Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation. Environmental Status Report 2009-2010
CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION
The Environmental Status Report of MBMC region is prepared which covers the background status, efforts towards effective implementation of above enactments and thereby present status of environment as regard to Water, Air, Soil, Noise, Solid Waste Management The Environmental Status Report is intended to summarize and synthesize existing information in order to identify key driving forces and both current and future environmental issues. More specifically, the goal of this report is to describe the causes of growth and change, to assess the driving forces which create both benefits and environmental concerns for the region, and to characterize the current status of environmental conditions.
1.1 BACKGROUND
Mira-Bhayander is a city, in the district of Thane with an area 79 sq. km., in the western state of Maharashtra, in India, located around 20 kms to the north of Mumbai on the Mumbai-Ahmedabad highway. It extends between 18º42’ N to 20º20’ N latitude and 0º25’ E to 73º44’ E.
Mira-Bhayander area is situated at the northern threshold of Brihan Mumbai Metropolis and has been identified as one of the growth centers. Mira-Bhayander has gradually developed into an important residential locality due to its proximity to Mumbai and lower cost of living. Earlier Bhayander was administrated by the Gram Panchayat system of local government. However subsequently in accordance with recommendations of MMRDA Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation (MBMC) has been constituted for this area on 12 th June 1985. Khari, Ghoddeo, Ghodbunder, Pen-pada, Mira, Kashi, Navghar, Bhayander and Mahajan wadi are the nine villages under its jurisdiction. Adjoining villages of the limits of Municipal Corporation are also showing trend of urbanization. Therefore govt. under its notification extended the limits of MBMC by including following 10 villages: Chene, Varsave, Rai murdha, Murdha, Morva, Uttan, Dongri and Tarodi Pali Chowk.
Bhayander is divided into two parts by the Mumbai suburban rail line - East and West. The West was traditionally residential, and the East was predominantly an industrial area. Recent population growth and a flurry of construction have blurred the boundaries between Bhayander and neighboring Mira Road on the East side of the rail tracks, turning it into a populous suburb. Government owned Salt Pans and marshland in West Mira Road have restricted the southward spread of Bhayander. Mira road is situated on the island of Salcette. A marshy creek divides Mira Road from Mumbai. Earlier, Mira Road was divided into two main parts, Shanti Nagar and Naya Nagar. In recent times, several new localities like Jangid, Silver Park, Beverly Park, and Evershine Enclave have come up. Shanti Nagar is a cosmopolitan locality.
Fig no. 1.1 Mira Bhayandar Municipal Corporation
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Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation. Environmental Status Report 2009-2010
The ESR report will serve as a basic reference document and the results will help to guide future study directions.The implementation of these enactments is being carried out with the administrative infrastructure as below: - Initially Water, Air, Soil samples were collected form respective sites; also the noise levels were recorded at various junctions. These samples were analysed in a laboratory and reports were compiled. Following information about Mira-Bhayander was gathered, such as: a) Topography, b) Climatic conditions, c) Demography.
1.2 TOPOGRAPHY
It is located in the northern part of the Konkan region to the west of sahyadri hill ranges. The whole town is on a plain level land. The vasai creek surrounds the city from east to north, followed by the Arabian Sea, till the west. The Mumbai city is situated on the southwest. To the south is the Sanjay Gandhi national park and on the southeast thane city. Geographically the city falls in the Deccan lava terrain. Geologically the city falls in lava terrain. Uttan and Ghodbunder are hilly regions. The plain terrain forms a wide area of water logged and marshy land.
Fig no. 1.2 Location Map
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Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation. Environmental Status Report 2009-2010
1.3 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
The climate in the month of October is wet and hot followed by cool and pleasant weather from December to February and dry and hot weather from March to June. The climate of Mira-Bhayander is typically coastal, sultry and not really hot. There are virtually two distinct seasons, namely Monsoon and dry season. The later covers both summer and winter.
Table no. 1.1 Climatic Condition
Sr. no. Season Max. temp ºC Min. temp ºC 1. Summer 34.57 32.37 2. Winter 20.5 17.6 1.3.1 Rainfall
The rainy season starts at the beginning of June and ends in the last week of September. Annual mean rainfall of 2400 mm. the maximum rainfall is in the month of July averaging to 800 mm.
1.3.2 Humidity
The humidity ranges from 49% to 87% with the highest humidity in the month of July.
1.4 DEMOGRAPHY
1.4.1 Distribution of Population
In year 2009-2010 the population of Mira-Bhayander has been recorded app. 9, 00,000. The total male population is 55% of the total population i.e. 4, 95,000 and the total female population is 4, 05,000 (45%) of total population.
Table no. 1.2: Distribution of Population
Sr. No. Particulars Study Area 1. Total Population 9,00,000 2. Male Population 4,95,000 3. Female Population 4,05,000
1.4.2 Literacy Level
Mira-Bhayander has an average literacy rate of 81.03% which is higher than the national average of 59.5%. In this region, male literacy is found to be 83.44 % of total male population and female literacy is 78.63 %.
Table no. 1.3: Literacy Level
Sr. No. Particulars Oservation 1. Average literacy rate (%) 81.03% 2. Male literacy rate (%) 83.44 % 3. Female literacy rate (%) 78.63 %
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1.5 LAND USE PATTERN
The Mira- Bhayander Municipal Corporation area is 79.40sq.km. it was incurred in the previous BMRDA development plan. The independent development of the plan was sanctioned by the State Government as per the government rule dated 14 th May 1990. The planning was as follows;
Table no. 1.4: Land use details of study area
EXISTING AREA % WITH % WITH MPL LAND USES (HECTARES) DEVELOPED AREA AREA Residential Area 282.82 47.12 3.56 Commercial area 5.33 0.89 0.07 Public & Semi 12.00 2.00 0.15 Public Industrial Area 126.51 21.08 1.59 Transportation & 156.90 26.14 1.98 Communication Public Utility 1.10 0.18 0.01 Organised open 13.52 2.25 0.17 spaces Cremation ground 2.03 0.34 0.03 & Burial ground Total Developed 600.24 100.00 7.56 area Agriculture 144.29 -- 1.82 Horticulture 9.00 -- 0.11 Urban Vacant 4440.97 -- 55.93 lands Marshy lands, 1394.33 -- 17.86 saltpans Forest and Hilly 1294.41 -- 16.30 Land Water Bodies 57.32 -- 0.72 Total 7340.32 -- 92.44 Undeveloped area Total Municipal 7940.56 -- 100.00 Area
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TOTAL DEVELOPED AREA (HECTARES) TOTAL UNDEVELOPED AREA (HECTARES)
Residential Area Commercial area Public & Semi Public Industrial Area Agriculture Horticulture Urban Vacant lands Transportation & Communication Public Utility Organised open spaces Cremation ground & Burial ground Marshy lands, saltpans Forest and Hilly Land Water Bodies
EXISTING LAND USES AREA (HECTARES)
Total Developed area Total Undeveloped area Total Municipal Area
Fig no.1.3: Pie Diagram showing Land Use Pattern of Mira Bhayander
Residential area : In last few years Mira-Bhayander has emerged as the fastest growing suburb of the Mumbai City. Due to the increasing population pressure on Mumbai and easy communication facilities for commuters going to and coming from Mumbai from Mira- Bhayander, the population has shifted towards the Mira- Bhayander region. As a result large housing complex have come up in this area. This has also lead to the development of slum pockets in the area. At present, 13,182 no. of slum household have been recorded in the area of which only 10,261 no. are authorized and 2,921 nos. are unauthorized.
Commercial area : Residential growth of the area has lead to the massive commercial establishment. Earlier the commercial activities were limited mainly on Bhayander Uttan road form Bhayander station (W) upto Municipal Corporation office and on east of Bhayander railway station activity was concentrated to Balaram Patil road. In last year the area around Mira Bhayander road and Mira – Bhayander Bridge has emerged as the largest commercial development of the region. Maxus Mall, Reliance Fresh, Spinach bank, Restaurants,
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showrooms of famous brands like Reebok, Woodland, Vijay sales etc. have come up here. Further, many banks such as, SBI, Corporation Bank etc. had also open their branches in this region.
Industrial area : This user covers around 1.59% of the total area. As per the latest records of MBMC there are around 383 industrial estates with around 5000 industrial galas are existing in the area. It is estimated that around 20,000 workers are working in this industrial area.
Land under Public and Semi public Use : This category includes areas occupied by Educational institutions such primary and secondary schools, Religious places such as temple, church, mosque etc, Government and semi-government offices. It covers nearly 0.151% of the total area.
Fig 1.4 Mira- Road Jain Temple Fig 1.5 St. Marys’ Church Uttan
Fig. 1.6 Ram Mandir near Murdga gaon
Land under open spaces : Mira-Bhayander is bounded by natural water tanks scattered in various parts of the town. The municipal corporation has developed three lakes enriched with proper landscaping viz. MBMC Main Office Lake, Goddeo Lake and Shivar Lake wherein boating activity is also available for citizens. The open spaces and recreational grounds are lungs of the town and they cater active and passive recreation needs of the city.
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Table no. 1.5 : Land use under open spaces
Land use Total Number Gardens 36 Traffic Garden 1 (near Golden nest signal) Grounds 6 Sea shore 2 Graveyard 13 Crematorium 13
There are several salt pans in Mira-Bhayander region comprising of 1394.33 hectare of land. These Salt pans are shallow man-made ponds designed to produce salt from sea water. The seawater is fed into large pans and water is drawn out through natural evaporation which allows the salt to be subsequently harvested.
Fig no. 1.7 Salt Pans At Mira Road
Fig no. 1.8 Salt Pans at Morva gaon
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CHAPTER - 2 WATER ENVIRONMENT
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Water is our lifeline that represents the very essence of life. Water has played a role not only in the history of countries, but in religion, mythology, and art.
The water or hydrologic cycle explains interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. The water or hydrologic cycle is a major driving force on our planet. Water is in constant motion, evaporating into the atmosphere from oceans, lakes, rivers and streams.
Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. About 1,460 teratonnes (Tt) of water cover 71% of Earth's surface, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds, and precipitation. Saltwater oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and polar ice caps 2.4%; and other land surface water such as rivers and lakes 0.025%.
Water provides the Earth with the capacity of supporting life. The only organism that doesn’t understand the importance of water is humans; especially in industrialized countries. Sewage is sometimes discharged into rivers, where the same water downstream is used for bathing or drinking. Sometimes water is heavy chemically polluted where treatment of water is important. When toxic substances enter Lakes, Streams, Rivers, Oceans, and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water or get deposited on the bed. This results in the pollution of water whereby the quality of the water deteriorates, affecting aquatic ecosystems. Pollutants can also seep down and affect the groundwater deposits. Without water, organisms could not exist. Water is a resource that should not be taken for granted. It needs to be conserved, just as we save other valuable resources.
Mira-Bhayander shows a variety of water bodies nearby such as Lakes, Ground water, Creek, Nallah and Industrial waste water which are regularly monitored to check the pollution levels. Virtually all types of water pollution are harmful to the health of humans and animals either directly or after long term exposure. In order to assess the water quality in Mira -Bhayander corporation area following types of water namely Municipal Water Samples, Ground water, Nalla water and Industrial water were collected from different locations and analysed.
2.2 GENERALWATER QUALITY:
2.2.1 Municipal / Drinking Water Samples: About 50 Municipal Water samples are collected per month. The sampling locations are listed below,
Table no. 2.1: Municipal Water Sampling Locations:
1. Asmita tower 26. Beverly Park 2. New Golden Nest 27. Balaji Nagar 3. Bhayandar(W) police station 28. Shantinagar 4. Orchid complex 29. Cabin road 5. Martles School 30. Shirdinagar 6. Indra Lok Complex 31. Narendra park 7. Temba Hospital 32. Rahul park
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8.Nazirath School 33. Ramdev park 9. Old Raviraj complex 34. R.N.P. park 10.Samarpan Complex 35. Navghar road 11.New Raviraj complex 36. 150 ft. road 12.Sarjan Complex 37. 60 ft. road 13.Sangeet Complex 38. 90 ft. road 14.Sai Shakti Tower 39. Maxus Mall 15.Kasturi Memorial Hospital 40. Salasar nagar 16.Holy Cross High School 41.Naya nagar 17.Abhinav College 42. S.B. Road 18. S.N College 43. Sai Baba Nagar 19.Gurav Siddhi Complex 44. Azad Nagar 20.Lodha Complex 45. Devchand nagar 21.Shristi Complex 46. Ostwal park 22.St Joseph School 47. Gandhi nagar 23.RNA Complex 48. Shashtri nagar 24.Poonam Sagar complex 49. Prakash Market Road 25.Rassaz Mall 50. Modi Patel Road
Table no.2.2 (a): Average Analysis results of Municipal water samples (1-10) from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETERS UNITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.32 7.44 7.87 7.12 7.34 7.89 7.42 7.27 7.53 8.26 Total Solids ppm <1500 35.21 30.45 40.66 50.78 65.41 60.12 55.78 45.69 70.8 40.11 Total Hardness ppm < 250 74 126 123 142 147 135 112 93 112 98 Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 150 115 120 130 130 135 130 110 140 140 Analysis results of Contaminants Copper ppm < 0.05 0.001 0 0 0 0.023 0 0 0 0.012 0 Lead ppm < 0.1 0 0.065 0.087 0.098 0 0 0 0.027 - 0.03 Zinc ppm < 5 2.33 - 3.69 0 1.08 0 0 0 0.99 1.3 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0 0.001 0 0 0 0.005 0 0 0 0 Chromium ppm < 0.05 0 - 0.02 0 0 0 0.021 0 0.03 0 Nitrate - - 1.89 0.98 1.25 0.78 3.41 2.51 1.45 3.63 0.65 0.44 - 1.98 2.1 2.99 1.05 2.31 2.12 2.99 3.87 1.25 2.89 Total Phosphate -
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Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation. Environmental Status Report 2009-2010
Table no.2.2 (b): Average Analysis results of Municipal water samples (11-20) from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETERS UNITS 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.45 7.62 7.3 8.12 8.27 7.02 7.28 8.11 7.32 7.84 Total Solids ppm <1500 40.25 30.11 25.6 35.61 45.74 50.34 55.99 60.34 65.37 40.39 Total Hardness ppm < 250 132 127 164 128 161 112 134 132 125 116 Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 120 130 135 140 145 130 110 120 140 120 Analysis results of Contaminants Copper ppm < 0.05 0 0.032 0.012 0 0 0.032 0 0 0.074 0 Lead ppm < 0.1 0.055 0 0.063 0.025 0 0 0 0.018 0 0.024 Zinc ppm < 5 2.31 0 3.69 2.78 1.25 0 3.3 0 4.1 0 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0 0.002 - 0 0 0.006 0.005 0.001 0 0.002 Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.03 - 0.028 0 0 0 0 0 0.036 0 Nitrate - - 0.12 0.31 1.25 0.98 1.22 5.1 0.38 0.69 0.62 0.28 - 1.2 2.31 1.77 2.13 1.33 1.54 2.85 1.1 2.39 1.84 Total Phosphate -
Table no.2.2 (c): Average Analysis results of Municipal water samples (21-25) from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETERS UNITS 21 22 23 24 25 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.66 8.12 7.69 7.31 7.22 Total Solids ppm <1500 65.2 50.12 45.92 55.52 35.13 Total Hardness ppm < 250 75 132 164 125 135 Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 70 125 110 115 100 Analysis results of Contaminants Copper ppm < 0.05 0.031 0 0.024 0 0.019 Lead ppm < 0.1 0 0 0.015 0.017 0 Zinc ppm < 5 1.36 0 0 0 1.95 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0 0.003 0 0 0 Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.023 0 0.01 0 0 Nitrate - - 0.32 0.55 0.89 0.12 1.45 - 1.33 2.87 1.3 1.45 1.37 Total Phosphate -
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ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL WATER
180 160 140 120 pH 100 Total solids 80 Total hardness 60 Total alkalinity 40
CONCENTRATION(ppm) 20 0
1 3 5 7 9 5 11 13 1 17 19 21 23 25 LOCATIONS
Fig – 2.1 (a) Chart showing Annual Average Analysis of Municipal water samples (1-25)
ANALYSIS OF CONTAMINANTS IN MUNICIPAL WATER
6
5 Copper 4 Lead Zinc 3 Cadmium Chromium 2 Nitrate 1 Total Phosphate CONCENTRATION(ppm) 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 LOCATIONS
Fig.no. – 2.1 (b) Chart showing Annual Average Analysis results of Contaminants in Municipal water samples (1-25)
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Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation. Environmental Status Report 2009-2010
Table no.2.3 (a): Average Analysis results of Municipal water samples (26-35) from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETERS UNITS 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.45 7.68 7.21 7.36 7.49 7.22 7.69 7.23 7.18 8.45 Total Solids ppm <1500 40.87 25.84 35.66 75.43 80.48 65.22 60.45 56.31 45.12 71.21 BOD ppm < 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total Hardness ppm < 250 132 164 125 135 120 141 162 143 154 115 Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 125 110 115 100 125 130 120 125 130 120 Analysis results of Contaminants Copper ppm < 0.05 0 0 0 0.037 0 0 0.035 0 0 0 Lead ppm < 0.1 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0.021 - 0.066 Zinc ppm < 5 2.47 0 0 3.37 0 2.38 1.45 0 3.24 0 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0 0 0 0 0.002 0 0 0.003 0 0 Chromium ppm < 0.05 0 0.041 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 Nitrate - - 0.74 1.03 0.56 1.64 1.39 0.25 0.33 0.41 0.78 0.65 - 1.48 1.29 2.22 1.47 2.97 1.78 1.44 2.1 1.85 1.97 Total Phosphate -
Table no.2.3 (b): Average Analysis results of Municipal water samples (36-45) from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETERS UNITS 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.75 7.93 7.99 7.41 7.69 7.53 7.21 7.78 7.24 7.39 Total Solids ppm <1500 75.28 62.42 59.76 56.32 54.29 53.12 45.77 41.34 42.99 33.1 BOD ppm < 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total Hardness ppm < 250 200 375 250 175 225 210 350 375 500 490 Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 175 325 200 150 200 195 300 325 400 375 Analysis results of Contaminants Copper ppm < 0.05 0.024 0 0 0.039 0 0 0.028 0 0 0.037 Lead ppm < 0.1 0.024 0 0 0.039 0 0 0.028 0 0 0.037 Zinc ppm < 5 0 0 0.028 - 0 0.041 0 0.032 0 0 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.98 0 0 0.33 0 1.17 2 3.64 2.78 0.68 Chromium ppm < 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0.001 0 0 0.007 0 Nitrate - - 0 0.027 0 0 0.027 0 0 0.015 0 0 - 1.3 1.41 1.65 1.48 1.33 1.32 1.55 1.4 1.87 1.56 Total Phosphate -
Table no.2.3 (c): Average Analysis results of Municipal water samples (46-50) from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETERS UNITS 46 47 48 49 50 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.32 7.72 7.68 8.24 8.16 Total Solids ppm <1500 34.78 32.45 41.56 51.32 60.74
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BOD ppm < 30 0 0 0 0 0 Total Hardness ppm < 250 140 152 155 120 145 Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 130 145 165 160 175 Analysis results of Contaminants Copper ppm < 0.05 0 0 0 0.026 0 Lead ppm < 0.1 0.045 0 0 0 0 Zinc ppm < 5 0 0 1.38 1.77 0 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.003 0 0 0 0 Chromium ppm < 0.05 0 0.029 0.028 0 0.035 Nitrate - - 0.76 0.94 0.72 0.58 0.6 Total Phosphate - - 1.68 1.79 1.94 1.34 1.99
ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL WATER
600
500
400 pH Total solids 300 Total hardness 200 Total alkalinity 100 CONCENTRATION(ppm) 0 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 LOCATIONS
Fig.no – 2.2 (a) Chart showing Annual Average Analysis of Municipal water samples (26-50)
ANALYSIS OF CONTAMINANTS IN MUNICIPAL WATER
4 3.5 Copper 3 Lead 2.5 Zinc 2 Cadmium 1.5 Chromium 1 Nitrate 0.5 Total Phosphate
CONCENTRATION(ppm) 0
6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 4 6 8 0 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 42 4 4 4 5 LOCATIONS
Fig.no – 2.2 (b) Chart showing Annual Average Analysis of Contaminants in Municipal water samples (26-50)
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2.2.2 Ground Water Samples
Groundwater is water that is found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. Groundwater is stored in--and moves slowly through--layers of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. Aquifers typically consist of gravel, sand, sandstone, or fractured rock, like limestone. These materials are permeable because they have large connected spaces that allow water to flow through. The speed at which groundwater flows depends on the size of the spaces in the soil or rock and how well the spaces are connected.
In areas where material above the aquifer is permeable, pollutants can readily sink into groundwater supplies. Groundwater can be polluted by landfills, septic tanks, leaky underground gas tanks, and from overuse of fertilizers and pesticides. If groundwater becomes polluted, it will no longer be safe to drink. Groundwater is used for drinking water as well as to irrigate crops.It is important for all of us to learn to protect our groundwater because of its importance as a source of water for drinking and irrigation. Even though the ground is an excellent mechanism for filtering out particulate matter, such as leaves, soil, and bugs, dissolved chemicals and gases can still occur in large enough concentrations in ground water to cause problems. Underground water can get contaminated from industrial, domestic, and agricultural chemicals from the surface. This includes chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides that many home owners apply to their lawns.
Naturally occurring contaminants are present in the rocks and sediments. As ground water flows through sediments, metals such as iron and manganese are dissolved and may later be found in high concentrations in the water. Industrial discharges, urban activities, agriculture, ground-water pumpage, and disposal of waste all can affect ground-water quality. Contaminants from leaking fuel tanks or fuel or toxic chemical spills may enter the ground water and contaminate the aquifer. Pesticides and fertilizers applied to lawns and crops can accumulate and migrate to the water table. Ground water is sampled 20 times per month.
Table no. 2.4: Ground Water sampling locations: The sampling locations are listed below,
51. Vinayak Nagar 73. Uttangaon 52. Shiv Sena Galli 74. Dongari gaon 7 53. Narayan Nagar Rd 75. Raai village
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54. Raghu nath Ramchandra Mahtre Marg 76. Dongri road 55. J.P Narayan Rd. 77. Uttan road 56. Pleasant Park 78. Bhayandar (W) Barrack 57. Geeta nagar 79. Chandulal Park 58. Shalibhadra nagar 80. Koliwada 59. Jesal Park, B 81. Khari Gaon 60. Vinayak Mandir Road 82. Fatak Road 61. Dr. K.B. Hedgewar Road 83. Goddev naka 62. Cabin Cross Road 84. Dutta Mandir 63. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Rd 85. Cross Garden 64. Shanti vihar 86. Talav road 65. Moti nagar 87. Nagar Bhavan 66. Silver park Road, 88. Bangladesh nagar 67. Decon Street 89. Pan tekdi 68. B.P.road 90. S.M Agrasen Road. 69. GCC club 91. Bunder wadi 70. Murdga gaon 92 Penkarpada 71. Pallivillage 93. Goldennest 72.Morvagaon 94. .Kashimira
Table no.2.5 (a): Average Analysis results of Ground water samples (51-61) from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETER UNITS 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.69 7.32 7.84 7.15 7.91 7.62 7.81 7.34 7.73 7.22 7.13 Total Solids ppm <1500 113.2 116.2 101.3 125.2 95.7 92.9 108.1 116.7 91.6 96 274 BOD ppm < 30 60 66 51 42 30 27 33 36 39 45 60 Total 160 115 105 110 120 145 95 120 90 81 200 ppm < 250 Hardness Total 148 142 132 162 163 156 172 162 178 162 175 ppm < 250 Alkalinity Analysis of Contaminants 0 0.026 0 0 0.031 0 0.045 0 0 0 0.00 Copper ppm < 0.05 4 Lead ppm < 0.1 0 0 0.062 0.045 0.022 0 0 0.028 0 0.039 0 Zinc ppm < 5 1.36 1.78 1.52 2.77 3.41 3.65 2.39 1.22 2.36 4.01 2.25 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0 0 0.027 0 0 0 0.028 0 0.024 0 0 Chromium ppm < 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0.002 0 0.001 0 0 0.03 Ammonia - - 1.34 2.78 3.44 5.28 1.33 2.78 7.64 4.21 5.6 3.45 1.58 Nitrate - - 4.98 5.67 6.31 4.99 8.1 10.34 9.1 8.45 4.66 6.77 2.39 Total - 3.12 5.17 5.44 5.98 6.3 3.44 5.12 6.37 4.81 4.25 5.99 - Phosphate Microbial Content MPN - 50 19 7 15 9 10 12 18 20 21 62 14 Colony F. Coli /100 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ml Colony E. Coli /100 15 15 3 11 7 5 11 14 15 15 12 10 ml
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Table no.2.5 (b): Average Analysis results of Ground water samples (62-72) from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETER UNITS 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 LIMITS
General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.59 7.2 8.31 8.97 6.99 7.92 7.31 7.1 8.04 7.23 7.29 Total Solids ppm <1500 431.6 333 257.2 294.9 322.6 552.7 609.7 693.7 623.2 293.1 427.3 BOD ppm < 30 27 30 42 51 39 45 57 66 63 27 36 Total 250 175 225 210 350 375 500 490 320 410 250 ppm < 250 Hardness Total 200 150 200 195 300 325 400 375 300 400 200 ppm < 250 Alkalinity Analysis of Contaminants Copper ppm < 0.05 0 0.002 0 0.029 0 0 0.064 0 0 0.025 0 Lead ppm < 0.1 0 0.023 0.025 0 0.066 0.034 0 0.074 0 0.068 0.078 Zinc ppm < 5 1.68 1.06 0 0 0 1.36 1.39 0 2.28 2.21 0 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.007 0 0 0 0.003 0.002 0 0.002 0 0 0.007 Chromium ppm < 0.05 - 0 0 0.012 0 0.033 0 0 0.001 0.003 0 Ammonia - - 2.69 4.13 5.74 2.39 4.77 1.98 2.2 2.23 1.64 2.31 3.02 Nitrate - - 2.85 5.66 1.45 3.1 4.01 7.05 6.31 5.12 2.88 1.33 2.56 Total - 6.12 5.21 4.12 3.1 2.88 3.14 2.34 3.25 4.61 0.32 1.22 - Phosphate Microbial Content MPN - 50 53 43 55 41 36 38 39 47 53 17 12 Colony F. Coli /100 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ml Colony E. Coli /100 15 11 14 9 12 17 16 18 11 17 10 14 ml
ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER
800 700 600 pH 500 Total solids 400 BOD 300 Total hardness 200 Total alkalinity 100 CONCENTRATION(ppm) 0 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 LOCATIONS
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Fig.no – 2.4 (a) Chart showing Annual Average Analysis of Ground Water samples (51-72)
ANALYSIS OF CONTAMINANTS IN GROUND WATER
12 10 Copper 8 Lead 6 Zinc Cadmium 4 Chromium 2 Ammonia
CONCENTRATION0 (ppm) Nitrate
5 1 Total Phosphate 51 53 5 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 7 LOCATIONS
Fig. no.2.4 (b) Annual Average Analysis of Contaminants in Ground Water Samples (51-72) from May 2009 – April 10
MICROBIAL CONTENT IN GROUND WATER
70 60 50 40 MPN 30 E. coli 20
M10 ICROBIAL COUNT 0 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 LOCATIONS
Fig 2.4 (c) Annual Average Analysis of Microbial Content in Ground Water Samples (51-72) from May 2009 – April 10
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Table no.2.6 (a): Average Analysis results of Ground water samples (73-83) from May 2009 – April 10
STD PARAMETER UNITS 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.64 8.28 8.31 7.47 7.67 8.48 8.59 7.54 7.65 7.8 7.12 Total Solids ppm <1500 723.2 715.2 682.7 609.3 606.2 574.3 705.2 769.3 490.3 565.8 431.5 BOD ppm < 30 33 42 45 51 48 39 60 120 150 126 150 Total ppm < 250 365 260 325 275 512 415 390 485 326 374 436 Hardness Total ppm < 250 450 295 280 250 450 385 345 328 330 345 355 Alkalinity Analysis of Contaminants Copper ppm < 0.05 0.036 - 0.035 0.039 0.021 - 0.022 - 0.025 - - Lead ppm < 0.1 - 0.064 - - - 0.085 - - - 0.012 - Zinc ppm < 5 3.98 1.32 1.58 1.36 3.37 1.1 3.33 2.99 3.01 - 1.56 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 - - 0.002 - - - 0.001 - 0.003 - - Chromium ppm < 0.05 - 0.024 - 0.005 0.039 - - - - 0.033 - Ammonia - - 1.77 0.98 4.1 3.69 1.94 2.1 3.87 5.01 12.5 14.7 23.6 Nitrate - - 1.08 0.99 5.21 6.37 4.12 1.36 2.58 2.9 12.2 24.2 16.3 Total - - 2.77 1.03 1.45 4.18 3.67 1.95 1.8 1.06 5.21 4.1 3.28 Phosphate Microbial Content MPN - 50 28 23 25 28 39 25 31 34 32 37 32 Colony F. Coli 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /100 ml Colony E. Coli 15 24 21 24 32 31 32 32 33 24 28 16 /100 ml
Table no.2.6 (b): Average Analysis results of Ground water samples (84-94) from May 2009 – April 10
STD PARAMETER UNITS 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.33 7.54 7.88 8.99 7.41 7.03 7.05 7.23 7.25 7.41 7.01 Total Solids ppm <1500 429.2 482.2 466.3 523.2 452.7 508.2 439.1 518.2 845.2 713.1 405.4 BOD ppm < 30 130 81 120 147 90 81 78 120 123 99 69 Total ppm < 250 Hardness 378 455 430 362 256 386 310 350 375 365 300 Total ppm < 250 Alkalinity 295 360 355 325 320 425 345 300 325 326 255 Analysis of Contaminants Copper ppm < 0.05 0.036 0.078 - 0.002 - - 0.095 0.012 - - 0.025 Lead ppm < 0.1 - - - - 0.022 - - - 0.089 - 0.047 Zinc ppm < 5 - 4.87 0.56 1.36 0.41 2.88 0.23 2.99 - 3.56 - Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.002 0.03 - - - - - 0.002 0.001 - 0.005 Chromium ppm < 0.05 - - 0.018 - 0.049 - - - - 0.041 - Ammonia - - 28.4 22.6 31.2 16.7 12.8 19.3 17.8 15.2 20.6 32.8 24.3 Nitrate - - 14.2 12.4 15.3 17.5 50.2 37.2 16.4 40.2 42.1 23.7 25.4 Total - - 2.15 3.11 2.38 2.1 2.45 3.12 4.19 2.22 2.28 3.31 4.7 Phosphate Microbial Content
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MPN - 50 24 37 21 40 45 41 36 23 20 26 16 Colony F. Coli 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /100 ml Colony E. Coli 15 27 31 25 22 21 27 26 20 15 20 12 /100 ml
ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER
900 800 700 pH 600 Total solids 500 BOD 400 300 Total hardness 200 Total alkalinity 100 CONCENTRATION(ppm) 0
3 1 5 9 3 7 75 77 79 8 83 8 87 8 91 9 LOCATIONS
Fig.no – 2.5 (a) Chart showing Annual Average Analysis of Ground Water Samples (73-94)
ANALYSIS OF CONTAMINANTS OF GROUND WATER
60 Copper 50 Lead 40 Zinc Cadmium 30 Chromium 20 Ammonia 10 Nitrate
CONCENTRATION (ppm) CONCENTRATION Total Phosphate 0 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 LOCATIONS
Fig.no- 2.5 (b) Annual Average Analysis of Contaminants in Ground Water Samples (73-94) from May 2009 – April 2010
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MICROBIAL CONTENT OF GROUND WATER
50
40
30 MPN 20 E. coli
10 MICROBIAL COUNT MICROBIAL
0 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 LOCATIONS
Fig.no. 2.5 (c) Annual Average Analysis of Microbial Content in Ground Water Samples (73-94) from May 2009 – April 2010
2.2.3 Creek Water Samples
Creek water is the water condition when fresh water meets sea water. In fact, the most extensive brackish water habitats worldwide are estuaries, where a river meets the sea. Brackish water or Creek water is also the primary waste product of the salinity gradient power process. Because brackish water is hostile to the growth of most terrestrial plant species, without appropriate management it is damaging to the environment. Creek water from 5 different locations is sampled per month. The sampling locations are listed below, Table no. 2.7: Creek Water sampling locations
95. Rawal Nagar 96. Near Jesal Park creek 97. Near Pali Beach Resort Creek 98.Near Uttan Petrol pumpCreek 99. Morva Creek 100.Murdha Creek
Table no.2.8 : Average Annual Analysis results of Creek water samples (95-100) from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETERS UNITS 95 96 97 98 99 100 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.31 7.87 7.26 7.31 7.42 8.12 Total Solids ppm <1500 6298 5626 3756 2338 4744 6190 BOD ppm < 30 96 171 210 150 180 126 Total Hardness ppm < 250 400 669 1201 998 856 879 Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 360 275 385 398 412 379 Analysis of Contaminants Copper ppm < 0.05 0.044 0 0 0.007 0 0.002 Lead ppm < 0.1 0 0.056 0.032 0 0 0.025 Zinc ppm < 5 1.5 3.66 0 4.4 2.88 1.45 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0 0 0 0.006 0 0 Chromium ppm < 0.05 0 0.02 0 0 0.031 0
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Ammonia - - 17.3 21.5 23.4 24.6 22.7 26.2 Nitrate - - 65 60 68 70 76 80 - Total Phosphate - 3.28 7.14 9.99 5.37 3.22 6.78 Microbial Content MPN - 50 48 34 42 46 31 20 Colony F. Coli 10 21 15 12 21 26 15 /100 ml Colony E. Coli 15 19 14 15 12 11 12 /100 ml
ANALYSIS OF CREEK WATER
7000 6000 pH 5000 Total solids 4000 BOD 3000 Total hardness 2000 Total alkalinity 1000
CONCENTRATION (ppm) CONCENTRATION 0 95 96 97 98 99 100 LOCATIONS
Fig.no – 2.6 (a) Chart showing Annual Analysis results of Creek water samples (95-100) from May 2009 – April 2010
ANALYSIS OF CONTAMINANTS IN CREEK WATER
100 Copper 80 Lead 60 Zinc 40 Cadmium Chromium 20 Ammonia
CONCENTRATION (ppm) CONCENTRATION 0 Nitrate 95 96 97 98 99 100 Total Phosphate LOCATIONS
Fig.no. 2.6 (b) Annual Analysis of Contaminants in Creek water samples (95-100) from May 2009 – April 2010
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MICROBIAL CONTENT IN CREEK WATER
60
50
40 MPN 30 F. coli
20 E. coli
10 MICROBIAL COUNT MICROBIAL 0 95 96 97 98 99 100 LOCATIONS
Fig.no. 2.6 (c) Annual Analysis results of Microbial content in Creek water samples (95-100) from May 2009 – April 2010
2.3 NALLAH (MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER) SAMPLES:
Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations. In the most common usage, it refers to the municipal wastewater that contains a broad spectrum of contaminants resulting from the mixing of wastewaters from different sources. Sewage is correctly the subset of wastewater that is contaminated with feces or urine, but is often used to mean any waste water. "Sewage" includes domestic, municipal, or industrial liquid waste products disposed of, usually via a pipe or sewer or similar structure, sometimes in a cesspool emptier. The physical infrastructure, including pipes, pumps, and screens, channels etc. used to convey sewage from its origin to the point of eventual treatment or disposal is termed sewerage (nallah). 20 Nallah water samples are collected per month. The sampling locations are listed below,
Table no. 2.9: Nallah water sampling locations
1.Bhayandar (W) village 11.Murdha Nallah
2.Cabin road 12. Palli Beach Resort Nallah
3.Morva gaon 13. Palli Road Nallah
4.Uttan gaon 14. Near Phatak road
5.Dongari gaon 15.Pan tekadi
6.Naya nagar 16.Navghar gaon
7.B.P. road 17.S.N.College
8.Raai village 18.Goddev Naka
9. Rao Lake. 19.Near Maxus Mall
10. Dongri Village. 20.Near Thakur Mall
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Table no.2.10 (a): Average Analysis results of Nallah water samples (1-10) from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETERS UNITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.63 7.71 7.42 7.70 7.76 7.41 7.83 7.37 7.63 7.72 Total Solids ppm <1500 1080 1146 1085 1222 1141 1249 1243 1187 1135 1157 BOD ppm < 30 169 149 160 165 169 180 158 145 139 134 COD ppm <250 506.14 444.82 491.39 467.53 493.17 499.53 462.99 402.51 397.51 396.50 Total Hardness ppm < 250 281.08 288.67 297.00 237.33 271.25 230.83 236.08 262.17 234.33 208.25 Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 300.08 252.08 256.83 251.67 210.00 225.58 217.92 249.58 229.92 221.25 Microbial Content MPN - 50 150 159 154 107 134 135 132 146 148 150 Colony F. Coli 10 47 41 47 47 38 50 47 49 45 55 /100 ml Colony E. Coli 15 65 59 93 93 132 109 96 119 98 56 /100 ml
Table no.2.10 (b): Average Analysis results of Nallah water samples (11-20) from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETERS UNITS LIMIT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 S General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.76 7.65 7.89 7.79 7.17 7.94 7.37 7.66 7.64 7.78 Total Solids ppm <1500 1355 1326 1170 1292 1138 1287 1384 1221 1523 1433 BOD ppm < 30 81 84 106 134 134 132 112 117 110 121 COD ppm <250 235.94 260.08 306.64 391.4 374.55 390.60 787.0 347.5 332.3 371.51 Total Hardness ppm < 250 275.08 292.25 297.75 311.1 222.67 290.92 278.3 307.0 341.8 303.83 Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 241.75 228.08 291.83 297.2 230.83 283.92 267.9 266.7 316.0 287.50 Microbial Content MPN - 50 84 94 97 92 96 102 86 113 110 100 Colony F. Coli 10 52 61 60 59 58 47 51 56 50 59 /100 ml Colony E. Coli 15 38 51 50 53 48 44 48 49 42 56 /100 ml
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ANALYSIS OF NALLAH WATER SAMPLES
1600.00 1400.00 pH 1200.00 Total Solids 1000.00 BOD 800.00 COD 600.00 Total hardness 400.00 Total alkalinity 200.00 CONCENTRATION (ppm) CONCENTRATION 0.00 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 LOCATIONS
Fig.no – 2.7 (a) Chart showing Annual Analysis results of Nallah water samples (1-20) from May 2009 – April 2010
MICROBIAL CONTENT OF NALLAH WATER SAMPLE
200
150 MPN 100 F. coli E. coli 50
CONCENTRATION (ppm) CONCENTRATION 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 LOCATIONS
Fig.no – 2.7 (b) Chart showing Yearly Average Analysis of Microbial Content in Nallah water samples (1-20) from May 2009 – April 2010
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2.4 INDUSTRIAL WATER SAMPLES:
Materials generally discarded from industrial operations or derived from manufacturing processes are termed as Industrial Effluent. Effluents are harmful when they enter the environment, especially in freshwater, because of their polluting chemical composition. It may either be disposed of separately or become part of the sanitary or combined sewage. 20 samples of Industrial water with in MBMC area are collected per month. The sampling locations are listed below, Table no. 2.11: Industrial water sampling sites / locations
1.Ghodbunder road 11. Sangam Paints
2.Navghar road 12. Kamal Modi Paints
3.M.I. Udyog nagar 13. Azad Nagar industrial Estate 4.Penkar pada 14. Ankit Paints, penkar pada
5.Versave 15. Doshi Industrial Premises
6.Laxmi Motors Ltd. 16. Kashimira chowk
7.B.P.road 17. Mira gaon industrial Estate
8.Panchal industrial Estate 18. Raju Industrial Estate
9. Thakur Mall 19. Shirdi Nagar. Niko steel ind.
10. U.P. Mayekar Paint 20. Carbo Industries
Table no.2.12 (a): Average Analysis results of Industrial water samples (11-20) from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETERS UNITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.21 7.56 7.21 7.98 7.76 7.91 7.53 8.08 7.61 7.55 Total Solids ppm <1500 1366 1335 1361 1223 1355 1463 1491 1180 1400 1471 BOD ppm < 30 169 190 168 184 176 199 176 210 178 129 COD ppm <250 524.13 582.56 496.50 546.76 519.17 587.79 495.73 559.66 421.48 381.68 Total Hardness ppm < 250 273.33 275.00 250.33 259.17 238.42 259.25 280.75 283.75 248.25 242.58 Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 231.58 239.17 269.08 310.17 295.75 290.08 267.50 303.08 264.92 382.67 Microbial Content MPN - 50 322 329 320 317 325 352 342 320 317 329 Colony F. Coli 10 26 28 32 32 28 36 35 31 31 36 /100 ml Colony E. Coli 15 74 93 105 110 101 109 75 72 74 62 /100 ml
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Table no.2.12 (b): Annual Average Analysis results of Industrial water samples from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETERS UNITS 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 6.99 7.52 7.42 7.96 7.61 7.31 7.79 8.13 7.79 7.82 Total Solids ppm <1500 1331 1296 1197 1258 1299 1378 1766 1619 1309 1352 BOD ppm < 30 132 135 107 97 108 125 151 106 103 106 COD ppm <250 356.71 390.97 324.60 303.93 327.13 398.06 473.65 321.78 296.27 332.72 Total Hardness ppm < 250 367.08 312.67 324.33 402.58 409.50 347.58 360.92 416.33 352.50 331.00 Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 234.83 249.58 296.33 333.42 299.42 310.67 323.25 327.25 262.92 267.50 Microbial Content MPN - 50 306 302 285 304 310 325 389 354 296 305 Colony F. Coli 10 32 48 47 43.42 37.50 37.17 36.00 37.67 47.00 44.33 /100 ml Colony E. Coli 15 41 45 58 52.58 49.75 37.17 49.92 45.00 51.42 68.00 /100 ml
ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL WATER SAMPLES
2000.00
pH 1500.00 Total Solids BOD 1000.00 COD Total hardness 500.00
CONCENTRATION Total alkalinity
0.00 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 LOCATIONS
Fig.no – 2.8 (a) Annual Average Analysis results of Industrial water samples (1-20) from May 2009 – April 2010
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MICROBIAL CONTENT OF INDUSTRIAL WATER SAMPLES
500
400 MPN 300 F. coli 200 E. coli 100
0 CONCENTRATION (ppm) CONCENTRATION
1 3 5 7 9 9 11 13 15 17 1 LOCATIONS
Fig.no – 2.8 (b) Annual Average Analysis results of Microbial content in Industrial water samples (1-20) from May 2009 – April 2010
2.5 LAKE WATER SAMPLES:
On Earth a Lake is a body of water when it is inland, not part of the ocean and it is larger and deeper than a pond. A lake is a physical feature a body of liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the bottom of basin.Almost half of the world's lakes are degraded, depleted, and contaminated mainly by human activities. The main causes are inflow of domestic sewage, agricultural run-off, and discharge of industrial effluents, over- fishing, and introduction of exotic species and habitat degradation from population growth, expansion of cities. Lake water from 20 different locations is sampled per month. The sampling locations are listed below, Table no. 2.13 Lake Water sampling sites / locations
1. Sukal lake 11. Gaondevi lake Murdha. 2. Mira Goanthan lake. 12. Ram Mandir lake Murdha 3. MIDC lake. 13. Ram Mandir lake Raai 4. Shivar lake. 14. Gandhi lake Rai 5. Jarimari lake. 15. Morva lake. 6. Ghodbunder lake. 16. Dev lake Uttan 7. Navghar old lake. 17. Moha lake Uttan 8. Navghar new lake. 18. Goddev lake. 9. Khari lake. 19. Rao Lake 10. Mandali lake. 20. Dongri Lake
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Fig.no 2.9 Murdha Ram Mandir lake Fig. No 2.10 Uttan Moh Lake
Fig.no.2.11 Raai Ram Mandir lake
Table no.2.14 (a): Average Analysis Results of Lake Water samples from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETERS UNITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.31 7.68 7.29 7.48 7.25 7.54 7.64 7.83 7.68 7.47 Total Solids ppm <1500 571.43 625.79 488.72 585.66 535.20 614.60 580.90 618.00 589.28 547.67 BOD ppm < 30 62 64 67 72 62 70 72 82 75 87 COD ppm <250 180.82 173.33 183.94 230.51 191.25 179.25 193.35 218.41 161.67 206.47 Total Hardness ppm < 250 178.92 177.33 208.17 226.42 205.33 192.67 196.33 279.75 203.92 291.92 Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 122.75 134.50 156.75 174.67 153.25 146.75 141.92 160.92 170.33 155.83 Analysis of Contaminants
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Ammonia - - 1.01 1.27 1.87 1.42 1.55 1.35 0.95 1.83 1.15 1.42 Nitrate - - 5.53 4.29 6.67 5.06 7.17 5.66 6.94 5.38 5.27 5.31 - Total Phosphate - 2.87 2.89 4.07 3.81 4.34 4.35 4.17 3.97 4.23 3.51
Copper ppm < 0.05 0.014 0.21 0.36 0.33 0.008 0.025 0.001 0.021 0.061 0.01 Lead ppm < 0.1 0 0.03 0.056 0.082 0 0 0 0.005 0 0 Zinc ppm < 5 1.32 1.24 1.3 0.56 0.32 0.98 1.26 0.14 0.2 0.21 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.006 0.001 0.002 0.002 0 0 0 0.001 0 0.003 Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.0002 0 0 0.001 0.0003 0.004 0.001 0 0.001 0 Microbial content MPN - 50 46 67 38 29 30 47 36 65 71 52 Colony F. Coli 10 12 5 8 3 14 15 22 38 25 13 /100 ml Colony E. Coli 15 14 23 20 66 52 71 58 35 64 28 /100 ml
Table no.2.14 (b): Average Analysis Results of Lake Water samples from May 2009 – April 2010
STD PARAMETERS UNITS 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 LIMITS General Analysis pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.49 7.88 7.80 7.54 7.37 7.52 7.70 7.94 7.83 7.42 Total Solids ppm <1500 684.53 628.44 638.38 692.60 640.58 641.76 598.48 706.98 663.63 608.41 BOD ppm < 30 75 76 76 78 94 87 74 73 58 56 COD ppm <250 286.84 339.13 354.38 331.73 295.59 274.46 206.66 275.41 181.20 167.78 Total Hardness ppm < 250 301.08 261.42 241.00 220.00 240.67 215.42 220.50 251.50 234.58 217.82 Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 171.33 169.17 170.33 200.33 213.33 208.08 235.58 259.58 195.92 201.00 Analysis of Contaminants Ammonia - - 1.35 1.34 1.30 1.39 1.11 2.26 1.50 1.71 1.47 1.45 Nitrate - - 3.84 4.29 3.75 3.97 3.25 5.17 6.26 4.33 3.44 3.13 Inorganic - - 1.50 2.05 1.95 2.21 1.59 1.98 2.44 2.33 1.93 1.96 Phosphate - Total Phosphate - 0.31 0.24 0.16 0.06 0.34 0.14 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.008
Lead ppm < 0.1 0.001 0 0.042 0 0.043 0.012 0.45 2.36 1.15 0 Zinc ppm < 5 1.06 1.32 0.021 0.015 2.32 1.15 0.33 3.6 5.1 1.18 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.001 0 0.026 0 0 0.013 0.001 0 0 0.007 Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.002 0.005 0.014 0.003 0 0.011 0.0014 0.0032 0 0.002 Microbial content MPN - 50 49 34 27 26 42 24 42 35 52 28 Colony F. Coli 10 27 16 18 13 8 12 9 16 23 17 /100 ml Colony E. Coli 15 54 25 31 12 10 8 16 20 8 12 /100 ml
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ANALYSIS OF LAKE WATER SAMPLE
800 700 pH 600 Total solids 500 Total hardness 400 Total alkalinity 300 BOD 200 100 COD
CONCENTRATION (ppm) CONCENTRATION 0
1 3 5 7 9 1 7 1 13 15 1 19 LOCATION
Fig.no – 2.12 (a) Annual Average Analysis results of Lake Water samples (1-20) from May 2009 – April 2010
ANALYSIS OF CONTAMINANTS OF LAKE WATER SAMPLES
8 7 Ammonia 6 Nitrate 5 Total Phosphate 4 3 Copper 2 Lead 1 Zinc 0 CONCENTRATION (ppm) CONCENTRATION Cadmium 1 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11 1 1 1 1 Chromium LOCATIONS
Fig.no-2.12 (b) Annual Average Analysis results of Contaminants in Lake Water samples (1-20) from May 2009 – April 2010
MICROBIAL CONTENT OF LAKE WATER SAMPLES
80 70 60 50 MPN 40 F. coli 30 E. coli 20 10 0 CONCENTRATION (ppm) CONCENTRATION
1 3 5 7 9 1 1 13 15 17 19 LOCATIONS
Fig.no.-212 (c) Annual Average Analysis results of Microbial content in Lake Water samples (1-20) from May 2009 – April 2010
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CHAPTER – 3
ATMOSPHERE
3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT
A clean air supply is essential to our own health and that of the environment. But since the industrial revolution, the quality of the air we breathe has deteriorated considerably - mainly as a result of human activities. Rising industrial and energy production, the burning of fossil fuels and the dramatic rise in traffic on our roads all contribute to air pollution in our towns and cities which, in turn, can lead to serious health problems. Modernisation and progress have led to air getting more and more polluted over the years. Industries, vehicles, increase in the population, and urbanization are some of the major factors responsible for air pollution. The following industries are among those that emit a great deal of pollutants into the air: thermal power plants, cement, steel, refineries, petro chemicals, and mines.
Air pollution can cause health problems and it can also damage the environment and property. It has caused thinning of the protective ozone layer of the atmosphere, which is leading to climate change. Air pollution results from a variety of causes, not all of which are within human control. Dust storms in desert areas and smoke from forest fires and grass fires contribute to chemical and particulate pollution of the air. The source of pollution may be in one country but the impact of pollution may be felt elsewhere.
There are several main types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are commonly discussed. These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and "holes" in the ozone layer. Each of these problems has serious implications for our health and well-being as well as for the whole environment.
One type of air pollution is the release of particles into the air from burning fuel for energy. Diesel smoke is a good example of this particulate matter . The particles are very small pieces of matter measuring about 2.5 microns or about .0001 inches. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as "black carbon" pollution. The exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes, and industries is a major source of pollution in the air. Some authorities believe that even the burning of wood and charcoal in fireplaces and barbeques can release significant quanitites of soot into the air.
Another type of pollution is the release of noxious gases , such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and chemical vapors. These can take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, forming smog and acid rain.
Pollutant emissions per meal are also very high compared to those of other fuels. Household use of fossil fuel is also fairly common in the developing countries, particularly coal. These are particularly damaging as they burn inefficiently and emit considerable quantities of air pollutants. If emissions are high and ventilation poor, then the exposure levels to the gases emitted are far higher. The most harmful of the gases and agents that are emitted are particulate matter, carbon dioxide, polycyclic organic matter, and formaldehyde. The indoor concentrations of these are far higher than the acceptable levels and are cause for concern in rural areas.
3.2 LISTED BELOW ARE THE MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES:
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless gas that is produced by the incomplete burning of carbon- based fuels including petrol, diesel, and wood. It is also produced from the combustion of natural and
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synthetic products such as cigarettes. It lowers the amount of oxygen that enters our blood . It can slow our reflexes and make us confused and sleepy.
Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the principle greenhouse gas emitted as a result of human activities such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural gases.
Chloroflorocarbons (CFC) are gases that are released mainly from air-conditioning systems and refrigeration. When released into the air, CFCs rise to the stratosphere, where they come in contact with few other gases, which lead to a reduction of the ozone layer that protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.
Lead is present in petrol, diesel, lead batteries, paints, hair dye products, etc. Lead affects children in particular. It can cause nervous system damage and digestive problems and, in some cases, cause cancer.
Ozone occurs naturally in the upper layers of the atmosphere. This important gas shields the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. However, at the ground level, it is a pollutant with highly toxic effects. Vehicles and industries are the major source of ground-level ozone emissions. Ozone makes our eyes itch, burn, and water. It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) causes smog and acid rain. It is produced from burning fuels including petrol, diesel, and coal. Nitrogen oxides can make children susceptible to respiratory diseases in winters.
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) consists of solids in the air in the form of smoke, dust, and vapour that can remain suspended for extended periods and is also the main source of haze which reduces visibility. The finer of these particles, when breathed in can lodge in our lungs and cause lung damage and respiratory problems.
Sulphur dioxide (SO 2) is a gas produced from burning coal, mainly in thermal power plants. Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce sulphur dioxide. It is a major contributor to smog and acid rain. Sulfur dioxide can lead to lung disases.
3.3 HEALTH IMPACT OF SPECIFIC AIR POLLUTANTS
Some of these gases can seriously and adversely affect the health of the population and should be given due attention by the concerned authority. The gases mentioned below are mainly outdoor air pollutants but some of them can and do occur indoor depending on the source and the circumstances.
Tobacco smoke: Tobacco smoke generates a wide range of harmful chemicals and is a major cause of ill health, as it is known to cause cancer, not only to the smoker but affecting passive smokers too. It is well- known that smoking affects the passive smoker (the person who is in the vicinity of a smoker and is not himself/herself a smoker) ranging from burning sensation in the eyes or nose, and throat irritation, to cancer, bronchitis, severe asthma, and a decrease in lung function.
Biological pollutants: These are mostly allergens that can cause asthma, hay fever, and other allergic diseases.
Volatile organic compounds: Volatile compounds can cause irritation of the eye, nose and throat. In severe cases there may be headaches, nausea, and loss of coordination. In the longer run, some of them are suspected to cause damage to the liver and other parts of the body. Formaldehyde : Exposure causes irritation to the eyes, nose and may cause allergies in some people.
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Lead : Prolonged exposure can cause damage to the nervous system, digestive problems, and in some cases cause cancer. It is especially hazardous to small children.
Radon : A radioactive gas that can accumulate inside the house, it originates from the rocks and soil under the house and its level is dominated by the outdoor air and also to some extent the other gases being emitted indoors. Exposure to this gas increases the risk of lung cancer.
Ozone : Exposure to this gas makes our eyes itch, burn, and water and it has also been associated with increase in respiratory disorders such as asthma. It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.
Oxides of nitrogen: This gas can make children susceptible to respiratory diseases in the winters.
Carbon monoxide : CO (carbon monoxide) combines with haemoglobin to lessen the amount of oxygen that enters our blood through our lungs. The binding with other haeme proteins causes changes in the function of the affected organs such as the brain and the cardiovascular system, and also the developing foetus. It can impair our concentration, slow our reflexes, and make us confused and sleepy.
Sulphur dioxide: SO 2 (sulphur dioxide) in the air is caused due to the rise in combustion of fossil fuels. It can oxidize and form sulphuric acid mist. SO 2 in the air leads to diseases of the lung and other lung disorders such as wheezing and shortness of breath. Long-term effects are more difficult to ascertain as SO2 exposure is often combined with that of SPM.
SPM (suspended particulate matter): Suspended matter consists of dust, fumes, mist and smoke. The main chemical component of SPM that is of major concern is lead, others being nickel, arsenic, and those present in diesel exhaust. These particles when breathed in, lodge in our lung tissues and cause lung damage and respiratory problems. The importance of SPM as a major pollutant needs special emphasis as a) it affects more people globally than any other pollutant on a continuing basis; b) there is more monitoring data available on this than any other pollutant; and c) more epidemiological evidence has been collected on the exposure to this than to any other pollutant.
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3.4 SAMPLING LOCATIONS
In Mira-Bhayander air monitoring is done at various locations it includes residential area, commercial & industrial area and Solid waste disposal site. Sampling of air is done every month from 11 different sampling locations. Ambient air quality monitoring locations are listed below,
Table No. 3.1 Sampling Locations
Sr.No. Sampling Locations name 1. Kashimira Chowk near Chatrapathi Shivaji statue. 2. Junction near Bhayander Police station 3. Mira road railway station. 4. Bhayander East, Cabin road 5. Bhayander East, B.P. road. 6. Bhayander East, Navghar station road 7. Bhayander West, Railway Station 8. S.K. Stone Chowk 9. Uttan naka, (Bus Stop Chowk) 10. Near Pali, St Andrew Chowk 11. Kanakia Police station Mira Road
Table No. 3.2 Annual Average Analysis Results of Ambient Air Samples from May 2009 – April 2010
SAMPLING CONCENTRATIONS ( µµµg/cum) SAMPLING SITES PERIOD RSPM SOx NOx (hrs) (100 µµµg/cum)* (80 µµµg/cum)* (80 µµµg/cum)* Kashimira Chowk near Chatrapathi 12 74.00 18.88 16.01 Shivaji statue. Junction near Bhayander Police station 12 72.64 19.42 17.15
Mira road railway station. 12 77.91 20.31 16.50
Bhayander East, Cabin road 12 79.86 19.43 16.52
Bhayander East, B.P. road. 12 78.79 19.89 17.59
Bhayander East, Navghar station road 12 75.19 19.03 17.13
Bhayander West, Railway Station 12 74.67 20.15 16.02
S.K. Stone Chowk 12 78.43 19.42 16.80
Uttan naka, (Bus Stop Chowk) 12 79.68 18.72 20.31 Near Pali, St Andrew Chowk 12 80.56 18.64 15.81
Kanakia Police station Mira Road 12 77.11 19.33 17.07
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ANNUAL AVERAGE VALUES OF RSPM (microgm /cum)
120.00 100.00 80.00 AVG 60.00 STD 40.00
microgm/cum) 20.00 CONCENTRATION ( ( CONCENTRATION 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011 LOCATIONS
Fig.no. 3.1 Chart showing Annual Average Analysis of RSPM (µg/ m 3 ) in Ambient Air Samples (1-11) from May 2009 – April 2010
ANNUAL AVERAGE VALUES OF SOx (microgm /cum)
100.00
80.00
60.00 AVG 40.00 STD
20.00 (microgm /cum) (microgm CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011 LOCATIONS
Fig.no.3.2 Chart showing Annual Average Analysis of SOx (µg/ m 3 ) in Ambient Air Samples (1-11) from May 2009 – April 2010
ANNUAL AVERAGE VALUES OF NOx (microgm /cum)
100.00
80.00
60.00 AVG 40.00 STD
20.00 (microgm /cum) (microgm CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011 LOCATIONS
Fig.no.3.3 Chart showing Annual Average Analysis of NOx (µg/ m 3 ) in Ambient Air Samples in Ambient Air Samples (1-11) from May 2009 – April 2010
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CHAPTER - 4
SOIL ENVIRONMENT
4.1 SOIL ENVIRONMENT
Soil is a thin layer of material on the Earth's surface in which plants have their roots. It is made up of many things, such as weathered rock and decayed plant and animal matter. Soil is formed over a long period of time.
Soil Formation takes place when many things interact, such as air, water, plant life, animal life, rocks, and chemicals. Soil is a mixture of different things; rocks, minerals, and dead, decaying plants and animals. Soil can be very different from one location to another, but generally consists of organic and inorganic materials, water and air. The inorganic materials are the rocks that have been broken down into smaller pieces. The size of the pieces varies. It may appear as pebbles, gravel, or as small as particles of sand or clay. The organic material is decaying living matter. This could be plants or animals that have died and decay until they become part of the soil. The amount of moisture in the soil is closely linked with the climate and other characteristics of the region. The amount of moisture in the soil affects the soil porosity. Very wet soil like you would find in a wetland probably is less porous and hence poorly aerated. The composition of the soil affects the plants and therefore the animals that can live there.
4.2 SOIL POLLUTION
Soil pollution refers to addition of solid and liquid wastes to soil creating imbalance in its natural composition and functions. There are various causes of soil pollution including the leakage of gas, chemicals and petrol during the transportation. Nonjudicious use of fertilizers and poor drainage cause salinity which also causes soil pollution. Use of chemicals like pesticides and insecticides also causes soil pollution. Moreover, land fills and hazardous waste can also cause soil pollution.
4.3 SOIL SAMPLING LOCATION
Soil Sampling is done quaterly i.e, thrice a year from three sampling locations. Soil sampling location of Mira – Bhayander is as follows 1) Jesal Park 2) Creek Sediments 3) Near Mira Road railway station
Table No. 4.1 Annual Average Analysis Results of Soil Samples from May 2009 – April 2010
ORGANIC ORGANIC pH(20% EC SAMPLING SITES CARBON P O % K O % MATTER suspension) mS/cm 2 5 2 % % per gram Jesal Park 7.85 0.58 2.50 3.90 5.85 2.96 Creek sediments 7.78 0.71 3.94 5.09 4.91 3.02 Near Mira road railway 8.03 1.34 3.79 5.35 7.01 3.91 station
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ANALYSIS OF SOIL (pH & EC)
9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 pH (20% suspension) 4.00 EC mS/cm
VALUES 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 1 2 3 LOCATIONS
Fig.no. – 4.1 (a) Chart showing Annual Average Analysis Results of Soil samples from May 2009 to April 2010
ANNUAL AVERAGE VALUE OF SOIL ANALYSIS
25.00
20.00 ORG. MATTER % 15.00 K2O % 10.00 P2O5 % ORG. C % 5.00 CONCENTRATION (%) CONCENTRATION 0.00 1 2 3 LOCATIONS
Fig – 4.1(b) Chart showing Annual Average Analysis Results of Soil samples from May 2009 to April 2010
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CHAPTER - 5 NOISE ENVIRONMENT
5.1 NOISE ENVIRONMENT
Noise is an unwanted sound; its intensity (‘loudness’) is measured in decibels (dB). To take into account the fact that the human ear has different sensitivities to different frequencies, the strength or intensity of noise is usually measured in A-weighted decibels (dB (A).
Noise pollution can negatively impact the body in significant ways, including elevated blood pressure, impaired cognitive functioning, and other effects of chronic stress on a regular basis. The major source of artificial noise pollution is from transportation, automobile, motorcycle and even noise created due to entertainment like television, stereos, etc. which can cause sleep disruption in humans and animals, hearing loss, heart disease and in severe cases even mental instability
In Mira-Bhayander noise levels are monitored in different sectors such as Residential & commercial area and Industrial area. In each month noise levels are recorded with the help of Noisemeter.
5.2 NOISE SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Fig – 5.1 Kashimira Chowk near Fig – 5.2 Mira road Station Chatrapathi Shivaji statue.
Table 5.1 Sampling Locations for measuring Noise levels
Sr.No. Sampling Locations name 1. Kashimira Chowk near Chatrapathi Shivaji statue. 2. Junction near Bhayander Police station 3. Mira road railway station.
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4. Bhayander East, Cabin road 5. Bhayander East, B.P. road. 6. Bhayander East, Navghar station road 7. Bhayander West, Railway Station 8. S.K. Stone Chowk 9. Uttan naka, (Bus Stop Chowk) 10. Near Pali, St Andrew Chowk 11. Kanakia Police station Mira Road
Table no. 5.2. – Annual Average Noise levels (DayTime) measured during May 2008 to April 2009
SITES NOISE LEVELS (dB) 1 56.82 2 56.70 3 59.72 4 57.12 5 60.08 6 58.92 7 59.78 8 57.66 9 59.93 10 62.18 11 56.15
ANNUAL AVERAGE NOISE LEVEL VALUES (dB)
80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 AVG DAY TIME NOISE LEVEL 40.00 DAY TIME NOISE 30.00 LEVEL LIMITS
VALUES (dB) 20.00 10.00 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011 LOCATIONS
Figure no. 5.3 Chart showing Annual Average Analysis of Noise levels from May 2009 to April 2010
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CHAPTER – 6 COMPARATIVE STUDIES
In comparative study the objects are specimens or cases which are similar in some respects but they differ in some respects. These differences become the focus of examination. The goal is to find out why the cases are different to reveal the general underlying structure which allows and generates such a variation.
In this section pollution load of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 is compared. This is done to keep a check on the pollution levels so that the proper measures can be taken.
6.1 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WATER SAMPLES
6.1.1 Annual Comparative Study of Municipal Water Samples
Table no. 6.1 Comparison between Municipal Water Samples
Parameters 2008-2009 2009-2010 PH 7.39 7.60 Total Solid 40.96 52.07 BOD 0.0 0.0 Total Hardness 137.8 142.12 Total Alkalinity 92.1 104.8 Nitrate 0.47 0.73 Total PO4 0.93 1.69
Municipal water analysis results of previous year and this year are compared, shown in following graph.
Comparative Analysis Results of Municipal Water Samples
150
100 2008-2009 50 2009-2010
0
Concentration (mg/l) Concentration S s pH T linity a Nitrate al PO4 ardnes t H l To a ot T Total Alk Parameters
Fig no. 6.1 Chart showing Comparative Analysis Results of Municipal Water Samples
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The graphical representations show that the analysed values for this year are marginally high side than the previous year.
6.1.2 Annual Comparative Study of Ground Water Samples
Table no. 6.2 Comparison between Ground Water
Parameters 2008-2009 2009-2010 pH 7.8 7.58 TS 569.05 428.46 BOD 27.15 78 Total Hardness 191.3 228 Total Alkalinity 163.35 224 NH3 0.40 3.3 Nitrate 7.54 5.19 Total PO4 1.06 4.2 MPN 34 29 E. Coli 24 12
Ground water analysis results of previous years and this year are compared, shown in following graph.
Comparative Analysis Results of Ground Water Samples
600 500 400 2008-2009 300 200 2009-2010 100 0
Concentration (mg/l) Concentration s H s e p TS OD e at PN oli B n NH3 tr M C rd Ni a E. Total PO4 tal H o T Total Alkalinity Parameters
Fig no. 6.2 Chart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Ground Water Samples
The graphical representations show that the analysed values for this year are more or less same with some difference in TS than the previous year.
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6.1.3 Annual Comparative Study of Creek Water Samples
Table no. 6.3 Comparison between Creek Water
Parameters 2008-2009 2009-2010 pH 7.66 6.89 TS 660.35 4825.33 BOD 29.3 156 Total Hardness 169.9 834 Total Alkalinity 152.6 368 NH3 14.20 22.62 Nitrate 31.13 69.83 Total PO4 12.33 5.96 MPN 21 37 F. Coli 6 18 E. Coli 13 14
Comparative Analysis Results of Creek Water Samples
6000 5000 4000 2008-2009 3000 2000 2009-2010 1000 0
Concentration (mg/l) Concentration s e i li pH TS t BOD NH3 tra MPN Col Co Ni F. ardnes E. H l Total PO4 a ot T Total Alkalinity Parameters
Fig. no. 6.3 Chart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Creek Water Samples
From the graphical representations it is observed that the values of TS is higher than the previous year. This also indicates the higher pollution level in water body.
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6.1.4. Annual Comparative Study of Nallah Water Samples
Table no. 6.4 Comparison between Nallah Water
Parameters 2008-2009 2009-2010 PH 7.9 7.64 TS 2114 1838.67 BOD 65.15 135.0 COD 230.54 417.97 Total Hardness 229.10 273.38 Total Alkalinity 237.05 256.34 MPN 75 120 F. Coli 23 51 E. Coli 25 70
Comparative Analysis Results of Nallah Water Samples
2500 2000 1500 2008-2009 1000 2009-2010 500 0
Concentration (mg/l) Concentration s H s ity p TS e n BOD COD n MPN Coli Coli rd F. a lkali E. l A tal H o T Tota Parameters
Fig. no. 6.4 Chart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Nallah Water Samples
The graphical representations show that the analysed values for this year are similar to previous year values.
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6.1.5 Annual Comparative Study of Industrial Water Samples
Table no. 6.5 Comparison between Industrial Water
Parameters 2008-2009 2009-2010 pH 7.94 7.64 TS 2424 1372.37 BOD 76.85 148 COD 184.20 432.06 TH 283.25 311 TA 312 287 MPN 71 322 F. Coli 24 36 E. Coli 22 68
Comparative Analysis Results of Industrial Water Samples
3000 2500 2000 2008-2009 1500 2009-2010 1000 500 0 Concentration (mg/l) Concentration
H S H A li p T T T BOD COD MPN Co Coli F. E. Parameters
Fig. no. 6.5 Chart showing Comparative Analysis Results of Industrial Water Samples
The graphical representations show that the analysed values for this year are simlar to previous year but values of COD for the Year 2009-10 is high.
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6.1.6 Annual Comparative Study of Lake Water Samples
Table no. 6.6 Comparison between Lake Water
Parameters 2008-2009 2009-2010 pH 7.73 7.58 TS 578 613.05 BOD 61 72 COD 199 231.61 TH 224 228 TA 158 177 NH3 0.84 1.44 Nitrate 2.13 4.93 Total PO4 1.88 2.91 MPN 35 42 F. Coli 14 16 E. Coli 38 31
Comparative Analysis Results of Lake Water Samples
700 600 500 400 2008-2009 300 2009-2010 200 100 0 Concentration (mg/l) Concentration H p TH BOD NH3 . Coli tal PO4 F o T Parameters
Fig.no. 6.6 Chart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Lake Water Samples
The graphical representations show that the analysed values for this year are more or less similar to that of previous year.
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6.2 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOIL SAMPLES
In this section pollution load of 08-09 and 08-09 on Soil is compared. This is done to keep a check on the pollution levels so that the proper measures can be taken.
6.2.1 Annual Comparative Study of Soil Samples
Table no.6.7 Comparison between Soil Samples
Parameters 2008-2009 2009-2010 pH (20% 7.9 7.88 suspension) EC mS/cm 0.27 0.87 Organic Carbon 2.93 3.41 %
P2O5 % 6.9 4.78 K2O % 17.17 13.93 ORGANIC 2.93 3.30 MATTER%
Comparative Analysis Results of Soil Samples
20 18 16 14 12 2008-2009 10 8 2009-2010 6 4 2
Concentration (mg/l) Concentration 0 K2O K2O % P2O5 % P2O5 pH (20% pH ORGANIC ORGANIC MATTER % suspension) CARBON % CARBON EC EC (mS/cm) Parameters
Fig. no. 6.7 Chart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Soil Samples
The graphical representations show that the analysed values for this year are similar to that of previous year.
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6.3 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AMBIENT AIR SAMPLES
6.3.1 Annual Comparative Study of Ambient Air Samples
Table no.6.8 Comparison between Soil Samples
Parameters 2008-2009 2009-2010 RSPM 95 77.17 SOx 65 29.38 NOx 32 26.99
Comparative Analysis Results of Ambient Air Samples
100 90 80 70 60 2008-2009 50 40 2009-2010 30 20 Concentration (mg/l) Concentration 10 0 RSPM SOx NOx Parameters
Fig. no. 6.8 Chart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Ambient Air Samples
The graphical representations shown that the analysed values for this year are on less than the previous year.
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6.4 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NOISE LEVELS
6.4.1 Annual Comparative Study of Noise Levels
Table no.6.9 Comparison between Noise Levels
Sampling Location 2008-2009 2009-2010 1 59 56.82 2 58 56.70 3 45 59.72 4 65 57.12 5 78 60.08 6 78 58.92 7 65 59.78 8 56 57.66 9 54 59.93 10 78 62.18 11 68 56.15
Comparative Analysis Results of Ambient Noise
90 80 70 60 50 2008-2009 40 2009-2010 30 Values (dB) 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011 Locations
Fig. no. 6.9 Chart showing Comparision between Average Analysed Noise Levels
The graphical representations shown that the monitored values of Noise level varied than the previous year.
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CHAPTER – 7 FACILITIES
7.1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Mira-Bhayander region has population of about 9 lakhs. Mira - Bhayander gets 86MLD from Shahad Temghar Management (STEM) while 30MLD as sanctioned amount. But present water supply from MIDC is average 9MLD. But water requirement of Mira – Bhayander area is arround 105MLD.MBMC has also undertaken Rain Water Harvesting project. This has helped to reduce the pressure on bore well water usage. To fulfill the water requirements of the ever increasing population, 10 MLD extra water pipeline was sanctioned from 1995-96 onwards. Accordingly, Rs. 110 crore project was carried under Maharastra Jeevan Pradhikaran for 86 MLD additional water supply. This project was implemented from 2002; the project is now looked after by STEM. A sanction scheme of 30 MLD water from MIDC is also a support source, but at present only 8.00 MLD is actually supplied from this scheme.
To avoid leakage in water piping system many programmes are undertaken. One from these is replacement of craking cement pipes carring water. And also it is made sure that each and every part of Mira – Bhayander has water connection. The Water Tax during 2008 – 2009 is 90% which comes around to Rs.2563.30 lakh while from this Rs. 2321.48 lakh is recovered. Thus this year 90.57% tax is recovered. There are 29372 water connections in Mira Bhayander area of which 26979 connection are for residential purpose and 2393 water connections are for commercial purposes. Integrated water supply scheme under JNNURM from Surya Dam & distribution system is sanctioned to Central Govt by MMRDA.
Table No. 7.1 Water Supply
Year Population Water Permissible Present Water Defficiency Requirement water Amount supply (MLD) 2009 9 lakh 120 STEM – 86 STEM – 83 27MLD MIDC – 30 MIDC - 7 Defficient TOTAL - 116 TOTAL - 93 2011 9.83 lakh 147 STEM – 86 MIDC – 30 SURYA DAM WATER SUPPLY – 100 TOTAL - 213 2021 14.74 lakh 221 - do - 2031 22.11 lakh 331 - do -
7.2 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
The suburb is very close to the city and despite being situated in Thane district, it enjoys all the facilities provided by the Mira-Bhayander Municipal Corporation (MBMC) including power from Reliance, telecom facilities from MTNL. These factors have been instrumental in people choosing to live in Mira- Bhayander. There are 8948 street lights pole and total electricity consumption is 60 lakh kWh per annum. In Municipal Corporation Head Office Garden, Rai Smashan Bhoomi, area stands on solar panel system.
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7.3 TRANSPORTATION
The Western Railway Suburban local train service is the primary means of transport and commute to Mumbai. At present the Borivali- Virar railway track is four lanes and many new trains had been started to cater the increasing commuter in the region. The government has further plans to have more trains running between Virar and Borivali. This should somewhat ease the commute to and from Mira-Bhayander. A railway yard has also in pipeline in the Bhayander area. This is just the start and if the development continues then Mira road and Bhayander will be the most important stations in the Western Railway circuit.
Fig. no. 7.1 Mira Road Station Fig. no. 7.2 Bhayandar Station
Mr. Ganesh Naik, Environmental Minister has inaugurated the Mira-Bhayander transportation program on 15 th Sep. 2005 and hence forth the Mira-Bhayander bus service was started. Currently 50 busses are running on 15 routes under MBMC’s transportation program. Mira-Bhayander has well connected network of roads and flyovers, designed to cater to the ever increasing number of vehicles and public transport. Over years, several new roads have been added and many existing roads widened. Most of the roads now have sufficiently wide foot paths. The only road route to Bhayander is through Mira Road which in turn connects to Mumbai through the Western Express Highway (NH - 8). Existing developed roads area is 154.91 sq.km. There are 12 signals to control smooth traffic run. There is only one existing road connecting NH – 8 and ROB. This is not sufficient ot catter increasing traffic. There fore, necessities to develop ring route of roads. Under ring route project 11 roads are proposed of which 9 are still be completed.
State Transport (S.T.) and Thane Municipal Transport (T.M.T.) buses have started running between Mira Road and Thane. Recently, MBMT (Mira Bhayander Transport Corporation) buses have started running between Mira Road and Bhayander. Frequencies of these buses are being increased to ease the travel a bit. The Mira Road-Bhayander Link Road and the two new railway lines which are soon to become the USPs for Mira-Bhayander. Western Railways and BEST provide the transportation needed by the suburb. There are also private buses and auto-rickshaws that make life easier. MBMT is also granting concession for students and commuters under monthly, 2 monthly and quarterly pass schemes also free transportation facility is given to the soldiers.
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7.4 FIRE BRIGADE & EMERGENCY SERVICE CENTER
MBMC’s Fire brigade and Emergency service centre is functioning 24 hrs. for benefit of the citizens. The department is always working to avoid deaths during accidents and natural calamities. To make citizens more alert during such situation they are giving primary training by arranging demonstration programs in schools, colleges, police stations etc. The department is not only working for Mira-Bhayander but also helping the regions nearby. Presently there is one fire brigade station at 60 ft. road, Bhayander (W)
Table No. 7.2 Fire Fighting Services
Sr. No. Vehicles/ Tools Total Number of vehicles 1. No. of Fire- fighting station 02 2. No. of Fire- fighting Employees a. A.Chief Officer 01 b. Sub Station officer 02 c. Leading Fireman 07 d. Driver Operator 07 e. Fireman 27 f. Driver 08 (5 trained) g. Sweeper/fireman 19 (17 trained among which 1 driver) h. Labour 05 (3 trained) 3. No. of Fire- fighting Vehicles a. Rescue Tender 01 b. Water Tender 03 c. Pickup van 02 d. Jeep 01 4. No. of Fire- fighting Vehicles - 5. Their Trianing programs -
7.5 HEALTH & MEDICAL FACILITIES
The city has both private as well as municipal primary health care centers are operating in Mira – Bhayander Corporation area. There are about 2026 no. of vaccination programs conducted per month. Medical health centre of MBMC provides medical facility and distributes medicines for epidemic diseases such as Gastro, Cholera, jaundice, Polio, Typhoid etc. Ambulance and Mobile clinic service are made available 24 hrs for the citizens.
Family Health Survey has been conducted by MBMC for one month (From 15.04.2010 to 15.05.2010) to provide essential data on health and family welfare for policy and programme purposes. The Survey covers total 44,305 families and about 1, 50,862 population This Survey has been conducted in different areas of Municipal Corporation which includes different villages, chawl, slum area, Gaonthan.
This survey provided the information about different age groups ranging from o to 5, 40 to 60, above 60 years.
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Table No. 7.3 Family Health Survey for Malaria & Dengue.
Year 2007 2008 2009 Malaria 173 143 426 Dengue 72 - 115
Table No. 7.4 Health & Medical Facilities
Sr. No. Details Total number 1. Vaccination Program 206 2. Municipality Hospitals - 3. Private hospitals 60 4. Clinics 409 5. Maternity 28 6. Pathology Lab 42 7. Veterinary Hospitals 1 8. Ambulance 4 9. Blood bank - 10. Medical Store - 11 Mortuary 2 12. Other facilities -
Birth and Death centre of MBMC is working according to Birth-Death Registration rule 1969, Maharashtra Birth-Death Registration rule 2000 and Mumbai regional municipal corporation rule 1949 under section 263 to 271. MBMC’s new and advanced Public care center has been started on 31.01.05 this centre issues birth and death certificates. In year 2007; 58 Dengue cases were registered along with 173 Maleria cases. In year 2008, 143 Malerial cases were observed with 1 death due to Dengue. In year 2009, uptill know 23 Malerial cases are registered with no deaths.
7.6 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES
Education has become the basic right and necessary of each and every individual. It not only facilitates good culture but also helps in the overall sustenance of the individual in this competitive world. MBMC has excellent facilities and infrastructure with the help of which it is providing exceptional quality of education. Education field in Bhayander has developed a lot with increase in population. Most renowned institutes in Bhayander are Bhayander Secondary School, Our Lady of Nazareth, Holy cross Convent School, Abhinav Vidya Mandir, Ram-Ratna Vidya Mandir etc; Royal College, N.L. Dalmia, Shankar Narayan, Reena Mehta, Saint Joseph, Saint Xaviers, Abhinav, the Saraswati Vidyalaya High School are the institutes in Mira- Bhayander region which provide HSC and Degree education.
Literacy level of Mira-Bhayander males is 83.14 % and that of females is 78.63 %. There are 34 Primary Municipal Schools, 20 private government granted, 9 Primary nongranted and 150 Primary nongranted school. There are 12 unauthorised schools. There are separate scholarships and funds given to the poor students.The medium of instruction are varied from Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati and English. At present 199 Teachers are teaching in municipal scholls in this corporation jurisdiction.
These schools and colleges are for both poor and medium class children. Good level of teaching is developed and is maintained.
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Fig. no. 7.3 (a) Penkar Pada School Fig. no. 7.3 (b) Pali School
7.7 GARDENS AND PARKS
In Mira-Bhayander plantation program is carried on a large scale and varieties of plants are being planted.The total area of corporation is 79 sq. km. of which there are about 1,89,842 number of trees, according to 2005 – 2006 census. Two nurseries have been developed by MBMC which consists of plants of various species. These plants are given free to the citizens/organizations as per the requirement. Tulsi plants are developed and are gifted to the students on various occasions and they are also encouraged to carry out the plantation. Gardens and open spaces provide recreational areas for people and children of the city. Large variety of trees is planted on road side, in open spaces, in gardens etc.
World Environment Day is celebrated on 5 th June and 16 th June Tree Plantation Day is celebrated in Municipal Corporation by organizing rallies at 4 places in 4 departments. The Plantation program was undertaken under the guidance of Shivmurti NaikCommissioner & Tulsidas Matre (Sevak). All the officers and administratives are present for this function. Large number of trees is planted on this day to reduce the pollution level, to increase the green zone, to protect the old trees as well as to plant new ones. People with Botanical knowledge who help conserve the greenery and surrounding are awarded with symbol of Sal & Coconut.
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Fig no. 7.4 Tree Plantation at Municipal Corporation 2010
Following list of plants which are observed within corporation area:
a) Medicinal Varieties : Tulsi, Neem, etc. b) Decorative Varieties : Golden Duranta, Rose, Areca Palm, Kaner, Croton, Lantena, etc. c) General varieties: Lemon, Almond, Ashoka, Saptparni, Kashid, Kanchan, Peepal, Gulmohar, Shitranjan, Madhukamini, Coconut, Peltopharm, Cassia, Champa, Parijatak, Amla, Bahava, Bhokar, Gulmohar, Neem, Almond, Jamun, Ritha, Sonchafa, Suru, Umber, Kokam, Bottlepalm, Chicku, etc.
All gardens and parks are well maintained. The Shivar lake and Navghar udyan are used for recreational purpose, gardens are provided with swings, see-saws etc. to maintain cleanliness in the park, they are provided with dustbins, toilets and drinking water. Lawns and Joggers Park provided for morning walk. MBMC provides special attention to stop the tree cutting. MBMC has developed and decorated 36 with 1 Traffic Garden near Golden Nest Signal, 6 Playgrounds, 2 seashores, 13 graveyards.
Work done by the forest department for the advancement of Mira-Bhayander:
1. Navghar old lake, Navghar Lake has been very nicely developed not only for the children but for the people form all age groups. 2. Playground outside the Penkarpada is decorated. 3. Landscaping of Raai Gandhi Lake is done and is made available to children. 4. Landscaping of Chimaji Appa Udyan is done and has become a favorite tourist spot. 5. Navghar graveyard is decorated through plantation. 6. Morning walk track is developed on Navghar Marathi school’s ground. 7. Landscaping of Nana - Nani park at Mira road sector no. 1 is done and is well decorated. 8. Traffic gardens are developed and well maintained at Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj road Kashimira. 9. Murdha graveyard is converted into Nani-Nani Park and jogging track is also constructed there. 10. Same Raai graveyard is also decorated through landscaping.
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Fig no. 7.5 (a) Mira Saibaba Park Fig no. 7.5 (b) Muradha Baludhyan
7.8 ENTERTAINMENT CENTERS
A large no. of shops, showrooms, restaurants has been opened in the Municipal area. Multiplexes, shopping centers, malls etc. have started here. The local authority maintains a record of the number of shops, Commercial establishments, Theatres etc. registered or cancelled for year to year with number of employees in respective establishments.
Fig no. 7.6 (a) Maxus Mall (Bhayandar) Fig no. 7.6 (b) Rassaz Mall (Mira Road)
7.9 TOURIST ATTRACTIONS
Gorai is also popular for its beach and nearby Manori beach and is a popular weekend getaway for Bhayander residents. These beaches are generally safe to swim except during the monsoons.
Mira-Bhayander is a historical city and an important business port. The Ghodbunder fort is notified in the gazette of the archeological survey of India. The fort was established in the Maratha era to protect the Bassain fort. The Daravi fort was also established in the Maratha era by Chimaji Appa in 1663, to protect the Bassien fort. Bhayander fort was established by Peshwas.
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Essel World has a special place in the hearts of Mumbaikars and also people across the country. This is because it is the oldest amusement park in the city. Though being one of the first Amusement Parks, it is new in style and concept. Essel world is an international-style theme park and amusement park that has defined the parameters of modern fun. It is located just a few Kilometers outside city limits at Gorai, it is situated on a green landscaped, island on an area of 64 acres. It can be reached by ferry from Gorai creek or Marve Beach.
7.10 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
A sewage treatment plant is meant for the purification of sewage originating from residential & commercial areas of Mira-Bhayander town of Maharashtra state. The domestic sewage bears large amount of suspended solids of various origins. Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, both runoff and domestic. It includes processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce a waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste or sludge which is suitable for discharge or reuse back into the environment. The source ofWater supply is through Ulhas River (Shahad) with the capacity of 80 MLD from stem Authority, 12 MLD from M.I.D.C.and there are 58 No.of borewells and 115 No. of Open wells.
Table no.7.5 Locations of Water tanks and their capacities
Sr. Name of ESR/SUMP Capacity in lakh no. liters 1. Dongri MBR 7.60 2. Chene ESR 1.00 3. Versave ESR 0.80 4. Kashi ESR 2.50 5. Chowk ESR 3.00 6. Fathak ESR 3.80 7. Goddev ESR 12.50 8. Kamala Park ESR 17.50 9. Morva ESR 5.00 10. Uttan ESR 10.00 11. Light House ESR 0.80 12. Navghar School ESR 25.00 13. Kanakiya ESR 12.50 14. Sudama Nagar ESR 8.00 15. Survey No. 777 ESR 20.00 16. Silver Park ESR 20.00 17. Asmita Park ESR 20.00 18. MIDC (LL) ESR 20.00 19. MIDC (HL) ESR 6.00 20. Jesal Park ESR 4.00 21. Shanti Nagar Sec.7 ESR 11.00 22. Shanti Nagar Sec. 11 ESR 8.70 23. Kashi Janata Nagar GSR & 2.50 Pumping Station 24. Dongri Sump & Pumping 1.20 25. Asmita Park Sump & Pumping 10.00 26. MIDC Sump & Pumping 20.00 27. Shanti Nagar Sec. 7 Sump & 11.00
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Pumping 28. Shanti Nagar Sec. 11 Sump & 10.70 Pumping TOTAL 237.84 lakh liters
In Mira-Bhayander STP is located at following places: . Table no.7.4: Name & Capcity of STP in Mira - Bhayander
Sr. Name of STP Capacity no. 1. Jesal park STP 2.0 MLD 2. Shanti Nagar STP 5.00 MLD 3. Shanti Park STP 2.0 MLD 4. Srushti (Penkarpada) 2.0 MLD STP
Figure 7.7 - STP at Jesal Park
7.11 UNDERGROUND SEWERAGE SCHEME UNDER JNNRUM
1) Name of the project : Design, Buid & Operate under Ground Sewerage Scheme for Mira – Bhayander Municipal Corporation.
2) Admin.Approval : Hon. General Body Resolution No. 59 Date 18/12/04 Costing Rs.349.18 Crore
3) Technical Section : MJP/CE (KR)/Desk.I/CR-4037/275 Date 29.01.07
4) Approval of CSMC : 6/12/07, Rs.331.46 Crores under JNNRUM
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5) Tender Approval : Standing Committee Resolution no.116, Date 17/02/2009.
6) Work Order : No. MNP/PWD/915/08-09, Date:27/02/09. 7) Time Limit : 30months (30/08/2011) 8) Accepted cost : 491.96 Crore
9) Site Information : i) Location: Mira Bhayandar area is located on the North-Western periphery of Mumbai under Thane district and is located between 18 0 2’ N-20 0 20’N latitude and 0 0 25 E-73 0 44’ E longitude. ii) STP site Topography : It is located in the norhen part of the konkan region to the west of Sahyadri hill ranges. The whole town is on a plain level land. The Vasai creek surrounds the city from the east to north followed by Arabian Sea till the west. The Mumbai city is situated on the south-west. To the south is the Sanjay Gandhi National Park and on the South-East the Thane city. iii) Climate: The Climate of Mira Bhayandar is typical coastal, saulty and not really hot. There are virtually two distinct seasons, namely Rainy and Dry season. The latter covers both summer and winter periods. iv) Advantages of the Scheme: 1) Prevents Air pollution & Water pollution 2) Drainage & used water will be collected and treated to reuse 3) Mosquitoes will be less resulting in less disease, hence healthy atmosphere. 4) Latest MBBR technology technology is used by which BOD will be less and no bad smell.
10) Mira Bhayandar Municipal Corporation plans to treat 110 MLD Sewerage under phase-I and for Ultimate Stage it will be 300 MLD in total three phase. i) Due to acute shortage of land and to avoid Railway Crossings and Highway Crossings the scheme is divided in to 10 zones, during 1 st phase. The zone wise capacity of STP is as below:
Table No. 7.6: Zonewise capacity of STP
Zone STP Location Capacity Capacity Capacity Total Phase –I Phase –II Phase –III (MLD) (MLD) (MLD) 1 Survey no 722 8 7 6 21 behind Church 2 Reservation no.93 8 6 8 22 Bhayandar (W) 3 Reservation no 122 13 10 13 36 C Play Ground Khari 4 Reservation no 120 12 6 7 25 Garden Goddev- (Golden nest road )
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5 Reservation no 269 17 16 15 48 Kanakiya 6.A Shanti Park 13 4 5 22 6B Shrushti Complex 7 12 11 30 6C Shanti nagar 11 7 7 25 7 Reservation no 170 12 6 5 23 Kanungo 8 Survey no 233 14 16 16 46 Ghodbandar Total 115 90 93 298
11) STP Technology: MBBR Technology is proposed. Technology Provider is M/s Thermex Ltd. Thermax introduce
A) FAB technology advantages are below: • Very low area required • Very low chlorine demand • Less maintenance • Extremely low coli form
B) Typical FAB system: • Inlet sump • Bar screens • Grit chamber • FAB Reactors MBBR tank • Claritube settler • Sludge sump • Sludge disposal after digestion i) System Components: The Project contains plans execution and satisfactory commissioning of Underground Sewerage Scheme to Mira Bhayandar city. The major components of the system are as below
ii) Collection & Conveyance System: Providing and laying of 89 kms Np-4 & Np-3 RCC/ HDPE pipes having diameters ranging from 150 mm to 1200 mm and RCC manholes having depths ranging 1.5 mtr to 9.0 mtr from along with the allied items & works. iii) STP’s & Pumping Stations: Since the Scheme is based on de-centralized waste water system the Sewerage Treatment plants proposed are packaged Treatment plants. There are total 10 STP proposed in 9 zones having treatment capacity ranging from 7 MLD to 17 MLD. Total capacity is 110MLD. iv) Flow- Measurement: It is proposed to install total 18 nos of Full Bore Electromagnetic flow meters with GSM capacity to measure the inflow to the system and flow from STP. v) Out falls Sewer:
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The treated effluent from each Sewerage treatment plant is to be pumped to the nearest nallah:
Particular Dia Length STP. 7 to STP.4 900 mm 1300 mtr STP. 4 to STP.Nalla 1100 mm 1100 mtr STP. 5 to STP.Nalla 1000 mm 900 mtr STP. 8 to STP.Nalla 1000 mm 250 mtr vi) SCADA for complete Network: Since the entire system is working under different sub systems and the treated water is intenetd to use for non – portable uses, there is need for continuous monitoring of treated water quality and analysis of treated water quality and analysis of various scenerios which is proposed through SCADA.
12) CAPITAL CONTRIBUTION AND INFLOW FOR PROJECT:
Source Total Actual Amount Utilization Contribution Releated (Rs. In (Rs. In Crore) (Rs. In Crore) Crore) G.O.I 115.99 28.99 - State 49.71 12.42 - ULB 165.71 - - TOTAL 331.42 41.42 53.116
13) PROGRESS REPORT:
Sr. Component Estimated Cost Achieved No 1. Collection System 24045 8.56 % 2. STP 13978 7.83 % 3. SPS 8510 5.76 5 4. Out Fall 1417 10.0 % 5. Miscellaneous 1245 11.97 % Total 49196 9 %
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Fig. no. 7.8 (a) – Under ground sewage Project
7.12 PROGRESS OF UNDER GROUND SEWARAGE UNDER BHUYARI GUTTER YOJNA:
Fig7.8 (b): Filling of Murm
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Fig7.8 (c) Pile Foundation Work In Progress In STP Zone 4.
. Fig7.8 (d) Progress of Pipe Line Works
Fig7.8 (e) Progress of Pipe Line Soling & PCC Work
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Fig7.8 (f) Progress of Pipe Line Work Steel Showring
Fig7.8 (g) Pumping of water & Sand layering work
Fig7.8 (h) Water Pressure tesing of Pipe Line.
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7.13 RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
Mira-Bhayander region is located near creek, as there are less natural water reservoirs; the town offer suffers from water shortage. Presently this region is receiving 86 MLD water form STEM. Although there is adequate water available for the citizens of Mira-Bhayander yet MBMC is making every effort to save and conserve the water.
As the average rainfall of the region is 2500 mm. to 3000 mm. the Roof Rain Water Harvesting Project is implemented for the main building. Daily many people come to MBMC’s office for various work hence increasing the water usage. Every day 20,000 lit. Potable water is used in Office toilets, Garden, Cleaning of vehicle, Inner and outs. Fig. no. 7.9 (a) - Roof Rain Water Harvesting Rain water Harvesting Project is Compulsory for all new constructed buildings & constructed by builders. Amount of water harvested depends on the requirement and area.There was an extra unwanted usage of water in MBMC’s main building at Bhayander (W.) So with the help of natural resources a ‘Roof Rain Water Harvesting Project’ was implemented to balance the over usage of water. Accordingly a place was selected for the project in premises of MBMC’s main building. A pit of size 10’x10’x10’ was dug; it is then filled with some Stones, Crushed stones and Sand. Rain water accumulated on building’s terrace is directed to pit through a pipe. Due to this an increase in the level of water table is observed and also the water quality is improved. Water collected form Roof Rain Water Harvesting Project is analysed for various parameters and the results indicate that it can be used for drinking purpose. Increase in the quality and purity of water will be observed in next 3-4 years. Around 3.9 lac rupees are invested in the project. Daily 20 to 22 MLD water is made available through this project. This harvested water is used in Toilets, Garden, Cleaning of vehicle, Inner and outside cleaning of main building; hence 15,000 to 20,000 lit. of water is being saved everyday.
MBMC has arranged the workshop with the help of Rambhau Mhalagi Prabodhini for social organization and social workers to make them understand the importance of this Roof Rain Water Harvesting Project. MBMC has published a booklet during the workshop to spread awareness of the importance of saving the water. This has inspired private developers/housing agency to implement additional 7 projects of such type. These projects are running successfully and harvesting 3.0 lac lit. Water per day.
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7.14 BASIC SERVICES TO URBAN POORS UNDER JNNURM
Fig. no. 7.9 (b) – Current Scenario of slums
Fig. no. 7.9 (c) – Aim for Slum Rehabilitation i) PROJECT INFORMATION:
Mira Bhyander Municipal Corporation has taken Integrated rehabilitation BSUP Project Phase-I for Janatangar and Kahi Church Slum under JNNURM for 4136 slum dwellers beneficiaries. Under this project a dwelling unit consisting hall, Bed room, Kitchen, Bath room and W>C> measuring 25.0Sqm carpet area will be provided to the beneficiary slum dwellers. With this housing facility this project will also provide other basic amenities and services such as solar water heating system, water supply, sanitation, health and social security to improve the lifestyle of the slum dweller beneficiaries.
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1. Project Cost : 279.55 Cr. 2. Project Beneficiaries : 4136 Nos. 3. Project Period : 24 months 4. Infrastructure facilities : Water Supply : Sanitation : Storm Water Drainage : Internal Tar Roads : Compound Walls : Land Development : Street lighting : Market Community spaces within : Buildings Multipurpose Hall ii) PROJECT TARGET: To provide affordable housing and also improve basic services as health, education, social security to the beneficiary slum dwellers of Mira Bhyander Municipal Corporation. iii) FINANCIAL PATTERN:
ITEM GOI GOM ULB BENIFICIRES Housing 50% 30% 9% 11% Infra Structure 50% 25% 25% --
iv) PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION:
Mira Bhyander is well equipped Municipal Corporation, to implement this project successfully and within time limit project Management Consultant has been appointed. For fair and transparent bidding procedure as per guidelines framed under BSUP e-tendering was adopted by Mira Bhyander Municipal Corporation for execution and construction of the project. Now tenders are submitted to Hon. Standing Committee For approval.
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7.15 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solid waste management is a system for handling all of this garbage; municipal waste collection is solid waste management, as are recycling programs, dumps, and incinerators. Solid waste management includes all activities that seek to minimise the health, environmental and aesthetic impacts of solid wastes. Solid waste can be defined as material that no longer has any value to the person who is responsible for it, and is not intended to be discharged through a pipe. It does not normally include human excreta. It is generated by domestic, commercial, industrial, healthcare, agricultural and mineral extraction activities and accumulates in streets and public places. The words “garbage”, “trash”, “refuses” and “rubbish” is used to refer to some forms of solid waste.
Garbage is divided into 4 categories:
Organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits. • Toxic waste: old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish. • Recyclable: paper, glass, metals, plastics. • Soiled: hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids.
Types of solid waste: Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source:
a) Household waste is generally classified as municipal waste, b) Industrial waste as hazardous waste, and c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste.
Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets. This garbage is generated mainly from residential and commercial complexes.
Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances. Certain types of household waste are also hazardous. Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants; are corrosive, highly inflammable, or explosive; and react when exposed to certain things e.g. gases. Household wastes that can be categorized as hazardous waste include old batteries.
Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities in these fields or in the production or testing of biologicals. It may include wastes like sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc. These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner.
M/s. Enviro Vigil has the authorization from Maharashtra Pollution Control Board for the collection, transport and disposal of bio-medical waste (MPCB / ROT / BMW – 3 / 2003) like human & animal blood, organs, dressing materials, syringes, etc., generated within the Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation by the government and private labs, pathological laboratories, nursing homes, maternity hospitals, clinics, etc. By the rules of biomedical waste disposal, 1998, the waste is collected in coloured bags that are internationally approved and then sent to Thane for treatment and disposal. Every month approximately 1742 kg of
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biomedical waste gets transported to Thane. Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation has an agreement with Bhayander Medical Association and M/s. Enviro Vigil for the management of biomedical waste.
7.16 INTEGRATED MULTI PRODUCT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE PROJECT
In Mira Bhayander region, the total solid waste generation is about 450 tons per day. District Collector of Thane has handed over the 31 hectare land at Mauje Uttan Pali to MBMC on 26.12.03 for management of solid waste under Solid Waste Management Program. Further, MBMC has given the solid waste management work to M/s Henjer Biotech Mira Energy purely on the basis of build, operate and transfer. For this purpose, 30 acre land has been given to the company for 30 years lease for which Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation receivesRs. 1/ sq.m./year as rent. Salient Features of the Project:
1. In this project, daily produced solid waste will be segregated and treated at the site.
2. The high heat content solid waste will be converted to Eco- coal for substitute of coal.
3. Bio- degradable waste will be converted to compost and will be available to Municipal Corporation at 35% less than market cost for plantation purposes.
4. Soil and sand will be separated from the solid waste and converted to Eco bricks which will be useful for construction field.
5. The 19%rejected material from the project will be send to landfill site according to the MSW Rules, 2000. Work is under process for preparation of landfill site.
Fig. no. 7.8 Solid waste Processing site is being developed at Uttan Pali
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CHAPTER - 8
SUGGESTIVE MEASURES
Based on the assessment of the environmental status of the areas under MBMC jurisdiction, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared which describes the measures that MBMC should follow for the protection and betterment of the environment. This plan is aimed to assist the efforts of the MBMC to achieve continued environmental improvements and quality of life of the people residing in MBMC areas. The environmental problems are area specific, the environmental Management Plan prepared for MBMC takes in to account those problems and remedial measures are suggested
The EMP is proactive in nature & should be upgraded if new development or modification of existing facilities with environmental concern. The problem of efficiently disposing of solid wastes and also reducing all kinds of pollution viz. water supply, transportation, drainage / sewerage, garbage collection, disposal, etc to the greatest extent is the main issue of concern today.
CONCLUSION:
The ESR contains an extensive list of recommended approaches and actions to promote sustainable development and improve the status of MBMC’s environment and its management. This Overview presents some of the key recommendations that are considered to be of high priority. They relate to environmental management inadequacy within the categories of governmental, social and integrated issues. According to the study we have drawn the following conclusions: 1. The City Development Plan (CDP-2008) of Mira Bhayandar gives a good idea about the situation in the city, its future perspective and vision, and the investment plan for the city. Two aspects, however, were not provided in the first draft of the CDP that was reviewed by the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) i.e. (i) The status of water related costs and recovery of water related taxes and user charges and tariff structure were not provided, (ii) The institutional arrangements at the city level in the provision of basic services and the status of incorporation of eighteen functions of the 12 th Schedule of the 74 th Constitutional Amendment were not provided.
2. Mira Bhyander Municipal Corporation has taken Integrated rehabilitation BSUP Project Phase-I for Janatangar and Kahi Church Slum under JNNURM for 4136 slum dwellers beneficiaries. Mira Bhyander is well equipped Municipal Corporation, to implement this project successfully.
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SUGGESTIONS:
A] LAND USE:
1. Besides Rehabilitation Plan to Urban Poors under JNNURM, there is a need to study and assess the land use pattern and update the land use data and information for future reference and planning. 2. Adequate attention shall be paid to ensure that the forest areas i.e. Uttan are protected from illegal cultivation dumping of debris, etc. 3. The industries from Penkar pada, Panchal industrial Estate, Raju Industrial Estate etc generating hazardous wastes have a tendency to dispose of such wastes in open areas. Therefore, such industries shall be watched and any illegal industrial waste dumping in the coastal areas or open areas shall be prevented. 4. The open burning of the garbage or any other waste shall be strictly prohibited especially near Uttan side.
B] WATER USE:
1. Analysis results of water convey following interpretation: i) Municipal water of the sampling locations (1-50 )from the corporation water supply showed that most of the parameters are with in the limits . ii) Ground water: In general BOD value was found to be high, water from sampling locations (64-72 ) showed high alkalinity whereas Total hardness was high for sampling locations (73-94). Microbial activity was also observed in water samples.This water should be filtered and boiled before its usage. Encourage the public to reduce the water consumption by guiding them about the methods of reuse of water. iii) Creek water: General Analysis result of Creek water samples from Near Rawal Nagar, Near Jesal Park Near Pali Beach Resort, Near Uttan Petrol pump, Morva & Murdha reveals that all the parameters are very high due to disposal of Nallah & Industrial waste water. iv) Nallah & Industrial : pH value of Nallah & Industrial water samples of sampling locations (1-20) within the range of disposal, however the other parameters were found to be high. Efficient treatment through corporation’s initiative under JNNURUM shall serve the purpose. v) Lake water: Pollution load was found to be high for Sampling locations (1-10) indicating high BOD and TSS value. Results for sampling locations (11-20) showed high COD, Total Hardness and Total Alkalinity. Pollution load can be reduced by prevention of any disposal or garbage into the water body. Development of artificial ponds especially for Ganesh Idol immersion during Ganesh festival .
C] AIR:
1. Analysis results of Air convey following interpretation: i) RSPM value for Near Pali, St Andrew Chowk , Uttan naka and Bhayander East, Cabin road were found to be high in comparision to other sampling locations. 2. Unleaded petrol should be used as it offers lower vehicle maintenance, increased mileage and reduced emissions by removal of harmful carbon deposits. 3. A green cover should be well managed. 4. Use of renewable source of energy should be encouraged. 5. Provision of incentives to the public vehicles to convert to CNG so that air quality is protected. 6. PUC camps can be installed where pollution level is high for e.g. Kashimira Chowk.
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D] NOISE:
1. Ambient Noise value for Near Pali & Kashimira Chowk was found to be high in comparision to other sampling locations. 2. Green belt development should be done along both sides of the road, because they act as sound barriers and hence reduce the noise pollution to a certain level. 3. Awareness among people through advanced communication media like Documentary films, workshops, seminars etc
E] INTEGRATED ISSUES:
1. Provincial environmental awareness programmes are recommended in order to ensure that the public at large is made aware of the importance of sustainable development and wise natural resource use. 2. Development of Green Belt for every infrastructure project to be made compulsory. 3. Conservation and maintanence of mongroove forests for e.g. Near Gorai.
It is future’s need to integrate economic, environmental and social issues without interfering to the base lines of environment in the narrow economic sense. It is also important to understand the performance not only being suggestive but also leads to sustainability. The suggestive measures should be applied through the modern environmental management tools which make people of the society achieve a healthy environmental for the next generations.
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