DOCSLIB.ORG

Utilizing Swine Effluent for Sprinkler- Irrigated Corn Production

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Utilizing Swine Effluent for Sprinkler- Irrigated Corn Production Utilizing swine effluent for sprinkler- irrigated corn production M.M. Al-Kaisi and R.M. Waskom ABSTRACT: The rapid expansion of large swine production facilities in northeast Colorado prompted a need to evaluate the impact of swine effluent applied on irrigated corn grown on sandy soil. The objectives of this study were I) to evaluate the use of swine effluent as a nutrient source for irrigated corn production, 2) to evaluate the response of irrigated corn grown on sandy soils to different application rates, and 3) to evaluate N movement through the soil profile under swine effluent and commercial-N fertilizer for irrigated conditions. The three year study started in 1995 on a 14.5 ha (36 ac) sprinkler-irrigated (center pivot) Valent sand field, (Mixed, mesic Ustic Torripsamments) planted to grain corn (ZEA MAYS L.). Both swine effluent and commercial-N fertilizer treatments were applied at four N rates labeled control, low, agronomic, Copyright © 2002 Soil and Water Conservation Society. All rights reserved. and high. All treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block (RCB) Journal of Soil and Water Conservation design. Approximately go% of the total nitrogen from the two-stage lagoon effluent was in ammoniacal form, and the total dry matter content of the effluent was only 0.1 - 0.2% by volume. Corn yields increased with the increase of both swine effluent and commercial-N fertilizer rates. In contrast to the swine effluent treatments, significant soil-N buildup was observed at the 1.5 - 3.0 m (5 - 10 ft) depths for the commercial-N fertilizer treatments. Higher total N and P plant removal for the swine effluent treatments resulted in little N accumulation below the root zone. As the swine effluent application rate increased, the plant N and P removal and recovery rate increased, even at rates of 50 kg N ha-' (45 Ib N ac-l) above the recommended agronomic rate. An increase in extractable P in the top 15 cm (6 in) of the soil was observed in the effluent-treated soils. The results indicate that managing swine effluent-N becomes very similar to managing commercial-N fertilizer under irrigated conditions. 57(2):111-120 Keywords: Corn yield, irrigation, N and P recovery, N and P removal, and swine effluent Animal wastes produced by confined crop fields is the most common way to utilize www.swcs.org swine feeding operations can be a vatu- these materials. Over-application of lagoon able source of nutrients for crop produc- effluent, combined with irrigation or precip- tion. However, when manure is used under itation in excess of crop evapotranspiration, has been implicated in NOJ-N leaching irrigated conditions, especially on sandy soils, an increased potential for nutrient runoff or below the root zone. Burns et al. (1985) leaching occurs. Recent expansion of con- found that soil-N accumulation increased centrated swine production facilities in east- with an increase in the swine effluent appli- ern Colorado has increased concerns about cation rate to bermudagrass, but that soil potential nitrate (NOJ-N) contamination of organic matter did not increase over a six year the Ogallala Aquifer, the sole source of water period. At effluent rates up to 1,340 kg N for drinking and irrigation in the area. ha-' (1,197 lb N ac-'), the crop recovered only Concentrated swine production facilities in the area commonly udze one- or two- stage lagoon systems where effluent must Mahdi M. Al-Kaisi is an assistant professor in the Agronomy Department at Iowa State University, be removed fiom the lagoon periodically to Ames, Iowa, and Reagan M. Waskom is a research prevent overflow. However, effluent fiom scientist in the Department of Soil and Crop second-stage lagoons is used for flush water. Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Sprinkler application of swine effluent to Colorado. I MIA 2002 VOLUME 57 NUMBER 2 I 111 1 44% of the applied N. After 11 years, Burns et lines at the recommended rate of 112 kg N suggests a greater potential for environmental al. (1990) reported that low rates of effluent ha-' (100 lb N ac-'), was minimal as compared losses of nutrients in swine emuent. on bermudagrass [335 kg N ha-' (299 lb N to the check treatment. Nitrate-N loss and These studes indicate that swine emuent ac-')I did not pose a groundwater hazard, accumulation in the top 2 m (6.5 f?) of soil can be managed to minimize nutrient losses while medium and high rates [670 and 1,340 increased as the application rate increased if applied at rates that approximate crop kg N ha-' (598 and 1,197 lb N ac-')I resulted (Gast et al. 1978). Maximum N03-N accu- removal. However, if crop requirements are in elevated N levels at the 2 m (6.5 fi) depth mulation in the soil profile occurred at a exceeded, the potential that excess N accu- in the soil profile.They found that high rates depth of 1.0 m (3.3 fi) with little evidence of mulation will occur is significant, perhaps [1,340 kg N ha-' (1,197 lb N ac-')I caused movement below 2.3 m (7.5 fi). Gangbazo et resulting in groundwater contamination. unstable grass stands, and eventually produced al. (1995) compared the effect of chemical A three year study was conducted to eval- forage that had elevated N03-N concentra- fertilizer and hog manure on potential water uate the potential impacts of swine effluent tions. In addition, quantities of certain ele- contamination. Fall spreading of large application on irrigated sandy soils in eastern ments in the soil environment had increased amounts of hog manure on cornfields result- Colorado. The objectives of this study were to levels that had the potential to become soil ed in two to three times the NH4-N losses 1) to evaluate the use of swine effluent as a and water pollutants, especially N, P, K, C1, compared to the check treatment of chemical nutrient source for irrigated corn production, and Na (Burns et al. 1990). ferthzer at 180 kg N ha-' (160 lb N ac-'). It 2) to evaluate the response of irrigated corn Sweeten et al. (1994) found that N removal was concluded that applying hog manure in grown on sandy soils to different application by forage plants increased as the dairy effluent the fall resulted in greater N loss and water rates, and 3) to evaluate N movement though application rate increased. Lysimeter studies contamination, and that hog manure should the soil profile under swine effluent and com- on forage plots receiving effluent applications be applied during the growing season at rates mercial-N fertilizer for irrigated conditions. at two and four times the agronomic N rate that approximate crop requirements. Hegg et resulted in leachate concentrations in excess al. (1984) found that irrigating with swine Methods And Materials Copyright © 2002 Soil and Water Conservation Society. All rights reserved. of 10 mg L-' (10 ppm) N03-N (Evans et al. effluent at daily application rates of 2.5 and The study started in March of 1995 on a Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 1984). Based on this study, the authors pre- 5.0 cm (1 and 2 in) increased the accumula- swine production facility and grain farm in dicted that effluent rates of up to 1.25 times tion of P, K, Cayand Mg in soils. Newton et Yuma County, Colorado, and continued the agronomic N could be applied before al. (1994) observed an increase in NO3-N at through the 1997 growing season. The study leachate concentrations exceeded 10 mg L-' soil depths of 1.6 m (5.2 fi) under swine site was located on a 14.5 ha (36 ac) center- (10 ppm) for N03-N. In another study where effluent application rates of 450 and 900 kg N pivot irrigated circular field with aValent sand groundwater-monitoring wells were installed, ha-' (402 and 804 lb N ac-') on a bermuda- (Mixed, mesic Ustic Torripsamments) (Table no increase in groundwater N was observed grass-fescue field. 1). The field was located near a swine pro- over two years of swine effluent applications Sutton et al. (1982) broadcast-applied and duction facility with a 4,000-head annual at rates up to 874 kg N ha-' (780 lb N ac-') soil-injected swine effluent at rates up to 857 capacity. In 1995 and 1996, the facility was a on bermudagrass (Harvey et al. 1996). kg N ha-' (765 lb N ac-') on corn, and they However, the authors reported a sigmficant found that the application method had a 57(2):111-120 increase in N03-N concentration in tile- greater impact on yield and plant N content I ment site in Yuma Countv. CO. drainage water as the swine effluent rate than did the application rate. Leaching losses increased, implyng that groundwater would were more likely on fields where swine efflu- i Parameters Description be contaminated over time. ent was soil injected because volatilization Texture Sand Westerman et al. (1985) reported that on a losses were much less compared to broadcast Slope (%) 5 - 15 www.swcs.org grass crop system NO3-N movement to applications. King (1981) investigated N PH 6.6 - 7.8 groundwater at the medium and high appli- recovery from municipal sludge, swine Clay content (%) 3-10 cation rates [670 and 1,340 kg N ha-' (598 manure, and chemical ferthzer, and found Bulk density (Mg m-3) 1.6 - 1.7 and I,197 lb N ac-')I would be a greater con- that N recovery by grass was greatest from Organic Matter (g kg-l) 5 - 10 cern than the contaminated runoff caused by fertilizer, followed by municipal sludge.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assessing Drought Regions and Vulnerability Through Soil Climate Regimes
    Assessing Drought Regions and Vulnerability Through Soil Climate Regimes William J. Waltman University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915., Stephen Goddard, Gang Gu, Stephen E. Reichenbach, Mark D. Svoboda, and Jeffrey S. Peake. Abstract The agricultural landscapes of the Great Plains reflect a complex pattern of soil climate regimes (Soil Taxonomy, Soil Survey Staff, 1999) and inherent variability that influence the cropping systems and behavior of farmers. The historical crop yields and acreage harvested of crops were compared with climatic events through time to describe the trends and adaptations of farmers and changes in agroecology. The USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service and Risk Management Agency's county-level databases were coupled with soil climate regimes derived from the Enhanced Newhall Simulation Model to explain spatial relationships of crop yields and identifying growing environments favorable to corn, soybeans, sorghum, and wheat. In addition, these geospatial databases can be used to characterize shifts in growing environments through time and space. Comparisons were generated at the county level between irrigated and nonirrigated yields, yield ratios (corn:soybean) to identify favored environments, shifts in crop acreages reflecting past climatic events and changes in genetics, and dominant "cause-of-loss" processes for specific crops. The Enhanced Newhall Simulation Model was used to derive probabilities of soil climate regimes and differentiate agroecological zones. This study also addresses the changes in the agroecology and behavior of soil climate regimes in the Great Plains and connections to El Nino/La Nina events. Introduction Drought is the dominant process of crop loss nationally and within Nebraska. As Table 1 illustrates, on a statewide basis for Nebraska, nearly two-thirds of the 18.6 million harvested acres are covered by crop insurance.
    [Show full text]
  • Keys to Soil Taxonomy
    United States Department of Agriculture Keys to Soil Taxonomy Ninth Edition, 2003 Keys to Soil Taxonomy By Soil Survey Staff United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Ninth Edition, 2003 The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Cover: A natric horizon with columnar structure in a Natrudoll from Argentina. 5 Table of Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1: The Soils That We Classify.................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2: Differentiae for Mineral Soils and Organic Soils ............................................... 11 Chapter 3: Horizons and Characteristics Diagnostic for the Higher Categories .................
    [Show full text]
  • Plant-Water Demand Characteristics in the Alfisol, Zaria Nigeria
    Plant-Water demand Characteristics in the Alfisol, Zaria Nigeria Dim, L.A.1 – Odunze, A.C. – Heng, L.K. – Ajuji, S. Centre for Energy Research and Training, Ahmadu Bello University, P M B 1014, Zaria, Nigeria Email: [email protected]; Tel: 08023635501 Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Nigeria Guinea Savanna zone currently witness increasing intensification of agricultural production activities. The soils are said to have ustic moisture and isohyperthermic temperature regimes implying that rainfalls during the cropping season are limited, irregular or during the dry seasons crop production would be strongly affected by available soil water inadequacy for crop use and production. Supplemental or total water supply by irrigation would therefore be necessary to avert crop failure. Also physical restriction to root elongation can reduce soil water and nutrients uptake as well as plant growth irrespective of water and nutrient supply. This study therefore evaluated soil characteristics and water extraction depth by maize (test crop) in the Northern Guinea Savanna zone Alfisol in Zaria (110 10¹N and 7035¹E) Nigeria. Results show that minimal soil water was extracted by maize at seedling and crop maturity phases, and optimal at crop establishment to grain filling phases. Zone of active soil water extraction shown by the study is 10 to 20 Cm soil depth. Water rather accumulated at the shallow depths of 30 Cm and below following the presence of such sub soil free drainage obstructions as clay and plinthic layers. 1. Introduction Tropical semi-arid regions usually have large variations in physical conditions, both over time (variation in weather among years) and location (climate and edaphic conditions).
    [Show full text]
  • Genesis of Mollisols Under Douglas-Fir
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1983 Genesis of Mollisols under Douglas-fir Mark E. Bakeman The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Bakeman, Mark E., "Genesis of Mollisols under Douglas-fir" (1983). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 2434. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/2434 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT IN WHICH COPYRIGHT SUB­ SISTS, ANY FURTHER REPRINTING OF ITS CONTENTS MUST BE APPROVED BY THE AUTHOR, MANSFIELD LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA DATE : 19 83 THE GENESIS OF MOLLISOLS UNDER DOUGLAS-FIR by MARK E. BAKEMAN B.S., S.U.N.Y. College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, 1978 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1983 Approved by: Chairman, B6ard of Examiners rh, Graduate Schoor Date UMI Number: EP34103 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Late-Quarternary Stratigraphy, Pedology
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Dustin White for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in Anthropology, Geology, and Anthropology presented on May 27, 1998. Title: Late-Quaternary Stratigraphy, Pedology and Paleoclimatic Reconstruction of the Cremer Site (24SW264), South-Central Montana: A Geoarchaeological Case Study. Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy Robson Bonnichsen This study utilizes a multidisciplinary research approach integrating the sciences of archaeology, geology, pedology and paleoclimatology. Deeply stratified and radiocarbon dated sedimentary sequences spanning the last 10,000 yr B.P. are reported for the Cremer site (24SW264), south-central Montana. Previous investigations at the site revealed an archaeological assemblage with Early Plains Archaic through Late Prehistoric period affiliations. Expanded testing of the site integrates the existing cultural record with new data pertaining to Holocene environmental changes at this northwestern Great Plains locality. Detailed pedological descriptions were made along three trenches excavated at the site. The combined soil-stratigraphic record indicates that distinct intervals of relative landscape stability and soil development occurred at the site at ca. 10,000 yr B.P., 7,500 yr B.P. and intermittently throughout the last ca. 6,000 yr B.P. Periods of significant landscape instability (upland erosion and valley deposition) occurred immediately following each of the early Holocene soil forming intervals identified above, and episodically throughout the middle to late Holocene. The impetus for early Holocene environmental instability is attributed to generally increased aridity on the northwestern Great Plains. Comparative analyses of site data with both regional environmental proxy records and numerical models of past climates (General Circulation and Archaeoclimatic models) are made to test the findings from the Cremer site.
    [Show full text]
  • Report III - 3 Agro-Ecology
    WEC-10-2001 Report III - 3 Agro-Ecology 1 WEC-10-2001 Table of Contents 1. Introduction _________________________________________________________________ 4 2. Agricultural Land ____________________________________________________________ 5 2.1 Land Holdings ___________________________________________________________ 5 2.2 Agricultural Regions______________________________________________________ 6 2.3 Available Land __________________________________________________________ 6 2.3.1 Cultivable VS pasture land _____________________________________________ 9 2.3.2 Available cultivable land _______________________________________________ 9 2.3.3 Irrigated areas expansion _______________________________________________ 9 3. Soils ______________________________________________________________________ 12 3.1 Background ____________________________________________________________ 12 3.2 An Overview of Soil Genesis ______________________________________________ 13 3.2.1 Soil forming factors __________________________________________________ 13 3.2.1.1 Climate __________________________________________________________ 13 3.2.1.2 Topography _______________________________________________________ 14 3.2.1.3 Vegetation ________________________________________________________ 14 3.2.1.4 Parent material ____________________________________________________ 14 3.2.1.5 Time ____________________________________________________________ 14 3.2.2 Soil formation processes _______________________________________________ 15 3.3 Brief Description of Soils _________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • The Natural Soil Drainage Index: an Ordinal Estimate of Long-Term Soil Wetness
    THE NATURAL SOIL DRAINAGE INDEX: AN ORDINAL ESTIMATE OF LONG-TERM SOIL WETNESS Randall J. Schaetzl Department of Geography 128 Geography Building Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1117 Frank J. Krist, Jr. GIS and Spatial Analysis, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team USDA Forest Service 2150 Centre Avenue Bldg. A, Suite 331 Fort Collins, Colorado 80525-1891 Kristine Stanley Department of Geography University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1491 Christina M. Hupy Department of Geography and Anthropology University of Wisconsin Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54702-4004 Abstract: Many important geomorphic and ecological attributes center on soil water content, especially over long timescales. In this paper we present an ordinally based index, intended to generally reflect the amount of water that a soil supplies to plants under natural conditions, over long timescales. The Natural Soil Drainage Index (DI) ranges from 0 for the driest soils (e.g., those shallow to bedrock in a desert) to 99 (open water). The DI is primarily derived from a soil’s taxonomic subgroup classification, which is a reflection of its long-term wetness. Because the DI assumes that soils in drier climates and with deeper water tables have less plant-useable water, taxonomic indicators such as soil mois- ture regime and natural drainage class figure prominently in the “base” DI formulation. Additional factors that can impact soil water content, quality, and/or availability (e.g., tex- ture), when also reflected in taxonomy, are quantified and added to or subtracted from the base DI to arrive at a final DI value. In GIS applications, map unit slope gradient can be added as an additional variable.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of the Hybrid-Maize Model for Limits to Maize Productivity Analysis in a Semiarid Environment
    300 Liu et al. Hybrid-MaizeScientia model analysis Agricola for maize productivity Application of the Hybrid-Maize model for limits to maize productivity analysis in a semiarid environment Yi Liu1,2, Shenjiao Yang2,3, Shiqing Li2, Fang Chen1* 1Chinese Academy of Sciences/Wuhan Botanical Garden – ABSTRACT: Effects of meteorological variables on crop production can be evaluated using vari- Lab. of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology – 430074 ous models. We have evaluated the ability of the Hybrid-Maize model to simulate growth, de- – Wuhan – China. velopment and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated on the Loess Plateau, China, and 2Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water applied it to assess effects of meteorological variations on the performance of maize under Resource/Institute of Soil and Water Conservation – State rain-fed and irrigated conditions. The model was calibrated and evaluated with data obtained Key Lab. of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess from field experiments performed in 2007 and 2008, then applied to yield determinants using Plateau – 712100 – Yangling – China. daily weather data for 2005-2009, in simulations under both rain-fed and irrigated conditions. 3Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Farmland The model accurately simulated Leaf Area Index , biomass, and soil water data from the field Irrigation Research Institute – 453003 – Xinxiang – China. experiments in both years, with normalized percentage root mean square errors < 25 %. Gr.Y *Corresponding author <[email protected]> and yield components were also accurately simulated, with prediction deviations ranging from -2.3 % to 22.0 % for both years. According to the simulations, the maize potential productivity Edited by: Thomas Kumke averaged 9.7 t ha−1 under rain-fed conditions and 11.53 t ha−1 under irrigated conditions, and the average rain-fed yield was 1.83 t ha−1 less than the average potential yield with irrigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Jarauta-Bragulat, E. (1998)
    PRESENTING, ANALYSING AND COMPARING TWO SOIL MOISTURE REGIME SIMULATION MODELS. APPLICATION TO MOISTURE REGIMES ESTIMATION OF CATALONIA SOILS. Eusebi JARAUTA-BRAGULAT Dept of Applied Mathematics III. Civil Engineering School, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. C/. Gran Capità, s/n. Edif. C2. 08034-Barcelona (Spain). E-mail: [email protected] Carme HERVADA-SALA Dept of Physics and Nuclear Engineering. Industrial Engineering School, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. C/. Colom, 1. 08222-Terrassa (Spain). E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Two main models have been developped for soil moisture regime simulation. The first one was presented by F.Newhall in 1976; the second one was proposed by E.Jarauta in 1989, modifying important aspects of such model: soil profile modelling, infiltration process simulation, evapotranspiration process simulation and Soil Taxonomy criteria application. In this paper we present and analyse both models, and compare their application to soil moisture regime estimation of Catalonia soils. Results obtained are compared to field data. We also present a discussion of the most important aspects to improve in soil moisture regime modelling. 1. INTRODUCTION Soil surveys rely very heavily on soil classification. The usefulness of a soil survey is a critical component in the way that soil science can be made available to users. However, soil surveys are only valuable if the information they contain can help to solve soil-related problems. Soil surveys often contain information that may appear to be of limited value; alternatively, users may not be able to understand some data included in a soil survey report. The amount of useful information in soil surveys should be increased; this can be done by increasing the total information but also by making more reliable predictions from the data.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Micropedology— a Technique for Investigating Soil Carbonate Biogenesis Along a Desert-Grassland-Forest Transect, New Mexico, USA
    Experimental micropedology— A technique for investigating soil carbonate biogenesis along a desert-grassland-forest transect, New Mexico, USA Microedafología experimental—Una técnica para investigar la biogénesis de carbonato en el suelo a lo largo de un transecto desierto-pradera-bosque, New Mexico, USA Micropedologia experimental – Uma técnica para investigar a biogénese dos carbonatos no solo ao AUTHORS longo de um transecto deserto-pastagem-floresta, New Mexico, USA @ 11 Khormali F.@ 1 [email protected] Received: 26.03.2013 Revised: 25.07.2013 Accepted: 28.01.2014 Monger C.2 ABSTRACT Feng Y.2 Manipulative experiments—characterized by comparing treatments to controls—are widespread in scientific investigations. This study uses experimental micropedology to investigate whether soil microbes precipitate carbonate if a liquid growth-medium is applied to soil in situ. This was undertaken using apparatuses designed to (1) obtain micromorphological images of biogenic carbonate on microscope @ Corresponding Author slides, (2) to quantify carbonate formation in fiberglass cloths, and (3) to measure associated carbon- isotope fractionations. The apparatuses were buried and harvested at monthly intervals from December 1 Department of Soil 2010 to June 2011. The study was conducted along an ecological transect in New Mexico, USA, at Sciences, Faculty of three sites: a low-elevation desert (C3 shrubs), an intermediate-elevation steppe (C4 grasses), and a Water and Soil high-elevation forest (C3 conifers). In addition to comparing bioclimatic zones, the effect of parent Engineering. Gorgan University of Agricultural material was also tested using paired limestone and igneous soils at each site. Soil samples in their Sciences and Natural natural state and inserted microscope slides were analyzed with binocular, petrographic, and scanning Resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Moisture and Temperature Regimes in Soil Taxonomy S
    9 duripan. These horizons occur mostly in soils of arid and Co., New York, 1956. and semiarid regions and indicate the depth of water 2. Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification movement. In soils rich in carbonates, the calcic hori­ for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Soil Con­ zon tends in time to become plugged with carbonates servation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and cemented into a hard, massive, continuous horizon U.S. Government Printing Office, USDA Handbook that is called petrocalcic. In engineering behavior this 436, 1975. horizon simulates hard country rock. 3. L. J. Bartelli and T. A. Weems. Formation and The diagnostic horizons may not have a direct bearing Classification of Soils. Soil Survey of Tensas Parish, on soil behavior, but they are important building blocks Louisiana, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968, of the system. They are used to group together soils pp. 58-62. that have something in common that is eventually ex­ 4. G. D. Smith. Objectives and Basic Assumptions of pressed in the unique behavior of the soil. For example, the New Classification System. Soil Science, Vol. 96, ai·gillic horizons indicate an accumulation of transported No. 1, July 1963, pp. 6-16. clay; they do not reflect kind and amount of clay, which 5. R. W. Simonson. Lessons From the First Half of · strongly influence engineering behavior. Kind and Soil Survey? I. Classification of Soils. Soil Science, amount of clay aJ'e reflected in the lower categories of Vol. 74, No. 3, Sept. 1952, pp. 240-257. the system, namely, family and series.
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of Geographic Patterns of Soil Climate and Its Classification in the U.S
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 12-2016 An examination of geographic patterns of soil climate and its classification in the U.S. system of soil taxonomy Hans Edwin Winzeler Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Climate Commons, and the Soil Science Commons Recommended Citation Winzeler, Hans Edwin, "An examination of geographic patterns of soil climate and its classification in the U.S. system of soil taxonomy" (2016). Open Access Dissertations. 1028. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/1028 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Graduate School Form 30 Updated PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance This is to certify that the thesis/dissertation prepared By Hans Edwin Winzeler Entitled AN EXAMINATION OF GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF SOIL CLIMATE AND ITS CLASSIFICATION IN THE U.S. SYSTEM OF SOIL TAXONOMY For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Is approved by the final examining committee: Phillip R. Owens Zamir Libohova Co-chair Brad Joern Co-chair Venkatesh Merwade Darrel Schulze To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Thesis/Dissertation Agreement, Publication Delay, and Certification Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 32), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of Purdue University’s “Policy of Integrity in Research” and the use of copyright material. Approved by Major Professor(s): Phillip R. Owens and Brad Joern Approved by: Joe M. Anderson 12/7/2016 Head of the Departmental Graduate Program Date i AN EXAMINATION OF GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF SOIL CLIMATE AND ITS CLASSIFICATION IN THE U.S.
    [Show full text]