The Signal Newsletter of the World Association for Infant Mental Health
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Vol. 20, No. 1 | January–March 2012 THE SIGNAL Newsletter of the World Association for Infant Mental Health The father-child activation relationship: a new theory to understand the development of infant mental health By Daniel Paquette, Ph. D. exploration system that fosters the child’s the world (Paquette et al., 2009). According School of psychoeducation, knowledge acquisition and adaptation to Le Camus (2000), paternal roles can be University of Montreal to unfamiliar environments. Children grouped together under the function of regularly seek comfort through contact opening children to the outside world. The activation relationship theory is a with attachment figures when tired, Fathers act as catalysts for risk-taking, complement to the attachment theory. hungry, sick or afraid or when feeling inciting children to use initiative in According to John Bowlby (1969), insecure in the presence of novelty, and unfamiliar situations, to explore, take attachment consists of two opposing, this comfort provides them with the chances, overcome obstacles, be braver complementary behaviour systems: 1) necessary confidence to explore their in the presence of strangers, and stand up the proximity behaviour system that environment further. The Strange Situation for themselves (Paquette, 2004a, 2004b; ensures the child’s protection and 2) the Procedure (SSP) developed by Mary Paquette, Eugène, Dubeau & Gagnon, Ainsworth and colleagues (1978) has made 2009). This function of opening children it possible to assess the quality of the to the world is also mediated by language. Contents attachment relationship in children ages Studies have shown that fathers play the Paquette: The father-child activation 12-18 months by focusing more on the role of a linguistic bridge to the outside relationship: a new theory to understand the secure base than on the parent’s response world by using more complex forms of development of infant mental health ............1 to the baby’s need for stimulation in language (by referring to past events, exploratory contexts. Paquette (2004a; using unfamiliar words and requesting Affiliates Corner.......................................................5 2004b) has theorized father-child clarification more) than do mothers (Ely et attachment by developing the concept of al., 1995; Ratner, 1988; Tomasello, Conti- Whitney & Holmberg: Connecticut Association the “activation relationship”, the affective Ramsden & Ewert, 1990), which causes for Infant Mental Health. ......................................6 bond that permits children to open up to children to speak more and to use a more the outside world, focusing primarily on varied vocabulary with their fathers (Rowe, Guedeney: Obituary Michel SOULE ..... .......... 7 parental behaviour in relation to orduring Cocker & Pan, 2004). In addition, mothers’ child exploration of the environment. verbalizations mostly pertain to emotions Tyano & Keren: Reflections on filicide….. ......8 while those of fathers refer primarily to The activation relationship theory evolved actions (Marcos, 1995). Fathers also make Membership Meeting ........................................12 out of three findings. The first finding more problem-solving related demands was that father-child attachment has a than mothers, who tend to solve problems Presidents´ Perspective: WAIMH is on the lower explanatory potential than mother- in place of their children (Labrell, 1992). Move! ........................................................................13 child attachment as assessed with the Accordingto Labrell (1996), children must Strange Situation. The low stability, low learn to respond to unforeseen events and Editors´ Perspective: transmissibility and low predictability it is fathers who facilitate such learning When cry becomes lethal ..................................14 of father-child attachment have led by teasing them and destabilizing them increasing numbers of researchers to with creative, non conventional games. Book Review/ Clinical Skills in Infant Mental question the appropriateness of using Fathers tend to excite children more and Health: The First Three Years .............................15 this procedure with fathers who have little to engage in more physical play with involvement in daily caregiving (Suess, them than do mothers, especially as far Zero to Three Corner/ Almeida & Merminod: Grossmann & Sroufe, 1992; van IJzendoorn, as boys are concerned (Dixon et al., 1981; Mothers with Severe Psychiatric Illness and 1995; Youngblade, Park & Belsky, 1993). MacDonald & Parke, 1986). Men generally their newborns: a hospital-based model of The second finding concerned emerging take more risks than women (Byrnes, Miller perinatal consultation ...................................16 literature with an increasing focus on the & Schaffer, 1999), and father-child physical paternal function of opening the child to From the Kauppi Campus –News from the WAIMH Central Office. ........................................21 WAIMH Central Office University of Tampere, Medical Faculty, Laakarinkatu 1, Arvo-building Room C221, 33014 University of Tampere, Finland Tel: + 358 50 4627379, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.waimh.org play and physical aggression by children various parental responsibilities, generally represent particular forms of risk-taking with boys at the end of childhood, Editorial Staff (Paquette, Bigras & Crepaldi, 2010). depending on the culture (Paquette, 2004a). This parental specialisation may The third finding concerned human- have occurred phylogenetically with Editor specific adaptations and especially human the emergence of the sexual division of fathers’ unique status in the species as labour (hunting for men and gathering for Miri Keren compared to other primate species. women1), fostered, on the one hand, by Humans live longer, and human children the extremely high demands of the human are dependent on their parents for longer. infant due to its immature status and, on A large brain and a prolonged period of Copy Editor the other, by the growing complexity of development (requiring a high degree the human societies to which the offspring Deborah Weatherston of parental involvement) allow humans must adapt. to learn the great number of things necessary to ensure their adaptation to an The extraordinary increase in the volume environment that has become increasingly of our ancestors’ brains would have Production Editor complex over the course of history caused problems at childbirth, and (MacDonald, 1993). natural selection would have favoured Minna Sorsa, Elina Lehto women who gave birth prematurely. This There is a relation between paternal would explain why the human infant’s involvement, sexual dimorphism, and brain is not completely developed at mating systems in animals. Polygynous Editorial Board birth and continues to develop over primate species are characterized by the course of the first year oflife. Being France Frascarolo pronounced sexual dimorphism, with more vulnerable and dependent than Bernard Golse males being bigger and more aggressive other primate infants, the human baby Antoine Guedeney than females (e.g.: baboons). This Mirjami Mäntymaa would have required more care from its Campbell Paul dimorphism can be explained by the mother, who would thus have had less Kaija Puura strong competition among males for time available to find food, thus resulting Mark Tomlinson exclusive access to females, and also by the in selective pressure for greater paternal Elizabeth Tuters fact that females choose dominant males Martin St. Andre involvement (see Paquette, 2004a, 2004b). Charley Zeanah (Barash, 1982; Fedigan, 1982). Polygynous A series of evolutionary strategies (greater Hisako Watanabe primate males generally provide no genital sensitivity; the establishment Jean Wittenberg paternal care and are either indifferent of continuous sexual activity—due to to youngsters or attack them as the latter females being sexually receptive twelve near puberty, but do protect their group months a year and soon after delivery—; of adult females. In promiscuous primate President’s Perspective concealed ovulation; female selection of species (e.g.: macaques, chimpanzees), male providers, etc.) would have resulted Antoine Guedeney sexual dimorphism is less pronounced in males staying with females for as long than in polygamous species. Malesand as possible (Alexander & Noonan, 1979), females engage in sexual relations with bonding with them, and eventually many partners, but dominant males have becoming involved on both conjugal and Editor’s Perspective priority in terms of access to females. parental levels. In addition to protecting Males show tolerance toward youngsters Miri Keren the mother-child dyad from predators, in the group and may sometimes play with the father would thus have developed them, but provide no paternal care. Finally, an important provider role by supplying there are a few monogamous primate the mother-child dyad with necessary Affiliates Corner species (e.g.: siamangs, titis); these species resources. The literature supports the show little or no sexual dimorphism in notion that this provision of resources Martin St. Andre, Maree Foley terms of size and aggressiveness and helped reduce the risk of infant mortality males provide intensive parental care. and ensure better physical health for Humans also display sexual dimorphism in children (Geary, 2000). This type of terms of size, strength and aggressiveness, From the Kauppi Campus -News distribution of