanes and safety at lower cost. Structural undercarriage with a perimeter Right Foundation”. Morphosis to open the windows during a guidelines extracted from the of laterally stabilized zinc-coated Architects – The two bedroom typhoon, wind protection nets Better solutions are needed tsunamis are less predictable analysis of surviving structures steel pantographs to guide the house breaks free from its can be installed on the eaves. within stringent economic and devastating. Wildfire is and the implementation of an house as it rises during a flood. moorings to rise 12 feet in flood early warning system using cell Protection is provided at the conditions. All mechanical Governance constraints that allow for increasing in occurrence as phones could provide a more scale of the architecture. A plumbing and sustainable effective solution to relocation. secondary, though important systems will float in a The designs shown are more privacy. While there are drought prone regions are The Prajnopaya Foundation built consequence of elevating the prefabricated chassis. Electricity speculative, one off political causes for migrating subject to climate change. the 400 sq ft house prototype. houses during a flood is the generating solar panels or in limited production. The structure comprised of prevention of easy looting are roof mounted. Rainwater is At a municipal level regulations populations these are not After catastrophic events core elements with widened that inevitably occurs in the stored in the chassis for daily and codes are written for predictable. Natural hazards like hurricane Katrina on foundations is deployed in the aftermath of a major event that use. Dutch floating houses earthquake safety standards. direction of the water flow. The depopulates neighbourhoods. _ Water Studio and Dura Similar measures are possible can be anticipated by the New Orleans, the Sri Lanka roof allows airflow above the Once the houses are elevated by Vermeer – Two examples of for fire prone zones or those height of the enclosing walls. the flood the mechanism locks houses occupying marshy land with potential floods or storms. government, which can in turn tsunami ten years ago The platform of the house is in place and cannot be lowered designed to float with rising Some coastal contexts have raised above the ground. A by anyone but the resident. water levels. The houses are built standards for the height plan for their circumvention or the recent Typhoon Haiyan CREDITS AND LINKS simulation by Buro Happold The project was conceived by of lightweight wood and the of habitable floors from and mitigation. However, in the Philippines, the engineers (London) showed that John Fernandez, Professor of concrete base is hollow giving the ground. Land use zoning Ball-Eastaway House N Sydney, Australia Glenn Murcutt Architect the solutions usually come consequences of vulnerable the structures should be over Architecture in the Building it buoyancy. The house rests is possible to prevent building http://www.greatbuilings.com/buildings/Artist_House_ in_ N_Sydney.html five times more resistant than Technology Program at the on the ground fastened to 15 new houses in hazardous at great cost, such housing are evident. These the existing ones in the case of Massachusetts Institute foot long mooring posts with conditions but existing Two houses on Point Henry Peninsula Australia, Dr Ian Weir research architect Queensland University of Technology an incoming tsunami. of Technology. sliding rings. All the electrical settlement patterns are difficult as moving settlements inland events have spurred teams http://www.watoday.com.au/wa-news/was-bushfireproof-housing-project-thats-designed-to-be-burnt- This project is coordinated by cables, water and sewerage flow to reverse. 20131028-2wc3l.html and http://www.ianweirarchitect.com/html/mainmenu.html in flood prone regions. of professionals to propose the SENSEable City Laboratory, other examples through flexible pipes in the and the Department of Urban moorings. Measurable Float house for New Orleans (or elsewhere) for “Make it Right Foundation”. Morphosis Architects safer structures. Two examples Studies and Planning at the Wild Fire House #9 for “Make it Right Outcomes http://http://inhabitat.com/make-it-rights-new-orleans-float-house-by-morphosis-to-gain-leed- are shown briefly in this short Massachusetts Institute of Ball-Eastaway House N Sydney, Foundation” Kieran Timberlake platinum-certification/ Technology, in collaboration Australia Glenn Murcutt Architect Architects – Taking a different Building new prototypes and article, with further short with the Harvard Design School – The house is constructed in approach, this house is raised testing for real conditions Dutch floating houses _ Water Studio and Dura Vermeer Tsunami Design Initiative group. steel with fire-proof materials one floor above the ground with happens in testing labs of http://inhabitat.com/amhttpphibian-houses-rising-water/ references to other proposals and a corrugated curved metal areas of refuge on the roof. It is home building companies House #9 for “Make it Right Foundation” Kieran Timberlake Architects by category of risk. MIT Float House roof. Raised above the ground designed to be constructed with (Sekisui House Japan). Most of http://www.kierantimberlake.com/pages/view/197/special-no-9-house/parent:3 on six I-section columns it is a flexible economical building the examples referred to have The MIT Float House was protected from bush fires with system including structural been tested more by cultural Harunatsu Archi _ Villa 921 _ designed with one purpose: complete coverage from an insulated panels. Energy saving responses. http://hn-arch.com/english/projects/villa921/villa921-01e.html COLOMBO 1. The 800 Tsunami-Safe(r) 13 House thousand people were proposed COLOMBO, Sri Lanka to be relocated Solutions by the Sri NEW ORLEANS, USA Lanka Public Security for Safer Ministry after Colombo the 2004 Housing tsunami

COORDINATES 1 6°55’00.01”N 79°49’59.99”E AREA (metropolis) 14.4 sq mi POPULATION (metropolis) 752,993 DENSITY 44,920/sq mi

NEW ORLEANS

2 3

2-3. New By anticipating Orleans the forces of nature New Orleans Float House and by designing Prototype for safety and security, housing becomes less vulnerable to environmental hazards COORDINATES 40°50’N 14°15’E AREA (metropolitan) 3,755.2 sq mi In collaboration with MIT POPULATION (metropolitan) 1,167,764 DENSITY 1,965/sq mi introduction CONCLUSION

Shenzhen’s transformation authorities’ and institutions, For centuries, Shenzhen was However it was Deng Xiaoping’s In fact, the rapid growth The economic reforms tested in Shenzhen quickly an unremarkable fishing village visit in Spring 1992 that encouraged land sales within a generation have largely kept pace with clinging to the coast of China, provided Shenzhen the impetus and the proceeds from spread throughout the country. Issues remain, but from a rural fishing village the unprecedented waves on the edge of the Pearl River. to become the economic these, and from taxes on those such as the hukou or registration system, Its fortunes changed with the powerhouse of Southern new businesses, provided to a thriving metropolis, of urban migration which have advent of the Reform and China, unleashing a wave of the revenues which gradually which denies the migrant population the right home to 10 million people, averaged over 300,000 people Opening program initiated by migration on a scale never allowed urban planning to gain of permanent residence and access to services Deng Xiaoping. 1979 saw the before witnessed in human the upper hand. Broad streets and almost as many per year for the past 30 years. establishment in Shenzhen history. In the 1990s Shenzhen’s were developed, new areas within the city, and the serious air pollution which of China’s first Free Trade population increased fivefold, were cleared and services and enterprises, illustrates Shenzhen has also largely Zone (FTZ), a restricted area growing by an average of over landscaping were introduced. affects many of China’s cities are starting to get how the pressure met the challenges where businesses could half a million people each year Schools and hospitals were serious attention, although it will be many years trade unfettered by the close for 10 years between 1990 and built, building regulations were of rapid urbanization can be of transforming its housing supervision of the government. 2000. The story of how the city enforced, and health and safety before the problems are eradicated. accommodated to create from the dormitory worker coped with the unprecedented concerns addressed to avoid the With the strong entrepreneurial influx of workers is a testament building collapses and disastrous a livable, efficient style of the early years spirit of its population, and to the coordinated efforts of fires that had plagued the city’s backed by a welter of domestic the municipality and provincial initial growth spurt. and productive city. to the desirable residential and foreign capital, the FTZ governments as well as the spirit At the epicentre of China’s districts now keenly sought flourished. As China’s economy of the immigrants. At the same time the economy began to respond to the new in Shenzhen began to diversify reform policies launched after by its increasingly market oriented initiatives, In the early years, Shenzhen with the growth of the financial in 1979, Shenzhen’s planners, affluent population. hundreds of manufacturing displayed all the characteristics and business services sector businesses flocked to of a boom town with its to complement the dominant Shenzhen to take advantage substandard housing blocks and manufacturing sector. An airport of the liberal economic lack of social and transportation was developed as well as the policies, the increasing supply infrastructure. However, world’s third busiest deep water of low cost labor and cheaper by restricting migration container port. The first metro land than in Hong Kong. The to the city to people who had line opened in 2004 and in 10 distance from Shenzhen to employment, and by making years the system has extended the seat of power in Beijing, employers responsible for to 177km, including linkages over 2000km to the north providing accommodation for to Hong Kong, with 5 additional was certainly no disadvantage, their workers, Shenzhen mostly lines under construction. enabling Shenzhen to be avoided the urban squalor and a test-bed for reforms, ring- informal housing that plagues fenced from the rest of the many fast growing cities in country. emerging markets.

1. October 1949, PLA led by Communist Party of China arrived 500,000 in Shenzhen Between 1990 and 2000 1979 Shenzhen’s the year when population China’s first grew by an Free Trade average of over Zone (FTZ) was half a million CREDITS AND LINKS established people each in Shenzhen year 1 Jones Lang LaSalle Shenzhen 2004 With the strong entrepreneurial spirit 14 The first metro of its population, line opened and backed by a welter in Shenzen, Shenzhen, now there are of domestic and Responding to 5 additional foreign capital, the FTZ People’s Republic of China lines under flourished the challenges construction of rapid urbanization

2

Shenzen Shenzhen managed to avoid the urban squalor and informal housing that plagues COORDINATES many fast growing cities 22°33’N 114°06’E 3 in emerging markets AREA 159 sq mi POPULATION 3,538,275 DENSITY 2. Shenzen by 22,000 sq mi night GDP total $178 billion 3. Picture GDP per capita of the western $17,096 side of the CBD of Shenzhen, China, looking southwest. The Shenzhen In collaboration with MIT river and rice fields can be SOURCES seen in the background. 1, 2, 3 Wikimedia Commons introduction conclusion

On March 11, 2011, dead or missing. It’s hard to The Meiji-Sanriku Tsunami The main elements of that DRM These efforts don’t stop tragedy Japan’s historical experience, can serve as a lesson of 1896, an event of similar system are: from occurring. Despite its an earthquake of magnitude imagine, but the loss of life magnitude, killed 40 percent of — investments in structural extensive preparations, Japan for the rest of the world. The global cost of natural 9.0 occurred in the Pacific and property could have been the population in the affected measures (such as reinforced had not foreseen an event of hazards in 2011 has been estimated at $380 billion– zone, whereas the GEJE claimed buildings and seawalls), this magnitude and complexity. Ocean off the coast of Japan’s far greater if Japan’s policies only 4 percent. This drastic cutting-edge risk assessments, The GEJE event was the most resources that could have been used in productive Tohoku region. The quake, and practices had been less reduction in casualties was not early-warning systems, powerful earthquake ever activities to boost economies, reduce poverty, due to happenstance, but rather and hazard mapping—all known to have hit Japan and which became known effective. In this regard, was the result of a sustained supported by sophisticated the costliest earthquake in and raise the quality of life. No region or country effort to instill a culture of technology for data collection, world history—Japan’s Cabinet as the Great East Japan and as Japan has shown resilience and prevention based simulation, information, and Office has estimated the direct is exempt from natural disasters, and no country can earthquake (GEJE), shook for the past 2,000 years, on continuous learning. communication, and by economic cost at ¥16.9 trillion prevent them from occurring. But all can prepare During the GEJE, trains stopped scenario-building to assess risks ($210 billion). Particularly the ground as far away learning from the past is key. operating immediately (thanks and to plan responses (such as catastrophic were the effects of by learning as much as possible about the risks as western Japan and lasted The disaster-prone country to an early earthquake detection evacuations) to hazards; the accident at the Fukushima and consequences of devastating events, system, which alerted 270 — a culture of preparedness, Daiichi nuclear power plant, for several minutes. has used historical lessons railway lines) and the majority where training and evacuation which compromised Japan’s and by making informed decisions to better of people in affected regions drills are systematically practiced energy supply, imperiled its Half an hour later, a tsunami to improve its policies, laws, evacuated in an orderly fashion. at the local and community environment, and threatened manage both. Disaster management is increasingly of unprecedented force broke regulations, investment In less than a week after the levels and in schools and public health. Additionally, important as the global economy becomes more disaster, access to most cities workplaces; the shock to major Japanese over 650 kilometers patterns, and decision-making and ports was restored and — stakeholder involvement, industries reverberated through interconnected, as environmental conditions shift, of coastline, toppling sea walls processes, as well 470,000 people were housed where the national and local supply chains around the and as population densities rise in urban areas in shelters. A system of pre- government, communities, world. But without a culture and other defenses, flooding as community and individual agreements with sister towns NGOs, and the private sector all of preparedness and key around the world. As the GEJE showed, proactive and the private sector ensured know their role; investments in risk management, more than 500 km2 of land, behaviors. Investing prompt interventions without — effective legislation, the effects would have been approaches to risk management can reduce leveling 130,000 houses in preparedness and bureaucratic delays. regulation, and enforcement— much, much worse. the loss of human life and avert economic These life-saving responses were for example, of building codes and severely damaging a strong culture of prevention all products of Japan’s advanced that have been kept current; 1. Koinobori, and financial setbacks. To be maximally effective, 260,000 more, and washing ultimately made Disaster Risk Management — the use of sophisticated traditionally and to contribute to stability and growth over (DRM) system, built up over instrumentation to underpin flown on away entire towns all the difference when nearly 2,000 years of coping planning and assessment Children’s the long term, the management of risks from natural with natural risks and hazards. operations. Day (May 5) and villages. The devastation the GEJE struck. to celebrate disasters should be mainstreamed into all aspects left some 20,000 people children’s of development planning in all sectors of the happy growth economy and be informed by local experience, context, and risks. In an unexpected sort of way, learning from the past can inspire innovation.

$210 billion is the 40% of the 4% of the estimated population population direct CREDITS AND LINKS has been killed has been killed economic cost Ranghieri, F. and Ishiwatari, M. 2014. Learning from Megadisasters. Washington DC: The World Bank. by The by the Great of the Great http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/megadisasters Meiji-Sanriku East Japan East Japan Tsunami earthquake Earthquake The Sendai Report: Managing Disaster Risks for a Resilient Future. 2012. Washington, DC: The World Bank. of 1896 in 2011 (GEJE) 1 http://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr.org/files/publication/Sendai_Report_051012_0.pdf Tohoku 20,000 15 people dead or missing after the Great Tohoku, Japan East Japan Learning earthquake (GEJE) occurred from Crises in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Japan’s Tohoku region

2 Tohoku region The disaster-prone country has used historical lessons to improve its policies, laws, regulations, investment patterns, and decision-making processes, as well as community and individual responses

3

AREA 25,826.20 sq mi POPULATION 9,335,636 DENSITY 360/sq mi

4 SOURCES In collaboration with MIT

1 Kazujoshi Nomachi, 2011 2 Government of Japan 3 Ranghieri, F and Ishiwatari, M, World Bank, 2014 4 Google Maps introduction conclusion

Overreliance on a single Cornell University and Technion Since 2003 the New York City Genuine crises almost always as economic cycles over industry, no matter how large, University to establish an applied tech ecosystem grew by 18% New York City is not unique in its efforts to promote makes urban economies sciences campus on Roosevelt with the addition of 45,000 jobs. exploit longstanding systemic which it had no influence, susceptible to adverse shocks. Island. The $2 billion campus Comparatively, over the same economic diversification nor is it the only city vulnerabilities. With this time New York The financial crisis that led to will further solidify New York time period, the finance and experiencing a digital renaissance. However, the collapse or sale of New York as a leader in science and insurance industry grew by only an economy larger than many took action. City-based financial institutions engineering and develop 21st 1%, adding only 3,100 jobs. the City channeled the financial crisis into nations, New York City’s Using the focus provided including Bear Stearns, Lehman century talent. an opportunity to invest in new industries Brothers, and Merrill Lynch — Tech Competitions: At the same time, the financial reliance on its status by crisis environments, could have devastated the New The New York City Economic sector has not turned its back and implement large-scale economic development York City economy; when the Development Corporation’s on New York City. The securities as a global financial center the City has emerged with crisis hit in 2007, the financial BigApps NYC Competition and industry has continued to be a initiatives rather than panicking into large-scale has always created substantial a more diversified economy services industry made up 40% Take the H.E.L.M. Competition strong driver of the New York local financial support for the securities sector. of Manhattan’s payroll. However, provide cash prizes to tech City economy, accounting economic vulnerability due to preparations made as the American economy innovators. for more than 20 percent of Such a response required careful planning, targeted to large scale, systemic shocks before the economic crash remained sluggish in 2009- — NYC Entrepreneurial Fund: earnings in the City, higher investment, and visionary leadership. 2011, the City emerged from The $22 million fund provides than any other single industry. to those financial markets. and strong leadership the crisis stronger than before, New York City startups with In a striking synergy between with a diversified economy and early-stage capital. old and new, over half the jobs Those challenges became, in response to the crisis. growth in new sectors that will — Tech Incubators: The comprising New York’s tech once again, obvious in the The City exploited the crisis continue to drive long-term New York City Economic ecosystem are integrated economic growth. Development Corporation has within other sectors, such as aftermath of the financial as an opportunity to promote supported incubators and other finance, where tech continues to crisis of 2007. However, unlike economic diversification, The City’s need for co-working spaces, such as the modernize business operations diversification was discussed DUMBO incubator and Varick and inspire the creation of new its reactions to previous particularly in the growth long before the economic crisis. Street Incubator, which offer goods and services. Mayor Michael Bloomberg, affordable space and services market upheavals, which of the technology sector. a tech entrepreneur himself, to start-ups. the city tended to shrug off recognized the need for the growth of new industries. The New York City startups including financial crisis provided the Foursquare, Gilt Group, impetus for the City to promote Kickstarter, Tumblr, and Etsy systemic change, energize have grown rapidly. Around entrepreneurship, and attract 2010, New York City surpassed new companies and talent. Massachusetts in venture capital While federal financial recovery funding for internet and tech 1. New programs helped prevent start-ups, and is now second York City total collapse of the financial only to Silicon Valley. Well- Varick Street sector, Mayor Bloomberg’s established tech companies, Incubator “Five Borough Economic including Google and Facebook, Opportunity Plan” in 2009 have also recognized New York included the NYC Economic City’s strategic importance and Diversification Program, greatly expanded their presence. described as “a comprehensive, In 2010, Google purchased a long-term strategy to build a New York City office building for CREDITS AND LINKS local economy that provides almost $2 billion. a wide array of opportunities Glaeser, Edward, Triumph of the City, 2012. to New Yorkers with varied The effects of economic skills and backgrounds, diversification and the growth New Tech City, Center for an Urban Future, 2012 while simultaneously of the tech sector have been lessening dependence on the far-reaching. As of 2013, there The New York City Tech Ecosystem: Generating Economic Opportunity for All New Yorkers, HR&A Advisors, 2014 performance of any one sector.” were 291,000 workers in the 18% of growth Among other initiatives, the City New York City tech ecosystem, in the New http://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2012/06/is-wall-street-the-only-street- has implemented the following: earning over $33 billion in wages York City tech in-new-york-city.html — Applied Sciences Campus: and representing 7% of total ecosystem New York City partnered with New York City employment. since 2003 1 The New York City Tech Ecosystem NEW YORK city The City exploited the 2. Cornell crisis as an opportunity Technion 16 to promote economic rendering diversification, particularly in the growth 3. Google New York CITY, USA New York City Economic of the technology sector headquarters Recovery through Diversification

New York

2 Around 2010, New York City surpassed Massachusetts in venture capital funding for

COORDINATES internet and tech start- 40°40.2’N 73°56.4’W ups, and is now second ELEVATION only to Silicon Valley 33 ft AREA 468.5 sq mi POPULATION 8,336,697 DENSITY 27,550/sq mi SETTLED 3 1624 45,000 $2 new jobs billion is the were created price paid In collaboration with MIT in the New by Google York City tech to purchase ecosystem their office since 2003 building