DOCSLIB.ORG

As Food Additives

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
As Food Additives SCIENTIFIC OPINION ADOPTED: 5 April 2017 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4786 Re-evaluation of potassium nitrite (E 249) and sodium nitrite (E 250) as food additives EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS), Alicja Mortensen, Fernando Aguilar, Riccardo Crebelli, Alessandro Di Domenico, Birgit Dusemund, Maria Jose Frutos, Pierre Galtier, David Gott, Ursula Gundert-Remy, Claude Lambre, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Oliver Lindtner, Peter Moldeus, Pasquale Mosesso, Agneta Oskarsson, Dominique Parent-Massin, Ivan Stankovic, Ine Waalkens-Berendsen, Rudolf Antonius Woutersen, Matthew Wright, Piet van den Brandt, Cristina Fortes, Leonardo Merino, Fidel Toldra, Davide Arcella, Anna Christodoulidou, Jose Cortinas Abrahantes, Federica Barrucci, Ana Garcia, Fabiola Pizzo, Dario Battacchi and Maged Younes Abstract The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provided a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of potassium nitrite (E 249) and sodium nitrite (E 250) when used as food additives. The ADIs established by the SCF (1997) and by JECFA (2002) for nitrite were 0–0.06 and 0–0.07 mg/kg bw per day, respectively. The available information did not indicate in vivo genotoxic potential for sodium and potassium nitrite. Overall, an ADI for nitrite per se could be derived from the available repeated dose toxicity studies in animals, also considering the negative carcinogenicity results. The Panel concluded that an increased methaemoglobin level, observed in human and animals, was a relevant effect for the derivation of the ADI. The Panel, using a BMD approach, derived an ADI of 0.07 mg nitrite ion/kg bw per day. The exposure to nitrite resulting from its use as food additive did not exceed this ADI for the general population, except for a slight exceedance in children at the highest percentile. The Panel assessed the endogenous formation of nitrosamines from nitrites based on the theoretical calculation of the NDMA produced upon ingestion of nitrites at the ADI and estimated a MoE > 10,000. The Panel estimated the MoE to exogenous nitrosamines in meat products to be < 10,000 in all age groups at high level exposure. Based on the results of a systematic review, it was not possible to clearly discern nitrosamines produced from the nitrite added at the authorised levels, from those found in the food matrix without addition of external nitrite. In epidemiological studies there was some evidence to link (i) dietary nitrite and gastric cancers and (ii) the combination of nitrite plus nitrate from processed meat and colorectal cancers. There was evidence to link preformed NDMA and colorectal cancers. © 2017 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. Keywords: potassium nitrite, sodium nitrite, E 249, E 250, food additive, CAS Registry number 7632-00-0, CAS Registry number 7758-09-0 Requestor: European Commission Question numbers: EFSA-Q-2011-00460; EFSA-Q-2011-00461 Correspondence: fi[email protected] www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal EFSA Journal 2017;15(6):4786 Re-evaluation of potassium nitrite (E 249) and sodium nitrite (E 250) Panel members: Fernando Aguilar, Riccardo Crebelli, Alessandro Di Domenico, Birgit Dusemund, Maria Jose Frutos, Pierre Galtier, David Gott, Ursula Gundert-Remy, Claude Lambre, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Oliver Lindtner, Peter Moldeus, Alicja Mortensen, Pasquale Mosesso, Agneta Oskarsson, Dominique Parent-Massin, Ivan Stankovic, Ine Waalkens-Berendsen, Rudolf Antonius Woutersen, Matthew Wright and Maged Younes. Acknowledgements: The Panel wishes to thank the following for the support provided to this scientific output: The hearing experts from the Scientific Committee: Josef Schlatter and Thorhallur Halldorsson; the hearing experts from the CONTAM Panel: Helle Knutsen and Jan Alexander and the members of the CONTAM Panel: Lars Barregard and the EFSA staff members Andea Bau, Petra Gergelova, Gilles Guillot, Laura Martino and Jose Gomez Ruiz for the support provided to this scientific output. The Panel wishes to acknowledge all European competent institutions, Member State bodies and other organisations that provided data for this scientific output. Suggested citation: EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food), Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Dusemund B, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Lambre C, Leblanc J-C, Lindtner O, Moldeus P, Mosesso P, Oskarsson A, Parent-Massin D, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, van den Brandt P, Fortes C, Merino L, Toldra F, Arcella D, Christodoulidou A, Cortinas Abrahantes J, Barrucci F, Garcia A, Pizzo F, Battacchi D and Younes M, 2017. Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of potassium nitrite (E 249) and sodium nitrite (E 250) as food additives. EFSA Journal 2017;15(6):4786, 157 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/ j.efsa.2017.4786 ISSN: 1831-4732 © 2017 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 2 EFSA Journal 2017;15(6):4786 Re-evaluation of potassium nitrite (E 249) and sodium nitrite (E 250) Summary Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) was asked to re-evaluate the safety of potassium nitrite (E 249) and sodium nitrite (E 250) when used as food additives. Sodium (E 250) and potassium (E 249) nitrites are authorised as food additives in the European Union (EU) according to Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives and they were previously evaluated by the EU Scientific Committee for Food (SCF), the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The acceptable daily intake (ADIs) for sodium and potassium nitrite (expressed as nitrite ion) established by the SCF (1997) and by JECFA (2002, 1996) were 0–0.06 and 0–0.07 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day, respectively. The Panel was not provided with a newly submitted dossier and based its evaluation on previous evaluations and reviews, additional literature that became available since then and the data provided following public calls for data. Not all original studies on which previous evaluations were based were available for re-evaluation by the Panel. Sodium and potassium salts of nitrite are commonly used in curing mixtures to develop and fix the colour of meat, to inhibit microbial growth and/or to develop characteristic flavours (IARC, 2010; Sindelar and Milkowski, 2012). Specific purity criteria on sodium and potassium nitrites are defined in Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012. The studies of toxicokinetics of sodium nitrite in animals and humans showed that the substance was absorbed to a great extent (nearly 100%) and did not undergo first pass metabolism (Hunault et al., 2009). In humans, the volume of distribution was larger than the body water indicating that nitrites were distributed at higher concentrations in some tissues compared with the blood. Nearly, all of nitrite was converted to nitrate, which then was excreted in the urine. Further metabolites of nitrite were nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species which were also formed during the conversion of nitrite to minor metabolites. Small amounts of nitrite were found in the urine (0.02% of the administered dose). The most important source of nitrite raised from the consumption of food and water containing nitrate and the conversion of nitrate to nitrite in saliva by oral nitrate-reducing bacteria (Witter and Balish, 1979b; JECFA, 2003a). This conversion of nitrate to nitrite was estimated to range from 5% to 36% (Wagner et al., 1983; Bartholomew and Hill, 1984; Spiegelhalder et al., 1976; Bos et al., 1988; Granli et al., 1989; Shapiro et al., 1991; Jin et al., 2013; Bondonno et al., 2015; Woessner et al., 2016; Hohensin et al., 2016; Montenegro et al., 2017). The available studies provided clear evidence of the genotoxic activity of sodium and potassium nitrite in vitro, with positive results in tests for gene mutations in bacteria and in tests for the induction of structural chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations, aneuploidy and cell transformation in mammalian cells. In vivo negative results were obtained in well-performed micronucleus assays in mice and rats, with measurable systemic exposure, after acute and subchronic administration of sodium nitrite. Limited negative data were also available at the site of contact. Overall, the Panel concluded that the available information did not indicate an in vivo genotoxic potential for sodium and potassium nitrite, and thus did not preclude the possibility to establish a health-based guidance value (ADI). Acute toxicity effects of sodium and potassium nitrite included relaxation of smooth muscle, vasodilation, and consequently, lowering of blood pressure, and methaemoglobinaemia. The oral LD50 in experimental animals was in the range of 100–220 mg/kg bw. In humans, oral lethal nitrite doses have been reported to be in the same order of magnitude as in animals, however in a wider range, likely due to wide variabilities in individual sensitivity (Health Canada, 2013). Short-term, subchronic and chronic toxicity studies in rats and mice using sodium and potassium nitrite primarily confirmed that the main observed effect is the formation of methaemoglobin. Methaemoglobin prevents normal oxygen delivery to the tissues, thus high concentrations of methaemoglobin can cause tissue hypoxia (Mensinga et al., 2003). The normal background concentration of methaemoglobin is 1–3% of total blood haemoglobin concentration (Goldsmith et al., 1976).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Safety Data Sheet
    SAFETY DATA SHEET According to JIS Z 7253:2019 Revision Date 14-Jan-2021 Version 1.03 Section 1: PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product name Potassium Nitrite Product code 165-27322,169-27325 Manufacturer FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation 1-2 Doshomachi 3-Chome Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-8605, Japan Phone: +81-6-6203-3741 Fax: +81-6-6203-5964 Supplier FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation 1-2 Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-8605, Japan Phone: +81-6-6203-3741 Fax: +81-6-6203-2029 Emergency telephone number +81-6-6203-3741 / +81-3-3270-8571 Recommended uses and For research use only restrictions on use Section 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION GHS classification Classification of the substance or mixture Oxidizing solids Category 2 Reproductive Toxicity Category 2 (additional) Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure) Category 1 Category 1 blood Short-term (acute) hazardous to the aquatic environment Category 2 Long-term (chronic) hazardous to the aquatic environment Category 2 Pictograms Signal word Danger Hazard statements H272 - May intensify fire; oxidizer H361 - Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child H362 - May cause harm to breast-fed children H401 - Toxic to aquatic life H411 - Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects H370 - Causes damage to the following organs: blood Precautionary statements-(Prevention) • Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. — No smoking • Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials • Obtain special instructions before use • Do not handle until all safety precautions
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Patents and Literature on the Manufacture of Potassium Nitrate with Notes on Its Occurrence and Uses
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication No. 192 Washington, D.C. July 1934 A REVIEW OF THE PATENTS AND LITERATURE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF POTASSIUM NITRATE WITH NOTES ON ITS OCCURRENCE AND USES By COLIN W. WHITTAKER. Associate Chemist and FRANK O. LUNDSTROM, Assistant Chemist Division of Fertilizer Technology, Fertilizer Investigationa Bureau of Chemistry and Soils For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. .....-..- Price 5 cents UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication No. 192 Washington, D.C. July 1934 A REVIEW OF THE PATENTS AND LITERATURE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF POTASSIUM NITRATE WITH NOTES ON ITS OCCURRENCE AND USES By COLIN W. WHITTAKER, associate chemist, and FRANK O. LUNDSTROM, assistant chemist, Division of Fertilizer Technology, Fertilizer Investigations, Bureau oj Chemistry and Soils CONTENTS Page Production of potassium nitrate —Contd. Page Processes involving dilute oxides of Introduction } nitrogen 22 Historical sketch 3 Absorption in carbonates, bicarbon- Statistics of the saltpeter industry 4 ates, or hydroxides 22 Potassium nitrate as a plant food 8 Conversion of nitrites to nitrates 23 Occurrence of potassium nitrate 9 Processes involving direct action of nitric Production of potassium nitrate 11 acid or oxides of nitrogen on potassium Saltpeter from the soil 11 compounds 23 In East India 11 Potassium bicarbonate and nitric In other countries 12 acid or ammonium nitrate 23 Chilean high-potash nitrate 13 Potassium hydroxide or carbonate Composting and
    [Show full text]
  • Safety Data Sheet According to 29CFR1910/1200 and GHS Rev
    Safety Data Sheet according to 29CFR1910/1200 and GHS Rev. 3 Effective date : 02.12.2015 Page 1 of 7 Potassium Nitrite, Reagent SECTION 1 : Identification of the substance/mixture and of the supplier Product name : Potassium Nitrite, Reagent Manufacturer/Supplier Trade name: Manufacturer/Supplier Article number: S25495A Recommended uses of the product and uses restrictions on use: Manufacturer Details: AquaPhoenix Scientific 9 Barnhart Drive, Hanover, PA 17331 Supplier Details: Fisher Science Education 15 Jet View Drive, Rochester, NY 14624 Emergency telephone number: Fisher Science Education Emergency Telephone No.: 800-535-5053 SECTION 2 : Hazards identification Classification of the substance or mixture: Oxidizing Oxidizing solids, category 2 Irritant Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), category 3 Environmentally Damaging Acute hazards to the aquatic environment, category 1 Chronic hazards to the aquatic environment, category 1 Oxid. Sol 2 AcTox. Oral 3 Aq. AcTox. 1 Aq. ChrTox. 1 Signal word :Danger Hazard statements: May intensify fire; oxidizer Toxic if swallowed Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects Precautionary statements: If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand Keep out of reach of children Read label before use Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. No smoking Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles Created by Global Safety Management, Inc. -Tel: 1-813-435-5161 - www.gsmsds.com Safety Data Sheet
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological Profile for Nitrate and Nitrite
    NITRATE AND NITRITE 9 2. RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH 2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO NITRATE AND NITRITE IN THE UNITED STATES Nitrate and nitrite can be organic or inorganic chemicals depending on their chemical structures. This profile pertains to inorganic nitrate and nitrite, specifically the nitrate anion and the nitrite anion. Nitrate and nitrite occur naturally in the environment as part of the nitrogen cycle, and are produced both endogenously and exogenously. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria convert ammonia into nitrite; nitrite- oxidizing bacteria convert nitrite into nitrate in aerobic environments. This two-stage process is known as nitrification. Main sources of ammonia in the environment are decaying organic matter and human and animal wastes. Nitrification, atmospheric fixation, and nitrogen fertilizers contribute to nitrite and nitrate concentrations in the environment. In nature, salts of nitrate and nitrite completely dissociate and these anions typically exist as ionic species. In the environment, nitrite is readily oxidized to nitrate. Nitrate is generally stable in the environment; however, it may be reduced through biotic (living systems; plants, microbes, etc.) processes to nitrite under anerobic conditions. Nitrate and nitrite are ubiquitous in the environment and people are exposed to them primarily through the ingestion of food and drinking water. Significant uptake of nitrate and nitrite occurs in all varieties of plants; internal storage of nitrate (rather than metabolic conversion to ammonium and amino acids) can occur in some plants, especially leafy vegetables such as lettuce and spinach. Vegetables account for about 80% of the nitrate in a typical human diet. Nitrate and nitrite are also produced in the body as part of the natural nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • SAFETY DATA SHEET 114751-Potassium Nitrite
    SAFETY DATA SHEET (in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2015/830) 114751-Potassium nitrite, FCC Version: 3 Page 1 of 8 Revision date: 24/11/2020 Print date: 09/02/2021 SECTION 1: IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE AND OF THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING. 1.1 Product identifier. Product Name: Potassium nitrite, FCC Product Code: 114751 Chemical Name: Potassium nitrite FCC Index No: 007-011-00-X CAS No: 7758-09-0 EC No: 231-832-4 Registration No: N/D 1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance and uses advised against. For manufacturing, processing, laboratory or repacking use only Uses advised against: Uses other than those recommended. 1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet. Company: DC FINE CHEMICALS Ltd. Address: Hill Top, 88 City: NW11 6DY London (United Kingdom) Telephone: +44 (20) 7586 6800 Fax: +44 (20) 7504 1701 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.dcfinechemicals.com 1.4 Emergency telephone number: (Only available during office hours; Monday-Friday; 08:00-18:00) SECTION 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION. 2.1 Classification of the substance. In accordance with Regulation (EU) No 1272/2008: Acute Tox. 3 : Toxic if swallowed. Aquatic Acute 1 : Very toxic to aquatic life. Ox. Sol. 2 : May intensify fire; oxidiser. 2.2 Label elements. Labelling in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 1272/2008: Pictograms: Signal Word: Danger H statements: H272 May intensify fire; oxidiser. H301 Toxic if swallowed. H400 Very toxic to aquatic life. P statements: P210 Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. P264 Wash thoroughly after handling.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Note Weston Solutions, Inc
    PROJECT NOTE WESTON SOLUTIONS, INC. To: Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. Site File Date: June 5, 2014 W.O. No.: 20405.012.013.2222.00 From: Denise Breen, Weston Solutions, Inc. Subject: Determination of Significant Lead Concentrations in Sediment Samples References 1. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Technical Guidance for Screening Contaminated Sediments. March 1998. [45 pages] 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Emergency Response. Establishing an Observed Release – Quick Reference Fact Sheet. Federal Register, Volume 55, No. 241. September 1995. [7 pages] 3. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Division Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances. Atomic Weights of Elements: Review 2000. 2003. [120 pages] WESTON personnel collected six sediment samples (including one environmental duplicate sample) from five locations along the surface water pathway of the Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. (CRU) site in May 2014. The sediment samples were analyzed for Target Analyte List (TAL) Metals and Stable Lead Isotopes. 1. TAL Lead Interpretation: In order to quantify the significance for Lead, Thallium and Mercury the following was performed: 1. WESTON personnel tabulated all available TAL Metal data from the May 2014 Sediment Sampling event. 2. For each analyte of concern (Lead, Thallium, and Mercury), the highest background concentration was selected and then multiplied by three. This is the criteria to find the significance of site attributable release as per Hazard Ranking System guidelines. 3. One analytical lead result (2222-SD04) of 520 mg/kg (J) was qualified with an unknown bias. In accordance with US EPA document “Using Data to Document an Observed Release and Observed Contamination”, 2222-SD03 lead concentration was adjusted by dividing by the factor value for lead of 1.44 to equal 361 mg/kg.
    [Show full text]
  • Potassium Nitrite Safety Data Sheet
    Hummel Croton Inc. In Case Of Emergency Call 10 Harmich Rd. (U.S.) 800-424-9300 South Plainfield, NJ 07080 (International) +1-813-248-3924 www.HummelCroton.com Phone: 908-754-1800 Fax: 908-754-1815 Potassium Nitrite Safety Data Sheet 1. Product and Company Product name: Potassium Nitrite HMIS Rating Synonym: None Health 1 Flammabilitiy 0 CAS-No.: 7758-09-0 Reactivity 3 Company: Hummel Croton Inc. Personal Protection F 10 Harmich Rd. South Plainfield, NJ 07080 Telephone: 908-754-1800 Fax: 908-754-1815 Emergency telephone number Emergency Phone #: Chemtrec US: 800-424-9300 ChemTel International: +1-813-248-0585 2. Hazards GHS Classification Oxidizing solids (Category 2), H272 Acute toxicity, Oral (Category 3), H301 Acute aquatic toxicity (Category 1), H400 Chronic aquatic toxicity (Category 1), H410 GHS Label elements Pictogram(s) Signal word DANGER Hazard statement(s) H272 May intensify fire; oxidizer. H301 Toxic if swallowed. H410 Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. Precautionary statement(s) P210 Keep away from heat. P220 Keep/Store away from clothing/ combustible materials. P221 Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles. P264 Wash skin thoroughly after handling. P270 Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. P273 Avoid release to the environment. P280 Wear protective gloves/ eye protection/ face protection. P301 + P310 + P330 IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/ physician. Rinse mouth. P370 + P378 In case of fire: Use dry sand, dry chemical or alcohol-resistant foam for extinction. P391 Collect spillage. P405 Store locked up. P501 Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste disposal plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Prohibited and Restricted Chemical List
    School Emergency Response Plan and Management Guide Prohibited and Restricted Chemical List PROHIBITED AND RESTRICTED CHEMICAL LIST Introduction After incidents of laboratory chemical contamination at several schools, DCPS, The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and DC Fire and Emergency Management Services developed an aggressive program for chemical control to eliminate student and staff exposure to potential hazardous chemicals. Based upon this program, all principals are required to conduct a complete yearly inventory of all chemicals located at each school building to identify for the removal and disposal of any prohibited/banned chemicals. Prohibited chemicals are those that pose an inherent, immediate, and potentially life- threatening risk, injury, or impairment due to toxicity or other chemical properties to students, staff, or other occupants of the school. These chemicals are prohibited from use and/or storage at the school, and the school is prohibited from purchasing or accepting donations of such chemicals. Restricted chemicals are chemicals that are restricted by use and/or quantities. If restricted chemicals are present at the school, each storage location must be addressed in the school's written emergency plan. Also, plan maps must clearly denote the storage locations of these chemicals. Restricted chemicals—demonstration use only are a subclass in the Restricted chemicals list that are limited to instructor demonstration. Students may not participate in handling or preparation of restricted chemicals as part of a demonstration. If Restricted chemicals—demonstration use only are present at the school, each storage location must be addressed in the school's written emergency plan. Section 7: Appendices – October 2009 37 School Emergency Response Plan and Management Guide Prohibited and Restricted Chemical List Following is a table of chemicals that are Prohibited—banned, Restricted—academic curriculum use, and Restricted—demonstration use only.
    [Show full text]
  • Dict-En-Fr-Food V3
    Dictionnaire Anglais-Français de l’Alimentation English-French Food Dictionary Version 3.0 Pascal Médeville (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) 1 This work is distributed under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Please revise the information below and stay within the limits of the license. 2 Le présent travail est distribué dans le cadre de la licence Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Veuillez lire les informations ci-dessous et respecter les limites imposées. 3 Sigles et abréviations utilisés dans ce dictionnaire : adj. : adjectif agr. : agriculture bot. : botanique ichtyol. : ichtyologie Ind. : Indonésie it. : Italie J : Japon microbiol. : microbiologie œnol. : œnologie p.ex. : par exemple UK : Royaume Uni US : États-Unis d’Amérique vét. : médecine vétérinaire zool. : zoologie Historique des versions/Version history : Date Objet No. de version Déc. 2008 Version initiale 1.0 Juin 2009 Corrections diverses ; Ajout de nouvelles sources ; Ajout de nouvelles 2.0 références bibliographiques Avril 2020 Ajout de nouvelles entrées ; Corrections diverses ; Ajout de nouvelles 3.0 sources ; Ajout de nouvelles references bibliographiques 4 Pour vos traductions anglais-français ou chinois-français dans le domaine de la gastronomie ou de l’agro-alimentaire, veuillez prendre contact avec Pascal Médeville à l’une des adresses suivantes : [email protected] ou [email protected]. For all your food and agrifood translation needs (English to French of Chinese to French), you can contact Pascal Médeville, at [email protected] or [email protected]. Pour toutes vos traductions et besoins de publication assistée par ordinateur en chinois ou d’autres langues asiatiques, n’hésitez pas à faire appel à Pascal Médeville ou à Parallels Translation Office : www.parallels-translation.net.
    [Show full text]
  • 180 Isotope Shift in 15N NMR Analysis of Biological N-Oxidations
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 79, pp. 5871-5875, October 1982 Biochemistry 180 isotope shift in 15N NMR analysis of biological N-oxidations: H20-N02 exchange in the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas (hydroxylamine/nitrite/oxygen exchange) KRiSTOFFER K. ANDERSSON*, STEPHEN B. PHILSONt, AND ALAN B. HOOPER*t *Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108; and tDepartment of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Communicated by W. D. McElroy, July 12, 1982 ABSTRACT The 180/160 shifts in '5N NMR were deter- hydrazine (an inhibitor of hydroxylamine oxidation) has recent- mined for nitrite (0.13 ppm or 4.2 Hz at 7.05 T) and nitrate (0.056 ly been demonstrated by Dua et aL (4) and Hollocher et aL (6) ppm or 1.7 Hz at 7.05 T) at neutral pH. The technique, which utilizing mass spectrometric analysis. allows clear differentiation between 160 and 180 derivatives of 15N NMR is an ideal technique for identifying the origin of '5N, was used to assess the source of oxygens in nitrite produced the two oxygens ofnitrite. The great potential of 15N NMR spec- by oxidation ofammonia in Nitrosomonas. The two oxygens of ni- troscopy-until recently obscured by the low abundance of15N trite produced by cell-catalyzed oxidation of ammonia or hydrox- (0.365%) and low sensitivity ("5N has a nuclear moment only ylamine had the 160/180 isotope composition of water. Nitroso- 1/10 that of the proton)-has become realizable with the in- monas is shown to catalyze the rapid exchange ofoxygen between Fourier nitrite and water.
    [Show full text]
  • Potassium Nitrite
    SAFETY DATA SHEET Creation Date 13-Aug-2014 Revision Date 23-Jan-2018 Revision Number 3 1. Identification Product Name Potassium nitrite Cat No. : AC423060000; AC423060025; AC423060050; AC423065000 CAS-No 7758-09-0 Synonyms Nitrous acid, potassium salt. Recommended Use Laboratory chemicals. Uses advised against Food, drug, pesticide or biocidal product use. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Company Fisher Scientific Acros Organics One Reagent Lane One Reagent Lane Fair Lawn, NJ 07410 Fair Lawn, NJ 07410 Tel: (201) 796-7100 Emergency Telephone Number For information US call: 001-800-ACROS-01 / Europe call: +32 14 57 52 11 Emergency Number US:001-201-796-7100 / Europe: +32 14 57 52 99 CHEMTREC Tel. No.US:001-800-424-9300 / Europe:001-703-527-3887 2. Hazard(s) identification Classification This chemical is considered hazardous by the 2012 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) Oxidizing solids Category 2 Acute oral toxicity Category 3 Combustible dust Yes Label Elements Signal Word Danger Hazard Statements May form combustible dust concentrations in air May intensify fire; oxidizer Toxic if swallowed ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Page 1 / 7 Potassium nitrite Revision Date 23-Jan-2018 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Precautionary Statements Prevention Obtain special instructions before use Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood Use personal protective
    [Show full text]
  • IL MENU in LINGUA Piccolo Dizionario Gastronomico (Italiano, Inglese, Francese, Spagnolo, Tedesco)
    APPROFONDIMENTO PAGINA 154 IL MENU IN LINGUA Piccolo dizionario gastronomico (Italiano, Inglese, Francese, Spagnolo, Tedesco) Indice Antipasti da pag . 2 Primi piatti da pag. 14 Carni da pag. 23 Pesce da pag. 38 Formaggio e salami da pag. 46 Erbe, spezie, aromi da pag. 51 Burro e salsa da pag. 54 Verdure da pag. 61 Uova da pag. 73 Frutta da pag. 75 Dolci da pag. 78 Bevande da pag. 89 Copyright © 2015 Clitt 1 Questo file è una estensione online del corso Conte, Milano, Salemme, LABORATORIO DI ACCOGLIENZA TURISTICA ANTIPASTI ITALIANO ENGLISH FRANÇAIS ESPANOL DEUTSCH ANTIPASTI APPETIZERS HORS D'HOEUVRE ENTREMESES VORSPEISEN Affettati di Cold cuts of Assiette froide de Embutidos de caza Gemischter Aufschnitt selvaggina game gibier vom Wild Affettato misto Assortment of Assiette de Embutido mixto Gemischter Aufschnitt cured meats charcuterie Alici farcite in Stuffed anchovies Anchois farcis Anchoas rellenas Gefüllte Sardellen scapece Alici fritte e Fried & Anchois en Anchoas en Fritierte marinierte marinate marinated escabèche (frits et escabeche (fritas Sardellen anchovies marinés) y marinadas) Anguilla fritta Sour fried eel Anguille frite à Anguila frita agria Fritierter Aal, sauer all'agro l'aigre eingelegt Anguilla marinata Marinated eel Anguille marinée Anguila marinada Marinierter Aal mit alle erbe with herbs aux fines herbes con hierbas Kräutern Antipasti al Hors d'oeuvre Hors-d'oeuvre du Entremeses del Vorspeisen vom carrello trolley chariot carrito Servierwagen Antipasto assortito Mixed hors Hors-d'oeuvre Entremè surtido Gemischte
    [Show full text]