Copyrighted Material

Index

A American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Absorption, surface, 71–72 and Air-Conditioning Engineers AC (alternating current), 225, 226 (ASHRAE), 266–268 Accent lighting, 13 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), detail drawings, 214 3, 267 luminaires, 145, 146 Ammons, A. R., 19 symbols for, 186 Amperes, 226 Accessories (luminaires), 154–156 Angle of incidence, 67, 69 Accommodation, 50 ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1, 267–268 ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act), Aperture, 143 3, 267 Apparent brightness, 54 Adaptation, 50–51 Apparent color, 120, 121 Additive mixing, 124–125 Architects: Adjacent colors, 124 communication with, 164 Adjustable luminaires: as lighting designers, 2 for accent lighting, 214 preliminary design information from, recessed, 145, 146 8–9 symbols for, 186 Architect (magazine), 290 Aesthetics, light supporting, 2 Architectural Lighting Magazine, 289 Aesthetic designs, 26–30 Architectural Record, 290 Aging eyes, 284–285 Architectural SSL, 289 AIA (American Institute of Architects), Architecture, in lighting design, 15–16 266 Arc tubes, 84–85 A lamps, 92, 93 COPYRIGHTEDAR lamps, 93, 94 MATERIAL Al-Haytham, Ibn, 38–39 Art, light as, 41, 44, 45 Allen, Woody, 37 ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Alternate luminaires, 165 Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Alternating current (AC), 225, 226 Engineers), 266–268 Ambient lighting, 13 ASHRAE 90.1, 267–268 Ambient luminescence, 11, 12 ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1, American Institute of Architects (AIA), 266 268

307

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Astigmatism, 50 Building orientation, 170 Astronomical time clock, 239 Building program, 179–180 Average life, 84, 86, 88 Awnings, 176, 177 C CAD software, 258–260 B CaGBC (Canadian Green Building Council), Baffle, 143, 144 274 Ballasts, 83, 85 Calendar events, 239 dimming, 231 California Title 24, 269 fluorescent lamps, 82–83 Canadian Green Building Council (CaGBC), Ballast factor (BF), 257 274 Beam angle, 99–100 Canadian Standards Association, 274 Bidding phase, 181 Candela (cd), 246 BIM (building information modeling), Candela per square meter (cd/m2), 247 260–261 Candelas table, 20–252 Binning (LEDs), 87 Candlepower (cp), 246 Biological rhythms, 281–283, 285 Candlepower distribution curve, 250–252 Blackbody radiators, 110, 111 CA (construction/contract administration) B lamps, 92, 93 phase, 182 Book of Optics (Ibn Al-Haytham), 38–39 Cataracts, 50 Brightness, 9–10 CCT (correlated color temperature), adaptation to, 50–51 111–113 and aging eyes, 285 cd (candela), 246 apparent, 54 cd/m2 (candela per square meter ), 247 colored light and perception of, CD (construction documentation) phase, 130–132 181 relative perception of, 54, 55 Ceilings: terms describing, 245 illuminating, 16, 17 and visual performance, 53–54 luminous, 6, 65, 221–222 Brilliants, play of, 11–13 Centralized control systems, 235–236 Budget: Ceramic metal halide (CMH) lamps, 84 as design consideration, 34 CFLs, see Compact fluorescent lamps in design development, 180–181 Chroma, 132 Building area method (LPD), 268 Chromaticity, 104, 123 Building codes, 265 CIE (International Commission on compliance with, 3 Illumination), 112–114, 288 model, 266–267 Circadian rhythms, 168, 281–283, 285 and need for lighting designers, 2 The City Limits (A. R. Ammons), 19 Building Design + Construction, C lamps, 92, 93 290–291 Clerestories, 172, 174 Building information modeling (BIM), CM (construction manager), 164 260–261 CMH (ceramic metal halide) lamps, 84

308

bindex 308 July 28, 2014 7:43 PM Index

Codes: Color rendering, 80, 112–117 building, 265–267 Color rendering indices, 114–117 electrical, 227 Color Rendering Index (CRI), 114–116 energy, 267–270 Color stability, 117–121 resources, 270 Color temperature, 109–113 Code of Hammurabi, 265 Color vision, 51–53 Coefficient of utilization (CU), 253–254 COMcheck, 270 Cold cathode lamps, 89, 127 Commissioning, 231, 242 Color blindness, 50 Communication: Color consistency, 117 of design ideas, 17, 20–22 Color constancy, 120 through documentation, 182 Colored glass filters, 129–130 Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), Colored light, 122–139. See also Color 83, 84 in light bases, 98 from cold cathode lamps, 127 colored light from, 127 color filters for, 128–130 describing, 103 and environment, 133–139 shapes and sizes, 92–95 from fluorescent lamps, 127 Complimentary colors, 123 from LED lamps, 127–128 Computer generated images, 20–22 meanings associated with, 132–133 Conceptual designs, 30–33 from neon lamps, 127 Cones (eye), 48–53 and reflectance, 71–72 Construction (contract) administration relative perception of, 55 (CA) phase, 182 resources, 139–140 Construction documentation (CD) phase, use of, 130–139 181 and vision, 130–132 Construction manager (CM), 164 Color fidelity indices, 116 Construction Specifications Institute Color filters, 128–130 (CSI), 209 Color gamut, 124, 126 Consumer information, 106, 107 Color in light, 10, 109–122. See also Continuous runs of luminaires, symbols Colored light for, 187 color reference system, 112 Contract (construction) administration color rendering, 80, 112–117 (CA) phase, 182 color stability, 117–121 Contrast: color temperature, 109–113 and aging eyes, 285 in halogen vs. incandescent lamps, 81 light and shadows for, 13–14 from LEDs, 87, 88, 104 and visual performance, 54–55 white light, 109 Controls, see Lighting controls Color preference indices, 117 Control protocols, 237–239 Color quality scale (CQS), 117 Control zones, 233 Color references, 112 Cool colors, 124, 131 Color reference system, 112 Cornea, 48, 49

309

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Correlated color temperature (CCT), 111–113 Designers Lighting Forum (DLF), 288 Cortisol, 282 Design Guides (IES), 248 Cost of ownership, 105, 276–277 Design phases, 179–182 Cove lights, 151 Detail drawings, 210–222 Cove lighting, 151, 215–218 accent lighting, 214 cp (candlepower), 246 coves, 215–218 CQS (color quality scale), 117 luminous ceilings, 221–222 Credentials, professional, 4–5 scallops, 219–221 CRI (Color Rendering Index), 114–116 wall grazing, 212–213 CSI (Construction Specifications Institute), wall washing, 210–212 209 Dichroic filters, 129–130 CU (coefficient of utilization), 253–254 Dickens, Charles, 167 Cultural color preferences, 133 Diffuse distribution, 77 Current, 225 Diffuse lighting, subjective impressions Custom luminaires, 161, 162 and, 61, 62 Cut-off angle, 75 Diffusers, 69 Cut sheets, see Luminaire cut sheets Diffusion, 69, 70 Digital addressable lighting interface D (DALI), 237–238 DALI (digital addressable lighting Digital multiplex lighting (DMX, DMX512), interface), 237–238 237–238 Dark adaptation, 51 Dimmers, 228–232 Daylight harvesting, 235 Dimming ballasts, 231 Daylighting, 167–177 Dimming layout, 240, 241 benefits of, 167–168 Dimming systems, 233–234 to conserve resources, 3 centralized, 235–236 designing, 171–176 control protocols, 237–239 glazing, 171 distributed, 236–237 planning for, 168–170 Direct current (DC), 225, 226 resources, 176, 178 Direct distribution, 76 shading strategies, 176, 177 Direct glare, 74, 75 sidelighting, 172, 174–176 Direct/indirect distribution, 77 toplighting, 172–174 Directional lamps, 93–94 DC (direct current), 225, 226 beam angle and field angle, 99–100 DD (design development) phase, 168, describing, 100–102 180–181 Disability glare, 76 Decorative fixtures, 14 Distributed lighting systems, 10, 236–237 Decorative lighting, 3 Distribution of light, 67–77 Describing lamps, 100–104 diffusion, 69, 70 Design, see Lighting design to emphasize/deemphasize room Design development (DD) phase, 168, elements, 3 180–181 glare, 73–76

310

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interaction of light and materials, 67–72 Einstein, Albert, 37, 41 reflection, 67–68 Electrical contractors (ECs), 2, 85, 165 refraction, 69, 70 Electrical engineers: resources, 78 as lighting designers, 2 shadows and luminaires, 72–73 preliminary design information from, 9 surface reflection and absorption, Electrical engineering, 227 71–72 Electrical suppliers, 165 transmission, 70–71 Electricity, 225–227 types of, 76–77 Electromagnetic interference, 229 DLF (Designers Lighting Forum), 288 Electromagnetic spectrum, 39 DMX, DMX512 (digital multiplex lighting), Electronic ballasts, 85 237–238 Ellipsoidal reflector spotlights, 152 Documentation, 179–222 Energy codes: and design phases, 179–182 for commercial buildings, 34 fixture schedule, 199, 208–209 compliance with, 3 layout and installation details, 210–222 model codes, 267–269 of lighting controls, 240–242 verifying compliance with, 269–270 luminaire cut sheets, 199–207 Energy conservation, 3 luminaire schedule, 199 daylighting for, 167 reflected ceiling plan (lighting plan), through lighting controls, 228 183–198 voluntary energy programs, 273–276 resources, 222–223 Energy consumption: specifications, 209–210 allotted to lighting, 227–228 Domains of practice, 5 as design consideration, 34 Downlights, 144–145 measured in watts, 226 accent, 145, 146, 186, 214 Energy efficiency, 105 recessed adjustable, 145, 146 Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct 1992), scallops of light from, 210, 219–221 268 symbols for, 186 Energy Star, 275 wall grazers, 147 Environment: wall washers, 145–147, 186–187 color in creating, 133–139 Downlighting, subjective impressions and, defined, 57 59–62 light supporting, 2 Driver (LEDs), 87 schemas relating to, 58 EPAct 1992 (Energy Policy Act of 1992), E 268 Eames, Charles, 179 Euclid, 38 ECs, see Electrical contractors Expectations, 58 Eco-Structure, 291 Exterior shelves, 176 Edison, Thomas, 79 External devices: Efficacy, 80, 84, 86, 105 control of, 239–240 Efficiency, 80, 81, 105 input from, 240

311

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Eye(s), 48–51 Green Building Initiative (GBI), 274 aging, 284–285 Green Globes, 274–275 defects of, 50 Guidelines for Specification Integrity (LIRC), ipRGC in, 281 210

F H fc (foot candle), 246 Halogen lamps, 81 Field angle, 99, 100 bases, 97 Fixture schedule, 189, 199, 208–209 describing, 100–102 fL (foot-lambert), 247 shapes and sizes, 92–95 F lamps, 92, 93 Harmonics, 231 Flange, 143 Health, 281–285 Floor lamps, symbols for, 187, 188 aging eyes, 284–285 Fluorescent lamps, 82–84. See also biological rhythms, 281–283 Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and daylighting, 168 bases, 98 harmful effects of light, 284 colored light from, 127, 129 light deficiency and light therapy, describing, 102–104 283–284 dimming, 231 resources, 285 linear, 83 Heat sink (LEDs), 87 shapes and sizes, 94, 95 Height, impressions of, 64, 65 Fluorescent strips, 151 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 51 Flynn, John, 59–62 Helmholtz-Kohlrausch Effect, 132 Focal glow, 11 High intensity discharge (HID) lamps, 84–86 Foot candle (fc), 246 bases, 98 Foot-lambert (fL), 247 describing, 103 Formality, impressions of, 59–62 shapes and sizes, 93, 94, 97 Forward phase dimming, 229–230 Hot restrike, 85 Fovea, 50 Housing (luminaires), 142 Full-spectrum lighting, 284 Hue, 123 Hunt Effect, 132 G Huygens, Christiaan, 37, 39 GBI (Green Building Initiative), 274 Hyperopia, 50 General contractor (GC), 164 General diffuse lighting, subjective I impressions and, 62 IALD (International Association of Lighting General (ambient) lighting, 13 Designers), 3–5, 287 G lamps, 92, 93 IBC (International Building Code), 266 Glare, 73–76, 285 ICC, see International Code Council Glaucoma, 50 Icon, 290–291 Glazing, 171 IECC (International Energy Conservation Green Building & Design, 291 Code), 269

312

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IES, see Illuminating Engineering Society International Association of Lighting IgCC (International Green Construction Designers (IALD), 3–5, 287 Code ), 266–267 International Building Code (IBC), 266 Illuminance: International Code Council (ICC), 266, defined, 245 269, 275 units for measuring, 246–247 International Commission on Illumination with windows, 175 (CIE), 112–114, 288 Illuminance calculations, 248–262 International Dark-Sky Association, lumen method, 253–259 267, 288 point method, 248–253 International Energy Conservation Code software for, 258, 260–262 (IECC), 269 Illuminating Engineering Society (IES), 4, International Green Construction Code 247–248, 267, 268, 287 (IgCC), 266–267 Illumination, light as, 37–38 Inter-reflection, 71 Illumination levels, 247–248, 284–285 Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion Impressions, 58–65 cell (ipRGC), 281 defined, 58 Iris (eye), 48, 49 and room lighting, 59–65 Incandescent lamps, 79–81 J bases, 97 Johnson, Philip, 10 describing, 100–102 shapes and sizes, 92–95 K Index of refraction, 69 Kahn, Louis I., 10 Indirect distribution, 77 Kelly, Richard, 1, 10–13, 20 Indirect lighting, subjective impressions Kelvin, Lord William Thomson, 111, 245 and, 61, 62 Kelvin scale, 111 Induction/induction discharge lamps, Kerouac, Jack, 109 88–89 Kincaid, Jamaica, 67 Information: Kruithof, A. A., 114 consumer information on lamps, 106, 107 Kruithof Curve, 114 gathering, for design, 8–9 on luminaires, 141, 161, 163–165 L in manufacturer’s literature, 158–161 Lamps, 79–107. See also individual types Initial lumens, 256 of lamps Installation, see Detail drawings bases, 96–98 Instant start electronic ballasts, 85 beam angle, 99–100 Insulating properties, of glazing, 171 cold cathode, 89 Intensity, 9–10. See also Brightness consumer information on, 106, 107 Interior designers: defined, 67 as lighting designers, 2 describing, 100–104 preliminary design information from, directional, 93–94 8–9 field angle, 99, 100

313

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Lamps (continued ) and aging eyes, 284–285 fluorescent, 82–84, 102–104 ambient, 13 halogen, 81, 100–102 amount required, 247–248 high intensity discharge, 84–86, 103 as art, 41, 44, 45 incandescent, 79–81, 100–102 design elements of, 9–10 induction/induction discharge, 88–89 on electromagnetic spectrum, 39 light emitting diode, 86–89, 103–104 harmful effects of, 284 light emitting plasma, 91 as illumination, 37–38 omnidirectional, 91–93 interaction of materials and, 67–72 organic light emitting diodes, 89, 90 Kelly’s forms of lightplay, 10–13 resources, 106–108 layers of, 16–18 selecting, 104–106 as material, 38–39 shapes, 91 as particles, 39–41 sizes, 94–97 as rays of vision, 38 Lamp bases, 96–98 resources, 45 Lamp burnout factor (LBO), 257 and shadow, 13–14 Lamp lumen depreciation factor (LLD), task, 13 256 as a tool, 43 Lamp shapes, 91 units for measuring, 246–247 Lamp sizes, 94–97 as waves, 39–43 Language, descriptive, 19–20 Light control, 105 Layering light, 16–18 Light deficiency, 283–284 Layout (luminaires). See also Detail Light emitting diodes (LEDs), 86–88 drawings colored light from, 127–128 process for creating, 192–198 colors of, 104 in reflected ceiling plan, 190–191 describing, 103–104 LBO (lamp burnout factor), 257 measuring life and output of, 89 LC (Lighting Certified) credential, 4–5 organic, 89, 90 LD+A, 289 shapes, 92 LDD (luminaire dirt depreciation factor), Light emitting plasma (puck), 91 256–257 Lighting and Color Group, National Leadership in Energy and Environmental Institute for Standards and Design (LEED), 273–274 Technology, 117 Le Corbusier, 1 Lighting Certified (LC) credential, 4–5 LEDs, see Light emitting diodes Lighting controls, 139, 225–242 LEED (Leadership in Energy and advanced features, 239–240 Environmental Design), 273–274 basic, 228–232 Leukos, 289 centralized systems, 235–236 Life-cycle cost analysis, 276–277 commissioning, 242 Light, 1, 37–45. See also Psychology of control protocols, 237–239 light and vision dimmers, 228–232 accent, 13 dimming systems, 233–237

314

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distributed systems, 236–237 Lightplay, 10–13 documenting, 240–242 Light shelf, 175–176 and electricity/electrical engineering, Light therapy, 283–284 225–227 Light trespass, 267 intermediate, 232–235 Linear fluorescent lamps, 83 large-scale systems, 235–237 bases, 98 need for, 227–228 colored light from, 127, 129 photocells, 235 describing, 102–103 resources, 242–243 shapes and sizes, 94, 95 switches, 228 Line (linear) sources, 15 Lighting design, 7–34 LIRC (Lighting Industry Resource Council), aesthetic designs, 26–30 210 architecture in, 15–16 LLD (lamp lumen depreciation factor), 256 communicating ideas for, 17, 20–22 LLFs (light loss factors), 255–258 conceptual designs, 30–33 lm (lumen), 80, 246 gathering relevant information for, 8–9 Louvers: goal of, 7–8 luminaires, 143, 144 layers of light in, 16–18 in sidelighting, 176 light in, 9–14 Low voltage lamps, 82, 83 luminaires in, 14–15 LPD (lighting power density), 268 phases of, 179–182 Lumens (lm), 80, 246 pragmatic designs, 22–25 Lumen method (illuminance calculation), process of, 7 253–259 resources, 34 Luminaires, 141–165 Lighting designers, 1–5 accessories, 154–156 luminaire information for, 161, 163 components of, 142–144 professional credentials, 4–5 cove lights, 151 resources, 5–6 custom, 161, 162 scope of practice, 2–3 defined, 67 Lighting fixtures, see Luminaires designations for, 188–189 Lighting Industry Resource Council (LIRC), downlights, 144–145 210 fluorescent strips, 151 Lighting plan, see Reflected ceiling plan information on and sales of, 161, (RCP) 163–165 Lighting power density (LPD), 268 with LEDs, 104 Lighting & Sound America, 290 in lighting design, 14–15 Lighting submittals, 182 modifying, 161 Light level recommendations, 247–248, mounting conditions, 154, 156–157 284–285 outdoor, 157–158 Light loss factors (LLFs), 255–258 reading manufacturer’s literature on, Light output, 104–105 158–161 Light pipes, 172, 174 recessed adjustable or accent, 145, 146

315

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Luminaires (continued ) Metamers, 104 resources, 165–166 Metamerism, 118–119 selecting, 141 MH (metal halide) lamps, 84–85 and shadows, 72–73 Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 10 symbols for, 183, 185–188 The Milkmaid (Vermeer), 42, 44 theatrical, 152–154 Mirrored louver systems, 176 track, 147–150 MLO (Model Lighting Ordinance), 267 wall grazers, 147 Mock-ups, 20, 22, 248 wall washers, 145–147 Model codes, 265–269 Luminaire cut sheets, 158–161, 199–207 building codes, 266–267 Luminaire dirt depreciation factor (LDD), energy codes, 267–269 256–257 Model Lighting Ordinance (MLO), 267 Luminaire schedule, 189, 199. See also Mondo ARC, 289–290 Fixture schedule Monet, Claude, 58 Luminance: Mounting conditions (luminaires), 154, defined, 245 156–157 units for measuring, 246 Movement, as element of light, 10 Luminous ceilings: MR lamps, 93, 94 detail drawings, 221–222 Myopia, 50 impressions from, 6, 65 Lux (lx), 247 N Nadir, 249 M National Association of Home Builders Maintained illuminance, 255 (NAHB), 275 Maintenance requirements, 105 National Council on Qualifications for MasterFormat, 209 the Lighting Professions (NCQLP), Material(s): 4, 288 diffusers, 69–70 National Electrical Manufacturers interaction of light and, 67–72 Association (NEMA), 100 light as, 38–39 National Electric Code (NEC, NFPA 70), reflectance of, 68 227, 265, 267 surface reflection and absorption, National Fire Protection Association 71–72 (NFPA), 265, 267 transmittance of, 71 National Green Building Standard (NGBS), Matte surfaces, 68 275–276 Maxwell, James Clerk, 41, 43 National Institute for Standards and Meanings, associated with color, Technology (NIST) Lighting and Color 132–133 Group, 117 Measurement units, 246–247 NCQLP (National Council on Qualifications Melatonin, 282 for the Lighting Professions), Mesopic vision, 51 4, 288 Metal halide (MH) lamps, 84–85 NEC, see National Electric Code

316

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NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Perceptual clarity, impressions of, 59–62 Association), 100 Perimeter lighting, subjective impressions Neon lamps, colored light from, 127 and, 60 Newton, Sir Isaac, 40 Photocells, 235 NFPA (National Fire Protection Photometrics, 245–262 Association), 265, 267 amount of light required, 247–248 NFPA 70, see National Electric Code illuminance calculations, 248–262 NGBS (National Green Building Standard), resources, 262, 263 275–276 terms describing brightness, 245 Nightingale, Florence, 281 units for measuring light, 246–247 NIST Lighting and Color Group, 117 Photometric files, 262 Nizer, Louis, 141 Photons, 41 Photopic vision, 51–53 O P lamps, 92, 93 Occupancy sensors, 231–232 Planck, Max, 41, 44 OLEDs (organic light emitting diodes), 89, 90 Plane sources, 15 Omnidirectional lamps, 91–93 Planning, for daylighting, 168–170 Opaque, 70 PLASA, 117 Optics and Catoptics (Euclid), 38 Plastic color filters, 128 Optiks (Sir Isaac Newton), 40 Play of brilliants, 11–13 Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), Point method (illuminance calculation), 89, 90 248–253 Ott, John, 284 Point sources, 14 Outdoor luminaires, 157–158 “Pop-up “roof monitors, 174 Outlets, symbols for, 188 Porsche, Ferdinand A., 7 Overhead diffuse lighting, subjective Power supplies, 227 impressions and, 61 Pragmatic designs, 22–25 Owner, preliminary design information criteria for, 23 from, 8 multimedia conference room case study, 23–25 P Presbyopia, 50 PAR lamps, 93, 94 Primary colors, 122, 123 PAR luminaires, theatrical, 153 Primary light sources, 47 Particles, light as, 39–41 Privacy, impressions of, 64, 65 Payback, 278 Professional credentials, 4–5 Pei, I. M., 10 Professional Lighting Design, 290 Pendant luminaires, 154, 157, 187, 188 Professional organizations, 3, 287–288 Perception, 57–58 Programmed start electronic ballasts, of brightness, 54, 55, 130–132 85, 86 colored light and, 130–132 Programming phase, 168, 179–180 relative vs. absolute, 54–55 Protocols, lighting control, 237–239 schemas in, 58 PS lamps, 92, 93

317

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Psychology of light and vision, 57–65 Resistance (electrical), 227 impressions, 58–65 Resistance dimming, 229 perception, 57–58 Retina, 48, 49 resources, 66 Return on investment (ROI), 278 Ptolemy, 38 Reverse phase dimming, 230 Puck (light emitting plasma), 91 RF (reflector factor), 258 Pupil (eye), 48, 49 Ri (Special CRI), 116 Purkinje effect/Purkinje shift, 53 R lamps, 93, 94 Purkyne, Johannes Evangelista, 53 Rods (eye), 48–52 ROI (return on investment), 278 Q Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 19 Quality of light, 105 Roof monitors, 172, 174 Quanta, 41 Room cavity ratio (RCR), 254–255 RS232 protocol, 238 R Rapid start electronic ballasts, 85 S Rays of vision, light as, 38 Saarinen, Eero, 10 RCP, see Reflected ceiling plan SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder), 283 RCR (room cavity ratio), 254–255 Salespeople: RDM (remote device management), as lighting designers, 2 237–238 luminaire information from, Recessed adjustable luminaires, 145, 146 163–164 Recessed luminaires, 154, 156 Scallops: Recommended Practices (IES), 248 detail drawings, 219–221 Reflectance: spacing for, 210 defined, 245 Schemas, 58 units for measuring, 247 Schematic design (SD) phase, 168, 180 Reflected ceiling plan (RCP), 183–198 SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus), 281, 282 developing, 190–198 Sconces, symbols for, 187, 188 symbols on, 186–189 Scope of practice, 2–3 Reflected glare, 73–75 Scotopic vision, 51–53 Reflection, 67–68 SD (schematic design) phase, 168, 180 surface, 71–72 Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), 283 and vision, 47, 48 Secondary colors, 122–123 Reflectors, 143, 144 Secondary light sources, 47–48 Reflector factor (RF), 258 Semi-direct distribution, 76 Refraction, 69, 70 Semi-indirect distribution, 77 Relaxation, impressions of, 64 Semi-recessed luminaires, 154, 156 Relays, 235 Semi-specular surfaces, 67, 68 Remote device management (RDM), Serotonin, 282 237–238 Shade (color), 123, 124 REScheck, 270 Shading strategies, 176, 177

318

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Shadows: life-cycle cost analysis, 276–277 and luminaires, 72–73 payback, 278 for variety and contrast, 13–14 resources, 278–279 Shakespeare, William, 19 voluntary energy programs, 273–276 Shielding angle, 75 Swan, Sir Joseph, 79 Shop drawings, 182 Switches, 228 Shutters, 176, 177 layout for, 240, 241 Sidelighting, 172, 174–176 symbols for, 188 Sight, see Vision Sine wave dimming, 230, 231 T Site visits, 182 Table lamps, symbols for, 187, 188 Size of object, visual performance and, 53 Task lighting, 13 Sketches, 20 Theatrical luminaires, 152–154 Skin cancer, 284 Thoreau, Henry David, 57 Skin diseases, 283 Time of day events, 239 Skyglow, 267 Tint, 123, 124 Skylights, 168, 172, 174 T lamps, 92, 93 Sleep disorders, 285 Tone, 123, 124 Socket (luminaires), 143 Tool, light as, 43 Solar angles, 169–170 Toplighting, 172–174 Solar heat gain, 171 Track, 147 Solid state lighting (SSL), 89, 90 Track luminaires, 147–150, 186 Space-by-space method (LPD), 268 Trade publications, 289–291 Spacing criteria, 190 Transformers, 82, 83 Spaciousness, impressions of, 59–63, 65 Translucent, 70 Spatial complexity, impressions of, 59–62 Transmission, 70–71 SPD, see Spectral power distribution curve Transparent, 70 Special CRI (Ri), 116 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism Specifications, 209–210 (James Clerk Maxwell), 41 Spectral colors, 109 Treatise on Light (Christiaan Huygens), 39 Spectral power distribution curve (SPD), Trichromatic theory of vision, 51 110, 113–115, 119 Tvis (visible light transmittance), 171 Specular surfaces, 67, 68 SSL (solid state lighting), 89, 90 U Standards for Accessible Design, 267 Ultraviolet (UV) light, 82, 83, 283, 284 Striplights, 153–154 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Substitutions, 165 275 Subtractive mixing, 125, 126 United States Green Building Council Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 281, 282 (USGBC), 266–268, 273 Surface mount, 154, 157 Users: Surface reflection and absorption, 71–72 benefits of daylighting for, 167–168 Sustainability, 273–278 preliminary design information from, 8

319

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USGBC (United States Green Building Visual tasks, light for, 2 Council), 266–268, 273 Vitamin D deficiency, 283 UV light, see Ultraviolet light VMSD (Visual Merchandising and Store Design), 291 V Volt (V), 225 V (volt), 225 Voltage to luminaire factor (VF), 257 Vacancy sensors, 231 Voluntary energy programs, 273–276 Value (color), 123 VT (visible light transmittance), 171 Variety, light and shadows for, 13–14 Veiling reflections, 73–75 W Vermeer, Johannes, 42, 44 W (watt), 80 VF (voltage to luminaire factor), 257 Walls, illuminating, 16, 17 Viewing time, visual performance and, 53 Wall box dimmers, 228 Visible light transmittance (VT, Tvis), 171 Wall grazers, 147 Vision, 47–55. See also Psychology of light Wall grazing: and vision detail drawings, 212–213 aging eyes, 284–285 and subjective impressions, 61, 62 brightness perception, 130–132 for variety/contrast, 14 color, 51–53 Wall washers, 145–147, 186–187 colored light and, 130–132 Wall washing, detail drawings for, 210–212 defined, 57 Warm colors, 124, 131 eye, 48–51 Watt (W), 80, 226 path of light, 47–48 Waves, light as, 39–43 quality of, 247 Wavelength, 39, 40 resources, 55–56 White light, 109 visual performance, 53–55 color temperature, 109–113 Visual acuity, 47 and visual system, 112 Visual clarity, impressions of, 62, 63 Windows, 174–176 Visual interest, created with light, 2–3 A Work on Optics (Ptolemy), 38 Visual Merchandising and Store Design (VMSD), 291 Y Visual performance, 53–55 Young, Thomas, 37, 40–42, 51

320

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