The Circadian Effect Versus Mesopic Vision Effect in Road Lighting
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Visual Purple and the Photopic Luminosity Curve
Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.32.11.793 on 1 November 1948. Downloaded from THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY NOVEMBER, 1948 by copyright. COMMUNICATIONS VISUAL PURPLE AND THE PHOTOPIC LUMINOSITY- CURVE* BY H. J. A. DARTNALL http://bjo.bmj.com/ FROM THE VISION RESEARCH UNIT, 'MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, INSTITUTE OF OPHTHALMOLOGY, LONDON Introduction THE precise relationship which has been established between the scotopic luminosity curve a'nd visual purple (Dartnall & Goodeve, 1937; Wald, 19138) leads one to expect that the photopic luminositv on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected curve is'similarly related to some " photopic " pigment or pig- ments. This latter hypothesis has given rise to considerable speculation, particularly since the evidence for the existence of retinal pigments, other than the various forms of visual purple, is not unequivocal. In any case there is no evidence for such additional pigments in the human retina. Visual purple mediates scotopic- vision by virtue of the photo- chemical changes it undergoes on exposure to light. The rate of * Received for Publication, July 12, 1948. Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.32.11.793 on 1 November 1948. Downloaded from 794 H. J. A. DARTNALL any photochemical change is gQverned by the value of the product y Ia where y is the quantqm efficiency of the process and Ia the intensity of the absorbed light expressed in quanta per second. Since the eye in the photopic condition is much less sensitive than in the scotopic state it follows that the value of y la must be correspondingly smaller for the photopic process. -
The Purkinje Rod-Cone Shift As a Function of Luminance and Retinal Eccentricity
Vision Research 42 (2002) 2485–2491 www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Rapid communication The Purkinje rod-cone shift as a function of luminance and retinal eccentricity Stuart Anstis * Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA Received 14 September 2000; received in revised form 25 June 2002 Abstract In the Purkinje shift, the dark adapted eye becomes more sensitive to blue than to red as the retinal rods take over from the cones. A striking demonstration of the Purkinje shift, suitable for classroom use, is described in which a small change in viewing distance can reverse the perceived direction of a rotating annulus. We measured this shift with a minimum-motion stimulus (Anstis & Cavanagh, Color Vision: Physiology & Psychophysics, Academic Press, London, 1983) that converts apparent lightness of blue versus red into apparent motion. We filled an iso-eccentric annulus with radial red/blue sectors, and arranged that if the blue sectors looked darker (lighter) than the red sectors, the annulus would appear to rotate to the left (right). At equiluminance the motion appeared to vanish. Our observers established these motion null points while viewing the pattern at various retinal eccentricities through various neutral density filters. Results: The luminous efficiency of blue (relative to red) increased linearly with eccentricity at all adaptation levels, and the more the dark-adaptation, the steeper the slope of the eccentricity function. Thus blue sensitivity was a linear function of eccentricity and an exponential function of filter factor. Blue sensitivity increased linearly with eccentricity, and each additional log10 unit of dark adaptation changed the slope threefold. -
Applications of High Dynamic Range Imaging Stereo Matching and Mesopic Rendering
Applications of High Dynamic Range Imaging Stereo Matching and Mesopic Rendering PhD THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences within the Vienna PhD School of Informatics by Eng. Tara Akhavan Registration Number 1128895 to the Faculty of Informatics at the Vienna University of Technology Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Mag. Dr. Hannes Kaufmann External reviewers: . Alan Chalmers, WMG, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. Kadi Bouatouch, ISTIC, University of Rennes I, France. Vienna, 8th April, 2017 Tara Akhavan Hannes Kaufmann Technische Universität Wien A-1040 Wien Karlsplatz 13 Tel. +43-1-58801-0 www.tuwien.ac.at Declaration of Authorship Eng. Tara Akhavan Address I hereby declare that I have written this Doctoral Thesis independently, that I have completely specified the utilized sources and resources and that I have definitely marked all parts of the work - including tables, maps and figures - which belong to other works or to the internet, literally or extracted, by referencing the source as borrowed. Vienna, 8th April, 2017 Tara Akhavan iii Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Hannes Kaufmann for his unlimited support, inspiration, motivation, belief, and guidance. My special thanks to Christian Breiteneder who was always there to help resolving hardest problems with wisdom and vision. I am very thankful to Alan Chalmers and Kadi Bouatouch who agreed to be my thesis external reviewers but most importantly planned valuable workshops through the course of my PhD and invited me to network with and learn from the experts in the field. Part of my PhD research was conducted at Tandemlaunch Inc. -
Adjustment of Lighting Parameters from Photopic to Mesopic Values in Outdoor Lighting Installations Strategy and Associated Evaluation of Variation in Energy Needs
sustainability Article Adjustment of Lighting Parameters from Photopic to Mesopic Values in Outdoor Lighting Installations Strategy and Associated Evaluation of Variation in Energy Needs Enrique Navarrete-de Galvez 1 , Alfonso Gago-Calderon 1,* , Luz Garcia-Ceballos 2, Miguel Angel Contreras-Lopez 2 and Jose Ramon Andres-Diaz 1 1 Proyectos de Ingeniería, Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Diseño y Proyectos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; [email protected] (E.N.-d.G.); [email protected] (J.R.A.-D.) 2 Expresión Gráfica en la Ingeniería, Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Diseño y Proyectos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; [email protected] (L.G.-C.); [email protected] (M.A.C.-L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-951-952-268 Abstract: The sensitivity of the human eye varies with the different lighting conditions to which it is exposed. The cone photoreceptors perceive the color and work for illuminance conditions greater than 3.00 cd/m2 (photopic vision). Below 0.01 cd/m2, the rods are the cells that assume this function (scotopic vision). Both types of photoreceptors work coordinately in the interval between these values (mesopic vision). Each mechanism generates a different spectral sensibility. In this work, Citation: Navarrete-de Galvez, E.; the emission spectra of common sources in present public lighting installations are analyzed and Gago-Calderon, A.; Garcia-Ceballos, their normative photopic values translated to the corresponding mesopic condition, which more L.; Contreras-Lopez, M.A.; faithfully represents the vision mechanism of our eyes in these conditions. Based on a common Andres-Diaz, J.R. Adjustment of street urban configuration (ME6), we generated a large set of simulations to determine the ideal light Lighting Parameters from Photopic to point setup configuration (luminance and light point height vs. -
S Selection of Intraocular Lens on the Basis of Light Transmittance Properties
Eye (2017) 31, 258–272 OPEN Official journal of The Royal College of Ophthalmologists www.nature.com/eye 1 2 2 2 REVIEW The evidence informing XLi, D Kelly , JM Nolan , JL Dennison and S Beatty2,3 the surgeon’s selection of intraocular lens on the basis of light transmittance properties Abstract In recent years, manufacturers and distributors surgical procedure worldwide,1 and the need have promoted commercially available intrao- for such surgery is likely to rise because cular lenses (IOLs) with transmittance proper- of increasing longevity.2 Commercially fi ties that lter visible short-wavelength (blue) available IOLs can vary in terms of material light on the basis of a putative photoprotective (polymethylmethacrylate, polymers, silicone effect. Systematic literature review. Out of or acrylic),3,4 hydrophobicity (hydrophobic vs 21 studies reporting on outcomes following hydrophilic),5 sphericity (aspheric vs spheric)6 implantation of blue-light-filtering IOLs (invol- 1 and light-filtering properties. In this paper, Pharmaceutical & ving 8914 patients and 12 919 study eyes Molecular Biotechnology undergoing cataract surgery), the primary out- we review the evidence germane to the Research Centre, fi come was vision, sleep pattern, and photopro- putative and relative risks and/or bene ts of Department of Chemical & fi Life Sciences, Waterford tection in 9 (42.9%), 9 (42.9%), and 3 (14.2%) implanting IOLs that lter visible short- Institute of Technology, respectively, and, of these, only 7 (33.3%) can be wavelength light (ie, o500 nm), referred to as Waterford, Ireland classed as high as level 2b (individual cohort blue-light-filtering IOLs for the purpose of this study/low-quality randomized controlled trials), review. -
1 Human Color Vision
CAMC01 9/30/04 3:13 PM Page 1 1 Human Color Vision Color appearance models aim to extend basic colorimetry to the level of speci- fying the perceived color of stimuli in a wide variety of viewing conditions. To fully appreciate the formulation, implementation, and application of color appearance models, several fundamental topics in color science must first be understood. These are the topics of the first few chapters of this book. Since color appearance represents several of the dimensions of our visual experience, any system designed to predict correlates to these experiences must be based, to some degree, on the form and function of the human visual system. All of the color appearance models described in this book are derived with human visual function in mind. It becomes much simpler to understand the formulations of the various models if the basic anatomy, physiology, and performance of the visual system is understood. Thus, this book begins with a treatment of the human visual system. As necessitated by the limited scope available in a single chapter, this treatment of the visual system is an overview of the topics most important for an appreciation of color appearance modeling. The field of vision science is immense and fascinating. Readers are encouraged to explore the liter- ature and the many useful texts on human vision in order to gain further insight and details. Of particular note are the review paper on the mechan- isms of color vision by Lennie and D’Zmura (1988), the text on human color vision by Kaiser and Boynton (1996), the more general text on the founda- tions of vision by Wandell (1995), the comprehensive treatment by Palmer (1999), and edited collections on color vision by Backhaus et al. -
Photopic and Scotopic – the “Eyes” Have It
Photopic and Scotopic – The “eyes” have it Dick Erdmann GE Specification Engineer In the human eye the perceived brightness of illumination depends of color. It takes more energy in the blue or red portion of the color spectrum to create the same sensation of brightness as in the yellow-green region. When it comes to sensing light in the human eye there are two main light-sensing cells called rods and cones. If one took a tube and looked straight ahead through it so that it allowed the field of view to be restricted 2 degrees, light photons would fall on the part of the eye called the fovea that consists mainly of cones. The peripheral area surrounding the fovea consists of both rods and cones with the rods outnumbering the cones about 10:1. Cones have a peak response in the yellow-green region of about 555 nano-meters and rods have a peak response in the bluish-green area of about 505 nano-meters. Because both the rods and cones have been shown to have different sensitivities to colors they can be represented by two different sensitivity curves called Photopic Curves (representing the cone) and Scotopic Curves (representing the rod). Years ago it was thought that the cones were responsible for daytime vision and rods for nighttime vision. Because of this, light meters that measure lighting levels such as footcandles, lumens, lux, etc. are weighted to the cone activated part of the eye ignoring the effect of rod-activated vision. But according to a study by Dr. Sam Berman and Dr. -
17-2021 CAMI Pilot Vision Brochure
Visual Scanning with regular eye examinations and post surgically with phoria results. A pilot who has such a condition could progress considered for medical certification through special issuance with Some images used from The Federal Aviation Administration. monofocal lenses when they meet vision standards without to seeing double (tropia) should they be exposed to hypoxia or a satisfactory adaption period, complete evaluation by an eye Helicopter Flying Handbook. Oklahoma City, Ok: US Department The probability of spotting a potential collision threat complications. Multifocal lenses require a brief waiting certain medications. specialist, satisfactory visual acuity corrected to 20/20 or better by of Transportation; 2012; 13-1. Publication FAA-H-8083. Available increases with the time spent looking outside, but certain period. The visual effects of cataracts can be successfully lenses of no greater power than ±3.5 diopters spherical equivalent, at: https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/ techniques may be used to increase the effectiveness of treated with a 90% improvement in visual function for most One prism diopter of hyperphoria, six prism diopters of and by passing an FAA medical flight test (MFT). aviation/helicopter_flying_handbook/. Accessed September 28, 2017. the scan time. Effective scanning is accomplished with a patients. Regardless of vision correction to 20/20, cataracts esophoria, and six prism diopters of exophoria represent series of short, regularly-spaced eye movements that bring pose a significant risk to flight safety. FAA phoria (deviation of the eye) standards that may not be A Word about Contact Lenses successive areas of the sky into the central visual field. Each exceeded. -
Transmission of Scotopic Signals from the Rod to Rod-Bipolar Cell in the Mammalian Retina
Vision Research 44 (2004) 3269–3276 www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Transmission of scotopic signals from the rod to rod-bipolar cell in the mammalian retina W. Rowland Taylor a,*, Robert G. Smith b a Neurological Sciences Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University––West Campus, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, United States b Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Received 15 June 2004; received in revised form 27 July 2004 Abstract Mammals can see at low scotopic light levels where only 1 rod in several thousand transduces a photon. The single photon signal is transmitted to the brain by the ganglion cell, which collects signals from more than 1000 rods to provide enough amplification. If the system were linear, such convergence would increase the neural noise enough to overwhelm the tiny rod signal. Recent studies provide evidence for a threshold nonlinearity in the rod to rod bipolar synapse, which removes much of the background neural noise. We argue that the height of the threshold should be 0.85 times the amplitude of the single photon signal, consistent with the saturation observed for the single photon signal. At this level, the rate of false positive events due to neural noise would be masked by the higher rate of dark thermal events. The evidence presented suggests that this synapse is optimized to transmit the single photon signal at low scotopic light levels. Ó 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Retina; Synaptic transmission; Single photon; Photoreceptor; Visual threshold; Scotopic vision 1. Introduction produced by single photons are carried by only a few neurons, whereas all the rods and postreceptoral Many mammals have evolved excellent night vision, neurons in the pool generate noise. -
Comparative Visual Function in Predatory Fishes from the Indian River Lagoon Author(S): D
Comparative Visual Function in Predatory Fishes from the Indian River Lagoon Author(s): D. Michelle McComb, Stephen M. Kajiura, Andrij Z. Horodysky, and Tamara M. Frank Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Vol. 86, No. 3 (May/June 2013), pp. 285-297 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670260 . Accessed: 16/07/2013 16:00 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 152.3.102.242 on Tue, 16 Jul 2013 16:00:41 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 285 Comparative Visual Function in Predatory Fishes from the Indian River Lagoon D. Michelle McComb1,* Introduction Stephen M. Kajiura2 Teleost fishes represent a speciose vertebrate lineage that ra- Andrij Z. Horodysky3 diated into distinct aquatic habitats that present unique diver- Tamara M. Frank4 gent light qualities (Jerlov 1968). Selective pressure on the pi- 1Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic scine eye has resulted in an extensive array of both 2 University, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946; Biological Sciences, morphological and physiological adaptations to maximize vi- Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431; sual function under differing light conditions. -
Radiometric and Photometric Measurements with TAOS Photosensors Contributed by Todd Bishop March 12, 2007 Valid
TAOS Inc. is now ams AG The technical content of this TAOS application note is still valid. Contact information: Headquarters: ams AG Tobelbaderstrasse 30 8141 Unterpremstaetten, Austria Tel: +43 (0) 3136 500 0 e-Mail: [email protected] Please visit our website at www.ams.com NUMBER 21 INTELLIGENT OPTO SENSOR DESIGNER’S NOTEBOOK Radiometric and Photometric Measurements with TAOS PhotoSensors contributed by Todd Bishop March 12, 2007 valid ABSTRACT Light Sensing applications use two measurement systems; Radiometric and Photometric. Radiometric measurements deal with light as a power level, while Photometric measurements deal with light as it is interpreted by the human eye. Both systems of measurement have units that are parallel to each other, but are useful for different applications. This paper will discuss the differencesstill and how they can be measured. AG RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES Radiometry is the measurement of electromagnetic energy in the range of wavelengths between ~10nm and ~1mm. These regions are commonly called the ultraviolet, the visible and the infrared. Radiometry deals with light (radiant energy) in terms of optical power. Key quantities from a light detection point of view are radiant energy, radiant flux and irradiance. SI Radiometryams Units Quantity Symbol SI unit Abbr. Notes Radiant energy Q joule contentJ energy radiant energy per Radiant flux Φ watt W unit time watt per power incident on a Irradiance E square meter W·m−2 surface Energy is an SI derived unit measured in joules (J). The recommended symbol for energy is Q. Power (radiant flux) is another SI derived unit. It is the derivative of energy with respect to time, dQ/dt, and the unit is the watt (W). -
Color Vision and Night Vision Chapter Dingcai Cao 10
Retinal Diagnostics Section 2 For additional online content visit http://www.expertconsult.com Color Vision and Night Vision Chapter Dingcai Cao 10 OVERVIEW ROD AND CONE FUNCTIONS Day vision and night vision are two separate modes of visual Differences in the anatomy and physiology (see Chapters 4, perception and the visual system shifts from one mode to the Autofluorescence imaging, and 9, Diagnostic ophthalmic ultra- other based on ambient light levels. Each mode is primarily sound) of the rod and cone systems underlie different visual mediated by one of two photoreceptor classes in the retina, i.e., functions and modes of visual perception. The rod photorecep- cones and rods. In day vision, visual perception is primarily tors are responsible for our exquisite sensitivity to light, operat- cone-mediated and perceptions are chromatic. In other words, ing over a 108 (100 millionfold) range of illumination from near color vision is present in the light levels of daytime. In night total darkness to daylight. Cones operate over a 1011 range of vision, visual perception is rod-mediated and perceptions are illumination, from moonlit night light levels to light levels that principally achromatic. Under dim illuminations, there is no are so high they bleach virtually all photopigments in the cones. obvious color vision and visual perceptions are graded varia- Together the rods and cones function over a 1014 range of illu- tions of light and dark. Historically, color vision has been studied mination. Depending on the relative activity of rods and cones, as the salient feature of day vision and there has been emphasis a light level can be characterized as photopic (cones alone on analysis of cone activities in color vision.