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The Lived Experiences of Spiritual Identity Development Amongst Adolescents

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The Lived Experiences of Spiritual Identity Development Amongst Adolescents Running head: SPIRITUAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT The lived experiences of spiritual identity development amongst adolescents By Tracy-Ann Smith 201 215 4262 This thesis is submitted in accordance with the requirements for the partial fulfilment of the degree Philosophiae Doctor in Child Psychology In the Department of Psychology Faculty of the Humanities At the University of the Free State Bloemfontein Promoter: Professor Luzelle Naudé February 2017 SPIRITUAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT DECLARATION I, Tracy-Ann Smith, hereby declare that the thesis submitted by me for the degree PhD in Child Psychology at the University of the Free State is my independent work and has not previously been submitted by me to another university or faculty. I furthermore cede copyright of the thesis in favour of the University of the Free State. SIGNATURE: DATE: February 2017 i SPIRITUAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT PROOF FROM SUPERVISOR Reference: Prof L. Naudé Psychology Building, Room 111 University of the Free State BLOEMFONTEIN 9301 Telephone: 051 401 2189 Email: [email protected] February 2017 PERMISSION TO SUBMIT Student: Ms T Smith Student number: 2012154262 Department: Psychology Title: The lived experiences of spiritual identity development amongst adolescents With this I provide permission that this thesis be submitted for examination. Kind regards Prof L NAUDé Supervisor ii SPIRITUAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT PROOF FROM LANGUAGE EDITOR iii SPIRITUAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT EDITORIAL STYLE This thesis employs the editorial style of the American Psychological Association (APA) as detailed in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition). The thesis uses British English spelling, except for when direct quotes are used which may use South African and/or American English spelling. iv SPIRITUAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere thanks and gratitude is extended to the following in the completion of this research process: The 12 research participants included in this study as you made this process possible. My research promoter, Professor Luzelle Naudé, for her ongoing encouragement, guidance and patience. My course coordinator, Dr Ronel van der Watt, for her ongoing support and interest. The Department of Psychology at the University of the Free State for providing me with the opportunity to complete the PhD in Child Psychology. My colleagues and friends, Mrs Celeste Richards and Ms Sharon Aitken, for their assistance in the sampling process as well as their ongoing encouragement. My fiancé, Clint, for his ongoing encouragement and patience. My parents, Lily and Peter, for their ongoing support throughout the years. My brother, Michael, for his interest throughout the years. v SPIRITUAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences with regard to the spiritual identity development of a sample of South African adolescents. These lived experiences were explored considering how the adolescent participants perceived and experienced their spirituality, as well as how these meaning-making experiences contributed to their identity development. Spiritual identity includes a stable and persistent sense of the self that addresses ultimate questions raised in the context of spirituality, namely on the nature, purpose and meaning of life. The existing theories of spiritual identity development propose contrasting ideas. Stage model theorists suggest that spiritual identity development is a process that parallels other developmental processes, including a process of meaning-making that increases in complexity as cognitive capacity increases. Other theorists suggest that spiritual identity development is a far more fluid process that evolves and grows in our connections and relationships with others, including relational and contextual factors. Further exploration into the development of spiritual identity is therefore indicated. A qualitative phenomenological study was undertaken as it allowed for the preservation of the complexity of the data and the exploration of developmental processes. The sampling procedures included both purposive and snowball sampling. A total of 12 participants were included in this research. The sample comprised of male and female adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18 years. Participants from each of the year grades were selected due to developmental considerations. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews in the first phase of data collection and reflective writing exercises in the second phase of data collection. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was utilised and contributed to the identification of themes in the data set. Themes emerging from the data set produced a narrative that described some of the developmental triggers associated with spiritual identity development. It also facilitated the illumination of factors and people that contributed to the spiritual identity development of the participants. The exploration and participation engaged in by the participants through the process of modelling contributed to commitments and sacrifices. The values of participants, vi SPIRITUAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT associated with their spirituality, were also highlighted. A sense of purpose related to spirituality and spiritual identity was perceived and experienced by all of the participants. The results obtained during the course of this research displayed consistencies with existing theories within this field. It was concluded that the participants included in this research demonstrated an elevated complexity in thinking with the increase in age and experience. Furthermore, the older and/or more cognitively advanced participants provided richer accounts of their experiences and were more focused on their spiritual identity development than the younger participants. It was concluded that no single theory can adequately conceptualise the spiritual development and spiritual identity development of adolescents due to the complex interplay between several factors and influences. This research study provides support for the discontinuous nature of spiritual identity development and indicates that it displays significant variability amongst a sample of South African participants. KEYWORDS: Spiritual identity development, South African adolescents, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis vii SPIRITUAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT OPSOMMING Die doel van die studie was om die lewende (beleefde) ervarings van ’n steekproef van Suid-Afrikaanse adolossente rakende die ontwikkeling van hul spirituele identeit te ondersoek. Hierdie lewende ervarings is ondersoek deur die persepsies en ervaringe van die proefpersone rondom spiritualit in aanmerking te neem. Daar is ook gekyk na hoe hierdie sin-skeppende ervarings tot identiteitsontwikkeling bygedra het. Geestelike identiteit sluit 'n stabiele en aanhoudende gevoel van die self wat spreek uiteindelike vrae geopper in die konteks van spiritualiteit, naamlik op die aard, doel en betekenis van die lewe. Die bestaande teorieë van spirituele identiteitsontwikkeling staan kontrasterende idees voor. Fase model teoretici suggereer that spirituele identiteitsontwikkeling ’n proses is wat parallel tot ander ontwikkelingsprosesse loop. Dit sluit ook ’n proses van sin-skeppende ervarings in wat in kompleksiteit saam met kognitiewe kapasiteit toeneem. Sekere teoretici suggereer dat spirituele identiteit 'n meer vloeiende vormingsproses impliseer wat ontwikkel en groei binne ons konneksies en verhoudinge met ander. Die proses sluit ook relasionele en kontekstuele faktore in. Verdere ondersoek na die ontwikkeling van spirituele identitied word dus voorgehou. ’n Kwalitatiewe, fenomenlogiese studie is onderneem omdat dit die preservering van die kompleksiteit van die data, tesame met die ondersoek van die ontwikkelingsproses, toelaat. Die steekproef prosedure sluit doelbewuste en sneeubal steekproef-metodiek in. Altesaam 12 proefpersone is in die navorsing ingesluit. Die steekproef het uit manlike en vroulike adolossente tussen die ouderdomme van 14 en 18 jaar bestaan. Proefpersone is vanuit elke opvoedkundige graad geselekteer, gebaseer op ontwikkelings-oorwegings. Data is deur middel van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude gedurende die eerste fase van die data- insameling bymekaargemaak. Tydents die tweede fase van die data-insameling is daar van reflektiewe skryf-oefeninge gebruik gemaak. Interpretatiewe fenomenologiese analise (IFA) is gebruik en het bygedra tot die identifisering van die temas in die datastel. Temas wat uit die datastel na vore gekom het, het ’n narratief gebring wat van die ontwikkelingssnellers, wat met spirituele identiteitsontwikkeling te doen het, beskryf het. Dit het ook die faktore en mense, wat tot die spirituele identiteitsontwikkeling by proefpersone gelei het, duidelik na vore laat tree. Die ondersoek (refleksie) en deelname van die viii SPIRITUAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT proefpersone by wyse van die proses van modellering het bygedra tot hul verbintenisse en opofferings. Die waardes van proefpersone, wat met spiritualiteit geassosieer word, is ook belig in die navorsing. Al die deelnemers het na spiritualiteit en spirituele identiteit gestreef en dit ook so ervaar. Die resultate wat gedurende die navorsing verkry is, spreek konsekwent tot die bestaande teorieë in hierdie veld. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat proefpersone in hierdie navorsing 'n verhoogde kompleksiteit in hulle denke ten toon gestel het wat met ouderdom en ervaring tesame verhoog. Ouer en/of meer kognitief gevorderde
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