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Revista Mexicana De Mastozoología,Nueva Época LAS ARDILLAS DE NICARAGUA (RODENTIA, SCIURIDAE)

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Revista Mexicana De Mastozoología,Nueva Época LAS ARDILLAS DE NICARAGUA (RODENTIA, SCIURIDAE) LAS ARDILLAS DE NICARAGUA (RODENTIA, SCIURIDAE) ARNULFO MEDINA-FITORIA1, JOSÉ MARTÍNEZ-FONSECA2, ALLAN GUTIÉRREZ3, ERIC VAN DEN BERGHE4, ORLANDO JAR- QUÍN5, YURI AGUIRRE5, MILTON SALAZAR5, SILVIA ROBLETO3, NELSON TOVAL6, MARVIN TÓRREZ7 Y FABRICIO DÍAZ8 ¹ Asociación Mastozoológica de Nicaragua (AMAN) 2 Student at Northern Arizona University 3 Grupo de Especialistas de anfibios de Nicaragua (ASG) 4 Director of Biodiversity and Associate professor of Ecology, University Zamorano 5 Programa para la Conservación de los Murciélagos de Nicaragua (PCMN) 6 Consultor independiente Especialista en vegetación 7 Universidad Centro Americana (UCA) 8 Wildlife Conservation Society (wcs).PA 91070, Ver. México. RESUMEN RELEVANCIA Actualizamos el conocimiento de la riqueza, distribu- Se presenta la primera síntesis sobre la diversidad, ción y taxonomía de las ardillas nicaragüenses. En distribución y estado de conservación de las espe- el país están registrados tres géneros y seis espe- cies de ardillas de Nicaragua. Se incluyen datos y cies: Glaucomys volans, Microsciurus alfari, Sciurus una clave taxonómica para diferenciar a las seis deppei, Sciurus granatensis, Sciurus richmondi y subespecies de Sciurus variegatoides. El registro Sciurus variegatoides. Una especie, G. volans, ha- de Glaucomys volans es el primero para el país, y bita en los bosques de coníferas del norte; S. deppei representa el límite sur de la distribución de la espe- se encuentra en las montañas del norte y el Caribe; cie en el Continente. M. alfari, S. granatensis y S. richmondi son propias del bosque caribeño. Sciurus variegatoides se dis- tribuye en todo el país y está representada por seis subespecies: S. variegatoides dorsalis del Pacifico y riegatoides thomasi del Caribe. Una especie (S. rich- la zona central; S. variegatoides adolphei del noroes- mondi) y una subespecie (S. variegatoides adolphei) Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología,nueva época te; S. variegatoides underwoodi y S. variegatoides son endémicas del país. Microsciurus alfari y S. gra- boothiae del norte; y S. variegatoides belti y S. va- natensis presentan el límite norte de su distribución en el continente en el sureste del país. Glaucomys volans, que es el primer registro de la especie para Nicaragua, encuentra el límite sur de su distribución Revisado:27-agosto-2018 Aceptado:25-octubre-2018 continental en el norte del país. La lista roja nacio- Publicado:15-diciembre-2018 nal de especies en riesgo incluye a S. richmondi y G. volans como en peligro de extinción y a M. alfari Autor de correspondencia: Arnulfo Medina-Fitoria, [email protected] como amenazada. A nivel mundial se cataloga a S. richmondi como casi amenazada. Cita: Medina-Fitoria, A., J. Martínez-Fonseca, A. Gutiérrez, E. van den Berghe, O. Jarquín, Y. Aguirre, M. Salazar, S. Robleto, N. Toval, M. Tórrez y F. Díaz 2018. Las Palabras clave: amenazado, endémico, Glau- ardillas de Nicaragua (Rodentia, Sciuridae). Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología, comys volans, Microsciurus alfari, Sciurus deppei, nueva época, 8(2):48-80.ISSN: 2007-4484.www.revmexmastozoologia.unam.mx S. granatensis, S. richmondi, S. variegatoides. 48 • REVISTA MEXICANA DE MASTOZOOLOGÍA Nueva época, 2018, Año 8 Núm. 2 ABSTRACT gicos, morfológicos y conductuales, por lo que pre- sentan una amplia distribución mundial, a excepción We update the knowledge of the diversity, dis- de la Antártida, Australia, Madagascar y el sur de tribution, and taxonomy of Nicaraguan squirrels. Sudamérica. La mayoría son diurnas a excepción Three genera and six species have been recorded de las ardillas planeadoras que son nocturnas (Wil- in the country: Glaucomys volans, Microsciurus al- son y Reeder, 1993). fari, Sciurus deppei, Sciurus granatensis, Sciurus richmondi, and Sciurus variegatoides. One species, La importancia de las ardillas radica principal- G. volans, lives in the northern coniferous forest; S. mente en contribuir con el equilibrio ecológico de deppei is found in the mountains of the north and los ecosistemas donde viven, debido a su estrecha the Caribbean side; M. alfari, S. granatensis, and relación con asociaciones vegetales particulares y S. richmondi are typical of the Caribbean forests. por su importancia en la red trófica. Son consumi- Sciurus variegatoides is distributed throughout the doras de una gran cantidad de semillas e insectos, country and is represented by six subspecies: S. lo que promueve la diversidad del bosque y contro- variegatoides dorsalis from the Pacific and central la las plagas. Además, son una fuente de proteí- regions; S. variegatoides adolphei from the nor- na para mamíferos como los cánidos, mustélidos, thwestern region; S. variegatoides underwoodi and felinos, aves de presa (halcones, águilas), reptiles S. variegatoides boothiae from the north; S. varie- (serpientes) e incluso de primates. Además son un gatoides belti and S. variegatoides thomasi from importante indicador del estado de conservación the Caribbean. One species (S. richmondi) and one del ecosistema (Emmons y Feer, 1999). subspecies (S. variegatoides adolphei) are endemic to the country. Microsciurus alfari and S. granaten- ATERIALES Y MÉTODOS sis reach the northern limit of their distribution in M the continent in the southeast of the country. Glau- comys volans represents the first record of the spe- Se realizó una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica y cies for Nicaragua, where it finds the southern limit evaluación de información inédita de los autores of its continental distribution. The national red list que fueron la base para la elaboración de este es- species at risk includes S. richmondi and G. volans tudio. La información procesada está basada princi- as endangered and M. alfari as threatened. Sciurus palmente en un análisis fenotípico, primordialmente richmondi is listed as almost threatened globally. de las observaciones directas con registros fotográ- ficos (fotocapturas). Se analizaron 350 fotocapturas Key words: endangered, endemic, Glaucomys de 27 sitios en Nicaragua, lo cual incluyó fotografías volans, Microsciurus alfari, Sciurus deppei, S. gra- de especímenes nicaragüenses depositados en la natensis, S. richmondi, S. variegatoides. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, en el Museo of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ) University of California, Berkeley y del Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence (KU). INTRODUCCIÓN Cada fotografía fue catalogada a nivel de especie, Los roedores (Orden Rodentia) son el orden más utilizando como apoyo las características propuestas Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología,nueva época diverso ya que representan el 42% con 2,277 espe- por Álvarez y Álvarez-Castañeda (2000), Emmons y cies, de los mamíferos a nivel mundial (Fabre et al., Feer (1999), Hall (1981) y Méndez (1993). Esta fue 2012). En Nicaragua, son el segundo orden más di- la base de datos de referencia para la elaboración de verso, con 44 especies (21% de la mastofauna), de claves para la identificación de las especies median- las cuales solo tres son especies introducidas. Son te características morfológicas externas. el único orden de mamíferos en el país que esta representado por dos especies endémicas (Martí- Conforme las especies fueron determinadas, se nez-Sánchez et al., 2000; Medina-Fitoria y Saldaña, les clasificó hasta el nivel de subespecie de acuer- 2012; Zúñiga, 1999). do a la revisión bibliográfica (Allen, 1908; Anthony, 1920; Goodwin, 1936; Hall, 1981). Una de las es- Una de las familias de roedores más diversas pecies que presenta más de una subespecie en Ni- son las ardillas Sciuridae, las cuales han mostrado caragua es Sciurus variegatoides. En este caso se una gran capacidad de adaptación a cambios con- realizó una clasificación de las fotos comparándolas tinuos del ambiente mediante mecanismos fisioló- con las 15 subespecies descritas por Harris (1937), REVISTA MEXICANA DE MASTOZOOLOGÍA Nueva época, 2018, Año 8 Núm. 2 • 49 de acuerdo a su patrón de coloración (zona ventral, geológica, oceanográfica y paleontológica animal dorsal y cola). Como resultado, se proponen claves y vegetal apuntan a implicaciones básicas sobre para subespecies centroamericanas de la especie. el tiempo en que este se conectó con Sudamérica (Briggs, 1967; Howell y MacDonald, 1969; Stuart, Debido a que la identificación basada principal- 1957). Este proceso ecológico y evolutivo denomi- mente en fotografías puede ser subjetiva, éstas han nado Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano es deter- sido utilizadas con prudencia para la identificación minante en la configuración de la biota americana de formas o variedades no descritas, por lo que los actual (Pelegrin et al., 2018). rasgos externos y la distribución geográfica de cada individuo analizado fueron características priorita- Tradicionalmente se ha considerado que la for- rias a tomar en cuenta cuando se designó un nom- mación del istmo de Panamá ocurrió hace 3 a 6 Ma bre específico. Por ello fue menester comprobar la durante el periodo Plioceno-Pleistoceno, lo cual fa- procedencia de cada fotocaptura y determinar da- cilitó el movimiento de especies entre Sudamérica tos biofísicos de cada una de ellas tales como la y Norteamérica (Coates y Obando, 1996). Sin em- región ecológica, tipo de cobertura, altitud y clima. bargo, el conocimiento actual de las especies deri- vado de estudios biogeográficos, filogenéticos y de Se presenta información nueva para todas las un sustancial incremento del registro fósil, así como especies, incluyendo nuevas localidades con nue- el aumento significativo del conocimiento geológi- vas
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