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Rethinking Europe and the World System in a Historical Perspective (Research Project)

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Rethinking Europe and the World System in a Historical Perspective (Research Project) Rethinking Europe and the World System in a Historical Perspective (Research project) Éva Bóka, Ph.D., Dr. habil. Research programme The goal of the research is to look at issues on Europe and the World system in general from the point of view of state and international organization theories and practices. Within this framework the theory and practice, from the 14th century onwards, of international relations and of globalisation is analysed. The research concentrates on the history of the theory and the practice of European construction as part of a World community. It is based on the analysis of the most important theoretical and legal documents of the European anti-war political thinking, of the construction of Europe, and of democratic international relations. The programme also includes a comparison of the relevant ideas and practices of Western/European civilization with the ones originating from the Asian – primarily Chinese and Japanese – civilization. The goal of this comparison is to gain a better understanding of the principles and values of the European state and international organization. The main goals of the research are: − To understand the historical achievements that contributed to the emergence of peace and union among (European) states (the idea of peaceful world federation and its interpretations, the emergence of Western democratic civil state, human rights, federalism, supranationalism, European integration, dialogue among civilizations, partnership policy of the EU with non- European states). − To rethink the historical roots of events, movements, and phenomena that were at the origin of the various troubles, dead locks, and problems in social organization (religious conflicts, colonisation, neo-colonisation, nationalism, racism, fascism, national socialism, authoritarian communism, totalitarian states). − To search for those principles and ideas that could contribute to the establishment of democracy among states and to the reform of the United Nations Organization (personalism, functionalist- federalist association policy, multi-lever governance based on subsidiarity). Main research topics Introduction • How do people approach issues on social organization, with false and right images; imaginary communities • The idea of peaceful world federation and its interpretation in the different civilizations • The main characteristics, principles and values of the European civilization in comparison to the Chinese and Japanese civilisation Emerging European state and international organization principles 1. The early-modern and modern ideas and practices of peaceful association policy in opposition to war • European thinkers in search of harmony and peace among European people and among civilizations: • The classical idea of world federation and the emergence of the idea of personalist federalism in opposition to war (Aristotle, Plato, Erasmus versus Machiavelli, Althusius 1 versus Bodin, Locke, Montesquieu, Saint-Pierre – Rousseau – Kant, Tocqueville, Proudhon, Mill, Eötvös) • The classical idea of world federation in Chinese thinking: Confucius, K’ang You-wei, Sun Yat-sen • Fukuzawa Yukichi on peaceful state organization • The influence of the Western ideas in China and Japan 2. Ideas on peaceful associations in practice, 16th - 19th century: • The main types of unions of states: classical constitutional federalism (the Treaty of the Union of Utrecht, 1579; the American constitution of 1787; the Swiss constitution of 1848) • The Western phenomenon of nation state, national empire, and of nationalism • The idea of personalist federalism as a means against nationalism in the Habsburg Empire (Eötvös, Renner, Naumann) 3. The development of the ideas on democratic international and European association policy after the First World War: the constitutional federalist, unionist and functionalist bases of the European integration policy (1919-1949) • The League of Nations and international law: new international organization principles of civil society in classical confederalist form: Wilson and the League of Nations • Unionism (Churchill) • Federalism • Constitutional federalism: the Pan-European Movement (Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi) • Personalism; unanimous organic democracy; the division of the economic and political state (Salvador de Madariaga) • Against the totalitarian states (fascist, national socialist, and Stalinist) in the name of the democratic European federation (Coudenhove-Kalergi, Ortega y Gasset, Thomas Mann, and Salvador de Madariaga) • The European Federalist Movement (Altiero Spinelli) • New European incremental personalist federalism (Denis de Rougemont, Hendrik Brugmans) • Functionalism (David Mitrany) • Functionalist-federalism (Jean Monnet) • Realism (Hans J. Morgenthau) 4. Democratization of the international organization and the international law after the Second World War: • Functionalist-federalism and confederalism: the United Nations Organization; the Charter of the United Nations • Universalism: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights • Classical confederalism in Europe: The Council of Europe and the Statute of the Council of Europe Theories on the renewal of the principles of the European association policy 5. “The golden age” of the construction of the European Community, 1950-1953; the principles of the new supranational association policy • The “Monnet-method” • Europe’s first constitution: the Draft Treaty Embodying the Statute of the European Political Community, 1953. 2 6. The emergence of a new type association policy: the supranational European Economic Community; Federalists versus intergovernmentalists; the federalist-intergovernmentalist compromise • Integration theories emerging from practice (The influence of the supranational European institutions of the European Community on the theories and practices of the association policy in Europe): • Functionalism (Mitrany) • Federalist-functionalism (Jean Monnet) • Constitutional supranational federalism (Altiero Spinelli, Walter Hallstein) • Neo-functionalism (Ernst Haas, Leon N. Lindberg) • Classical European confederalism (De Gaulle, Thatcher) • Intergovernmentalism (Andrew Moravcsik) • Neo-federalism (John Pinder) • Personalist federalism (federation of persons and states (Jacques Delors) • Interdependency (Robert O. Keohane) 7. The EU as a new type civil society • Federalist intergovernmentalist union of states based on multilevel governance and subsidiarity (Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, 2003; Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, 2004; Treaty of Lisbon, 2007) • The role of the federalist principles – the personal principle, and the principle of subsidiarity - in the European law 8. Enlargement: “The Europeanization of Europe” • EU enlargement and the unification of Europe • The European Communities and Central and East European countries • The enlargement-debate • Rethinking the democratic association policy in Europe 9. In search of European identity • The test of the results of the new type European association policy • How the citizens of the EU identify (European; European and national; national and European; national)? • EU citizens and the “democratic deficit” • The emergence of a European civic identity The Western world and China, and Japan, and Singapore 10. A new Europe in the changing global system • Colonization and the phenomenon of Eurocentrism in a historical perspective • Globalization: the challenge of global capitalism • The EU as a “global player”: the EU’s role in the process of globalization (the dilemma of open versus closed regional union; confederalism versus functional intergovernmental- supranationalism) • What is global in the principles of the EU and European law? • The EU and China; the EU and ASEAN • Towards a new world system of regional unions versus federalist-functionalist community of states 11. Western and Asian Values – an international debate • Eurocentrism and its critic • European values and human rights 3 • The Asian values debate (Singapore) • The interaction of the European and Asiatic cultures (China, Japan, Singapore) in a historical perspective • The questions of modernization and Europeanization/Westernisation of the world • The question of the universal validity of the principles of the European civil society • “Clash of civilizations or harmony of civilizations” (comparison of the European, Japanese, and Chinese civilization) 12. Contemporary plans on ‘global civil society’ • Havel, Kaldor, Keane, Held 13. Ideas on the reform of the United Nations Organization • How to create democracy among the states? • Classical confederation of confederalist regional unions • Unionist-functionalist regionalism of sovereign states based on subsidiarity • Supranational-functionalist union of autonomous states based on multilevel governance and subsidiarity 4 Literature Literature on the main topics of the research Introduction • Nisbett, Richard E. [2003]: The Geography of Thought (How Asians and Westerners Think Differently … and Why). Free Press, New York, London, Toronto, Sydney Europe Themes 1-3 The early modern and modern bases of a peaceful association policy Europe and the world system in a historical point of view • Fernand Braudel [1978]: The expansion of Europe and the “longue durée”. In: H. L. Wesseling (ed.) [1978]: Expansion and Reaction. Leiden University Press, Leiden, 17-27. • Domokos Kosáry [1997]: Europe and the World System in a Historical Perspective. In: Richard Falk – Tamás Szentes (eds.) [1997]: A New Europe in the Changing
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