Rethinking Europe and the World System in a Historical Perspective (Research project)

Éva Bóka, Ph.D., Dr. habil.

Research programme

The goal of the research is to look at issues on Europe and the World system in general from the point of view of state and international organization theories and practices. Within this framework the theory and practice, from the 14th century onwards, of international relations and of globalisation is analysed. The research concentrates on the history of the theory and the practice of European construction as part of a World community. It is based on the analysis of the most important theoretical and legal documents of the European anti-war political thinking, of the construction of Europe, and of democratic international relations. The programme also includes a comparison of the relevant ideas and practices of Western/European civilization with the ones originating from the Asian – primarily Chinese and Japanese – civilization. The goal of this comparison is to gain a better understanding of the principles and values of the European state and international organization. The main goals of the research are: − To understand the historical achievements that contributed to the emergence of peace and union among (European) states (the idea of peaceful world federation and its interpretations, the emergence of Western democratic civil state, human rights, federalism, supranationalism, European integration, dialogue among civilizations, partnership policy of the EU with non- European states). − To rethink the historical roots of events, movements, and phenomena that were at the origin of the various troubles, dead locks, and problems in social organization (religious conflicts, colonisation, neo-colonisation, nationalism, racism, fascism, national socialism, authoritarian communism, totalitarian states). − To search for those principles and ideas that could contribute to the establishment of democracy among states and to the reform of the United Nations Organization (personalism, functionalist- federalist association policy, multi-lever governance based on subsidiarity).

Main research topics Introduction • How do people approach issues on social organization, with false and right images; imaginary communities • The idea of peaceful world federation and its interpretation in the different civilizations • The main characteristics, principles and values of the European civilization in comparison to the Chinese and Japanese civilisation

Emerging European state and international organization principles 1. The early-modern and modern ideas and practices of peaceful association policy in opposition to war • European thinkers in search of harmony and peace among European people and among civilizations: • The classical idea of world federation and the emergence of the idea of personalist federalism in opposition to war (Aristotle, Plato, Erasmus versus Machiavelli, Althusius

1 versus Bodin, Locke, , Saint-Pierre – Rousseau – Kant, Tocqueville, Proudhon, Mill, Eötvös) • The classical idea of world federation in Chinese thinking: Confucius, K’ang You-wei, Sun Yat-sen • Fukuzawa Yukichi on peaceful state organization • The influence of the Western ideas in China and Japan 2. Ideas on peaceful associations in practice, 16th - 19th century: • The main types of unions of states: classical constitutional federalism (the Treaty of the Union of Utrecht, 1579; the American constitution of 1787; the Swiss constitution of 1848) • The Western phenomenon of nation state, national empire, and of nationalism • The idea of personalist federalism as a means against nationalism in the Habsburg Empire (Eötvös, Renner, Naumann) 3. The development of the ideas on democratic international and European association policy after the First World War: the constitutional federalist, unionist and functionalist bases of the European integration policy (1919-1949) • The and international law: new international organization principles of civil society in classical confederalist form: Wilson and the League of Nations • Unionism (Churchill) • Federalism • Constitutional federalism: the Pan-European Movement (Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi) • Personalism; unanimous organic democracy; the division of the economic and political state (Salvador de Madariaga) • Against the totalitarian states (fascist, national socialist, and Stalinist) in the name of the democratic European federation (Coudenhove-Kalergi, Ortega y Gasset, Thomas Mann, and Salvador de Madariaga) • The European Federalist Movement (Altiero Spinelli) • New European incremental personalist federalism (Denis de Rougemont, ) • Functionalism (David Mitrany) • Functionalist-federalism () • Realism (Hans J. Morgenthau) 4. Democratization of the international organization and the international law after the Second World War: • Functionalist-federalism and confederalism: the United Nations Organization; the Charter of the United Nations • Universalism: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights • Classical confederalism in Europe: The Council of Europe and the Statute of the Council of Europe Theories on the renewal of the principles of the European association policy 5. “The golden age” of the construction of the European Community, 1950-1953; the principles of the new supranational association policy • The “Monnet-method” • Europe’s first constitution: the Draft Treaty Embodying the Statute of the European Political Community, 1953.

2 6. The emergence of a new type association policy: the supranational European Economic Community; Federalists versus intergovernmentalists; the federalist-intergovernmentalist compromise • Integration theories emerging from practice (The influence of the supranational European institutions of the European Community on the theories and practices of the association policy in Europe): • Functionalism (Mitrany) • Federalist-functionalism (Jean Monnet) • Constitutional supranational federalism (Altiero Spinelli, ) • Neo-functionalism (Ernst Haas, Leon N. Lindberg) • Classical European confederalism (De Gaulle, Thatcher) • Intergovernmentalism (Andrew Moravcsik) • Neo-federalism (John Pinder) • Personalist federalism (federation of persons and states () • Interdependency (Robert O. Keohane) 7. The EU as a new type civil society • Federalist intergovernmentalist union of states based on multilevel governance and subsidiarity (Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, 2003; Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, 2004; Treaty of Lisbon, 2007) • The role of the federalist principles – the personal principle, and the principle of subsidiarity - in the European law 8. Enlargement: “The Europeanization of Europe” • EU enlargement and the unification of Europe • The European Communities and Central and East European countries • The enlargement-debate • Rethinking the democratic association policy in Europe 9. In search of European identity • The test of the results of the new type European association policy • How the citizens of the EU identify (European; European and national; national and European; national)? • EU citizens and the “democratic deficit” • The emergence of a European civic identity

The Western world and China, and Japan, and Singapore 10. A new Europe in the changing global system • Colonization and the phenomenon of Eurocentrism in a historical perspective • Globalization: the challenge of global capitalism • The EU as a “global player”: the EU’s role in the process of globalization (the dilemma of open versus closed regional union; confederalism versus functional intergovernmental- supranationalism) • What is global in the principles of the EU and European law? • The EU and China; the EU and ASEAN • Towards a new world system of regional unions versus federalist-functionalist community of states 11. Western and Asian Values – an international debate • Eurocentrism and its critic • European values and human rights

3 • The Asian values debate (Singapore) • The interaction of the European and Asiatic cultures (China, Japan, Singapore) in a historical perspective • The questions of modernization and Europeanization/Westernisation of the world • The question of the universal validity of the principles of the European civil society • “Clash of civilizations or harmony of civilizations” (comparison of the European, Japanese, and Chinese civilization) 12. Contemporary plans on ‘global civil society’ • Havel, Kaldor, Keane, Held 13. Ideas on the reform of the United Nations Organization • How to create democracy among the states? • Classical confederation of confederalist regional unions • Unionist-functionalist regionalism of sovereign states based on subsidiarity • Supranational-functionalist union of autonomous states based on multilevel governance and subsidiarity

4 Literature

Literature on the main topics of the research

Introduction • Nisbett, Richard E. [2003]: The Geography of Thought (How Asians and Westerners Think Differently … and Why). Free Press, New York, London, Toronto, Sydney

Europe

Themes 1-3

The early modern and modern bases of a peaceful association policy Europe and the world system in a historical point of view • Fernand Braudel [1978]: The expansion of Europe and the “longue durée”. In: H. L. Wesseling (ed.) [1978]: Expansion and Reaction. Leiden University Press, Leiden, 17-27. • Domokos Kosáry [1997]: Europe and the World System in a Historical Perspective. In: Richard Falk – Tamás Szentes (eds.) [1997]: A New Europe in the Changing Global System. United Nations University Press, Tokyo, New York, Paris, 10-15. • Derek Heater [1992]: The Idea of European Unity. St. Martin Press, New York • Heater, Derek [1996]: World Citizenship and Government. Cosmopolitan Ideas in the History of the Western Political Thought. Macmillan Press Ltd. London • Robert Gilpin [1987]: The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey The political ideological foundations of the Western civilization: • Aristotle [1946]: The Politics of Aristotle. Translated by Ernest Barker, Clarendon Press, Oxford • Plato [1958]: Plato’s Republic. Translated with an introduction by A. D. Lindsay. J. M. Dent & Sons LTD, London; E. P. Dutton & CO INC, New York Chinese parallels: • Confucius [1938]: The Analects of Confucius. Translated by Arthur Waley. Allen & Unwin, London Political thinkers on the principles of peaceful organization of communities and on democratic civil state and international system • Erasmus [1973]: The Complaint of Peace. Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, Amsterdam • Thomas Hobbes [1968]: Leviathan. Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, • Johannes Althusius [1932]: Politica methodice digesta. Ed. C. J. Friedrich, Cambridge (USA). • Grotius [1738]: The Rights of War and Peace (De jure belli ac pacis), Printed for W. Innys, London • Internet:http://www.constitution.org/gro/djbp.htm • Locke [1988]: Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge • Montesquieu [1989]: The Spirit of the Laws. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge • Rousseau [1968]: The Social Contract. Penguin Books Ltd, London • Alexander Hamilton – James Madison – John Jay [1965]: The Federalist or the New Constitution. Dent, London, New York

5 • Bentham: Principles of International Law: • http://www.la.utexas.edu/research/poltheory/bentham/pil/index.html • http://www.la.utexas.edu/research/poltheory/bentham/pil/pil.e04.html • [1984]: Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf. Hrsg.: Rudolf Malter. Philipp Reclam Jun. Stuttgart (Kant's gesammelte Schriften. Hrsg. von der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Erste Abteilung: Werke. Achter Band); In English on Internet: Kant: Perpetual Peace, 1795: • http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm • [1991]: On Liberty and Other Essays. Oxford University Press, Oxford • François Pierre Guillaume Guizot [1860]: Histoire de la civilisation en Europe depuis la chute de l’empire romain jusqu'à la révolution française. Didier, Paris • [1990]: Democracy in America. The Henry Reeve Text as revised by Francis Bowen now further corrected and edited with introduction, editorial notes, and bibliographies by Phillips Bradley. Volume 1-2. Vintage Books Edition, New York, 59-172, 356-381, 381-415, 429-434 • Pierre Joseph Proudhon [1959]: Du principe fédératif. In: Oeuvres complètes du P.-J. Proudhon. Paris, 1957. • József Eötvös [1996]: The Dominant Ideas of the Nineteenth Century and their Impact on the State. Vol. 1-2. Translated by D. Mervyn Jones. Boulder Co. Social Science Monographs. Highland Lakes, NJ: Atlantic Research and Publications, Distributed by Columbia University Press, New York

Internet Modern History Sourcebook, Internet, 2007 • http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook.html Chinese parallels • K’ang You-wei: Ta T’ung Shu: the One World Philosophy; Sun Yat-sen: San Min Chu I, The Three Principles of the People (See: Literature on China below) Japanese parallels • Fukuzawa Yukichi, Nobushige Hozumi (See: Literature on Japan below)

Economic political theoreticians of capitalism: Liberalism – Marxism- Nationalism • [1976]: An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Clarendon, Oxford • John Stuart Mill [1965]: Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy. University of Toronto Press, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London • Karl Marx [1932]: The Communist Manifesto. In: Karl Marx: Capital, the Communist Manifesto and other Writings. Ed. by Max Eastman. The Modern Library Edition, New York • [1962; 1972]: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Allen and Unwin, London • John Maynard Keynes [1919]: The Economic Consequences of the Peace. Macmillan, London • John Maynard Keynes [1936]: The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Macmillan, London Forms of unions of states: • The Treaty of the Union of Utrecht, 1579; • The American (1787) and the Swiss (1848) constitutions as examples

6 • The Covenant of the League of Nations • The principles of the United Nations and of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and their role in the legal development of European unity. See: http://www.un.org/overview/rights.html http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/ch-cont.htm

The most important documents on the basic legal principles of the Western/European state and international organization and human rights: Internet, 2007 The History of the American Constitution in Documents: • http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/constpap.htm • http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/The Constitution of Virginia, 1776: • http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/va05.htm • The Federalist Papers: • http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/constpap.htm • http://64.233.183.104/search? q=cache:iVu1MJNlRCAJ:www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/federal/fed.htm+the +federalist+papers&hl=nl&gl=nl&ct=clnk&cd=4&lr=lang_en • The Constitution of the United States, 1787: • http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/usconst.htm • Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789: • http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/rightsof.htm • The Covenant of the League of Nations, 1919: • http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/leagcov.htm • The Charter of the United Nations Organization, 1945: • http://www.un.org/english/ • http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948: • http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html

Theories on the renewing of the principles of the European association policy Themes 3-8 • Richard Nicolaus Coudenhove Kalergi [1926]: Paneuropa. Wien-Leipzig, 1926. • Aristide Briand: Mémorandum sur l’organisation d’un régime d'union fédérale européenne. Paris, le 1er mai 1930. In: A. Fleury (éd.) [1998]: Le Plan Briand d’Union fédérale. Peter Lang, Bern, Berlin, Frankfurt/M., New York, Paris, Wien. 569-582. • Coudenhove-Kalergi [1937]: Totaler Staat – totaler Mensch. Europa Verlag, Wien • José Ortega y Gasset [1950]: The Revolt of the masses. The New American Library of World Literature, New York • Richard Nicolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi [1939]: Europe must unite. Paneuropa Verlag, Genève • Salvador de Madariaga [1937]: Anarchy or Hierarchy. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 77-85; 211-231. • Altiero Spinelli – Ernesto Rossi: The Ventotene Manifesto, 1941. In: Walter Lipgens (eds.) [1985]: Documents on the History of European Integration. 1. Continental Plans for European Union, 1939-1945. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. 471-484. • Karl Polányi [1957]: The Great Transformation (The political and economic origins of our time). Beacon Paperback Edition, Rinehart and Company, Inc. USA. • Denis de Rougemont: “The Federalist Attitude” 26. August 1947. In: W. Lipgens and Wilfried Loth (eds.) [1991]: Documents on the History of European Integration. 4. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York. 23-27.

7 • David Mitrany [1946]: A Working Peace System. An Argument for the Functional Development of International Organization. National Peace Council, London • Winston S. Churchill: The Zurich Speech. Speeches on Europe. In: Robert Rhodes James (ed.) [1974]: W. S. Churchill. His Complete Speeches. 7-8. R.R. Bowker Company, New York and London • Hans J. Morgenthau [1949; 1960]: Politics among Nations. The Struggle for Power and Peace. Alfred A. Knopf, New York • The Statute of the Council of Europe: Internet, 2006: http://conventions.coe.int • : La Déclaration du 9 Mai 1950. See: Internet: www.robertschuman.org • Jean Monnet [1976]: Mémoires. Fayard, Paris. • Jean Monnet [1962]: A Ferment of Change. Journal of Common Market Studies. 1. (1). 203-211. • The first constitution of Europe: Draft Treaty Embodying the Statute of the European Community. 1953. In: R. R. Bowie and C. J. Friedrich (eds.) [1954]: Studies in Federalism. Appendix II. Little, Brown and Co. 828-853; Richard T. Griffiths [2000]: Europe’s First Constitution. The European Political Community, 1952-1954. Federal Trust for Education and Research, London. 189-226. • Ernst Haas [1958]: The Uniting of Europe. Political, Social and Economic Forces. Stevens & Sons Limited, London • Leon N. Lindberg [1963]: The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration. Stanford University Press, Stanford • Charles de Gaulle: L’Europe. In: Charles de Gaulle [1970]: Mémoires d’espoir. Plon, Paris, 173-177, 181-183, 205-207. • Walter Hallstein [1972]: Europe in the Making. George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London • [1976]: European Union. Report by Mr. Leo Tindemans to the European Council. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, . • Robert O. Keohane – J. S. Nye [1977]: Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. Little Brown and Co. Boston, 3-22. • Altiero Spinelli: The European Adventure. In: Altiero Spinelli [1972]: The European Adventure. Tasks for the Enlarged Community. Charles Knight & CO LTD, London. • R. Bieber - J.P. – Jacqué - J.H.H. Weiler (eds.) [1985]: An Ever Closer Union. A Critical Analysis of the Draft Treaty Establishing the European Union. Office for Official Publications of European Communities, Luxembourg • Margaret Thatcher: The European Family of Nations. Speech. Bruges, 1988. In: Martin Holmes (ed.) [1996]: The Eurosceptical Reader. Macmillan Press LTD, London; St. Martin’s Press, Inc. New York. 88-96. • Jacques Delors: Réconcilier l’idéal et la nécessité. Devant le Collège d’Europe à Bruges, le 17 octobre 1989. In: Jacques Delors [1992]: Le Nouveau Concert Européen. Éditions Odile Jacob, Paris. 322-338. • Jacques Delors: Economic and monetary union and relaunching the construction of Europe. In: Report on economic and monetary union in the European Community. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1989. 63-67. • Andrew Moravcsik [1991]: Negotiating the Single European Act: National Interests and Conventional Statecraft in European Community. International Organization. 45. 1. • On Andrew Moravcsik see: http://www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/ • Alec Stone Sweet – Wayne Sandholtz (eds.) [1998]: European Integration and Supranational Governance. Oxford University Press, Oxford • Joschka Fischer [2000]: From confederacy to federation: thoughts on the finality of European integration. Speech by Joschka Fischer at the Humboldt University in Berlin, 12 May 2000. In: Christian Joerges - Yves Mény - H.H. Weiler (eds.) [2000]: What Kind of Constitution for What Kind of Polity? Responses to Joschka Fischer. European University Institute, Florence. 19-31.

8 • Michael Burgess [2000]: Federalism and European Union: The Building of Europe, 1950-2000. Routledge, London • Ben Rosamond [2000]: Theories of European Integration. St. Martin’s Press Inc., New York • Neill Nugent [2003]: The Government and Politics of the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, New York • Václav Havel: The Power of the Powerless. In: John Keane (ed.) [1985]: The Power of the Powerless. Citizens against the state in central-eastern Europe. Hutchinson and Co. Ltd. London. 23-96. • István Bibó: Reflections on Social Development of Europe. In: István Bibó [1991]: Democracy, Revolution, Self-Determination. Selected writings. Ed.: Károly Nagy, Atlantic Research and Publications, Columbia University Press, New York. 421-523.

The legal practice of European integration (Themes 4-8) • Gráinne de Búrca – Paul P. Craig [2002; 2007]: EU Law: text, cases and materials. Oxford University Press, Oxford The basic treaties of the European Union: • Internet, 2007: http://europa.eu/index.htm Europe’s second constitution: • Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe. Submitted to the European Council Meeting in Thessaloniki. 20. June 2003. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 2003. See Internet, 2005: http://europa.eu.int/eur- lex/en/treaties/dat/constit.html • Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, 2004. Internet, 2008: • http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htm Collection of documents • Ian Brownlie (ed.) [1981, 1992]: The Basic Documents on Human Rights. Clarendon Press, Oxford • Brent F. Nelsen - Alexander C-G. Stubb (eds.) [1994; 2004]: The European Union. Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration. Lynne Rienner Publishers, London • A.G. Harryvan and J. van der Harst (eds.) [1997]: Documents on European Union. Macmillan Press LTD., London Enlargement (Theme 9) • Neill Nugent (ed.) [2004]: European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan, New York • Tibor Palánkai [1997]: The European Communities and Eastern and Central Europe. In: Richard Falk – Tamás Szentes (eds.) [1997]: A New Europe in the Changing Global System. United Nations University Press, Tokyo, New York, Paris, 113-132. • Michael A. Landesmann – Dariusz K. Rosati [2004]: Shaping the New Europe. Economic Policy Challenges of European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan, New York • Ulrich Sedelmeier [2005]: Eastern Enlargement: Risk, Rationality and Role-compliance. In: Frank Schimmelfennig – Ulrich Sedelmeier [2005]: The Politics of European Union Enlargement. Routledge, London and New York, 120-141. • John O’Brennan [2006]: The Eastern Enlargement of the European Union. Routledge, New York

9 In search of European identity (Theme 10) • Richard K. Herrmann - Thomas Risse - Marilynn B. Brewer (eds.) [2004]: Transnational Identities. Becoming European in the EU. Rowman & Littlefield publishers, INC. Oxford. • Catharine Neveu: European Citizenship, Citizens of Europe and European Citizens. In: Irene Bellier - Thomas M. Wilson (eds.) [2000]: The Anthropology of the European Union. Berg, Oxford, 119-135. • Laurie Buonanno – Ann Deakin: European Identity. In: Neill Nugent (ed.) [2004]: European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 84-103.

Europe and globalization; Europeanization/Westernisation; ’Global civil society’ (Themes 11-14) Europe and Globalization • H. L. Wesseling [1997]: Imperialism and Colonialism. Essays on the History of European Expansion. Greenwood Press, London. • Henryk Kierzkowski (ed.) [2002]: Europe and Globalization. Palgrave, Macmillan, New York. • Kevin H. O’Rourke: Europe and the Causes of Globalization, 1790-2000. In: Henryk Kierzkowski (ed.) [2002]: Europe and Globalization. Palgrave, Macmillan, New York, 64-86. • Marcelo G. Kohen: Europe and the Standardization of the Law: Past and Present. In: H. Kierzkowski: Europe and Globalization, 87-103. • André Liebich: Nationalizing the Globe, Globalizing the Nation. In: H. Kierzkowski: Europe and Globalization, 104-113. • Albert Breton - Heinrich Ursprung: Globalization, Competitive Governments, and Constitutional Choice in Europe. In: H. Kierzkowski: Europe and Globalization, 274-301. • Serge Latouche [1996]: The Westernisation of the World. Polity Press, Cambridge, U.K. • David Held - Anthony McGrew - David Goldblatt - Jonathan Perraton [1999]: Global Transformations (Politics, Economics and Culture) Polity Press, Cambridge. • Waters Malcolm (ed.) (1999): Modernity. Critical Concepts. Vol. 1. Modernization, Routledge, London and New York • Peter Gran (1996): Beyond Eurocentrism: a New View of Modern World History. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY • Mario Telò [2006]: Europe: a Civilian Power? : European Union, Global Governance, World Order. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke A new Europe in the changing global system. EU and China; EU and ASEAN • Richard Falk – Tamás Szentes (eds.) [1997]: A New Europe in the Changing Global System. United Nations University Press, Tokyo, New York, Paris • Leonard Mark [2004]: Why Europe will run the 21st century. Fourth Estate, London and New York • Mario Telò [2006]: Europe: a Civilian Power? : European Union, Global Governance, World Order. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke • Robert Gilpin [2000]: The Challenge of Global Capitalism. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey • Gráinne de Búrca – Joanne Scott [2001]: The EU and the WTO. Legal and Constitutional Issues. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland Oregon • Richard Grant (ed.) [1995]: The European Union and China A European Strategy for the Twenty-First Century. The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London • EU-China: Closer partners, growing responsibilities. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 24. 10. 2006. Internet, 2007: http://www.europa.eu

10 • Alfredo C. Robles, Jr. [2004]: The Political Economy of Interregional Relations: ASEAN and the EU. The International Political Economy of New Regionalism Series, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot, UK, Ashgate Publishing Company, Burlington, USA • Dieter Mahncke – Kullada Kesbonchoo-Mead – Prathoomporn Vajrasthira – Rudolf Hrbek (eds.) [1999]: ASEAN and the EU in the International Environment. Asia-Europe Studies Series vol. 4. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden Western and Asian Values – an international debate • Seah Chee-Meow (ed.) [1977]: Asian Values and Modernization. Singapore University Press, Singapore • Theodore, Wm. de Bary [2000]: Asian Values and Human Rights. A Confucian Communitarian Perspective. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts • Sung-Joo, Han (ed.) [1999]: Changing Values in Asia, Their Impact on Governance and Development. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore; Japan Center for International Exchange. Tokyo and New York • Michael Jacobsen – Ole Bruun (eds.) [2000]: Human Rights and Asian Values (Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia). Curzon Press, Richmond, Surrey • Samuel P. Huntington [1997]: The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order? Simon & Schuster UK Ltd, London • Maria Svensson [2002]: Debating Human Rights in China. A Conceptual and Political History. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, INC, Boston. • Ming Wan [2001]: Human Rights in Chinese Foreign Relations. Defining and Defending National Interests. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. • Thomas Cottier – Joost Pauwelyn – Elisabeth Bürgi [2005]: Human Rights and International Trade. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Global civil society • Václav Havel: The Power of the Powerless. In: John Keane (ed.) [1985]: The Power of the Powerless. Citizens against the state in central-eastern Europe. Hutchinson and Co. Ltd. London. 23-96. • Jürgen Habermas [2001]: The Postnational Constellation and the Future of Democracy. In: J. Habermas: The Postnational Constellation. Political Essays. Polity Press, Cambridge, UK. 58-113. • John Keane [2003]: Global civil society? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 92-107. • Mary Kaldor [2004]: Global Civil Society. An Answer to War. Polity, Cambridge, 15-50. • David Held [1991]: Democracy, the Nation-State, and the Global System. In: David Held (ed.) (1991): Political Theory Today. Polity Press/Blackwell, Oxford, 197-235. Reform of the world organization; reform of the UN • Mario Telò [2006]: Europe: a Civilian Power? : European Union, Global Governance, World Order. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke • Barry Buzan – Richard Little [2000]: International Systems in World History. Remaking the Study of International Relations. Oxford University Press Inc. New York, 241-275. • Heater, Derek [1996]: World Citizenship and Government. Cosmopolitan Ideas in the History of the Western Political Thought. Macmillan Press Ltd. London • Luard, Evan [1994]: The United Nations, Macmillan, London • Held, David [1995]: Democracy and the Global Order: from the modern state to cosmopolitan governance. Polity Press, Cambridge

Important websites, Internet, 2007: • Documents on constitutional development, Internet, 2007: • http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/constpap.htm

11 • Internet Modern History Sourcebook, Internet, 2007: • http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook.html • Basic documents of international law, Internet, 2007: • http://www.un.org/ • http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html • Human rights, Internet, 2007: • http://www.un.org • http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html • EU History Site, Internet, 2007: • http://www.eu-history.leidenuniv.nl • Gateway to the European Union, 2007: • http://europa.eu/ • The access to European Union Law: • http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm • Treaties: • http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htm • European Integration on-line Portal: • http://www.eiop.or.at/ • European Research Papers Archive: • http://eiop.or.at/erpa/ • The World Wide Web Virtual Library for European Integration: • http://eiop.or.at/euroint/ • Globalization theories, Internet, 2007: • http://www.polity.co.uk/global • http://www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/index.html Europe and China Literature on the Western World and China: The Chinese Classics and other documents: • Confucius [1938]: The Analects of Confucius. Translated by Arthur Waley. Allen & Unwin, London • Confucius [1952]: The Great Digest and Unwobbling Pivot. Translated by Ezra Pound. Peter Owen Limited, London, pp. 25-35. • Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching (Dao De Jing). In: Arthur Waley [1965]: The Way and its Power: a Study of the Tao Te Ching and its Place in Chinese Thought. Allen & Unwin, London • James, Legge [1909]: The Life and Teachings of Confucius. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & CO. LTD, London • James, Legge (ed.) [1885]: The Sacred Books of China. The Texts of Confucianism. Part III- IV. The Clarendon Press, Oxford • James Legge (ed.) [1983]: The Chinese Classics. Vol. 1-2. Southern Materials Center, Taipei • Theodore, Bary de – Wing-tsit Chan – Burton Watson (eds.) (1960): Sources of the Chinese Tradition. Columbia University Press, New York • Immanuel C. Y. Hsü [1971]: Readings in Modern Chinese History. Oxford University Press, New York Chinese thinkers on the reform in China (modernization/westernisation), 19th-20th century • K’ang Yu-wei [1958]: Ta T’ung Shu: the One World Philosophy of K’ang Yu-wei. Translated by Laurence G. Thompson. George Allen and Unwin, London • Liang Ch’i-ch’ao [1970]: Intellectual Trends in the Ch’ing Period (Ch’ing-tai hsüeh-shu kai-lun). Translated with introduction and notes by Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, Harvard University Press, Cambridge Massachusetts

12 • Sun Yat-sen [1970]: Memoirs of a Chinese Revolutionary: a Programme of National Reconstruction for China. AMS Press, New York • Sun Yat-sen [1928]: The International Development of China. Hutchinson and Co., London • Sun Yat-sen [1960]: San Min Chu i = The three Principles of the People by Sun Yat-sen [with a biographical sketch by L.T. Chen; translated into English by Frank W. Price; abridged and ed. by the Commission for the Compilation of the History of the Kuomintang]; with two supplementary chapters: 1. National fecundity, social welfare and education; 2. Health and happiness by Chiang Kai-shek [rendered into English by Durham S.F. Chen], China Publishing Co., Taipei Taiwan • Sun Yat-sen’s speech on Pan-Asianism See Internet, 2007: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sun_Yat_Sen%27s_speech_on_Pan-Asianism (Sun Yat- sen: China and Japan: Natural Friends, Unnatural Enemies, Shanghai: 1941 currently in the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. USA) • SunYat-sen [1928]: The International Development of China. Published on behalf of the London Office Chinese Ministry of Information by Hutchinson & CO. (publishers) LTD. London, New York, Melbourne • T’ang Leang-li [1927]: China in Revolt How a Civilization Became a Nation. Noel Douglas, London • Hu Shih (1934): The Chinese Renaissance. The Haskell Lectures, 1933. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois • Mao Tse-tung [1965]: Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung. [English translation of the 2nd Chinese edition of the 1-4 volumes of the Selected Works 1960] vol. 3. Foreign Languages Press, Peking • Mao Tse-tung [1966]: Quotations from chairman Mao Tse-tung. Foreign Language Press, Peking • Mao Tse-tung [1954]: On New Democracy. Foreign Language Press, Peking • Deng Xiaoping [1984]: Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping (1975-82). (Translated from Teng Hsiao-ping wen-hsüan [1975-82], Foreign Language Press, Beijing • Deng Xiaoping [1959]: The great unity of the Chinese people and the great unity of the peoples of the world: written for Pravda of the Soviet Union in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the People’s Republic of China. Foreign Language Press, Peking European and Chinese thinkers on the modernization of China, 1919-34: • Bertrand Russell [1922]: The Problem of China. George Allen and Unwin LTD, London • T’ang Leang-li [1927]: China in Revolt. How a Civilization Became a Nation. Noel Douglas, London • John Dewey [1973]: Lectures in China, 1919-1920. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu • Hu Shih (1934): The Chinese Renaissance. The Haskell Lectures, 1933. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois • A Eurocentric historian on the Chinese social development: Max Weber [1968]: The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism. Free Press, New York; Collier – Macmillan, London On K’ang Yu-wei: • Jung-Pang Lo (ed.) [1967]: K’ang Yu-wei. A Biography and a Symposium. The University of Arizona Press. Tucson • Kung-chuan Hsiao [1975]: A Modern China and a New World. K’ang Yu-wei, Reformer and Utopian, 1858-1927). University of Washington Press, Seattle – London • Hao Chang [1987]: Chinese Intellectuals in Crisis. Search for Order and Meaning (1890-1911). University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 21-65.

13 Special literature on the Western world and China: • Wolfgang Franke [1967]: China and the West. Basil Blackwell, Oxford. • Wolfgang Franke [1980]: A Century of Chinese Revolution, 1851-1949. Basil Blackwell, London • Wolfgang Franke [1957]: Chinas Kulturelle Revolution: die Bewegung vom 4. Mai 1919. R. Oldenbourg, München • Immanuel C.Y. Hsü [1995]: The Rise of Modern China. Oxford University Press, New York • Jacques Gernet [1996]: A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge • Kang, Liu [2004]: Globalization and Cultural Trends in China. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu • Theodore William de Bary [1998]: Asian Values and Human Rights: a Confucian Communitarian Perspective. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA The EU and China • Richard Grant (ed.) [1995]: The European Union and China A European Strategy for the Twenty-First Century. The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London • EU-China: Closer partners, growing responsibilities. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 24. 10. 2006. Internet, 2007: http://europa.eu

Europe and Japan Literature on the Western World and Japan

• Ryusaku Tsunoda – Wm. Theodore de Bary – Donald Keene (eds.) [1971]: Sources of Japanese Tradition. Columbia University Press, New York • Fukuzawa Yukichi [1969]: An Encouragement of Learning. A Monumenta Nipponica Monograph, Translated by David A. Dilworth and Umeyo Hirano. Sophia University, Tokyo • Fukuzawa Yukichi [2007]: The Autobiography. Translated by Eiichi Kiyooka. Columbia University Press, New York • Nobushige Hozumi [1904]: The New Japanese Civil Code. A paper read at the International Congress of Arts and Science, Saint Louis • Nobushige Hozumi [1901]: Ancestor-worship and Japanese law. Z.P. Maruya & CO., LTD, Tokyo • Nishida Kitaro [1960]: A Study of Good. Translated by V.H. Viglielmo. Published by Printing Bureau, Japanese Government, Ministry of Education • Nishida Kitaro [1987]: Intuition and Reflection in Self-consciousness. Translated by V.H. Viglielmo with Takeutchi Joshinori. Albany, State University of New York-Press • Norio Tamaki [2001]: Yukichi Fukuzawa, 1835-1901: the Spirit of Enterprise in Modern Japan. Basingstoke: Palgrave • Carmen Blacker [1969]: The Japanese Enlightenment: a Study of the Writings of Fukuzawa Yukichi. Cambridge University Press. • G. B. Sansom [1950]: The Western World and Japan. A Study in the Interaction of European and Asiatic Cultures. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo • Bert Edström (ed.) [2000]: The Japanese and Europe. Images and Perceptions. Japan Library (Curzon Press Ltd), Richmond Surrey • W. G. Beasley [1995]: The Rise of Modern Japan. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London • Yoshiie Yoda [1996]: The Foundations of Japan’s Modernization: a Comparison with China’s Path towards Modernization. Brill, Leiden, 1996 • Yoshitake Oka [1979]: Five Political Leaders of Modern Japan (Ito Hirobumi, Okuma Shigenobu, Hara Takashi, Inukai Tsuyoshi, and Saionji Kimmochi). Translated by Andrew Fraser and Patricia Murray. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo

14 • Inoguchi Takashi [2005]: Japanese Politics: An Introduction. Trans Pacific Press, Melbourne Europe and Singapore Literature on the Western World and Singapore • The Constitution of Singapore, Internet, 2007: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi- bin/cgi_retrieve.pl?&actno=Reved-CONST&date=latest&method=part • Lee Kuan Yew [1966]: New Bearings in Our Education System. An Address by the Prime Minister, Mr. Lee Kuan Yew to principals of Schools in Singapore on August 29, 1966. Singapore Yearbook, 1966 • Lee Kuan Yew [1966]: Socialism and Reconstruction in Asia. Singapore Yearbook, 1966 • Lee Kuan Yew [1965]: Malaysia – age of revolution. Speech by Prime Minister of Singapore, Mr. Lee Kuan Yew to students of Auckland University, New Zealand on March 7, 1965 Ministry of Culture Publication. Singapore • Lee Kuan Yew [1961]: The Battle for Merger. A Series of twelve talks broadcast by the Prime Minister of Singapore, Mr. Lee Kuan Yew, over Radio Singapore between September 13, 1961 and October 9, 1961. Government Printing Office, Singapore • Barr, Michael D. [2000]: Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man. Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C. • Selvan, Tamil S. [1990]: Singapore: The Ultimate Island (Lee Kuan Yew’s Untold Story). Freeway Books Australia, Melbourne • Mauzy Diane K. – Milne R. S. [2002]: Singapore Politics Under the People’s Action Party. Routledge, London and New York • Sie Kok Hwa, Brigitte [1997]: Singapore, a Modern Asian City-State. Relationship between cultural and economic development. Proefschrift, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen • C. Mary Turnbull [1977]: A History of Singapore, 1819-1975. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, London, New York, Melbourne • Perry, Martin – Lily Kong – Brenda Yeoh (1997): Singapore A Developmental City State. John Wiley & Sons, New York • Chew, Ernest, C. T. – Edwin Lee [1996]: A History of Singapore. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Singapore • Huber, Andreas [1995]: Die wirtschaftlichen und politischen Beziehungen der VR China zu den ASEAN-Staaten am Beispiel Singapurs. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde, Hamburg ASEAN and EU relationships • Gill, Ranjit [1997]: ASEAN towards the 21st Century. A Thirty-year Review of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. ASEAN Academic Press LTD, London • Tay, Simon S. C. – Jesus P. Estanislao – Hadi Soesastro (eds.) [2001]: Reinventing ASEAN. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore • Robles, Jr. Alfredo C. [2004]: The Political Economy of Interregional Relations: ASEAN and the EU. The International Political Economy of New Regionalism Series, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot, UK, Ashgate Publishing Company, Burlington, USA • Mahncke, Dieter – Kullada Kesbonchoo-Mead – Prathoomporn Vajrasthira – Rudolf Hrbek (eds.) [1999]: ASEAN and the EU in the International Environment. Asia-Europe Studies Series vol. 4. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden

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