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Cécile Tormay.” Hungarian Cultural Studies
Kádár, Judit. “An Exceptional Case of Women’s Self-Advocacy in Interwar Hungary: Cécile Tormay.” Hungarian Cultural Studies. e-Journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association, Volume 13 (2020) DOI: 10.5195/ahea.2020.385 An Exceptional Case of Women’s Self-Advocacy in Interwar Hungary: Cécile Tormay* Judit Kádár Abstract: A Hungarian writer who became a prominent public figure in the Horthy era, Cécile Tormay’s (1875-1937) fame and success was principally due to her memoir, Bujdosó könyv [‘The Hiding Book’], a work published in 1920-21 that depicts the two Hungarian revolutions following World War I. This popular work enjoyed several editions during the interwar period and was translated into English and French for propaganda purposes. After World War II, Bujdosó könyv was among the first works banned by Hungarian authorities for its anti-Semitism. Hailed as the most notable female author of the interwar period, Tormay’s name rose anew after the fall of socialism in 1989. Fueled by the official biography written two years after her death in the Horthy era by the conservative professor of literature, János Hankiss, a revival in the cult surrounding Tormay’s work has taken place in recent years. Hankiss portrayed Tormay as a woman of Hungarian noble descent whose deeds were motivated by sheer patriotism. This paper contends that Cécile Tormay was embraced by the interwar elite for her active role in the counter-revolutionary conspiracy against the First Hungarian Republic. Keywords: assimilation, anti-Semitism, Christian “gentlemanly” middle class, “urban” middle class, Cécile Tormay Biography: Judit Kádár received her Ph.D. -
Revolutionary Marxism 2017 Special Annual English Edition
Without revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. V. I. Lenin, What is to be done? Revolutionary Marxism 2017 Special annual English edition www.devrimcimarksizm.net [email protected] Devrimci Marksizm Üç aylık politik/teorik dergi (Yerel, süreli yayın) İngilizce yıllık özel sayı Sahibi ve Sorumlu Yazı İşleri Müdürü: Şiar Rişvanoğlu Yönetim Yeri: Adliye Arkası 3. Sokak Tüzün İşhanı No: 22/2 ADANA Baskı: Net Copy Center, Özel Baskı Çözümleri, Ömer Avni Mh., İnönü Cad./ Beytül Malcı Sok. 23/A, 34427 Beyoğlu/İstanbul Tel: +90-4440708 Yurtdışı Fiyatı: 10 Avro Kıbrıs Fiyatı: 20 TL Fiyatı: 15 TL (KDV Dahil) Cover photo Protesters gather in Tahrir Square on February 1, 2011. Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Image Revolutionary Marxism 2017 CONTENTS In this issue 5 The rise of proto-fascism and the struggle against it Sungur Savran The great challenge: Winning the working 11 class back from ideological irredentism Tamás Krausz An updated, second edition of the 27 Horthy regime in Hungary Ewa Groszewska The new Polish government: 37 Anti-neoliberal but anti-left profile first Class struggles across the world Savas Michael-Matsas The French Spring and the crisis in Europe 43 Balkan Socialist Center Against austerity, fascism, war, 65 “Christian Rakovsky” environmental catastrophe, and barbarism, and RedMed fight for international socialism! Historical materialist analysis of Islamism Burak Gürel Islamism: A comparative-historical overview 77 Mustafa Kemal Coşkun The class bases of political articulation: 102 Islamism in Turkey Reassessing the Soviet experience Özgür Öztürk Economic background of the 121 collapse of the Soviet Union In this issue Revolutionary Marxism is a brand new journal of theory with quite a long history. -
Jewish Survival in Budapest, March 1944 – February 1945
DECISIONS AMID CHAOS: JEWISH SURVIVAL IN BUDAPEST, MARCH 1944 – FEBRUARY 1945 Allison Somogyi A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2014 Approved by: Christopher Browning Chad Bryant Konrad Jarausch © 2014 Allison Somogyi ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Allison Somogyi: Decisions amid Chaos: Jewish Survival in Budapest, March 1944 – February 1945 (Under the direction of Chad Bryant) “The Jews of Budapest are completely apathetic and do virtually nothing to save themselves,” Raoul Wallenberg stated bluntly in a dispatch written in July 1944. This simply was not the case. In fact, Jewish survival in World War II Budapest is a story of agency. A combination of knowledge, flexibility, and leverage, facilitated by the chaotic violence that characterized Budapest under Nazi occupation, helped to create an atmosphere in which survival tactics were common and widespread. This unique opportunity for agency helps to explain why approximately 58 percent of Budapest’s 200,000 Jews survived the war while the total survival rate for Hungarian Jews was only 26 percent. Although unique, the experience of Jews within Budapest’s city limits is not atypical and suggests that, when fortuitous circumstances provided opportunities for resistance, European Jews made informed decisions and employed everyday survival tactics that often made the difference between life and death. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank everybody who helped me and supported me while writing and researching this thesis. First and foremost I must acknowledge the immense support, guidance, advice, and feedback given to me by my advisor, Dr. -
Raoul Wallenberg, Hero and Victim – His Life and Feats. by Jill Blonsky
Raoul Wallenberg, hero and victim His life and feats By Jill Blonsky About the author Jill Blonsky resides in Chester, UK. As a long-standing member of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation (IRWF) she coordinates the activities of the ONG in the United Kingdom. Ms. Blonsky has a significant experience working with NGO's and charities and she holds a M.A. (Hons) degree in Russian studies with Distinction in English, Education and History subsidiaries. She also has studies in other disciplines, including Forensic Psychology and Egyptology. The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation (IRWF) is a global-reach NGO based in New York, with offices also in Berlin, Buenos Aires and Jerusalem. The IRWF's main mission is to preserve and divulge the legacy of Raoul Wallenberg and his likes, the courageous women and men who reached-out to the victims of the Holocaust. The IRWF focuses on research and education, striving to instil the spirit of solidarity of the Rescuers in the hearts and minds of the young generations. At the same time, the IRWF organizes campaigns for Raoul Wallenberg, the victim, trying to shed light on his whereabouts. Amongst its most notable campaign, a petition to President Putin, signed by more than 20,000 people and the institution of a 500,000 Euro reward for reliable information about the fate of Raoul Wallenberg and his chauffer, Vilmos Langfelder, both of them abducted by the Soviets on January 17th, 1945. Contents: 1. The Lull before the Storm i. Attitude to Jews pre 1944 ii. The Nazis enter Hungary iii. The Allies Wake Up 2. -
ABSTRACT Title of Document: the FURTHEST
ABSTRACT Title of Document: THE FURTHEST WATCH OF THE REICH: NATIONAL SOCIALISM, ETHNIC GERMANS, AND THE OCCUPATION OF THE SERBIAN BANAT, 1941-1944 Mirna Zakic, Ph.D., 2011 Directed by: Professor Jeffrey Herf, Department of History This dissertation examines the Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans) of the Serbian Banat (northeastern Serbia) during World War II, with a focus on their collaboration with the invading Germans from the Third Reich, and their participation in the occupation of their home region. It focuses on the occupation period (April 1941-October 1944) so as to illuminate three major themes: the mutual perceptions held by ethnic and Reich Germans and how these shaped policy; the motivation behind ethnic German collaboration; and the events which drew ethnic Germans ever deeper into complicity with the Third Reich. The Banat ethnic Germans profited from a fortuitous meeting of diplomatic, military, ideological and economic reasons, which prompted the Third Reich to occupy their home region in April 1941. They played a leading role in the administration and policing of the Serbian Banat until October 1944, when the Red Army invaded the Banat. The ethnic Germans collaborated with the Nazi regime in many ways: they accepted its worldview as their own, supplied it with food, administrative services and eventually soldiers. They acted as enforcers and executors of its policies, which benefited them as perceived racial and ideological kin to Reich Germans. These policies did so at the expense of the multiethnic Banat‟s other residents, especially Jews and Serbs. In this, the Third Reich replicated general policy guidelines already implemented inside Germany and elsewhere in German-occupied Europe. -
Admiral Nicholas Horthy: MEMOIRS
Admiral Nicholas Horthy: MEMOIRS Annotated by Andrew L. Simon Copyright © 2000 Andrew L. Simon Original manuscript copyright © 1957, Ilona Bowden Library of Congress Card Number: 00-101186 Copyright under International Copyright Union All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval devices or systems, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 0-9665734-9 Printed by Lightning Print, Inc. La Vergne , TN 37086 Published by Simon Publications, P.O. Box 321, Safety Harbor, FL 34695 Admiral Horthy at age 75. Publication record of Horthy’s memoirs : • First Hungarian Edition: Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1953. • German Edition: Munich, Germany, 1953. • Spanish Edition: AHR - Barcelona, Spain, 1955. • Finnish Edition: Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1955. • Italian Edition, Corso, Rome, Italy, 1956. • U. S. Edition: Robert Speller & Sons, Publishers, New York, NY, 1957. • British Edition: Hutchinson, London, 1957. • Second Hungarian Edition: Toronto, Canada: Vörösváry Publ., 1974. • Third Hungarian Edition: Budapest, Hungary:Europa Historia, 1993. Table of Contents FOREWORD 1 INTRODUCTION 5 PREFACE 9 1. Out into the World 11 2. New Appointments 33 3. Aide-de-Camp to Emperor Francis Joseph I at the Court of Vienna 1909-1914 49 4. Archduke Francis Ferdinand 69 5. Naval Warfare in the Adriatic. The Coronation of King Charles IV 79 6. The Naval Battle of Otranto 93 7. Appointment as Commander of the Fleet. The End 101 8. Revolution in Hungary: from Michael Károlyi to Béla Kun 109 9. Counter-Revolution. I am Appointed Minister of War And Commander-in-Chief 117 10. -
Country Report Hungary
INSTITUTE HUNGARY A COUNTRY REPORT BASED ON DATA 1918-2012 by Julia Gabriel V-Dem Country Report Series, No. 12 September 2016 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) is a new approach to the conceptualization and measurement of democracy. It is co-hosted by the University of Gothenburg and University of Notre Dame. With a V-Dem Institute at University of Gothenburg that comprises almost ten staff members, and a project team across the world with four Principal Investigators, fifteen Project Managers, 30+ Regional Managers, 170 Country Coordinators, Research Assistants, and 2,500 Country Experts, the V-Dem project is one of the largest-ever social science research- oriented data collection programs. Please address comments and/or queries for information to: V-Dem Institute Department of Political Science University of Gothenburg Sprängkullsgatan 19, PO Box 711 SE 40530 Gothenburg Sweden E-mail: [email protected] V-Dem Country Reports are available in electronic format at www.v-dem.net. Copyright © 2016 by authors. All rights reserved Table of contents About V-Dem ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 2 A Brief History of Hungary: 1918-2012 ............................................................................................ 3 Principles of Democracy: Exploring Indices ................................................................................... -
Valdis Lūmans on Latvians and the Holocaust in Occupied Latvia: Disillusionment Begets Myth Supplanting Myth
Valdis Lūmans on Latvians and the Holocaust in Occupied Latvia: Disillusionment Begets Myth Supplanting Myth Latvia in World War II by Valdis O. Lūmans Volume 11 of World War II, ISSN 1541-0293 Issue 11 of World War II—the global, human, and ethical dimension, ISSN 1541-0293 Fordham University Press, 2006. ISBN 0823226271, 9780823226276 Peters Vecrumba LATVIANS.COM [email protected] INTRODUCTION Latvians, whatever lands you may come to,—proclaim the name of Latvia! Never and nowhere in your life will you ever hear a more beautiful word than this word; who- ever of you carries this word forth, shirk not, therefore, from spreading it far and wide; cease not to praise our country—Fathers, inculcate it into your children; Mothers, sing of it by your chil- dren’s and grand-children’s cribs; but, if you are a child born in exile,—relent not in ceaselessly questioning your parents about this land. Let Latvia be in your thoughts and imaginings as a distant, beautiful island in the sea of the world; as you sail your course through life, keep your prow ever pointed towards it. Day or night, dusk or dawn,—keep it in your thoughts, utter its name, fall in love with it ever more passionate- ly! — Author and artist Jānis Jaunsudrabiņš (1877–1962), my translation In reference to the Holocaust literature in Eastern Europe, especially that of Germany, there is an overuse of the concept of collaboration, which had its origins in Western Europe and Scandi- navia. Every second article written by a German scholar about Eastern Europe, has the word collaboration in it. -
Chapter Thirty the Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648
Chapter Thirty The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648 In the late fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries, while the Portuguese and Spanish explored the oceans and exploited faraway lands, the eastern Mediterranean was dominated by the Ottomans. Mehmed II had in 1453 taken Constantinople and made it his capital, putting an end to the Byzantine empire. The subsequent Islamizing of Constantinople was abrupt and forceful. Immediately upon taking the city, Mehmed set about to refurbish and enlarge it. The population had evidently declined to fewer than two hundred thousand by the time of the conquest but a century later was approximately half a million, with Muslims constituting a slight majority. Mehmed and his successors offered tax immunity to Muslims, as an incentive for them to resettle in the city. Perhaps two fifths of the population was still Christian in the sixteenth century, and a tenth Jewish (thousands of Jewish families resettled in Constantinople after their expulsion from Spain in 1492). The large and impressive churches of Constantinople were taken over and made into mosques. Most dramatically, Mehmed laid claim to Haghia Sophia, the enormous cathedral that for nine hundred years had been the seat of the patriarch of Constantinople, and ordered its conversion into a mosque. It was reconfigured and rebuilt (it had been in a state of disrepair since an earthquake in 1344), and minarets were erected alongside it. The Orthodox patriarch was eventually placed in the far humbler Church of St. George, in the Phanari or “lighthouse” district of Constantinople. Elsewhere in the city Orthodox Christians were left with relatively small and shabby buildings.1 Expansion of the Ottoman empire: Selim I and Suleiman the Magnificent We have followed - in Chapter 26 - Ottoman military fortunes through the reigns of Mehmed II (1451-81) and Bayezid II (1481-1512). -
The Royal Hungarian Army 1920 - 1945 Volume I Organization and History
The Royal Hungarian Army 1920 - 1945 Volume I Organization and History Leo W.G. Niehorster 2 The Royal Hungarian Army 1920 - 1945 The Royal Hungarian Army 1920 – 1945 by Leo W.G. Niehorster Copyright © 1998 and 2010 by Leo W.G. Niehorster All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, no portion of this book may be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of the pub- lisher. Neither the author nor the publisher assumes any responsibility for the use or misuse of information contained in this book. The Royal Hungarian Army 1920 - 1945 3 CONTENTS Page Foreword .................................................................................................................................. 4 Hungarian Military Organizational Symbols................................................................................ 5 A Short Review of Hungarian History up to 1920 ....................................................................... 6 Part I The Royal Hungarian Army 1920 – 1941 Chapter 1 Hungary Between the Wars ................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2 Military Organization and the Armed Forces ........................................................ 21 Chapter 3 The Ground Forces to 1941 ................................................................................... 38 Chapter 4 The Air Force to 1941............................................................................................ 54 Chapter 5 The River Forces to 1941 ..................................................................................... -
Breitman November 2014
Curriculum Vitae Richard David Breitman November 2014 Battelle 119 (202) 885-2407 (AU office) e-Mail: [email protected] Education Yale College 1965-69, B.A. June 1969 Carnegie Teaching Fellowship in History, Yale University, 1969-70 Harvard University 1970-75, M. A. in History 1971, Ph.D. in History, 1975 Krupp Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship, 1975-76 Honors and Awards Phi Beta Kappa (Yale) Graduation Honors, Highest Distinction in History and Political Science and Summa cum Laude (Yale) Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Fellowship 1987 Merit of Distinction Award, Center for Holocaust Studies, Anti- Defamation League (for Breaking the Silence--see books) Fraenkel Prize for Contemporary History (for The Architect of Genocide--see books) Finalist, National Jewish Book Award, 1999 (Holocaust Studies, for Official Secrets–see books) Honorary Degree, (Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa), Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, 1999 Who’s Who in America Ina Levine Invitational Scholar, U. S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2005-06. Tikkun Olam Award, 2013, The Haiti Jewish Refugee Legacy Project (for FDR and the Jews, co- authored with Allan J. Lichtman). National Jewish Book Award in American Jewish Studies (for FDR and the Jews), 2013. Finalist, Los Angeles Time Book Prize in History (for FDR and the Jews), 2013. Employment Assistant Professor of History, American University 1976-81 Associate Professor of History, American University, 1981-1985 Professor of History, 1985-2011 1 Distinguished Professor, 2011- Chair of Department, 1995-97 Director of Historical Research, Nazi War Criminals Records and Imperial Japanese Record Interagency Working Group, 2000-07. Historical Consultant to the National Archives and Records Administration, 2009-10. -
From Weimar to Nuremberg: a Historical Case Study of Twenty-Two Einsatzgruppen Officers
FROM WEIMAR TO NUREMBERG: A HISTORICAL CASE STUDY OF TWENTY-TWO EINSATZGRUPPEN OFFICERS A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts James L. Taylor November 2006 This thesis entitled FROM WEIMAR TO NUREMBERG: A HISTORICAL CASE STUDY OF TWENTY-TWO EINSATZGRUPPEN OFFICERS by JAMES L. TAYLOR has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Norman J. W. Goda Professor of History Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Abstract TAYLOR, JAMES L., M.A., November 2006, Modern European History FROM WEIMAR TO NUREMBERG: A HISTORICAL CASE STUDY OF TWENTY- TWO EINSATZGRUPPEN OFFICERS (134 pp.) Director of Thesis: Norman J. W. Goda This is an examination of the motives of twenty-two perpetrators of the Jewish Holocaust. Each served as an officer of the Einsatzgruppen, mobile killing units which beginning in June 1941, carried out mass executions of Jews in the German-occupied portion of the Soviet Union. Following World War II the subjects of this study were tried before a U.S. Military Tribunal as part of the thirteen Nuremberg Trials, and this study is based on the records of their trial, known as Case IX or more commonly as the Einsatzgruppen Trial. From these records the thesis concludes that the twenty-two men were shaped politically by their experiences during the Weimar Era (1919-1932), and that as perpetrators of the Holocaust their actions were informed primarily by the tenets of Nazism, particularly anti-Semitism.