P< Ri: R AE D O Ct-M Q<

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

P< Ri: R AE D O Ct-M Q< U o o -l0) P< o -f Lf rQ <-- ri: r 0'' aq d < l-\ T] U! AE tJ o UJ6 o ct-m xs tT I +.^ )- Q< 6H'n x'r' sin O -' .u,J O rn :_UJ 0-'q o! Qm7 m m ll >H ;#[r =io f o 0)- A-ds 6 f o (! a EE-II 0 CctNTENTEi €jc,7 I. INTFIOEtUCTIclN 607 II. TEFIMINOLctGtY VIVIPAFIITY 60E| III. HYPOTHE€tEg] ctN FTEPTILIAN A. TyPes of HyPolrheses' 608 Factons' 603 B. Hypotheses Based on Envinonrnent'al 61O C. Hypotheses Eased on Species Chanacl'enisl'ics' 13 ctF HYPOTHESES €i IV. AEiSUM]'TION€I ANEI LctGTC A. Genenal, 613 613 B. Ovipanity as the Pnimitive Condition' C. The Cos1, of ViviPanitY' 6'1 4 615 D. The lrnpontance of Intenmediate Stages' 6'1 6 E. Causes of Egg Montality in the Wild' F. Thenmal Felations of Eggs' 617 G. The Fole of Unpnedictabilitv' 618 HYPCTTHEE;EA 619 V. EMPIFTICAL SUPPGIFTT FOFI THE A. Genenal, 5'1 g B. The Cold-Climate Hypol;hesis' 619 Hypothesis' 62''l C. The Envinonmental UnpnedicEability D. Othen Envinonrnental Factons' 621 E. Defensive AbilitY' 622 F. Othen Specres Chanactenistlcs' 623 G. Ovenview, 624 \/IVIPAFTITY IN VI. EVGILUTIGINAFTY ctFIIGINEi ctF Ei25 ETOUAMATE FIEPTILE€i A. Genenal, 625 B. AmPhisbaenia, 625 C. Saunia' 626 tr}. SenPentes, 645 66c, VII. EVALUATIGIN CtF CASE HTEiTclFIIE€i 660 A. Fnequency of Evolution of Vivipanity' E}. Taxonomic Biases, 663 C. Evaluation of HYPotheses' 665 677 vilr. coNcLuEtloNEt Eiao ACKNC'vt,LEEtGIMENTCI 6E'l FTEFEFIENCEEi TEFIMINOLclGY I. INTFIc'ElUCTIclN (turtles €j07 Of the four orders of living reptiles, three are entirely oviparous and crocodilians),but approximately one-fifth of all speciesof lizards, 6c,7 snakesand amphisbaeniansare viviparous. Most egg-laying squamates 604 studiedto dateretain eggs in uterofor almostone-half of the totalperiod of embryonic developmentand, thus, have evolved part of the way toward viviparity (shine, 1983a).Clearly, viviparity has arisenmany times (e.g., 60s Tinkle and Gibbons, 7977;Shine and BuLl, 7979),and the dichotomy be- : Al fl tween oviparity and viviparity is a puzzling aspectof reptilian reproduc- 613 tion. Consequently,it has attractedconsiderable attention. (For recent re- views seePackard et al., \977; Tinkle and Gibbons,7977; Shine and Berry, 1978;Shine and Bull, 7979;Pllorge and Barbault,1981; Blackburn, 7982') severalhypotheses have been proposedto explainwhy live-bearinghas evolved;most of theseinvoke factorsthat kill eggs in the nest, but not irl utero,andhence favor the evolution of prolongeduterine retentionof eggs. Theory also suggeststhat certaintypes of speciesshould be most likely to evolve viviparity; specifically,groups in which the survivorship or food intake of the reproducing female would not be markedly affectedif she 619 retained eggsii utero.The present review examinesthe validity of these ideas in tJrms of the arguments and inherent assumptionsin each hy- pothesis,summarizes the empiricalsupport for eachhypothesis (based on publishedliterature), and testspredictions from thesehypotheses by iden- iiryir,g the squamatelineages in which viviparity has evolved-andby look- ing for the ecologicalcorrelates predicted by theory. For this purpose/ u'u"uilubl"phylogenetic and reproductive data on taxa containing both oviparous and viviparous forms are reviewed. II. TEFIMINClLG,G;Y Most reptilesreproduce by laying shelledeggs that containrelatively unde- veloped embryos;they are termed oaiparousor egglaying.However, many squamatespecies retain eggsin uterountil embryonicdevelopment is com- pl"tu. tn these casesthe young are fully formed at birth and are capableof independent movement and feeding; this reproductive mode is referred to as liae-bearingor oiaiparitY. Some authors have restricted the term viviparity to species with an intimate physiological connectionbetween the reproducing female and her 677 uterine ybttttg; this may involve complex placentation, absenceof calcified ciao egg-membrar,es,o. maternal-fetaltransfer of nutrients (Weekes, 1935; Bauchot, 1965;Spellerberg, 1976). Although the distinction between ooo- 6Cl1 aiaiparity (no maiernal-fetal nutrient transfer) and euaiaiparitymay be at- tractiveionceptually, it is difficult to apply to reptiles. The availabledata Eiog THE EVGILUTIG'N OF \/IVIF'AFIITY IN suggest that most, but not all, live-bearing reptiles are ovoviviparous (Thompson,7987; Yaron, Chapter 7, this volume). Exceptionsto this state- ment include the New World skinks of the genus Mabuya, n'hich show reduced ovum size and extensivematernal-fetal nutrient transfer (Vitt and Blackburn, 1983). Throughout this chapter, I use the term oaiparitrlin those cases where shelled eggs are laid, and uiaiparity where yourlg are either born alive or are deposited in thin-walled membranous sacs from which they emerge within a few days of parturition. This terminology follon's the recommendations of Smith et al. (1973), Guillette (1982a), and Yaron (Chapter 7, this volume) and corresponds to that used by most authors (e.g., Weekes, 1933; Rahn, 1939; Dumas, 1964; Neill, 1964; Greer, 1966; jenkins and Simkiss , 7968; Greene, 1970; Yaron , 7972; Huey, 1977; Sexton and Claypool, 1978; Thompson, 7987, 7982). III. HYPGITHESEsi clN FIEPTILIAN VIVIPAFIITY A. Types of Hypotheees The selectiveforces underlying the transition from oviparity to viviparity have been a subject of speculationfor many years. The resulting hypoth- "benefits" "costs" esesmay be framed in terms of the relative and of the two reproductive modes to a female reptile, that is, the probablelifetime production of offspring (: fitness)of an oviparous femaleis comparedto that of a viviparous femaleunder a variety of parallelecological conditions. Most authors have emphasizedthe benefits of viviparity in terms of an increasein the number of surviving offspring (e.9., Weekes,1933; Neill, 1964).Eggs retained in uteromay be protectedfrom many sourcesof mor- tality, which they would normally experiencein the nest: for example, extremesof temperature or humidity, fungal attack, and predation. The benefit from viviparity could equally well be the loss of a cost associated with oviparity: for example, the need for reproductive femalesto make long and possiblyhazardous journeys to suitablenesting areas (e.g., Neill, 1964;Fihch, 7970). However, it is misleadingto look only at the benefitsof viviparity and to ignore the associatedcosts. A more balancedview considersthat viviparity may increasethe fitness of a femaleonly under a limited set of condifions (e.g., Fitch, 1970;Tinkle and Gibbons, 7977;Shine and 8u11,1979). Al- though viviparity may benefit survivorship of the offspring, it also may confer a cost to the food intake of the reproducing female,to the probabil- ity of her survival, and to subsequentfecundity. The nature of thesecosts can be used to frame predictions about the types of speciesor habitats in which viviparity would be most likely to evolve (Fitch, 1970;Shine and Bull,7979). In summary, both viviparity and oviparity confer costsand benefits.The HYPGITHESES clN FTEPTILIAN VIVITAFIITY ; are ovoviviparous advantages of viviparity may lie primarily lvith increasing survivorship of eptions to this state- the offspring, whereas its disadvantages may lie with the effects of physi- labuya,which show cally burdening the female with eggs for a prolonged period. The relative rnt transfer(Vitt and importance of these advantagesand disadvantageswill depend upon both rm ouiparityin those environmental conditions and speciescharacteristics. published hypoth- rre young are either esesregarding possible selectiveforces are revierved belorv. ,us sacsfrom which rinology follows the B. Hypotheses Elased on Environm€ntal Factors (1982a),and Yaron ed by most authors 1. COLD CLIMATES ,7964; Greer,7966; The earliest and the most widely accepted hypothesis of reptilian viviparity Huey, 7977;Sexton is that it evolved as an adaptation to cold climates. Tinkle and Gi6bons (7977)traced this idea to Mell (7929) and cite several examples that indicate its currently widespread acceptance. The argument usually runs as fol- lows. In cold climates, behavioral thermoregulation allows the body tem- VIPAFIITY perature of females to be much higher than that of the soil. Thus, eggs retained in utero will develop at higher temperatures (and hence more rapidly) than will eggs deposited in the soil. Early hatching, due to ac- celerated development, may be adaptive in at least the three following iparity to viviparity ways: (1) Eggs may hatch prior to the onset of lethal autumn frosts. (2) e resulting hypoth- ' "costs" Eggs spend less time in the soil in which they may be vulnerabre to factors and of the such as predation and desiccation. (3) Early hatching enables the offspring te probablelifetime to feed and accumulate energy reserves before hibernation, thus increising nale is comparedto their chances of survival over winter and subsequent growth rates. "cold-climate" ologicalconditions. An alternative and simpler version of the hypothesis is :rity in terms of an that soil temperatures at the time of ovulation will be y'eekes, so low as to be lethal 1933;Neill, to developing eggs. Thus, unless body temperatures of gravid females falr rny sourcesof mor- to soil temperatures, uterine retention will protect eggs from these lethal nest: for example, extremes (Shine and Bull, 7979). (The same argument can be applied to rnd predation. The very hot climates in which uterine retention might protect eggs from le- rf a cost associated thally high temperatures; Shine 'e and Bull, 1979). Also, high elevations may females to make play a role in stimulating the evolution of placentation, because
Recommended publications
  • Supplemental Information Biological Conservation No Safe Haven: Protection Levels Show Imperilled South African Reptiles Not
    Supplemental Information Biological Conservation No safe haven: protection levels show imperilled South African reptiles not sufficiently safe- guarded despite low average extinction risk Krystal A. Tolley, Joshua Weeber, Bryan Maritz, Luke Verburgt, Michael F. Bates, Werner Conradie, Margaretha D. Hofmeyr, Andrew A. Turner, Jessica M. da Silva, Graham J. Alexander Supplemental Figures S1-S3 Figure S1. Species richness of threatened and Near Threatened reptiles in South Africa. 1 Figure S2. Reptile species richness in South Africa (darker shades indicate higher richness), with the current protected area network indicated by the black outlines. 2 Figure S3. Reptile species richness in South Africa (darker shades indicate higher richness), with the current protected area network indicated by the grey shaded polygons and the protected area expansion network indicated by black polygon outlines. 3 Appendix S1. Protocol for Measuring Protection Level for South African Reptiles The following process was applied to measure the level of protection for each species, using the interpreted distributions for the species (see main text). We evaluated the effectiveness of South Africa’s protected area network in ensuring that minimum viable populations of reptiles are protected. We set a conservation target for protection of at least 10 fragments of protected habitat, each with areas greater than 10 km2 (1000 ha) for a total of 100 km2 for each species. The fragment size was considered to be the minimum area that would support viable populations, with the total area considered to be the total area needed to safeguard the species survival into the future. The interpreted distributions for each species were then intersected with South Africa’s protected area network (Government of South Africa, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Specializations in a Viviparous African Skink: Implications for Evolution and Biological Conservation Daniel G
    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Faculty Scholarship 8-2010 Reproductive Specializations in a Viviparous African Skink: Implications for Evolution and Biological Conservation Daniel G. Blackburn Trinity College, [email protected] Alexander F. Flemming University of Stellenbosch Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/facpub Part of the Biology Commons Herpetological Conservation and Biology 5(2):263-270. Symposium: Reptile Reproduction REPRODUCTIVE SPECIALIZATIONS IN A VIVIPAROUS AFRICAN SKINK AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR EVOLUTION AND CONSERVATION 1 2 DANIEL G. BLACKBURN AND ALEXANDER F. FLEMMING 1Department of Biology and Electron Microscopy Facility, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA, e-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa Abstract.—Recent research on the African scincid lizard, Trachylepis ivensi, has significantly expanded the range of known reproductive specializations in reptiles. This species is viviparous and exhibits characteristics previously thought to be confined to therian mammals. In most viviparous squamates, females ovulate large yolk-rich eggs that provide most of the nutrients for development. Typically, their placental components (fetal membranes and uterus) are relatively unspecialized, and similar to their oviparous counterparts. In T. ivensi, females ovulate tiny eggs and provide nutrients for embryonic development almost entirely by placental means. Early in gestation, embryonic tissues invade deeply into maternal tissues and establish an intimate “endotheliochorial” relationship with the maternal blood supply by means of a yolk sac placenta. The presence of such an invasive form of implantation in a squamate reptile is unprecedented and has significant functional and evolutionary implications. Discovery of the specializations of T.
    [Show full text]
  • Life–History and Ecological Distribution of Chameleons (Reptilia, Chamaeleonidae) from the Rain Forests of Nigeria: Conservation Implications
    Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 24.2 (2001) 1 Life–history and ecological distribution of chameleons (Reptilia, Chamaeleonidae) from the rain forests of Nigeria: conservation implications G. C. Akani1, O. K. Ogbalu1 & L. Luiselli2,3,* Akani, G. C., Ogbalu, O. K. & Luiselli, L., 2001. Life–history and ecological distribution of chameleons (Reptilia, Chamaeleonidae) from the rain forests of Nigeria: conservation implications. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 24.2: 1–15. Abstract Life–history and ecological distribution of chameleons (Reptilia, Chamaeleonidae) from the rain forests of Nigeria: conservation implications.— Five species of chameleons were observed in the continuous forest zone of southern Nigeria: Chamaeleo gracilis gracilis Hallowell, 1842, Chamaeleo owenii Gray, 1831, Chamaeleo cristatus Stutchbury, 1837, Chamaeleo wiedersheimi Nieden, 1910, and Rhampholeon spectrum (Bucholz 1874). Many original locality records are presented for each species. One species is apparently rare and confined to montane habitats (C. wiedersheimi), another species is relatively common and its habitat is generalist (C. gracilis), and the other three species are vulnerable and limited to specific micro–habitats. Female R. spectrum had clutch sizes of two eggs each and exhibited a prolonged reproductive season with oviposition likely occurring during the late phase of the dry season. Females of both C. cristatus (clutch sizes: 11–14 eggs) and C. owenii (clutch sizes: 15–19 eggs) have a shorter reproductive season with oviposition occurring most probably at the interphase between the end of the wet season and the onset of the dry season, and female C. gracilis (clutch sizes: 14–23 eggs) appeared to exhibit two distinct oviposition periods (one at the interphase between the end of the wet season and the onset of the dry season, and one at the peak phase of the dry season).
    [Show full text]
  • WHO Guidance on Management of Snakebites
    GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SNAKEBITES 2nd Edition GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SNAKEBITES 2nd Edition 1. 2. 3. 4. ISBN 978-92-9022- © World Health Organization 2016 2nd Edition All rights reserved. Requests for publications, or for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications, whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution, can be obtained from Publishing and Sales, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, Indraprastha Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi-110 002, India (fax: +91-11-23370197; e-mail: publications@ searo.who.int). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.
    [Show full text]
  • The Paradox of Nocturnality in Lizards
    The paradox of nocturnality in lizards Kelly Maree Hare A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology Victoria University of Wellington Te Whare Wnanga o te poko o te Ika a Mui 2005 Harvard Law of Animal Behaviour: “Under the most closely defined experimental conditions, the animal does what it damned well pleases” Anon. i n g a P e e L : o t o h P Hoplodactylus maculatus foraging on flowering Phormium cookianum STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP BY PHD CANDIDATE Except where specific reference is made in the main text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material extracted in whole or in part from a thesis, dissertation, or research paper presented by me for another degree or diploma. No other person’s work (published or unpublished) has been used without due acknowledgment in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. All chapters are the product of investigations in collaboration with other researchers, and co-authors are listed at the start of each chapter. In all cases I am the principal author and contributor of the research. I certify that this thesis is 100,000 words or less, including all scholarly apparatus. ……………………… Kelly Maree Hare May 2005 i Abstract Paradoxically, nocturnal lizards prefer substantially higher body temperatures than are achievable at night and are therefore active at thermally suboptimal temperatures. In this study, potential physiological mechanisms were examined that may enable nocturnal lizards to counteract the thermal handicap of activity at low temperatures: 1) daily rhythms of metabolic rate, 2) metabolic rate at low and high temperatures, 3) locomotor energetics, and 4) biochemical adaptation.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography and Scientific Name Index to Amphibians
    lb BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SCIENTIFIC NAME INDEX TO AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON BULLETIN 1-8, 1918-1988 AND PROCEEDINGS 1-100, 1882-1987 fi pp ERNEST A. LINER Houma, Louisiana SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE NO. 92 1992 SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE The SHIS series publishes and distributes translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar items judged useful to individuals interested in the biology of amphibians and reptiles, but unlikely to be published in the normal technical journals. Single copies are distributed free to interested individuals. Libraries, herpetological associations, and research laboratories are invited to exchange their publications with the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles. We wish to encourage individuals to share their bibliographies, translations, etc. with other herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you have such items please contact George Zug for instructions on preparation and submission. Contributors receive 50 free copies. Please address all requests for copies and inquiries to George Zug, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560 USA. Please include a self-addressed mailing label with requests. INTRODUCTION The present alphabetical listing by author (s) covers all papers bearing on herpetology that have appeared in Volume 1-100, 1882-1987, of the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington and the four numbers of the Bulletin series concerning reference to amphibians and reptiles. From Volume 1 through 82 (in part) , the articles were issued as separates with only the volume number, page numbers and year printed on each. Articles in Volume 82 (in part) through 89 were issued with volume number, article number, page numbers and year.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herpetofauna of the Cubango, Cuito, and Lower Cuando River Catchments of South-Eastern Angola
    Official journal website: Amphibian & Reptile Conservation amphibian-reptile-conservation.org 10(2) [Special Section]: 6–36 (e126). The herpetofauna of the Cubango, Cuito, and lower Cuando river catchments of south-eastern Angola 1,2,*Werner Conradie, 2Roger Bills, and 1,3William R. Branch 1Port Elizabeth Museum (Bayworld), P.O. Box 13147, Humewood 6013, SOUTH AFRICA 2South African Institute for Aquatic Bio- diversity, P/Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, SOUTH AFRICA 3Research Associate, Department of Zoology, P O Box 77000, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, SOUTH AFRICA Abstract.—Angola’s herpetofauna has been neglected for many years, but recent surveys have revealed unknown diversity and a consequent increase in the number of species recorded for the country. Most historical Angola surveys focused on the north-eastern and south-western parts of the country, with the south-east, now comprising the Kuando-Kubango Province, neglected. To address this gap a series of rapid biodiversity surveys of the upper Cubango-Okavango basin were conducted from 2012‒2015. This report presents the results of these surveys, together with a herpetological checklist of current and historical records for the Angolan drainage of the Cubango, Cuito, and Cuando Rivers. In summary 111 species are known from the region, comprising 38 snakes, 32 lizards, five chelonians, a single crocodile and 34 amphibians. The Cubango is the most western catchment and has the greatest herpetofaunal diversity (54 species). This is a reflection of both its easier access, and thus greatest number of historical records, and also the greater habitat and topographical diversity associated with the rocky headwaters.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Characterization of Two Novel Syncytin-Like Retroviral Envelope Genes, Captured for a Possible Role in the At
    Identification and characterization of 106 S two novel syncytin-like retroviral SACL envelope genes, captured for a 8 possible role in the atypical structure : 201 of the hyena placenta and in the NNT emergence of the non-mammalian Mabuya lizard placenta Thèse de doctorat de l'Université Paris-Saclay préparée à l'UMR 9196, Gustave Roussy École doctorale n°582 cancérologie: biologie, médecine, santé (CBMS) Spécialité de doctorat: aspects moléculaires et cellulaires de la biologie Thèse présentée et soutenue à Villejuif, le 23 mai 2018, par Mathis Funk Composition du Jury : Uriel Hazan Professeur des université, ENS Paris-Saclay (– UMR 8113) Président Jean-Luc Battini Directeur de recherche, IRIM (– UMR 9004) Rapporteur Olivier Schwartz Directeur de recherche, Institut Pasteur (– UMR 3569) Rapporteur Pascale Chavatte-Palmer Directrice de recherche, INRA (– UMR 1198) Examinatrice François Mallet Directeur de recherche, bioMérieux (– EA 7426) Examinateur Thierry Heidmann Directeur de recherche, CNRS (– UMR 9196) Directeur de thèse Acknowledgments I would first like to thank the members of the jury for taking the time to read the present manuscript, which turned out a bit longer than I had planned. I would like to thank Uriel Hazan for accepting to be the president of this jury, book-ending his involvement in my studies. What had started at the ENS Cachan and continued during my Master’s degree at the Institut Pasteur, finally reaches its culmination with the present work, on a topic that Uriel suggested I look into. I would like to sincerely thank Jean-Luc Battini and Olivier Schwartz for their critical reading and evaluation of the present manuscript and their positive feedback.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Effects of Snake Envenoming
    toxins Review Long-Term Effects of Snake Envenoming Subodha Waiddyanatha 1,2, Anjana Silva 1,2 , Sisira Siribaddana 1 and Geoffrey K. Isbister 2,3,* 1 Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka; [email protected] (S.W.); [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (S.S.) 2 South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka 3 Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +612-4921-1211 Received: 14 March 2019; Accepted: 29 March 2019; Published: 31 March 2019 Abstract: Long-term effects of envenoming compromise the quality of life of the survivors of snakebite. We searched MEDLINE (from 1946) and EMBASE (from 1947) until October 2018 for clinical literature on the long-term effects of snake envenoming using different combinations of search terms. We classified conditions that last or appear more than six weeks following envenoming as long term or delayed effects of envenoming. Of 257 records identified, 51 articles describe the long-term effects of snake envenoming and were reviewed. Disability due to amputations, deformities, contracture formation, and chronic ulceration, rarely with malignant change, have resulted from local necrosis due to bites mainly from African and Asian cobras, and Central and South American Pit-vipers. Progression of acute kidney injury into chronic renal failure in Russell’s viper bites has been reported in several studies from India and Sri Lanka. Neuromuscular toxicity does not appear to result in long-term effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeography of the Reptiles of the Central African Republic
    African Journal of Herpetology, 2006 55(1): 23-59. ©Herpetological Association of Africa Original article Biogeography of the Reptiles of the Central African Republic LAURENT CHIRIO AND IVAN INEICH Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Département de Systématique et Evolution (Reptiles) – USM 602, Case Postale 30, 25, rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France This work is dedicated to the memory of our friend and colleague Jens B. Rasmussen, Curator of Reptiles at the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract.—A large number of reptiles from the Central African Republic (CAR) were collected during recent surveys conducted over six years (October 1990 to June 1996) and deposited at the Paris Natural History Museum (MNHN). This large collection of 4873 specimens comprises 86 terrapins and tortois- es, five crocodiles, 1814 lizards, 38 amphisbaenids and 2930 snakes, totalling 183 species from 78 local- ities within the CAR. A total of 62 taxa were recorded for the first time in the CAR, the occurrence of numerous others was confirmed, and the known distribution of several taxa is greatly extended. Based on this material and an additional six species known to occur in, or immediately adjacent to, the coun- try from other sources, we present a biogeographical analysis of the 189 species of reptiles in the CAR. Key words.—Central African Republic, reptile fauna, biogeography, distribution. he majority of African countries have been improved; known distributions of many species Tthe subject of several reptile studies (see are greatly expanded and distributions of some for example LeBreton 1999 for Cameroon). species are questioned in light of our results.
    [Show full text]
  • Mt Mabu, Mozambique: Biodiversity and Conservation
    Darwin Initiative Award 15/036: Monitoring and Managing Biodiversity Loss in South-East Africa's Montane Ecosystems MT MABU, MOZAMBIQUE: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION November 2012 Jonathan Timberlake, Julian Bayliss, Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire, Colin Congdon, Bill Branch, Steve Collins, Michael Curran, Robert J. Dowsett, Lincoln Fishpool, Jorge Francisco, Tim Harris, Mirjam Kopp & Camila de Sousa ABRI african butterfly research in Forestry Research Institute of Malawi Biodiversity of Mt Mabu, Mozambique, page 2 Front cover: Main camp in lower forest area on Mt Mabu (JB). Frontispiece: View over Mabu forest to north (TT, top); Hermenegildo Matimele plant collecting (TT, middle L); view of Mt Mabu from abandoned tea estate (JT, middle R); butterflies (Lachnoptera ayresii) mating (JB, bottom L); Atheris mabuensis (JB, bottom R). Photo credits: JB – Julian Bayliss CS ‒ Camila de Sousa JT – Jonathan Timberlake TT – Tom Timberlake TH – Tim Harris Suggested citation: Timberlake, J.R., Bayliss, J., Dowsett-Lemaire, F., Congdon, C., Branch, W.R., Collins, S., Curran, M., Dowsett, R.J., Fishpool, L., Francisco, J., Harris, T., Kopp, M. & de Sousa, C. (2012). Mt Mabu, Mozambique: Biodiversity and Conservation. Report produced under the Darwin Initiative Award 15/036. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. 94 pp. Biodiversity of Mt Mabu, Mozambique, page 3 LIST OF CONTENTS List of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Checklist and Provisional Conservation Status of Namibian Reptiles
    Annotated Checklist - Reptiles Page 1 ANNOTATED CHECKLIST AND PROVISIONAL CONSERVATION STATUS OF NAMIBIAN REPTILES MICHAEL GRIFFIN BIODIVERSITY INVENTORY MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND TOURISM PRIVATE BAG 13306 WINDHOEK NAMIBIA Annotated Checklist - Reptiles Page 2 Annotated Checklist - Reptiles Page 3 CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT 5 INTRODUCTION 5 METHODS AND DEFINITIONS 6 SPECIES ACCOUNTS Genus Crocodylus Nile Crocodile 11 Pelomedusa Helmeted Terrapin 11 Pelusios Hinged Terrapins 12 Geochelone Leopard Tortoise 13 Chersina Bowsprit Tortoise 14 Homopus Nama Padloper 14 Psammobates Tent Tortoises 15 Kinixys Hinged Tortoises 16 Chelonia GreenTurtle 16 Lepidochelys Olive Ridley Turtle 17 Dermochelys Leatherback Turtle 17 Trionyx African Soft-shelled Turtle 18 Afroedura Flat Geckos 19 Goggia Dwarf Leaf-toed Geckos 20 Afrogecko Marbled Leaf-toed Gecko 21 Phelsuma Namaqua Day Gecko 22 Lygodactylus Dwarf Geckos 23 Rhoptropus Namib Day Geckos 25 Chondrodactylus Giant Ground Gecko 27 Colopus Kalahari Ground Gecko 28 Palmatogecko Web-footed Geckos 28 Pachydactylus Thick-toed Geckos 29 Ptenopus Barking Geckos 39 Narudasia Festive Gecko 41 Hemidactylus Tropical House Geckos 41 Agama Ground Agamas 42 Acanthocercus Tree Agama 45 Bradypodion Dwarf Chameleons 46 Chamaeleo Chameleons 47 Acontias Legless Skinks 48 Typhlosaurus Blind Legless Skinks 48 Sepsina Burrowing Skinks 50 Scelotes Namibian Dwarf Burrowing Skink 51 Typhlacontias Western Burrowing Skinks 51 Lygosoma Sundevall’s Writhing Skink 53 Mabuya Typical Skinks 53 Panaspis Snake-eyed Skinks 60 Annotated
    [Show full text]