Tracking the Treatments of Tomorrow
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Neuroanatomy Crash Course
Neuroanatomy Crash Course Jens Vikse ∙ Bendik Myhre ∙ Danielle Mellis Nilsson ∙ Karoline Hanevik Illustrated by: Peder Olai Skjeflo Holman Second edition October 2015 The autonomic nervous system ● Division of the autonomic nervous system …………....……………………………..………….…………... 2 ● Effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation…………………………...……...……………….. 2 ● Parasympathetic ganglia ……………………………………………………………...…………....………….. 4 Cranial nerves ● Cranial nerve reflexes ………………………………………………………………….…………..…………... 7 ● Olfactory nerve (CN I) ………………………………………………………………….…………..…………... 7 ● Optic nerve (CN II) ……………………………………………………………………..…………...………….. 7 ● Pupillary light reflex …………………………………………………………………….…………...………….. 7 ● Visual field defects ……………………………………………...................................…………..………….. 8 ● Eye dynamics …………………………………………………………………………...…………...………….. 8 ● Oculomotor nerve (CN III) ……………………………………………………………...…………..………….. 9 ● Trochlear nerve (CN IV) ………………………………………………………………..…………..………….. 9 ● Trigeminal nerve (CN V) ……………………………………………………................…………..………….. 9 ● Abducens nerve (CN VI) ………………………………………………………………..…………..………….. 9 ● Facial nerve (CN VII) …………………………………………………………………...…………..………….. 10 ● Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) …………………………………………………….…………...…………. 10 ● Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) …………………………………………….……….…………...………….. 10 ● Vagus nerve (CN X) …………………………………………………………..………..…………...………….. 10 ● Accessory nerve (CN XI) ……………………………………………………...………..…………..………….. 11 ● Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) …………………………………………………..………..…………...…………. -
Microscopic Anatomy of the Eye Dog Cat Horse Rabbit Monkey Richard R Dubielzig Mammalian Globes Mammalian Phylogeny General Anatomy Dog
Microscopic Anatomy of the eye Dog Cat Horse Rabbit Monkey Richard R Dubielzig Mammalian globes Mammalian Phylogeny General Anatomy Dog Arterial Blood Vessels of the Orbit General Anatomy Dog * Horizontal section Long Posterior Ciliary a. Blood enters the globe Short Post. Ciliary a Long Post. Ciliary a. Anterior Ciliary a. Blood Supply General Anatomy Dog Major arterial circle of the iris Orbital Anatomy Dog Brain Levator Dorsal rectus Ventral rectus Zygomatic Lymph node Orbital Anatomy Dog Orbital Anatomy Dog Cartilaginous trochlea and the tendon of the dorsal oblique m. Orbital Anatomy Dog Rabbit Orbital Anatomy Dog Zygomatic salivary gland mucinous gland Orbital Anatomy Dog Gland of the Third Eyelid Eye lids (dog) Eye lids (dog) Meibomian glands at the lid margin Holocrine secretion Eye lids (primate) Upper tarsal plate Lower tarsal plate Eye lids (rabbit) The Globe The Globe Dog Cat Orangutan Diurnal Horse Diurnal Cornea Epithelium Stromal lamellae Bowman’s layer Dolphin Descemet’s m Endothelium TEM of surface epithelium Cornea Doubling of Descemet’s Vimentin + endothelium Iris Walls: The vertebrate eye Iris Sphincter m. Dilator m Blue-eye, GFAP stain Iris Collagen Iris Cat Sphinctor m. Dilator m. Iris Cat Phyomelanocytes Iris Equine Corpora nigra (Granula iridica) seen in ungulates living without shade Ciliary body Pars plicata Ciliary muscle Pars plana Ciliary body Zonular ligaments Ciliary body Primarily made of fibrillin A major component of elastin Ciliary body Alcian Blue staining acid mucopolysaccharides: Hyaluronic acid Ciliary -
Central Serous Choroidopathy
Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.66.4.240 on 1 April 1982. Downloaded from British Journal ofOphthalmology, 1982, 66, 240-241 Visual disturbances during pregnancy caused by central serous choroidopathy J. R. M. CRUYSBERG AND A. F. DEUTMAN From the Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands SUMMARY Three patients had during pregnancy visual disturbances caused by central serous choroidopathy. One of them had a central scotoma in her first and second pregnancy. The 2 other patients had a central scotoma in their first pregnancy. Symptoms disappeared spontaneously after delivery. Except for the ocular abnormalities the pregnancies were without complications. The complaints can be misinterpreted as pregnancy-related optic neuritis or compressive optic neuropathy, but careful biomicroscopy of the ocular fundus should avoid superfluous diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Central serous choroidopathy (previously called lamp biomicroscopy of the fundus with a Goldmann central serous retinopathy) is a spontaneous serous contact lens showed a serous detachment of the detachment of the sensory retina due to focal leakage neurosensory retina in the macular region of the from the choriocapillaris, causing serous fluid affected left eye. Fluorescein angiography was not accumulation between the retina and pigment performed because of pregnancy. In her first epithelium. This benign disorder occurs in healthy pregnancy the patient had consulted an ophthal- adults between 20 and 45 years of age, who present mologist on 13 June 1977 for exactly the same with symptoms of diminished visual acuity, relative symptoms, which had disappeared spontaneously http://bjo.bmj.com/ central scotoma, metamorphopsia, and micropsia. after delivery. -
Neuroimaging in Ophthalmology
Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology (2012) 26, 401–407 Oculoplastic Imaging Update Neuroimaging in ophthalmology ⇑ James D. Kim, MD, MS b; Nafiseh Hashemi, MD a; Rachel Gelman, BA c; Andrew G. Lee, MD a,b,c,d,e, Abstract In the past three decades, there have been countless advances in imaging modalities that have revolutionized evaluation, manage- ment, and treatment of neuro-ophthalmic disorders. Non-invasive approaches for early detection and monitoring of treatments have decreased morbidity and mortality. Understanding of basic methods of imaging techniques and choice of imaging modalities in cases encountered in neuro-ophthalmology clinic is critical for proper evaluation of patients. Two main imaging modalities that are often used are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, variations of these modalities and appropriate location of imaging must be considered in each clinical scenario. In this article, we review and summarize the best neuroimaging studies for specific neuro-ophthalmic indications and the diagnostic radiographic findings for important clinical entities. Keywords: Neuroophthalmology, Imaging, Magnetic resonance imaging, Computed tomography Ó 2012 Saudi Ophthalmological Society, King Saud University. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjopt.2012.07.001 Introduction Computed tomography Advances in neuroimaging have revolutionized the evalua- The computed tomography (CT) scan obtains image by tion, management, and treatment of neuro-ophthalmic disor- conventional X-ray technology. The CT X-ray source moves ders. Despite the ever-increasing resolution ability of modern around the patient and the X-ray detectors located on the neuroimaging technology, it remains critical that both the opposite side of the X-ray source measure the amount of ordering eye physician and the interpreting radiologist com- attenuation. -
Eleventh Edition
SUPPLEMENT TO April 15, 2009 A JOBSON PUBLICATION www.revoptom.com Eleventh Edition Joseph W. Sowka, O.D., FAAO, Dipl. Andrew S. Gurwood, O.D., FAAO, Dipl. Alan G. Kabat, O.D., FAAO Supported by an unrestricted grant from Alcon, Inc. 001_ro0409_handbook 4/2/09 9:42 AM Page 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Eyelids & Adnexa Conjunctiva & Sclera Cornea Uvea & Glaucoma Viitreous & Retiina Neuro-Ophthalmic Disease Oculosystemic Disease EYELIDS & ADNEXA VITREOUS & RETINA Blow-Out Fracture................................................ 6 Asteroid Hyalosis ................................................33 Acquired Ptosis ................................................... 7 Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm............................34 Acquired Entropion ............................................. 9 Retinal Emboli.....................................................36 Verruca & Papilloma............................................11 Hypertensive Retinopathy.....................................37 Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Retinal Telangiectasia...........39 CONJUNCTIVA & SCLERA Ocular Ischemic Syndrome...................................40 Scleral Melt ........................................................13 Retinal Artery Occlusion ......................................42 Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis................................14 Conjunctival Lymphoma .......................................15 NEURO-OPHTHALMIC DISEASE Blue Sclera .........................................................17 Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome ..................................45 -
Intracranial Mass Lesion in a Patient Being Followed up for Amblyopia
DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2020.36360 Turk J Ophthalmol 2020;50:317-320 Case Report Intracranial Mass Lesion in a Patient Being Followed up for Amblyopia Ali Mert Koçer, Bayazıt İlhan, Anıl Güngör Ulucanlar Ophthalmology Trainig and Research Hospital, Clinic of Ophthalmology, Ankara, Turkey Abstract A 12-year-old boy being followed up for amblyopia presented to our hospital with visual disturbance in the left eye. The patient’s best corrected visual acuity on Snellen chart was 1.0 in the right eye and 0.3 in the left eye. Increased horizontal cup-to-disc ratio was detected on dilated fundus examination. Retinal nerve fiber layer measurement showed diffuse nerve fiber loss and visual field test showed bitemporal hemianopsia. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a lesion that filled and widened the sella and suprasellar cistern and compressed the optic chiasm. The patient was operated with transcranial approach. The pathologic examination revealed craniopharyngioma. Keywords: Amblyopia, craniopharyngioma, hemianopsia Introduction cylindrical refractive errors of 1.5-2 diopters (D) or more and is more common in hyperopic eyes than in myopia.2 Amblyopia is poor best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in one Craniopharyngioma is a benign tumor that develops from or both eyes due to low vision or abnormal binocular interaction the remnant of Rathke’s pouch and is located in the sellar/ without any detectable structural defect in the eye or visual parasellar region.3 It shows a bimodal age distribution, with pathways. Amblyopic vision loss can be corrected if treated at patients usually diagnosed between the ages of 5 and 14 or after an early age. -
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy of the Peripheral Retina and the Ciliary Body in Degenerative Retinoschisis Associated with Pars Plana Cysts
976 Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:976–982 Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the peripheral retina and the ciliary body in degenerative retinoschisis associated with pars plana cysts Giuseppe Mannino, Romualdo Malagola, Solmaz Abdolrahimzadeh, Gianfrancesco M Villani, Santi M Recupero Abstract pathogenetic mechanism has been attributed Aim—To evaluate the ciliary body and to circulatory disturbances, the motility of peripheral retina in degenerative retino- accommodation, vitreous traction, holes in the schisis associated with pars plana cysts inner lamina, autolysis of retinal cells in the using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). peripheral retina, osmotic procedures, and Methods—18 eyes of 12 patients with transudate from the choriocapillaris.17 Histo- degenerative retinoschisis associated with chemical studies have shown that the content pars plana cysts were selected through of the cystoid spaces and schisis of the periph- binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and eral retina is hyaluronic acid.18 The same mate- Goldmann three mirror lens examination, rial had been found in pars plana cysts,18–20 both with scleral depression. These pa- where it would accumulate owing to an active tients were studied in detail with UBM. secretion from the non-pigment epithelium of Results—Study of the ciliary body with the ciliary body and especially of the pars UBM showed pars plana cysts of diVerent plana.19 Subsequent splitting of the ciliary pig- size and uneven shape. In cross sections ment and non-pigment epithelial layers would the morphology of pars plana cysts in lead to pars plana cyst formation. Once the detail and the close relation of the cysts similarity of the content of pars plana cysts and with the oral region and the peripheral of cystoid degeneration and retinoschisis of the retina, where areas of cystoid degenera- peripheral retina had been disclosed, the tion and retinoschisis were present, were hypothesis that retinoschisis also was caused by observed. -
Ciliary Body
Ciliary body S.Karmakar HOD Introduction • Ciliary body is the middle part of the uveal tract . It is a ring (slightly eccentric ) shaped structure which projects posteriorly from the scleral spur, with a meridional width varying from 5.5 to 6.5 mm. • It is brown in colour due to melanin pigment. Anteriorly it is confluent with the periphery of the iris (iris root) and anterior part of the ciliary body bounds a part of the anterior chamber angle. Introduction • Posteriorly ciliary body has a crenated or scalloped periphery, known as ora serrata, where it is continuous with the choroid and retina. The ora serrata exhibits forward extensions,known as dentate process, which are well defined on the nasal side and less so temporally. • Ciliary body has a width of approximately 5.9 mm on the nasal side and 6.7 mm on the temporal side. Extension of the ciliary body On the outside of the eyeball, the ciliary body extends from a point about 1.5 mm posterior to the corneal limbus to a point 6.5 to 7.5 mm posterior to this point on the temporal side and 6.5 mm posterior on the nasal side. Parts of ciliary body • Ciliary body, in cross section, is a triangular structure ( in diagram it can be compared as ∆ AOI). Outer side of the triangle (O) is attached with the sclera with suprachoroidal space in between. Anterior side of the triangle (A) forms part of the anterior & posterior chamber. In its middle, the iris is attached. The inner side of the triangle (I) is divided into two parts. -
Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi Gebelik Ve
Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi Archives Medical Review Journal Pregnancy and Eye Gebelik ve Göz Anubhav Chauhan Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Hospital Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India ABSTRACT Visual obscurations are common during pregnancy. The ocular effects of pregnancy may be physiological, pathological or may be modifications of pre-existing conditions. While most of the described changes are transient in nature, others extend beyond delivery and may lead to permanent visual impairment. Also, pregnancy can affect vision through systemic disease that are either specific to the pregnancy itself or systemic diseases that occur more frequently in relation to pregnancy. Neuro-ophthalmological disorders should be kept in mind in pregnant women presenting with visual acuity or field loss. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the ocular changes in pregnancy in order to counsel and advice women who currently are, or are planning to become pregnant. Key words: Ocular, pregnancy, blindness. ÖZET Göz kararmaları gebelikte yaygın olarak görülür. Gebeliğin göze etkileri fizyolojik, patolojik ya da önceden var olmuş modifikasyonlar olabilir. Tanımlanan değişikliklerin çoğu doğal olarak ortaya çıkarken genelde geçicidir fakat diğerleri doğumdan sonrasına aktarılarak kalıcı görme bozukluğuna neden olabilir. Ayrıca gebelik ya da gebeliğin kendine özgü sistemik hastalıklar veya gebelik ile ilişkili daha sık meydana gelen sistemik hastalıklar aracılığıyla görüşü etkileyebilir. Nöro-oftalmolojik bozukluklar gebe kadınlarda görsel netlik ya da görsel alan kaybı ile başvurduklarında akılda bulundurulmalıdır. Bu bağlamda gebelik planlaması yapan kadınlara danışma ve tavsiye verme için gebelikteki oküler değişikliklerinin farkında olmak çok büyük önem arz etmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Oküler, gebelik, körlük. 2016; 25(1):1-13 Archives Medical Review Journal Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi . -
Ptosis As the Early Manifestation of Pituitary Tumour
188 British7ournal ofOphthalmology, 1990,74, 188-191 CASE REPORT Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.74.3.188 on 1 March 1990. Downloaded from Ptosis as the early manifestation of pituitary tumour May Yung Yen, Jorn Hon Liu, Sheng Ji Jaw Abstract skull was normal, but a CT scan of the brain Three patients who developed unilateral ptosis showed an enlarged pituitary fossa with marginal followed by partial third nerve palsy were enhancement, which was compatible with found to have a pituitary tumour. The visual pituitary adenoma. field defects were minimal and asymptomatic. The patient underwent trans-sphenoid hypo- Two patients had a chromophobe adenoma physectomy on 7 May 1985. The visual fields and one patient had a prolactinoma. The became full and the oculomotor palsy dis- importance of recognising a pituitary tumour appeared one week after the operation (Fig 3). as the cause of acquired unilateral ptosis is The tumour was a chromophobe adenoma, emphasised. diffuse type. Loss of vision and visual field are the predomi- nant ocular symptoms of pituitary tumour. In 1000 cases of pituitary tumours reported by Hollenhorst and Younge,' 613 patients had visual symptoms; 421 of them had loss of vision as their presenting complaint. Pituitary adenomas cause disorders of eye movements even less commonly than they pro- duce loss of vision and visual field, and those disorders usually occur late in the course of the disease. http://bjo.bmj.com/ We now report three cases which presented with the main complaint of unilateral ptosis due to pituitary tumour. Case reports on September 23, 2021 by guest. -
MCV/Q, Medical College of Virginia Quarterly, Vol. 10 No. 4
CLINICAL ADVANCES IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NEUROLOGY PART II \ When cardiac complaints occur in the absence of organic findings, underlying anxiety may be one factor The influence of anxiety on heart function Excessive anxiety is one of a combina, tion of factors that may trigger a series of maladaptive functional reactions which can generate further anxiety. Often involved in this vicious circle are some cardiac arrhyth, mias, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycar, dia and premature systoles. When these symptoms resemble those associated with actual organic disease, the overanxious patient needs reassurance that they have no Before prescribing, please consult complete product information, a summary of which follows: Indications: Relief of anxiety and tension occurring alone or accom panying various disease states. Contraindications: Patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug. Warnings: Caution patients about possible combined effects with alco hol and other CNS depressants. As with all CNS-acting drugs, caution patients against hazardous occupations requiring complete mental alertness (e.g., oper ating machinery, driving). Though physical and psychological dependence have rarely been reported on recommended doses, use caution in administer ing to addiction-prone individuals or those who might increase dosage; with drawal symptoms (including convulsions), following discontinuation of the drug and similar to those seen with barbiturates, have been reported. Use of any drug in pregnancy, lactation, or in women of childbearing age requires that its potential benefits be weighed against its possible hazards. Precautions: In the elderly and debilitated, and in children over six, limit to smallest effective dosage (initially 10 mg or less per day) to preclude ataxia or oversedation, increasing gradually as needed and tolerated. -
Condensed Table of Contents
Condensed Table of Contents 1 Introduction G.O.H. NAUMANN, FRIEDRICH E. KRUSE 1 2 General Ophthalmic Pathology: Principal Indications and Complications, Comparing Intra- and Extraocular Surgery G.O.H. NAUMANN, F.E. KRUSE 7 3 Special Anatomy and Pathology in Surgery of the Eyelids, Lacrimal System, Orbit and Conjunctiva L.M. HOLBACH 29 3.1 Eyelids L.M. HEINDL, L.M. HOLBACH 30 3.2 Lacrimal Drainage System L.M. HEINDL, A. JÜNEMANN, L.M. HOLBACH 45 3.3 Orbit L.M. HOLBACH, L.M. HEINDL, R.F. GUTHOFF 49 3.4 Conjunctiva and Limbus Corneae C. CURSIEFEN, F.E. KRUSE, G.O.H. NAUMANN 67 4 General Pathology for Intraocular Microsurgery: Direct Wounds and Indirect Distant Effects G.O.H. NAUMANN, F.E. KRUSE 76 5 Special Anatomy and Pathology in Intraocular Microsurgery 5.1 Cornea and Limbus C. CURSIEFEN, F.E. KRUSE, G.O.H. NAUMANN 97 5.2 Glaucoma Surgery A. JÜNEMANN, G.O.H. NAUMANN 131 5.3 Iris G.O.H. NAUMANN 152 5.4 CiüaryBody G.O.H. NAUMANN 176 5.5 Lens and Zonular Fibers U. SCHLÖTZER-SCHREHARDT, G.O.H. NAUMANN 217 Bibliografische Informationen digitalisiert durch http://d-nb.info/973635800 gescannt durch XII Condensed Table of Contents 5.6 Retina and Vitreous A.M. JOUSSEN and G.O.H. NAUMMAN with Contributions by S.E. COUPLAND, E.R. TAMM, B. KIRCHHOF, N. BORNFELD 255 5.7 Optic Nerve and Elschnig's Scleral Ring C.Y. MARDIN, G.O.H. NAUMANN 335 6 Influence of Common Generalized Diseases on Intraocular Microsurgery G.O.H.