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Máster En Estudios Contemporáneos Trabajo MÁSTER EN ESTUDIOS CONTEMPORÁNEOS TRABAJO DE FIN DE MÁSTER LA IDEA DE ESPAÑA Y LA HISPANIDAD EN SALVADOR DE MADARIAGA ALUMNO: SANTIAGO DE NAVASCUÉS DIRECTOR: PABLO PÉREZ LÓPEZ PAMPLONA, 2016 RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se examina el pensamiento de Salvador de Madariaga sobre el «ser de España» a través de sus principales monografías. La abundante producción del autor, que ha sido abordada desde un punto de vista literario en varias ocasiones, no cuenta con ninguna investigación histórica hasta la fecha. La reflexión sobre el «ser de España» ocupó un espacio predominante en la carrera de Madariaga, por lo que el trabajo ofrece una buena introducción a su vida y obra. Se parte de la hipótesis de que su pensamiento sobre la cuestión nacional evolucionó en sintonía con los principales acontecimientos del siglo XX. En consecuencia, el trabajo sigue una perspectiva histórico-biográfica a través de su larga carrera como político, escritor e historiador. ABSTRACT The object of this paper is to examine the thinking of Salvador de Madariaga about the «essence of Spain» through his most important works. The large number of books he wrote have been studied in a number of occasions, but there has not been a historical critic of his work hitherto. The topic of the «essence of Spain» had a huge importance in his writings, so this paper can offer a good introduction to his life and work. We start from the assumption that his thinking about the nation evolved through time. Thus, the paper follows a historical and biographical structure through his career as a politician, writer and historian. PALABRAS CLAVE España, Salvador de Madariaga, carácter nacional, nacionalismo, patriotismo, historiografía, biografía, historia de América, federalismo. KEY WORDS Spain, Salvador de Madariaga, national character, nationalism, patriotism, historiography, biography, history of America, federalism. CONTENIDO 1. Introducción ....................................................................................................... 7 2. La idea de España en Madariaga .................................................................... 11 2.1. Nacionalismo y patriotismo ....................................................................... 11 2.2. España como potencia ................................................................................ 15 3. España desde Europa ...................................................................................... 21 3.1. Ingleses, franceses y españoles ............................................................................. 23 3.2. El culto nacional .......................................................................................... 33 4. El problema de España ................................................................................... 37 4.1. Los conceptos ............................................................................................... 40 4.2. Los sucesos ................................................................................................... 46 5. España y lo hispánico desde América ........................................................... 67 5.1. El proyecto hispánico .................................................................................. 70 5.2. Las biografías ................................................................................................ 72 5.3. El ciclo hispánico ......................................................................................... 80 5.4. El futuro de Hispanoamérica ..................................................................... 82 6. España dividida: federalismo y separatismo ................................................ 85 6.1. La experiencia de España ........................................................................... 86 6.2. Federalismo y libertad ................................................................................. 89 6.3. ¿Nación de naciones? .................................................................................. 91 7. Conclusiones ..................................................................................................... 93 8. Bibliografía y fuentes ....................................................................................... 95 8.1. Archivos ........................................................................................................ 95 8.2. Trabajos citados ........................................................................................... 95 8.3. Otras obras .................................................................................................... 98 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El presente trabajo pretende analizar los aspectos más importantes del pensamiento sobre España en la obra de Salvador de Madariaga. La cuestión sobre el «ser de España» y el nacionalismo ha sido uno de los problemas históricos que más debates ha suscitado entre los historiadores en las últimas décadas. El fenómeno nacional, sobre el que se esbozará un acercamiento teórico en el primer capítulo, se estudia en este trabajo a través de la producción ensayística e histórica del polígrafo Salvador de Madariaga. La trayectoria política de este autor es abrumadoramente rica y su labor intelectual es sólo una faceta de su carrera profesional. Madariaga fue profesor, embajador y ministro, autor de más de sesenta libros y estudioso de filosofía política, historia, psicología social, crítica literaria, novelas, poesía y teatro. Además, su formación políglota en Francia e Inglaterra, y su larga carrera tanto profesional como de opositor al régimen de Franco en los últimos años de su vida, hacen de él uno de los intelectuales más polifacéticos de su generación. Madariaga trabajó con un concepto muy personal de la nación, en el que combinaba la observación histórica y la psicología. El estudio de este pilar de su pensamiento sobre el «ser de España» es el interés principal de este trabajo. Paul Preston señala que Madariaga no ha sido plenamente apreciado, precisamente, por la dificultad que entraña analizar a fondo la amplitud de su obra y llegar a un juicio sintético de ella (Preston, Las tres españas del 36 179). Por esta razón, algunos autores lo han llamado “un famosísimo desconocido” (Victoria Gil 5). Con este estudio, se pretende hacer una primera aproximación a su figura en cuanto ideólogo e historiador de lo hispánico. El problema de España constituye una de las preocupaciones más graves de la historia cultural del país en el último siglo. Como dice Julián Marías, “la preocupación por la condición española parece un ingrediente esencial de la realidad de España” (Marías, España inteligible 11). En efecto, a diferencia de otros países, se da en España una constante interpretación de sí misma, desde campos históricos, sociológicos, literarios, etc. A su vez, las sucesivas respuestas que se han dado forman Santiago de Navascués parte de la realidad del país, por lo que el estudio de la visión de Madariaga puede arrojar luces sobre una interpretación determinada: la del liberalismo clásico. El escritor, que vivió algunos de los momentos más cruciales de la historia española en el siglo XX, ofrece una visión propia de la denominada «generación del 14», caracterizada como europeísta y modernizadora. Entre sus miembros más destacados se encuentran intelectuales como Ortega y Gasset, Manuel Azaña o Ramón Pérez de Ayala, más implicados en política, y otros, como Juan Ramón Jiménez o Ramón Gómez de la Serna, que se apartaron de ella. Todos ellos mostraron una preocupación por la cuestión del «ser de España». En las décadas posteriores a la guerra civil, otros miembros de la generación, como Américo Castro, Claudio Sánchez Albornoz y el propio Madariaga, continuaron su reflexión desde el exilio. Estos últimos proponen una visión más distanciada del conflicto reciente, con las características propias de la generación del 14, pero con nuevos planteamientos en parte derivados de la dictadura de Primo de Rivera, la II República, la guerra civil y el régimen de Franco, del que fueron contemporáneos. La visión clásica de «las dos Españas» tuvo un punto de inflexión a partir de la guerra civil, que conllevó una ruptura definitiva entre las diversas opciones políticas. Tanto el bando nacional como el republicano se relacionaron con dos ideas radicalmente distintas de España. Sin embargo, frente al maniqueísmo que divide las dos Españas como irreconciliables, hay autores que, en los últimos años, han reivindicado la importancia de la “tercera España”. Quizás el libro más importante en este sentido sea el de Paul Preston, Las tres Españas del 36, en el que se reconoce la existencia de un grupo de intelectuales, como Ortega y Gasset, Unamuno o Madariaga, que se negaron a tomar parte en la guerra. Este trabajo es una muestra del proyecto de la España que nunca fue, pero que estuvo en la vida y obra del liberal Madariaga. El objeto de este trabajo es presentar la evolución del pensamiento de Madariaga acerca de España a través de sus escritos históricos, políticos y ensayísticos. Se parte de la hipótesis de que su pensamiento sobre la nación española evolucionó con el tiempo, especialmente a raíz de la “crisis del liberalismo” durante los años de la 8 La idea de España y la hispanidad en Salvador de Madariaga guerra civil y la segunda guerra mundial. Por tanto, la idea de España no es fruto de una reflexión definida, sino de una multitud de factores que la definen. Dada la gran extensión de la obra del coruñés, se han seleccionado exclusivamente las monografías principales y una
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