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Schiff's Diseases of the Liver Schiff’s Diseases of the Liver We dedicate the twelfth edition of Schiff’s Diseases of the Liver to Dr. Thomas Starzl, the inspired and inspiring pioneer in the field of liver transplantation. Dr. Starzl influenced generations of hepatologists over his long and productive career, during which his work led to the development of successful liver replacement. Dr. Starzl taught, challenged, and inspired surgeons and hepatologists while opening and advancing the field of liver transplantation against many obstacles. His brilliance and tenacity brought liver transplantation from concept to reality. As a consequence of his efforts, hope and productive lives were restored to legions of patients. The editors are among the many who now view the world of hepatology with renewed hope based on an effective treatment for hitherto unapproachable problems. We further dedicate this edition to our wives Dana, Ann, and Vanaja for their continuing support of our endeavors. Schiff’s Diseases of the Liver TWELFTH EDITION EDITED BY Eugene R. Schiff University of Miami, Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, Miami, FL, USA Willis C. Maddrey University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA K. Rajender Reddy Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA This edition first published 2018 © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Edition History John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (11e 2012). Previous editions: LippincottWilliams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Eugene R. Schiff, Willis C. Maddrey, and K. Rajender Reddy to be identified as the author(s) of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. Registered Office(s) John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Office 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient.In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices,the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress and the British Library. ISBN 9781119251224 Cover image: © ilbusca/Gettyimages Cover design by Wiley Set in 9.5/12pt Palatino LTStd by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India 10987654321 v Contents Contributors, viii 9 The Liver in Pregnancy, 244 Nancy Reau and Yannick Bacq Foreword, xiii Preface, xiv Part III Consequences of Liver Disease About the Companion Website, xvi 10 Hepatic Fibrosis, 271 Scott L. Friedman Part I Overview: Clinical 11 Preoperative Evaluation of the Patient with Fundamentals of Hepatology Liver Disease, 290 Patrick S. Kamath and Mark T. Keegan 1 History Taking and Physical Examination for the Patient with Liver Disease, 3 12 Management of Portal Hypertension, 304 Esperance A. Schaefer and Lawrence S. Friedman Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao and Juan G. Abraldes 2 Laboratory Tests, Noninvasive Markers of 13 Renal Complications of Liver Disease and the Fibrosis, Liver Biopsy, and Laparoscopy, 17 Hepatorenal Syndrome, 336 Michael P. Curry and Lennox J. Jeffers Xingxing S. Cheng and W. Ray Kim 3 Noninvasive and Invasive Imaging 14 Pulmonary Manifestations of Liver Disease, 353 of the Liver and Biliary Tract, 38 Michael B. Fallon and Anil Seetharam KoushikK.Das,MatthewA.Morgan,and 15 Ascites and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis, 365 Gregory G. Ginsberg Vicente Arroyo and Javier Fernandez´ 16 Hepatic Encephalopathy, 387 Part II General Considerations Chathur Acharya and Jasmohan S. Bajaj 4 Physioanatomic Considerations, 73 17 Acute Liver Failure, 411 Ian R. Wanless Robert J. Fontana and Khurram Bari 5 Bilirubin Metabolism and Jaundice, 103 18 Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure, 432 Allan W. Wolkoff and Paul D. Berk Florence Wong 6 Hepatic Histopathology, 135 19 Malnutrition and Liver Disease, 460 Zachary D. Goodman Craig McClain, Irina Kirpich, and Laura Smart 7 Mechanisms of Liver Injury, 200 Harmeet Malhi and Gregory J. Gores Part IV Cholestatic Disorders 8 Hepatic Manifestations of Systemic Disorders, 218 20 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, 491 Stuart C. Gordon and Humberto C. Gonzalez John M. Vierling vi Contents 21 Primary Biliary Cholangitis, 523 34 The Liver in Circulatory Failure, 935 Cynthia Levy, Andres F. Carrion, and Marlyn J. Mayo Santiago J. Munoz, Hanisha R. Manickavasagan, and Idean Amirjazil 22 Autoimmune Hepatitis, 546 Gideon M. Hirschfield and Gwilym J. Webb Part IX Benign and Malignant Tumors; Cystic Disorders Part V Viral Hepatitis 35 Benign Tumors, Nodules, and Cystic Diseases 23 Hepatitis A and E, 565 of the Liver, 949 Kenneth E. Sherman and Shyam Kottilil Julien Calderaro and Jessica Zucman-Rossi 24 Hepatitis B and D, 584 36 Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 977 Marc G. Ghany and Naveen Gara Maddie Kubiliun and Jorge A. Marrero 25 Hepatitis C, 628 37 Surgical Options in Liver Cancers, 989 Michael W. Fried, Jama M. Darling, and Garrett R. Roll and John Paul Roberts Stanley M. Lemon Part X Infectious and Part VI Alcohol- and Granulomatous Disease Drug-induced Liver Disease 38 Amoebic and Pyogenic Liver Abscesses, 1005 26 Alcoholic Liver Disease, 701 Marco A. Olivera-Mart´ınez and David Kershenobich Mack C. Mitchell and Gyongyi Szabo 39 Parasitic Diseases, 1013 27 Drug-induced Hepatotoxicity, 740 Michael A. Dunn Dominique Larrey, Jose Ursic-Bedoya, and Lucy Meunier 40 Granulomas of the Liver, 1028 James H. Lewis 28 Mechanisms of Drug-induced Liver Injury, 774 Paul B. Watkins and Merrie Mosedale Part XI Elements of Liver Transplantation Part VII Genetic and Metabolic Disease 41 Selection of Candidates and Timing of Liver Transplantation, 1055 29 Wilson Disease, 801 Meaghan Phipps, Alyson N. Fox, and Michael L. Schilsky and Aftab Ala Robert S. Brown Jr. 30 Hemochromatosis and Iron Storage Disorders, 820 42 Immunosuppression: The Global Picture, 1065 Kris V. Kowdley and Priya Handa Caroline C. Jadlowiec, Timucin Taner, and Russell H. Wiesner 31 Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, 843 David H. Perlmutter 43 The First Six Months Following Liver Transplantation, 1079 32 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, 867 K. Rajender Reddy and Manuel Mendizabal Curtis K. Argo, Zachary H. Henry, and Stephen H. Caldwell 44 Long-term Management of the Liver Transplant Patient, 1093 Timothy M. McCashland Part VIII Vascular Diseases of the Liver 45 The Liver Transplant Procedure, 1107 Bijan Eghtesad, Koji Hashimoto, and John Fung 33 Vascular Liver Disease, 911 Dominique-Charles Valla Contents vii 46 Recurrent Disease Following Liver 48 Controversies in Liver Transplantation, 1156 Transplantation, 1127 James F. Trotter Haripriya Maddur and Josh Levitsky Index, 1169 47 The Role of Retransplantation, 1143 Peter L. Abt and Kim M. Olthoff viii Contributors Juan G. Abraldes Curtis K. Argo Robert S. Brown, Jr. MD, MMSc MD, MS MD, MPH Department of Medicine GI/Hepatology Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation Cirrhosis Care Clinic, Division of Department of Internal Medicine Weill Cornell Medical College Gastroenterology (Liver Unit)
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