Impact of Isis on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries

Mustafa Selçuk1, Nikos Panagiotou2 1Ph.D. candidate, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 2Assistant Professor, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Email Corespondence: [email protected]

Abstract Radicalization is not a new phenomenon in Southeast Asia. Islamic radicalization has increased and became a significant issue in Southeast Asia since 2001. Faith-based organizations have supported the radical spreading of misinformation, and therefore various measures have many casualties. the development of Islamic radicalism in Southeast Asia is starting to spread in Indonesia, Philippines, and Malaysia, mostly via social media. This research focuses on how the ideology of ISIS affects (re-activated) radical groups in Southeast Asia. More specifically, through discourse text analysis and frame analysis, this research aims to analyze similarities in discourses and frames through their communication campaigns. Besides, how the spreading of Islamic radicalism in Southeast Asia and broadening the scope of knowledge on the impact of Islamic radicalization in other regional countries also become a discussion. While ISIS shrinks in the Middle-East, the researchers argue that in recent years ISIS has started to affiliate with countries in Southeast Asia.

Keywords: ISIS, Radicalization, Social Media, Southeast Asia, Terror attack, Radical groups

Abstrak Radikalisasi bukanlah fenomena baru di Asia Tenggara. Radikalisasi Islam telah meningkat dan menjadi isu penting di Asia Tenggara sejak tahun 2001. Organisasi berbasis agama telah mendukung penyebaran informasi yang radikal secara radikal, dan karenanya berbagai tindakan memiliki banyak korban. Perkembangan radikalisme Islam di Asia Tenggara mulai

Islamic World and Politics Vol. 4. No.1 June 2020 ISSN: 2614-0535, E-ISSN: 2655-1330 Islamic World and Politics 2 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 menyebar di Indonesia, Filipina, dan Malaysia, sebagian besar melalui media sosial. Penelitian ini berfokus pada bagaimana ideologi ISIS mempengaruhi (mengaktifkan kembali) kelompok radikal di Asia Tenggara. Lebih khusus lagi, melalui analisis teks wacana dan analisis bingkai, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesamaan dalam wacana dan bingkai melalui kampanye komunikasi mereka. Selain itu, bagaimana penyebaran radikalisme Islam di Asia Tenggara dan memperluas ruang lingkup pengetahuan tentang dampak radikalisasi Islam di negara-negara kawasan lain juga menjadi bahan diskusi. Sementara ISIS menyusut di Timur Tengah, para peneliti berpendapat bahwa dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ISIS telah mulai berafiliasi dengan negara- negara di Asia Tenggara.

Kata kunci: ISIS, Radikalisasi, Media Sosial, Asia Tenggara, Serangan Teror, Kelompok Radikal

INTRODUCTION groups. Hundreds of Asians went to There are many radical groups Syria and joined ISIS. that they want to bring a caliphate Some of them went with system in their countries. This their family. Especially this year, ideological frame is similar to ISIS started to focus on Southeast ISIS that calls all Muslims to join Asia because a massive number the caliphate system. They started of the Muslim population joins making a campaign to reach people ISIS coming from radical groups who want to join them through throughout the countries. Recent social media to people all around magazines and videos ISIS used the world. Since the Syrian civil Asian children to show them that war began, ISIS tried to extend many Southeast Asians already in the region, mainly in Iraq and joined, gave them courage, and Syria. Many foreign fighters joined spread the ideology of ISIS in the ISIS from Europe, Balkans, and region. Last year, there were many Southeast Asia. in this article, the terror attacks in Europe and Turkey, researchers will focus on foreign even though there was not any fighters from South Asian and how attack news since it erupted in the ISIS affects Southeast Asian radical Philippines after the Manchester Mustafa Selçuk & Nikos Panagiotou 3 Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries attack. Some of the radical groups critical comparison with major in the Philippines announced that events. the main goal of this research they accepted the caliphate of ISIS, is to find out the affiliation of ISIS in and they siege the city of Marawi. Southeast Asia. This issue was in the tenth magazine of ISIS (Rome 10th). They said that RESEARCH METHOD ISIS fighters extended in Southeast In 2014, when the civil war in Asia. Syria started point for radical group, Syria and Iraq accrued ISIS and METHODOLOGY leader of ISIS Baghdadi declared The researchers critically his caliphate in June 2014. Baghdadi examined how ISIS affects radical called, “Global Jihad is gone on to groups in Southeast Asia and their build a global network of affiliates campaign progress also how they and branches that now stretches tried to gain followers in Southeast from Afghanistan to West Africa, Asia. This paper analyzed ISIS from the Middle-east to Southeast magazine, statement in 2016-2018 Asia.” the most critical factor in easy regarding Southeast Asia, and spreading is social media and online analysis of critical published news publications in different languages. about ISIS in Southeast Asia between Recently, ISIS starts to focus on 2016-2018 to figure out the impact Southeast Asia. It is Southeast of ISIS in Southeast Asia. the paper Asia with a Muslim majority or reviewed the narrative strategies substantial Muslim-minority adopted by the news media. in this populations that have been the study, the researchers used frame most worried by the effect of Islamic analysis and discourse text analysis. State, because of the number of foreign fighters from the sub-region Meanwhile, the international who have gone to Syria and Iraq. news agency showed that ISIS Al Qaeda and ISIS are different. It shrinks. in reality, they are means they do not collaborate. Their spreading, especially in Southeast split has had an impact in Southeast Asia. ISIS changes its strategy and Asian radical groups, such as most starts investing in Southeast Asia. senior activists of the JI (Jamaatul the research is inventive because Islamiyah) network support Al it examined the magazine of ISIS, Qaeda’s Syrian affiliate Al-Nusra. which they publish regularly, and international news coverage in a Jemaah Islamiyah has a base in Indonesia, which links to the Islamic World and Politics 4 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 global jihad vision of Al Qaeda happened outside the Australian and commits to the establishment embassy in Jakarta. in October 2005, of a pan Southeast Asian Islamic there was an attack in Bali, after a state (Ramakrishna: 2017, 3). the couple of years, a suicide attack that statement aims to include Muslim targeted Jakarta Ritz-Carlton and the groups in Southeast Asia, especially near to Marriott hotel in July 2009 Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, to set up an Islamic State (Hashim: Singapore also some territory of 2015). Their aim was not only in Thailand and even Australia, where Indonesia, but all of Southeast Asia Muslim communities located. countries establishing the Islamic Another group is Abu Sayyaf (AS) States. Since then, radicalization in Southeast Asia bloody attacks in has increased in Southeast Asia and their regions. There is also an Islamist become a severe threat to the regions. movement, Darul Islam, established Also, there are some other by Abu Bakar Ba’asyir and Abdullah radical groups in Indonesia, Sungkar. the two believed that the which have similar ideological Jamaatul Islamiyah (JI) should thinking with ISIS in Indonesia. wage jihad against Indonesia. Some Hizb-ut Tahrir, the extremist extremist leaders supported the idea organization, founded by Syrian of ISIS, such a Ba’asyir and Aman Omar Bakri Muhammad Al- Abdurrahman. However, some of Muhajiroun in 1938. It is hard to them eschew the concept of ISIS, argue all of the members that have such as Abdul Rohim and Ridho. a radical ideology. However, there Therefore, they left JAT to establish is a potential of radicalization. Al- Jamaah Ansharusy Shariah (JAS) Muhajiroun believes that countries (Ramakrishna: 2017). Also, JAS such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, rejected the declaration of ISIS so- Afghanistan, Indonesia, and called Global caliphate and has even Malaysia should be his aim to sought to recruit Indonesian fighters establish the caliphate (IPAC for its chief rival, Al-Nusra, in Syria. Report: 2014, 13). the ideology of The Bali attack rebuilt the threat Hizb-ut Tahrir has been a spread of radical network to Southeast among young people in Southeast Asian security, edited deadly attacks Asia. Mainly, Hizb-ut Tahrir started by the extremist groups. August 2003 to make links with their supporters was the attack of the Jakarta Marriott, and online activities. One of their in September 2004. This attack followers, Fachry, established a Mustafa Selçuk & Nikos Panagiotou 5 Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries magazine because online magazines Islamic caliphate. in 2006, a group and news were an easy way to find of people who promoted the idea followers. He believed that Islam’s of an Islamic state in Indonesia enemies, particularly America and sneaked to school and university western countries, controlled the students and became their mentors. mainstream global media. Thus, it Between 2006 and 2007, they held was crucial to establish a magazine mass demonstrations on campus to fight in the media. under the banner of freedom of In 2007, Al-Muhajirun expression in support of the Islamic published their first magazine titled State (TheJakartaPost: 08/08/2014). “Staying on the Road to Jihad” (IPAC It means that Indonesia is Report: 2014). in the beginning, convenient for the idea of ISIS since Fachry and his friends in FAKSI many people support the concept were neutral (tawaquf) toward the of an Islamic state. However, the campaign of ISIS. establishment of Islamic states Nevertheless, on October 1, discussed in the past, with many 2013, Omar Bakri proclaimed that Islamic thinkers is hard. There is a they supported ISIS. He said that gap in the idea of an Islamic state. ISIS was the most active group Who would be the leader? How among other Jihadi groups. He should someone be chosen as believed that Baghdadi descended caliph? To dispose of those gaps, the from the Quraishi, the tribe of the ISIS leader of Baghdadi claimed that Prophet. He thought that Baghdadi God wanted him for Muslims all had in-depth religious knowledge, over the world. He used a spiritual knew for his piety, and was a proven way to convince to Muslim join his faithful commander (IPAC Report: idea. ISIS leader of Baghdadi made 2014). After the declaration of Al- his campaign mostly social media, Baghdadi, many radical groups which is a useful tool current time accepted and approved his idea for spreading ideas and information. regarding global jihad. FAKSI (Forum Aktivis Syariat Also, the idea of the Islamic Islam) is a radical youth actively State is not a new phenomenon in publishing via online websites and Indonesia, especially Malang city, supporting ISIS. Salim Mubarok is East Java, where the ISIS movement one of the FAKSI members from in Malang had campaigned for Malang, East Java. He went to Syria the setting up of a well-prepared with his wife and children. When Islamic World and Politics 6 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 he arrived in Syria, he changed his was the first ISIS-inspired attack in name to Abu Jandal Al-Yemeni Southeast Asia (Sidney: 2016). JAD (IPAC Report: 2014). He fluently also perpetrated Kampung Melayu spoke Arabic and quickly improved Bombings in May 2017 (Arianti: an extensive network within ISIS 2018). All the knives perpetrators and helped facilitate arrangements attacks in Indonesia outside Poso for other Indonesians who wanted consulted ISIS online propaganda to join ISIS, including five of material because most of the people his former students in Malang. in Indonesia are active social When the researcher was teaching media users. Radical literature in in Universitas Muhammadiyah Indonesia, most of them translated Malang and explaining about ISIS, from English and Arabic, has some of his students gave their been encouraging militants to use testimony. They said that there were stabbing (including beheading) some cells of ISIS in which students against their adversaries (ICPVTR). and local people in Malang (Batu) ISIS’ mainstream media Al- did propaganda. Batu is one of the Hayat Media Center released a video best places in Malang, where there entitled “Join the Ranks,” describing are many resorts and villas for a group of Indonesian foreign internal tourists to come. It means fighters in Syria. in the video, most that ISIS members were trying to militants were young people from gain wealthier followers. East part Southeast Asia. of Java Island is an available spot for ISIS because Java is a region where people are quite open to beliefs. Therefore, ISIS tried to connect with local extremist groups and gain more members in Indonesia. Another extremist group is JAD (Jamaah Ansharud Daulah) based in Figure.1 Indonesia, and since 2015, JAD has linked with ISIS. Jamaah Ansharud Al-Hayat media center photo taken Daulah (JAD), as two other terrorist as a screenshot from the video of incidents published by ISIS, was ISIS published on their website in officially responsible for the Jakarta 2016 Thamrin attack in January 2016. It Mustafa Selçuk & Nikos Panagiotou 7 Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries

In the video published (Sputnik singer. the world’s attention focused News: 20/05/2016), there were on the British city of Manchester, several teenagers and children and suddenly radical groups erupted from Indonesia, Malaysia, and the in the Philippines. So it came as a Philippines who went to Syria. They surprise when, several thousand burned their passport and gave a miles from Manchester, the ISIS in message, “We renounce your so- Southeast Asia erupted the city of called citizenship. We join soldiers Marawi violently in the southern that you will never be able to defeat. Philippines, Mindanao Island. It is Allah’s promise.” They tried to Many Muslim armed groups in the encourage people who are radical to country’s south, including some join them. commanders of the violent Abu Besides, Rome (Rumiyah) is Sayyaf, have pledged loyalty to ISIS one of the online journals of ISIS. (The Guardian: 28.08.2016). They started publishing in 2016. When the siege of Marawi Publication languages are in Arabic, by ISIS from the Maute and Abu English, Turkish, and French Sayyaf groups was almost two- and recently begin to issue their month, the unsettling events in the declarations in Urdu, Bahasa Malay, southern Philippines served as a and Bahasa Indonesia. They are grim reminder of a militancy and giving general information regarding terrorism problem threatening the Jihad action in different countries, security and stability of much of how they do the operation, and give Southeast Asia (Forbes: 29.06.2017). courage to their followers. the tenth Abu Sayyaf is one of the extremist issue of Rumiyah focuses on East groups in the southern Philippines. Asia with the title of the magazine, Abu Sayyaf is notorious for Jihad in East Asia. in recent years, kidnapping for ransom and attacks ISIS attacked the western countries, on civilians and the army. Several of especially in Central Europe and its factions declared their allegiance Turkey. to the ISIS in 2014. ISIS attacked Manchester Arena after a concert by an American Islamic World and Politics 8 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

Figure.2 Institute for Policy Analysis of conflict; Philippine institute for political violence and terrorism research

The Sulu Sea is the intersection of Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. For extremists, it is accessible to reach the city of Tarakan (Indonesia) or Malaysia. Indonesia suspects that some of the extremists involved in the siege of Marawi may have slipped away during the battle with military Figure.3 sources of the Philippine. in recent An ISIS fighter erects the flag of years many ships passing through the so-called Islamic State atop a the Sulu Sea, including several school near a mosque in Marawi, Indonesian ships, have been southern Philippines, on May 24, hijacked by the Abu Sayyaf militant 2017. Source CNN (http://edition. group, based Southern Philippines, cnn.com/2017/05/28/asia/isis- group demand money in return for threat-southeast-asia/index.html) the safety of the detained crews. Mustafa Selçuk & Nikos Panagiotou 9 Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries

Figure 4 The Sulu Sea between Malaysia, Indonesia, and Marawi (Philippines)

Indonesia, Philippines, and that 38 Indonesians involved in the Malaysia deployed a warship to Marawi conflict. Four of them died, reconnaissance patrol the waters and the Philippines government plagued by this threat, signaling deported 12 others, and the other 22 the start of unheard-of joint patrols are still in Marawi (TheJakartaPost: by the countries that share borders 20.06.2017). in the region. There is a sense of Malaysian government urgency in the joint patrols following estimates that there are 50.000 the alarming collapse of security in ISIS sympathizers in Malaysia, the southern Philippines after ISIS- a vast number compared to a linked fighters, including some from country population. It is difficult Indonesia and Malaysia, overran to find out how many there are ISIS the city of Marawi. Malaysian sympathizers in Indonesia because Defence Minister Dato said, “I there are more than 17.000 islands. expected other Southeast Asian Still, at least there are some research countries to participate in more radicalism maps, especially islands joint patrols in the future to ensure where the most population exists. security and safe travel throughout Regarding research of Syarif the region.” Extremist groups are Hidayatullah State Islamic University connected, and terrorism has Jakarta (UIN), the following Table.5, become transitional. the national Kalimantan is intolerant, and police of the Philippines reported there is a tendency to radicalism. Islamic World and Politics 10 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

Therefore, ISIS members tried to such as Telegram, WhatsApp, etc. link from Marawi to Sulu after facilitate them to communicate reaching Kalimantan (Tarakan). local extremist groups or gain more Social media and applications supporters for their goal.

figure.5 PPIM Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta

ISIS published made massive Marawi siege worries about the propaganda via social media in growing impact of ISIS in Southeast Bahasa Indonesia, also Bahasa Asia. Telegram is a popular Malay, which are similar to each messaging platform for Islamic State other. Anyone who speaks Malay sympathizers. They use chatrooms will understand Bahasa, and so with hundreds of members, besides will people who speak Bahasa holding private conversations. (more than 90 percent of Muslims Indonesian authorities have blocked in Southeast Asia) (Nawab: access to some Telegram channels, 14.09.2017). Nowadays, the internet saying it has several “full of radical or social media propaganda remains and terrorist propaganda” forums. the most important means of the authority has blocked 11 of recruitment. Telegram’s Domain Name Systems Indonesia has the most Muslim (DNS) for its web-based service population in the world, after on July 14, 2017, and they would Mustafa Selçuk & Nikos Panagiotou 11 Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries be reopened these soon, as said in different regions of Indonesia. by Communications Minister the organizations’ followers are Rudiantara in a statement (Reuters: approximately 30 million, which 01.09.2017). Pavel Durov, the means it is a reputable organization founder of Telegram, noted that in Indonesia. Nahdlatul Ulama “We have discussed ways to block (NU) followers are about 40 million publicly available propaganda of and the most prominent religious terrorism on Telegram, which is organization in Indonesia. Both something we have committed religious movements endeavor at to do globally, and particularly in countering the ISIS narrative in Indonesia,” a joint news conference Indonesia; nevertheless, as seen with the minister (Reuters: above in Table 5, a massive number 01.09.2017). Durov added that it of population intolerant and most could take about 24 to 36 hours for intolerant. the app to shut down public channels On May 13, 2018, a couple of with terrorism content. Still, a direct days before Ramadhan, a series communication line to Indonesian of terrorist attacks occurred in authorities would allow it to “shut Surabaya, the second biggest city them down more efficiently within in Indonesia. There was a big terror several hours.” Also, there has been attack made by family members considerable pushback against the below. ideology of ISIS. Indonesia is home to two of the most significant Muslim mass movements in the world – first is Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), and the second is Muhammadiyah (Liow: 2016). Those movements are much more moderates than other Figure 6 actions. Both organizations are active and well-known by society. Dita with his family suicide Therefore, their declaration has an bombers including children essential impact on the community. (Photo: East Java Police HQ) Muhammadiyah organization Evan Hudojo, 11, and Ethan has many schools, universities, Hudojo, 8, went to the entrance of hospitals, and such institutions the Santa Maria Catholic Church Islamic World and Politics 12 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 located in East Java in Surabaya. branch of Jamaah Ansharut Daulah At that moment, the two brothers, (JAD) linked with ISIS since 2015. Firman Halim, 16, and Yusof Fadhil, There was no proof that Dita went 18, waited at the cross of the church to Syria and returned to Indonesia. on a motorcycle and detonated Tito Karnavian believed that they explosives that they were carrying. had learned how to make bombs At the entrance of the Santa via the Internet and social media. Maria Catholic church in Surabaya Surabaya attack was the third attack on Sunday at 7.30 am local time, of JAD since they linked with ISIS the attack killed all four boys every year. After a couple of days, and four other church members another attack occurred in Sumatra (Channelnewsasia: 27.05.2018). Utara. Four sword-wielding men Then, their father drove a bomb- were shot dead, and one police laden car to the Surabaya Centre officer also died. the investigators Pentecostal Church at 7.35 am local believed that the families in the time and detonated explosives. After attacks on Sunday and Monday were that, his wife, Puji Kuswati, 42, and all part of the same cell of Jamaah her two daughters, Fadhila Sari, 12, Ansharut Daulah. This Indonesian and Famela Rizqita, nine, brought terrorist group had declared loyalty a bomb attack on Diponegoro to the Islamic State (New York Indonesian Christian Church Times: 16.05.2018). Islamic State (Channel News Asia: 27.05.2018).. claimed responsibility for those As a result of this attack, 12 attacks in Indonesia and published a people died, including the suicide statement via social media (Amaq). bombers. the Father of that family CONCLUSION convinced family members of the suicide bombings. He said that all Social media has a significant of them would gather in heaven role in societies; even radical after this suicide. Former Jemaah groups used social media actively Islamiyah (JI) bomb-maker Ali Fauzi for spreading their magazine and Manzi, said to Channel NewsAsia. reached ISIS in 2014. Abu Sayyaf “That is their belief, and that is is one of the extremist groups their ideology (Channelnewsasia: in the Philippines notorious for 27.05.2018). kidnapping for ransom and attacks on civilians and the army. in 2014, According to Indonesian police they accepted the “Global Jihad” of chief Tito Karnavian, Dita was the Mustafa Selçuk & Nikos Panagiotou 13 Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries

ISIS, and some of its factions have unavoidable in Indonesia. Regional declared their allegiance to ISIS. governments should remain alert in Indonesia, there was a massive to ISIS or related extremist group’s attack in Bali in 2002 by JAD developments, especially in terms of (Jamaah Ansharud Daulah). After monitoring both returnees as well as this attack, there was no such attack communications between militants until JAD accepted the declaration of in Syria and their counterparts and ISIS in 2014. the periodical terrorist members back homeland. Most of attack appeared in Indonesia after the attacks in Indonesia came from JAD received a claim of ISIS. Also, local extremist group members Marawi siege in the Philippines, and inspired by ISIS. These cases indicate regarding Malaysian authority, there how ISIS re-activated local extreme were 50.000 people feeling sympathy group members. for ISIS. All cases indicated that ISIS re-activated extremist groups BIBLIOGRAPHY in Southeast Asia. the 10th issue of Ahmed S. Hashim, the impact of Rumiyah, which is ISIS magazine the Islamic State in Asia, Policy regularly published, focused on Report 2015. Southeast Asia and mentioned Arianti V. Analyzing Use of Sharp about Jihadist from Southeast Asia Weapons in Terrorist Attacks in (Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Indonesia, A JOURNAL etc.) to give courage to followers join OF the INTERNATIONAL them and gain more sympathizer. CENTRE FOR POLITICAL Internet and social media one of VIOLENCE and TERRORISM the significant are tools of ISIS to RESEARCH (ICPVTR) ISSN 2382- gain more followers and connect 6444, Volume 10, Issue 4 April with local extremist groups. They 2018. used “Twitter” for spreading their magazine and declarations, Mohamed Osman, ISIS and Islamic “Youtube” for giving to courage Radicalization in Southeast their followers and “Telegram” for Asia, An Interview. communicating with their followers Hedges Paul, Radicalization: or members. Examining a Concept, Counter Despite the measures taken Terrorist Trends and Analyses after the siege of Marawi in the its Use and Abuse ISSN 2382- Philippines, terrorist attacks are Islamic World and Politics 14 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

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