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De Amerikaanse Reis Van Jan De Bie Leuveling Tjeenk in 1912

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De Amerikaanse Reis Van Jan De Bie Leuveling Tjeenk in 1912 'European comes here for ideas' De Amerikaans Leuveline Bi e d n geJa rein sva Tjeenk in 1912 Kaspe Ommen rva n In zijn essay 'The Metho f Ariadnedo : tracin e Lineth g f o s cell een bezoek aan Amerika. Daar volgde een persoonlijke Influence between Some American Source theid an s r Dutch ontmoeting met Louis H. Sullivan (1856-1924), de leermees- Recipients'' vergelijk A.P . Leeuwen T t va . t speurenhe n naar ter van Purcell. Verder bezocht Berlage vele bouwwerken feiten en ontwikkelingen door de architectuurhistoricus met van ondermeer Sullivan, Henry H. Richardson (1838-1886) het volgen van de draad van Ariadne door Theseus in het la- en Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959).? byrin Knossosn e Amerikaans-Neder va t d geva n he n va lI . - Wright bezocht op zijn beurt rond 1910 het Europese con- landse wisselwerking, betoogt Van Leeuwen, is het van het tinent p uitnodiginO . e germanisd n va g n cultuurfilosooe t f grootste belang dat alle mogelijke lijnen gevolgd worden. Kuno Francke4 bracht hij een bezoek aan Duitsland. In Ber- Aan de reeds bestaande getuigenissen van Nederlandse archi- lijn werkte Wright op verzoek van de uitgever Ernst Was- n nieuwee u n tecteet ' Hofn bro s Berlagn ka nal fn Va n e muth aan de publikatie van een portfolio van zijn werk met toegevoegd worden. In een reisdagboek van de architect Jan de titel Ausgeführte Bouten und Entwürfe. Naast deze in- Leuveline Bi e d g Tjeenknieg no t t eerde openbaare da ,d n i r - vloedrijke publikatie vervulde Berlag n sleutelro- eee be t me 5 l heid gewees , wordis t n zeeee t r informatief beeld geschetst trekkin introductie d t t wer gto Wrighn he kva n eva Nedern i t - van de Amerikaanse architectuur in het begin van deze eeuw.2 'De werel' dom t behaleDireche n a zijn va tn ingenieursdiplome d n aa a Technische Hogeschoo Delfe t l t vertro e 27-jarigkd e d n Ja e Bie Leuveling Tjeenk (1885-1940) voor een reis om de we- reld. Dit was toen nog een uitzonderlijke onderneming, maar de meer gebruikelijke Grand Tour, een reis naar Italië met een verblijf in Rome, had hij tijdens zijn studie al gemaakt. Deze reis zou via Amerika naar het Verre Oosten leiden, waar onder andere Japan, China en Singapore door hem be- zocht zouden worden. In de 19de eeuw was Amerika als cul- tuurdragende e interessesfeenatid n i e n reizigerva r s geko- men. Ook op het gebied van de architectuur trok Amerika aan he t e vorigbegit d he dezn ein n n va e dva eeuw stere kd aandacht zoep O . k naa nieuwen historische ee rd n va , e stijlen verloste architectuur hoopte Europese nd e architecten nieuwe inspiratie in het 'land van de onbegrensde mogelijkheden' te vinden. Omda e communicatiemiddeled t n dezi n e periode nog niet ten volle ontwikkeld waren ontstond de behoefte om zich persoonlijk op de hoogte te stellen van de situatie zoals t buitenlanhe n i e di d ontstaan was r ontston.E n strooee d m aan persoonlijke contacten tussen Nederlan Amerikan de e di , zijn hoogtepunt vond in de vriendschap tussen de architect William Gray Purcell (1880-1965) en H.P. Berlage. In 1906, tijden n bezoeee s n Nederlandaa k , werden Purcel n zije l n vrien n latere d e zakenpartner George Feic . (1881-1945Jr k ) door Berlage rondgeleid door onder ander e Beurd en va s Leuveling Architect1. Afb.Bie de Jan Tjeenk (rechts)onhekendeeen en Amsterdam n 191I . 1 bracht Berlag uitnodiginp eo n Purgva - reisgenoot gefotografeerd tijdens zijn reis om de wereld. PAGINA'S 189-203 i go BULLETIN KNOB 1997-6 land, Zwitserlan n Duitslani n e d d zelfn belangrijkEe . l ro e bouwwerken. Naast vele bekende namen, waaronder natuur- hierbij speelde Berlages beschrijving van de reis die hij door lijk Sullivan en Wright, zoekt Tjeenk ook contact met archi- Amerik 191n gemaakd i 3aha e di uitgegeve n e t n e werd j dbi tecten die minder bekend waren, zoals Dwight H. Perkins. Rotterdamse uitgeverij Brusse onde e tited r l Amerikaan.iche t PerkinMe s knoopt Tjeen vriendschappelijn kee k contacn aa t Re lierinneis ringen. en de bewondering voor zijn werk is groot. Naar aanleiding van dit boek kwam een ware stroom bezoe- Uit de dagboeknotities blijkt dat Tjeenk voor het afvaren ker ganp o sallee gdi architece nd t Wright wenste ontmoee nt - naar Amerika contact heeft gehad met Berlage en de Amster- ieden i tef no r geval zijn bouwwerken wilden bezichtigeno Z . damse architect J.A. van Straaten. Ook blijkt Tjeenk goed op ontmoette t Rober' Hof n f va t (1887-1979 n 191i ) 4 Wright de hoogtbevindingee d n eva Berlage ndi e ove t lanrdi d opge- persoonlij Chicagon i k . Over deze ontmoeting schreef Wright tekend had. Tjeenk kende enkele artikelen van Berlage waar- later younA ' : g Dutch t patrioHof' n f Va tmad appearans ehi - uit diens bewondering t voonamme r e Wright naar voren Chicagn i e c lood an ok very homda y y earle m somethinn yi g kwam. Berlage zal Tjeenk mogelijk ook mondeling op de of what hè then saw there on the Chicago prairie.'6 Het mee- hoogte gebracht hebben van zijn indrukken over de Ameri- gebrachte kreeg uiteindelij n plaate vor d ee ktwen n mi va s e kaanse architectuur t staaHe . t vast Berlagda t e zelfs enkele villa' 191n Huie i t 6r e Heid ste sdi e gebouwd werden.7 introductiebrieven aan Tjeenk meegaf die het bezoek aan de Andere architecte e Wrighdi n t niet een eigen i s n persoon architecten die Berlage zelf in Amerika ontmoet had voor zouden ontmoetten, zoal n WilJa s s (1891-1972 n Hendrie ) k Tjeenk zouden vergemakkelijken. Ook Van Straaten, die in Wouda (1885-1947), namen in hun architectuur veel kenmer- Amerika op een architectenbureau gewerkt had, gaf hem der- ken van de stijl van Wright over, in het geval van Wils in zo gelijke brieven s meegoei t d .He mogelij t Tjeenda k r te k grote mate dat hij ook wel Frank Lloyd Wils genoemd werd. voorbereiding ook het artikel 'Bouwkunst in Amerika' van de Meestal wordt bij de navolging van Wright in Nederland Amerikaanse architect Frank M. Andrews in het tijdschrift t namopgemerkme er n imitatie e sprakd va t n s da t va ewa e De Bouwwereld van 1911 gelezen heeft. In deze tekst gaf uiterlijke kenmerke architectuure d n nva , terwij achterlige d l - Andrews een korte uiteenzetting van de moderne Amerikaan- gende ideologi n Wrightva e s 'Organic Architecture' veelal se architectuur, met name met betrekking tot de ontwikkeling onbegrepen bleef.x Wright zelf leeanden kee r oordeel toege- va e skyscrapernd . Zeke Berlage'k r heefoo j hi t s 'Voordracht daan toen hij schreef: '(Holland is) one of the truly indepen- over Amerika' gelezen e begidi , n 1912 doo t tijdschrifhe r t dant Democracie s suffere earthn ha so e shared sh ,an d d much Architectunt afgedrukt werd o goeZ . d mogelijk voorbereid that is to be the soul of the new world-order. Someday com- zette Tjeenk op maandag 3 juni voet op Amerikaanse bodem. mon to us all. I cannot imagine her contribution in any and every field left out of the eventua] reckoning. Architecture is 'De wereld om! Zoo zal de reis, waarop ik mij al zoo jaren basic to that field. More and more comes the recognition that lang verlangd heb beginnen, ik kan het mij niet realiseeren 't the principles of Organic Architecture lie in the core of the goede vaderland voor een jaar te verlaten, ik wil dat ook niet freedom that we call Democracy.'9 te veel indenken, mijn gedachten zijn al bij die wijde, wijde De aandacht voor Wright, die in sommige gevallen gro- wereld'. Zo vangt het dagboek aan. De overtocht die met het teske vormen aannam zoals in het geval van H. Th. Wijdeveld schi e Nieu'D p w Amsterdam' gemaakt wordt geeft genoeg (1885-1986), kreeg uiteindelijk haar hoogtepun e publid n i t - gelegenhei degelijkn ee t dto e voorbereidin e reid sn doogva r katie van een luxe editie van Wendingen in 1925-26. Deze Amerika. j schrijfHi " t tijt ne ddaarover b gehahe m k do 'I : ) uitgave deed Wright uitroepen: 'Holland will always l( hava e dat boekje te lezen over Lloyd Wright,12 volgens Berlage warm place in my hart and due respect from my head. My Amerika's grootst j zeeehi architectrt inteda vink k i - u doo n , greatest admiration for her cultural achievement.' In deze ressante dingen gemaakt heeft, ik hoop zeer dat ik eenige van prestatie zal Wright met genoegen aan 'zijn' aandeel terugge- zijn huizen zal kunnen zien. Maar 't is wel merkwaardig dat dacht hebben. geen Amerikaan hier aan boord, die ik er over spreek, van hem gehoord heeft, zelfs diegenen die bij Chicago wonen.' reie Tjeene D sdi k door Amerika maakte, begos 1912n ni du , Hierui te bekendhei d blijk t da t n Wrighva d Amerikn i t a slechts één jaar na de reis van Berlage en één jaar voor de pu- achterlieEuropan i e n grot di r leek ee toeE .p l eoo o pka n blikatie van de Amerikaansche Reisherinneringen. Tijdens de kloo bestaae t f n tussen Wrigh s grootstal t e levende architect reis hield Tjeenk een dagboek bij, dat tot op heden niet in de (Berlage heeft het over 'misschien de meest talentvolle openbaarheid is geweest.
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