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The Forests of Eastern Russia: a Study of the Competitiveness of Forestry in Siberia and Russian Far East

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The Forests of Eastern Russia: a Study of the Competitiveness of Forestry in Siberia and Russian Far East TheThe ForestsForests ofof EasternEastern RussiaRussia A Study of the Competitiveness of Forestry in Siberia and Russian Far East – Malcolm Cockwell – The Forests of Eastern Russia: A Study of the Competitiveness of Forestry in Siberia and Russian Far East. Working Draft – December 2012. Malcolm Cockwell is the Forest Manager at Limberlost Forest & Wildlife Reserve. He is working towards a Ph.D. at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Forestry. Malcolm lives in central Ontario with his wife, Kyra. Future editions of this book may be issued upon the updating, revising, or improving the text. Comments and corrections are welcome. Written, compiled, and edited by Malcolm Cockwell. The author is grateful for information and ideas from consultants, investors, sawyers, and foresters from across Canada and eastern Russia. Copyright © 2012 Limberlost Forest & Wildlife Reserve. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or copied by any means – graphic, electronic, or mechanical – for commercial purposes without the prior permission of the author. The use of this document in an unmodified form for educational purposes of all kinds – personal as well as professional – is permitted and encouraged by the author. The Forests of Eastern Russia follows the publication of two books by Malcolm Cockwell: The Forests of Canada: A Study of the Canadian Forestry Sector (2012) http://www.limberlostlodges.com/PDFs/Books/The_Forests_of_Canada_March_2012.pdf Objective Ecology: A Study of Global Warming and Popular Views (2007). http://www.limberlostlodges.com/PDFs/Books/Objective_Ecology_Nov_2007.pdf Free electronic versions of all Limberlost Forest & Wildlife Reserve publications are available online. For more information about the property, please visit http://www.limberlostforest.com. For more information about this publication, please contact: Malcolm Cockwell, Forest Manager Limberlost Forest & Wildlife Reserve [email protected] 51 Yonge St. Toronto ON Canada M5E 1J1 WORKING DRAFT DECEMBER 2012 Please submit comments and corrections to the author: Malcolm Cockwell, Forest Manager Limberlost Forest & Wildlife Reserve [email protected] 51 Yonge St. Toronto ON Canada M5E 1J1 This book is dedicated to the professors, instructors, technical staff, and students of the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Toronto. Now more than ever, their diverse efforts are critical to the sustainable development of the global forestry sector. Table of Contents About the Book iii Acknowledgements v Introduction Today's Timber Empire 1 Chapter 1 Geography & Terrain 5 Chapter 2 Forest Regions 12 Chapter 3 Governance Structures 22 Chapter 4 Social Trends 29 Chapter 5 Economic Conditions 36 Chapter 6 State of the Forestry Sector 44 Chapter 7 Policies & Regulations 57 Chapter 8 Harvesting Methods 65 Chapter 9 Processing Methods 76 Chapter 10 Investment Trends 83 Chapter 11 Sawlogs & Roundwood 92 Chapter 12 Lumber & Sawnwood 102 Conclusion Winners & Losers 113 Appendix 116 Bibliography 136 i About the Book As I stated at the beginning of my last book, The Forests of Canada, I am a conservationist who believes that good forest management is a form of environmental conservation that leads to sustainable economic development. When it is done right, forestry is inherently a good business – the social benefits of forest stewardship are vast, the environmental impact is benign, and the profits are good. Yet I often witness misunderstandings about various facets of the global forestry sector, which lead to avoidable conflicts or expensive mistakes. The harvesting and wood processing businesses of eastern Russia are no exception. Indeed, the forestry sector of this region is even more of an enigma due to its recent political history and geographical remoteness. Eastern Russia is a region facing enormous challenges, but it has great potential. If investors, foresters, and scholars in Canada understand the forestry sector of Siberia and Russian Far East (RFE), every wood- based business will benefit. I wrote this book with that notion in mind. In September 2012, I was very fortunate to be able to participate in the “Siberia & Northern China Timber & Wood Products Tour” organized by International WOOD Markets Group. Prior to that trip, in April 2012, I visited China to meet with importers of Canadian forest products. These trips facilitated dozens of meetings and countless conversations about the forestry sector of eastern Russia and the timber import business in China. This book has been written over the course of several months since I returned. It is part of a series of books about the global forestry sector that I will write over the next few years. As the Forest Manager at Limberlost Forest & Wildlife Reserve, I was able to maintain an operational perspective during my travels in iii iv The Forests of Eastern Russia eastern Russia. I am also a PhD student at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Forestry, which encouraged me to consider big-picture issues, like demographic decline in Siberia and environmental degradation by forestry companies of Russian timber resources. I hope that this two-part approach to assessing the forestry sector of eastern Russia has resulted in a book that both comprehensive and comprehensible. Much of the data found in these pages was acquired during my recent trip to eastern Russia and China. Some information was acquired during research conducted before and after the trip of news articles, analysts' reports, scholarly journals, and intergovernmental data caches. In most cases, I have preferred data acquired during my travels over data from research. The latter tends to be dated and sometimes arbitrary. As this is a business book but not an academic study, I have included citations only in cases of attributing due credit to original authors or where the original source could be of great interest to the reader. For the sake of brevity, I have not bothered to cite cases of data that I collected through “personal correspondence.” Furthermore, out of respect for the privacy of the individuals that I met in China, Russia, and North America, I have refrained from naming my sources in almost every case. If readers take issue with my data or conclusions, they may contact me. My goal has been to write a book that answers one simple question: How competitive is the forestry sector of eastern Russia? Readers in a rush to know the answer can skip most of the book, and only read two sections: the Introduction: Today's Timber Empire and the Conclusion: Winners & Losers. These sections explain the general themes without dwelling on nitty-gritty data and evidence. Those desiring the full story – and it is a very interesting story – should read the entire text. In summary, I hope that The Forests of Eastern Russia is as straightforward as its title. It offers hard data, simple analysis, and plain conclusions about the most important issues facing the forestry sector of Siberia and RFE. If I have accomplished what I set out to do, readers should feel the pulse of the forestry companies in these regions by the time they finish reading this book. Acknowledgements It has been my good fortune to have many chances to learn about the eastern Russian forestry sector and the Chinese timber trade from countless individuals from around the world. This non-exhaustive section is intended to acknowledge the most important people who have directly assisted in the data collection, analysis, or writing that resulted in this book. I am grateful to the businesspeople in Russia and China who were kind enough to show me their operations and answer my questions. In particular, I acknowledge the generosity of Ken Kao from China National Building Materials Corporation, Franco Zhou of Shanghai Jinheng Building Materials Corporation, and especially Nathan Cheng. These men were the first to open my eyes to the sheer immensity and importance of the Chinese timber trade. Thanks are due to following Russian companies and their foresters, sawyers, and executives: LDK #1 in Lesosibirsk, KLM-Art in Krasnoyarsk, RusForest and KrasLesInvest in Boguchany, Ilim Timber in Ust-Ilimsk and Bratsk, SibExportLes in Novaya Igirma, and LesoBalt in Bratsk. I am also grateful to Chen Wenjie of the Qianding Wood Company and his friends and colleagues in Manzhouli, China. During my trip to eastern Russia and northern China, it was my pleasure to travel with Dr. Peter Schleifenbaum, who sportingly tolerated my quirks and critiqued my ideas while contributing his own. He also edited a final draft of this book, provided a much-needed review. In the same way, I am grateful to the other participants in the trip: John Enlow, Katherine Hui, Chad Kim, Changuhn Park, Daryl Swetlishoff, Matthew Wood, and Neil Woods. These participants shared their ideas as well as their notes before and after the trip, which assisted enormously in v vi The Forests of Eastern Russia the writing of this book. Perhaps more importantly, they made the trip fun. Above all, I thank Gerry van Leeuwen and Russell Taylor of International WOOD Markets Group, as well as their colleagues Igor and Jane in Russia and China. Russell and Gerry possess unmatched expertise of the forestry sector of Siberia and RFE, as well as the timber trade with China. Anybody who needs straight facts about the wood products business in Russia and China, as well as elsewhere, should turn to them. Without Gerry and Russell, this book would not have happened. Finally, I continue to be indebted to several individuals from the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Toronto. In particular, I thank Prof. John Caspersen. He has been a staunch supporter of my broad education in forestry and engagement in the forestry sector. I am grateful that he encourages me to pursue educational opportunities that fall beyond the direct scope of my research. Also from the Faculty of Forestry, I am grateful to Prof. Sean Thomas, Prof.
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