DOCSLIB.ORG

Digestive Diseases

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Digestive Diseases Progress Report 進度報告 2019 Progress Report 進度報告 2019 DIGESTIVE Research Progress Summary Colorectal Cancer: DISEASES Gut microbiota: 1. The team led by Professor Jun Yu demonstrated tumour-associated neutrophils, which are that Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, an anaerobic associated with chronic infl ammation and tumour gut bacterium, could adhere to colon mucosa progression were observed in P. anaerobius- Min/+ and accelerates CRC development in mice. They treated Apc mice. Blockade of integrin α2/ϐ1 by further identifi ed that a P. anaerobius surface RGDS peptide, small interfering RNA or antibodies protein, putative cell wall binding repeat 2 all impaired P. anaerobius attachment and 01 (PCWBR2), directly interacts with colonic cell abolished P. anaerobius-mediated oncogenic Principal Investigator response in vitro and in vivo. They determined lines via α2/ϐ1 integrin. Interaction between PCWBR2 and integrin α /ϐ induced the activation that P. anaerobius drives CRC via a PCWBR2- Professor Jun Yu 2 1 of the PI3K–Akt pathway in CRC cells, leading to integrin α2/ϐ1-PI3K–Akt–NF-κB signalling axis increased cell proliferation and nuclear factor and that the PCWBR2-integrin α2/ϐ1 axis is a Team kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B potential therapeutic target for CRC (Nature cells (NF-κB) activation. Signifi cant expansion Communication 2019 ). Joseph Sung | Francis Chan | Henry Chan | Vincent Wong | of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumour- Dennis Wong | Jessie Liang | Olabisi Coker associated macrophages and granulocytic 84 85 Progress Report 進度報告 2019 Progress Report 進度報告 2019 2. The team profi led fecal shotgun metagenomic microbiota-related carcinogenesis, the potential Gastric Cancer: cohort of 42 patients with intestinal metaplasia (a sequences of 184 patients with CRC, 197 patients of utilising the microbiota as CRC biomarkers, precancerous lesion of GC) treated with a COX-2 with adenoma and 204 control subjects from and the prospect for modulating the microbiota Molecular pathogenesis: specifi c inhibitor Rofecoxib or placebo for 2 years, Hong Kong, to elucidate the contribution of for CRC prevention or treatment. They identifi ed they found that COX-2 inhibitor down-regulated 1. Using human genome comparative genomic enteric gut fungi to CRC, principal component that the modulation of gut microbiota is a overall DNA methylation levels (P=0.009). hybridisation microarray to profi le the copy analysis revealed separate clusters for CRC promising strategy to enhance treatment Finally, they demonstrated that pharmacological number variations in gastric cancer patients, patients and control, with distinct fungi effi cacy and reduce adverse effects of CRC inhibition of COX-2 and DNMT synergistically the team observed frequent amplifi cation of composition in early-stage and late-stage CRC. therapies (Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & inhibited GC growth. This work indicated that 8q24, in particular for C8orf76, a novel gene with Basidiomycota to Ascomycota ratio was higher Hepatology 2019 ). PGE induces DNA methylation in GC, and that unknown function. C8orf76 is up-regulated in GC 2 in CRC with increase in Malasseziomycetes co-targeting of PGE and DNMT inhibits GC and patients with high C8orf76 suffer from poor 2 and decrease in Saccharomycetes and Molecular pathogenesis: (Theranostics 2019 ). survival. In GC cell lines, C8orf76 possesses pro- Pneumocystidomycetes. Abundances of 14 fungal 1. Using whole-genome methylation analysis, tumourigenic and pro-metastatic functions, and biomarkers distinguished CRC from controls Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Associated they revealed that Tripartite motif 67 (TRIM67) it promotes tumour growth and metastasis in with an area under the receiver-operating Hepatocellular Carcinoma (NAFLD-HCC): is a novel tumour suppressor in CRC. TRIM67, mice models. They revealed that C8orf76 binds characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.93 which was was silenced in CRC and its downregulation was to promoter region of lncRNA DUSP5P1 and Molecular pathogenesis: validated with AUCs of 0.82 in independent Hong associated with poor survival. They generated induces MAPK/ERK cascade to promote gastric Kong validation cohort 1 and 0.74 in a European TRIM67 knockout mice and showed that tumourigenesis. Collectively, C8orf76 plays pivotal 1. The team found that macrophage-specifi c cohort. These indicated that gut fungi alterations colon-specifi c knockout of TRIM67 signifi cantly oncogenic role in gastric carcinogenesis and is p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases plays a are associated with CRC. They further observed accelerated CRC development. In terms of its an independent prognostic factor for GC patients critical role in pathogenesis of non-alcoholic enhanced intrafungal co-occurrence and molecular mechanism, RNA-seq showed that (Clinical Cancer Research 2019 ). steatohepatitis (NASH). p38α was upregulated bacteria–fungi co-exclusive relationships in CRC anti-tumour effect of TRIM67 was mediated by in the liver tissues of patients with NAFLD. They compared with control; which were validated in activation of the p53 signalling pathway. TRIM67 2. To unravel genome-wide signatures in GC, they established macrophage-specifi c p38α knockout independent Hong Kong validation cohort 1 and ΔMΦ fl/fl forms a self-amplifying loop with p53 to boost performed whole genome sequencing in 168 GC (p38α ) and wild-type (p38α ) mice and a European cohort. These results suggested a p53-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. Of patients. Their data demonstrated diverse models evaluated its impact on NASH models, including complex relationship between fungi and bacteria note, TRIM67 reactivation restored p53 activation of complex structural variations operative in GC, high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat/high-cholesterol diet in the gut, in which their antagonistic relationship and sensitised CRC cells to chemotherapy. TRIM67 leading to high-level amplifi cation of oncogenes. (HFHC), and methionine-and choline-defi cient diet may contribute to colorectal tumourigenesis ΔMΦ thus functions as a tumour suppressor and is They identifi ed hotspots of tandem-duplications (MCD) models. p38α mice exhibited less severe (Gut 2019 ). a potential target for improving chemotherapy (TDs) involving well-established cancer genes steatohepatitis and insulin resistance compared such as CCND1, ERBB2 and MYC. Importantly, to wild-type mice. Mechanistically, macrophage 3. They developed a new method, Bayesian responsiveness (Clinical Cancer Research 2019 ). they nominated a novel hotspot involving super- p38α promotes steatohepatitis by inducing pro- Dirichlet-multinomial regression meta-analysis 2. Whole genome copy number profi ling in primary enhancer of ZFP36L2 that is present in ~10% of infl ammatory cytokine secretion (CXCL2, IL-1ϐ, (BDMMA), to simultaneously model batch colorectal tumour tissues have unravelled TTPAL GC from independent patient cohorts. Functional CXCL10 and IL-6) and M1 polarisation, suggesting effects and detect microbial taxa associated with as a top amplifi ed gene CRC. They demonstrated effects of this novel hotspot were validated using that macrophage p38α as a therapeutic target phenotypes, in microbiome studies. Combining that copy number gain of TTPAL leads to gene experimental studies. Collectively, their fi ndings in NASH. Indeed, pharmacological p38 inhibitors microbial data in meta-analysis is challenging overexpression in CRC in 2 independent cohorts. suggested that TDs might serve as an important suppressed HFHC-induced steatohepatitis. due to the variations between experiments. They also showed that TTAPL is an oncogene mechanism for cancer gene activation and Collectively, specifi c p38α inhibition in BDMMA automatically models dependence by promoting cell proliferation, migration and provide a novel signature for stratifi cation (Nature macrophages by p38 inhibitors might provide among microbial taxa and is robust to the invasion in vitro and animal models. TTPAL Communication 2019 ). a new approach for the treatment of high dimensionality of microbiome and their was found to activate activated Wnt/ϐ-catenin steatohepatitis (Journal of Hepatology 2019 ). association sparsity. Their method was validated 3. Prostaglandin E (PGE ) is a pro-infl ammatory signalling, a key oncogenic pathway in CRC. 2 2 using simulation and real data analysis. They TTPAL mediates its effect through stabilisation eicosanoid up-regulated in GC, but its role in showed that BDMMA can successfully adjust batch of TRIP6, which in turn, displaced ϐ-catenin from epigenetic regulation is unknown. The team effects and substantially reduce false discoveries revealed that PGE up-regulated DNA methylating the tumour suppressor MAGI1 via competitive 2 in microbial meta-analyses (Bioinformatics 2019 ). binding. This allows ϐ-catenin to enter the nucleus enzymes in GC cells, leading to genome wide promoter hypermethylation. Consistently, Cox-2 4. The team was invited to write a review of their and promote oncogenic Wnt/ϐ-catenin. Finally, (rate-limiting enzyme for PGE biosynthesis) research works and other recent relevant studies TTPAL expression also serves as an independent 2 transgenic expression in mice elevated DNMT about the role of gut microbiome in colorectal prognostic marker for CRC patients (Cancer expression and DNA methylation. In a patient neoplasia, including relevant mechanisms in Research 2019 ). 86 87 Progress Report 進度報告 2019 Progress Report 進度報告 2019 Research and Scholarship Research Awards and Recognitions Member’s Full Name Details Jun
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fungal Evolution: Major Ecological Adaptations and Evolutionary Transitions
    Biol. Rev. (2019), pp. 000–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/brv.12510 Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions Miguel A. Naranjo-Ortiz1 and Toni Gabaldon´ 1,2,3∗ 1Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain 2 Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts).
    [Show full text]
  • Pulmonary Mycobiome of Patients with Suspicion of Respiratory Fungal Infection – an Exploratory Study Mariana Oliveira 1,2 , Miguel Pinto 3, C
    #138: Pulmonary mycobiome of patients with suspicion of respiratory fungal infection – an exploratory study Mariana Oliveira 1,2 , Miguel Pinto 3, C. Veríssimo 2, R. Sabino 2,* . 1Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Portugal; 2Department of Infectious Diseases of the National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal; 3 Bioinformatics Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION This pilot study aimed to characterize the pulmonary mycobiome of patients with suspicion of fungal infection of the The possibility of knowing and comparing the mycobiome of healthy individuals with respiratory tract as well as to identify potentially pathogenic fungi infecting their lungs. the mycobiome of patients with different pathologies, as well as the capacity to quickly and DNA was extracted from the respiratory samples of a cohort of 10 patients with suspicion of respiratory fungal infection. The specifically detect and identify potentially pathogenic fungi present in the pulmonary internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region and the calmodulin (CMD) gene were amplified by PCR and the resulting amplicons were sequenced through next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. The DNA sequences obtained were taxonomically mycobiome of patients makes NGS techniques useful for the laboratory diagnosis of identified using the PIPITS and bowtie2 platforms. fungal infections. Thus, the aim of this exploratory study was to optimize the procedure for Twenty-four different OTU (grouped in 17 phylotypes) were considered as part of the pulmonary mycobiome. Twelve genera the detection of fungi through NGS techniques. A metagenomic analysis was performed in of fungi were identified.
    [Show full text]
  • A Higher-Level Phylogenetic Classification of the Fungi
    mycological research 111 (2007) 509–547 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi David S. HIBBETTa,*, Manfred BINDERa, Joseph F. BISCHOFFb, Meredith BLACKWELLc, Paul F. CANNONd, Ove E. ERIKSSONe, Sabine HUHNDORFf, Timothy JAMESg, Paul M. KIRKd, Robert LU¨ CKINGf, H. THORSTEN LUMBSCHf, Franc¸ois LUTZONIg, P. Brandon MATHENYa, David J. MCLAUGHLINh, Martha J. POWELLi, Scott REDHEAD j, Conrad L. SCHOCHk, Joseph W. SPATAFORAk, Joost A. STALPERSl, Rytas VILGALYSg, M. Catherine AIMEm, Andre´ APTROOTn, Robert BAUERo, Dominik BEGEROWp, Gerald L. BENNYq, Lisa A. CASTLEBURYm, Pedro W. CROUSl, Yu-Cheng DAIr, Walter GAMSl, David M. GEISERs, Gareth W. GRIFFITHt,Ce´cile GUEIDANg, David L. HAWKSWORTHu, Geir HESTMARKv, Kentaro HOSAKAw, Richard A. HUMBERx, Kevin D. HYDEy, Joseph E. IRONSIDEt, Urmas KO˜ LJALGz, Cletus P. KURTZMANaa, Karl-Henrik LARSSONab, Robert LICHTWARDTac, Joyce LONGCOREad, Jolanta MIA˛ DLIKOWSKAg, Andrew MILLERae, Jean-Marc MONCALVOaf, Sharon MOZLEY-STANDRIDGEag, Franz OBERWINKLERo, Erast PARMASTOah, Vale´rie REEBg, Jack D. ROGERSai, Claude ROUXaj, Leif RYVARDENak, Jose´ Paulo SAMPAIOal, Arthur SCHU¨ ßLERam, Junta SUGIYAMAan, R. Greg THORNao, Leif TIBELLap, Wendy A. UNTEREINERaq, Christopher WALKERar, Zheng WANGa, Alex WEIRas, Michael WEISSo, Merlin M. WHITEat, Katarina WINKAe, Yi-Jian YAOau, Ning ZHANGav aBiology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA bNational Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information,
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenomic and Comparative Analysis of the Distribution And
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Phylogenomic and comparative analysis of the distribution and regulatory patterns of TPP Received: 25 August 2017 Accepted: 20 March 2018 riboswitches in fungi Published: xx xx xxxx Sumit Mukherjee1, Matan Drory Retwitzer2, Danny Barash2 & Supratim Sengupta 1 Riboswitches are metabolite or ion sensing cis-regulatory elements that regulate the expression of the associated genes involved in biosynthesis or transport of the corresponding metabolite. Among the nearly 40 diferent classes of riboswitches discovered in bacteria so far, only the TPP riboswitch has also been found in algae, plants, and in fungi where their presence has been experimentally validated in a few instances. We analyzed all the available complete fungal and related genomes and identifed TPP riboswitch-based regulation systems in 138 fungi and 15 oomycetes. We fnd that TPP riboswitches are most abundant in Ascomycota and Basidiomycota where they regulate TPP biosynthesis and/ or transporter genes. Many of these transporter genes were found to contain conserved domains consistent with nucleoside, urea and amino acid transporter gene families. The genomic location of TPP riboswitches when correlated with the intron structure of the regulated genes enabled prediction of the precise regulation mechanism employed by each riboswitch. Our comprehensive analysis of TPP riboswitches in fungi provides insights about the phylogenomic distribution, regulatory patterns and functioning mechanisms of TPP riboswitches across diverse fungal species and provides a useful resource that will enhance the understanding of RNA-based gene regulation in eukaryotes. Riboswitches are conserved non-coding structural RNA sensors that bind specifc metabolites and regulate gene expression1–4. A riboswitch is mainly composed of two domains; a highly conserved aptamer domain, which is responsible for binding of metabolites, and the expression platform that changes conformation on metabolite binding and regulates the expression of associated genes2.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Level Classification of the Fungi and a Tool for Evolutionary Ecological Analyses
    Fungal Diversity (2018) 90:135–159 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses 1,2,3 4 1,2 3,5 Leho Tedersoo • Santiago Sa´nchez-Ramı´rez • Urmas Ko˜ ljalg • Mohammad Bahram • 6 6,7 8 5 1 Markus Do¨ ring • Dmitry Schigel • Tom May • Martin Ryberg • Kessy Abarenkov Received: 22 February 2018 / Accepted: 1 May 2018 / Published online: 16 May 2018 Ó The Author(s) 2018 Abstract High-throughput sequencing studies generate vast amounts of taxonomic data. Evolutionary ecological hypotheses of the recovered taxa and Species Hypotheses are difficult to test due to problems with alignments and the lack of a phylogenetic backbone. We propose an updated phylum- and class-level fungal classification accounting for monophyly and divergence time so that the main taxonomic ranks are more informative. Based on phylogenies and divergence time estimates, we adopt phylum rank to Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Glomeromycota, Entomoph- thoromycota, Entorrhizomycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota and Olpidiomycota. We accept nine subkingdoms to accommodate these 18 phyla. We consider the kingdom Nucleariae (phyla Nuclearida and Fonticulida) as a sister group to the Fungi. We also introduce a perl script and a newick-formatted classification backbone for assigning Species Hypotheses into a hierarchical taxonomic framework, using this or any other classification system. We provide an example
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Classification of the Fungi. July 15, 2005 Phylum Subphylum Class
    Draft classification of the Fungi. July 15, 2005 Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass Order Consultants Glomeromycota Arthur Schussler Joe Morton Jim Trappe Archaeosporales Diversisporales Glomerales Paraglomerales Microsporidiomycota Naomi Fast James Becnel Charles Vossbrink Microsporidiomycetes Microsporidales Minisporidales Pleistophoridales Orders incertae sedis Cylindrosporidales Zygomycota Kerry O’Donnell Rich Humber Bob Lichtwardt Merlin White Gerald Benny Mucoromycotina Mucorales Endogonales Mortierellales Harpellomycotina Kickxellales Dimargaritales Harpellales Asellariales Entomophthoromycotina Entomophthorales Genera incertae sedis Basidiobolus Chytridiomycota Joyce Longcore David Porter Peter Letcher Sharon Mozley- Standridge Blastocladiomycotina Blastocladiomycetes Blastocladiales Chytridiomycotina Chytridiomycetes Chytridiales Spizellomycetales Neocallimastigomycetes Neocallimastigales Monoblepharomycetes Monoblepharidales Genera incertae sedis Olpidium Rozella Ascomycota John Taylor Mary Berbee Meredith Blackwell Classes Incertae Junta Sugiyama sedis Neolectomycetes Pneumocystidomycetes Schizosaccharomycetes Taphrinomycetes Saccharomycotina Clete Kurtzman Sung-Oui Suh Saccharomycetes Saccharomycetales Pezizomycotina Arthoniomycetes ? Arthoniales Dothideomycetes Pedro Crous Conrad Schoch Mary Berbee Bob Shoemaker Sarah Hambleton Barry Pryor Capnodiales Dothideales Hysteriales Jahnulales Myriangiales Patellariales Pleosporales Eurotiomycetes David Geiser John Pitt Cécile Gueidan Randy Currah Wendy Untereiner Chaetothyriomycetidae
    [Show full text]
  • Synthase and EPSP-Associated Domains Tuomas Tall
    A census analysis of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase and EPSP-associated domains Tuomas Tall Master’s thesis University of Turku Department of Biology 07.08.2020 Field: Physiology and Genetics Specialization: Genetics Credits: 40 ECTS Reviewers: 1: 2: Accepted on: Grade: UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Department of Biology Tuomas Tall A census analysis of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase and EPSP-associated domains Thesis, 46 pages (8 appendices). Biology August 2020 The originality of this thesis has been checked in accordance with the University of Turku quality assurance system using the Turnitin Originality Check service. Background: Glyphosate is one of the most used herbicides against weeds that targets the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). EPSPS is the central enzyme in the shikimate pathway to synthesize 3 essential amino acids in plants, fungi, and prokaryotes. Although this pathway is not found in animals, herbicide may affect the biodiversity of environmental and host-associated microorganisms. Aims: In this master thesis I will survey the distribution of the EPSPS enzyme in thousands of microorganisms and I will analyse the evolution of the multi domain structure of the EPSPS enzyme in fungi. Methods: Data was gathered from public databases of proteins (e.g., Pfam and COG). The analysis of the distribution of the EPSPS was performed using Excel functions and a bipartite network was analysed with the program Cytoscape. The Count program was used to assess evolutionary scenarios by Dollo’s maximum parsimony, and the phylogenetic trees were visualized with iTOL. Results: The EPSPS enzyme is widely distributed in archaea, bacteria, plants, and fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • Bakalářská Práce Přír
    I consent to loaning my master's thesis for educational purposes when evidence of borrowers is supplied. A borrower is obliged to properly cite all quoted results and conclusions. Svoluji k zapůjčení své diplomové práce ke studijním účelům a žádám, aby byla vedena přesná evidence vypůjčovatelů. Převzaté údaje je vypůjčovatel povinen řádně ocitovat. CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF SCIENCE Study Programme: Biology Branch of Study: Genetics, Molecular Biology and Virology Comparison of ITS nrDNA and alternative markers for fungal metabarcoding in environmental samples Porovnání ITS nrDNA a alternativních markerů pro metabarcoding hub v environmentálních vzorcích DIPLOMA THESIS Author: Bc. Tomáš Zelenka Supervisor: Mgr. Miroslav Kolařík, Ph.D. Prague, 2015 Declaration: I hereby declare that I have written this diploma thesis solely by myself and that all sources, references and literature used or excerpted during elaboration of this work are properly cited. The content of this thesis or its major part was not previously used for obtaining of the same or other academic degree. Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou práci zpracoval samostatně a že jsem uvedl všechny použité informační zdroje a literaturu. Tato práce ani její podstatná část nebyla předložena k získání jiného nebo stejného akademického titulu. V Praze dne 14.08.2015 ....................................................... Acknowledgement I express deep gratitude to Mirek Kolařík for advising on project design, for factual insights and assistance in all phases of my project. I do thank Petra Havlíčková, Tomáš Větrovský, Martin Kostovčík, Milada Chudíčková, Petr Baldrian and many other co- workers from the Institute of Microbiology AS CR who have shown a true kindness while giving me priceless pieces of advice or helping me to manage such a large quantity of experiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the American Elm Restoration Workshop 2016
    United States Department of Agriculture Proceedings of the American Elm Restoration Workshop 2016 Forest Service Northern Research Station General Technical Report NRS-P-174 September 2017 Abstract Proceedings from the 2016 American Elm Restoration Workshop in Lewis Center, OH. The published proceedings include 16 papers pertaining to elm pathogens, American elm ecology, and American elm reintroduction. This document is being published in electronic format only (Web). Any corrections or additions will be posted to the Website (https://doi.org/10.2737/NRS-GTR-P-174.) Cover Photo Baldwin Hill elm, late summer, 2013. Baldwin Hill crests between North and South Egremont in the southern Berkshires of western Massachusetts. The elm is growing on conservation farmland and was the first heritage American elm protected by the Elm Watch Adopt an Elm program. ©Tom Zetterstrom 2013, used with permission. The findings and conclusions of each article in this publication are those of the individual author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service. All articles were received in digital format and were edited for uniform type and style. Each author is responsible for the accuracy and content of his or her paper. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. This publication/database reports research involving pesticides.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fungi: an Advance Treatise
    Biologia dos Fungos Olga Fischman Gompertz Walderez Gambale Claudete Rodrigues Paula Benedito Correa Parede. E uma estrutura rfgida que protege a celula de choques osm6ticos (possui ate oito camadas e mede de 200 Durante muito tempo, os fungos foram considerados a 350nm). E composta, de modo geral, por glucanas, mananas coma vegetais e, somente a partir de 1969, passaram a ser e, em menor quantidade, por quitina, protefnas e lipfdios. As c1assificados em urn reino a parte denominado Fungi. glucanas e as mananas estao combinadas corn protefnas, for- Os fungos apresentam urn conjunto de caracterfsticas mando as glicoprotefnas, manoprotefnas e glicomanoprotef- que permitem sua diferenciac;:ao das plantas: nao sintetizam nas. Estudos citoqufmicos demonstraram que cada camada c1orofila nem qualquer pigmento fotossintetico; nao tern ce- possui urn polissacarfdeo dominante: as camadas mais inter- lulose na parede celular, exceto alguns fungos aquaticos, e nas (8~ e 5~) contem beta-1-3, beta-I-3-g1ucanas e mananas, nao armazenarn amide coma substancia de reserva. A presen- enquanto as mais extern as contem mananas e beta-I-6- c;:ade substancias quitinosas na parede da maior parte das glucanas (Fig. 64.2). A primeira e a terceira camadas sac as especies fungicas e a capacidade de armazenar glicogenio os mms ncas em mananas. assemelharn as celulas animais. As ~lucan~ nas ceIulas fUngicas sac normalmente po- Os fungos sac ubfquos, encontrando-se em vegetais, em lfmeros de b-glicose, ligados por pontes betaglicosfdicas. animais, no homem, em detritos e em abundancia no solo, As mananas, polfmeros de manose, representam 0 mate- participando ativamente do cicIo dos elementos na natureza.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes
    PROF. SINA ADL (Orcid ID : 0000-0001-6324-6065) PROF. DAVID BASS (Orcid ID : 0000-0002-9883-7823) DR. CÉDRIC BERNEY (Orcid ID : 0000-0001-8689-9907) DR. PACO CÁRDENAS (Orcid ID : 0000-0003-4045-6718) DR. IVAN CEPICKA (Orcid ID : 0000-0002-4322-0754) DR. MICAH DUNTHORN (Orcid ID : 0000-0003-1376-4109) PROF. BENTE EDVARDSEN (Orcid ID : 0000-0002-6806-4807) DR. DENIS H. LYNN (Orcid ID : 0000-0002-1554-7792) DR. EDWARD A.D MITCHELL (Orcid ID : 0000-0003-0358-506X) PROF. JONG SOO PARK (Orcid ID : 0000-0001-6253-5199) DR. GUIFRÉ TORRUELLA (Orcid ID : 0000-0002-6534-4758) Article DR. VASILY V. ZLATOGURSKY (Orcid ID : 0000-0002-2688-3900) Article type : Original Article Corresponding author mail id: [email protected] Adl et al.---Classification of Eukaryotes Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes Sina M. Adla, David Bassb,c, Christopher E. Laned, Julius Lukeše,f, Conrad L. Schochg, Alexey Smirnovh, Sabine Agathai, Cedric Berneyj, Matthew W. Brownk,l, Fabien Burkim, Paco Cárdenasn, Ivan Čepičkao, Ludmila Chistyakovap, Javier del Campoq, Micah Dunthornr,s, Bente Edvardsent, Yana Eglitu, Laure Guillouv, Vladimír Hamplw, Aaron A. Heissx, Mona Hoppenrathy, Timothy Y. Jamesz, Sergey Karpovh, Eunsoo Kimx, Martin Koliskoe, Alexander Kudryavtsevh,aa, Daniel J. G. Lahrab, Enrique Laraac,ad, Line Le Gallae, Denis H. Lynnaf,ag, David G. Mannah, Ramon Massana i Moleraq, Edward A. D. Mitchellac,ai , Christine Morrowaj, Jong Soo Parkak, Jan W. Pawlowskial, Martha J. Powellam, Daniel J. Richteran, Sonja Rueckertao, Lora Shadwickap, Satoshi Shimanoaq, Frederick W. Spiegelap, Guifré Torruella i Cortesar, Noha Youssefas, Vasily Zlatogurskyh,at, Qianqian Zhangau,av.
    [Show full text]
  • A Stable Backbone for the Fungi
    A stable backbone for the fungi Ingo Ebersberger1, Matthias Gube2, Sascha Strauss1, Anne Kupczok1, Martin Eckart2,3, Kerstin Voigt2,3, Erika Kothe2, and Arndt von Haeseler1 1 Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna (CIBIV), University of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria 2 Friedrich Schiller University, Institute for Microbiology, Jena, Germany 3 current address: Fungal Reference Centre, Jena, Germany 1 Fungi are abundant in the biosphere. They have fascinated mankind as far as written history goes and have considerably influenced our culture. In biotechnology, cell biology, genetics, and life sciences in general fungi constitute relevant model organisms. Once the phylogenetic relationships of fungi are stably resolved individual results from fungal research can be combined into a holistic picture of biology. However, and despite recent progress1-3, the backbone of the fungal phylogeny is not yet fully resolved. Especially the early evolutionary history of fungi4-6 and the order or below-order relationships within the ascomycetes remain uncertain. Here we present the first phylogenomic study for a eukaryotic kingdom that merges all publicly available fungal genomes and expressed sequence tags (EST) to build a data set comprising 128 genes and 146 taxa. The resulting tree provides a stable phylogenetic backbone for the fungi. Moreover, we present the first formal supertree based on 161 fungal taxa and 128 gene trees. The combined evidences from the trees support the deep-level stability of the fungal groups towards a comprehensive natural system of the fungi. They indicate that the classification of the fungi, especially their alliance with the Microsporidia, requires careful revision.
    [Show full text]