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Physiographic Region I - Mackenzie 3Lta

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Physiographic Region I - Mackenzie 3Lta HARDY ASSOCIATES CIB7EIJ LTD. TERRAIN ANALYSIS OF THE DEMPSTER For. Foothills Pipe Lines (Yukon) Ltd. BY Hardy Associates (1978) Ltd. February, 1979 K4239 HARDV ASSOCIATES ClB7BJ LTD. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 Sources of Data 1 1.3 Presentation of Terrain Data 2 2. O TERRAIN MAPPING 2.1 Principles of Terrain Mapping 3 2.2 Terrain Mapping Legend 5 3.0 PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING 8 3.1 Arctic Coastal Plain 9 3.1.1 Mackenzie Delta 9 3.2 The Interior Plains 10 3.2.1 Anderson Plain 10 3.2.2 Peel Plain 11 3.2.3 Peel plateau 12 3.3 Cordillera (Eastern System) 13 3.3.1 Richardson Mduntains 13 3.3.2 Porcupine Plateau 14 I 3.4 Cordillera (Interior System) 15 3.4.1 Ogilvie Mountains 15 3.4.2 Tintina Trench 16 3.4.3 Yukon Plateau 18 4.0 GEOLOGIC HISTORY 20 Be drock Geology4.1 Bedrock 20 4.1.1 Arctic Coastal Plain, Interior Plains and Cordillera (Eastern System) 20 4.2.2 Cordillera (Interior Systems) 21 Ogilvie Mountains 21 Tintina Trench 23 Yukon Plateau 24 i HARDV ASSOCIATES CIB761 LTD. TABLE OF CONTENTS CON'T 4.2 Quaternary Geology 26 4.2.1 Arctic Coastal Plain and Interior Plaina 26 4.2.2 Cordillera (Eastern System) 28 4.2.3 Cordillera (Interior System) 30 Ogilvie Mountains 30 Tintina Trench 32 Yukon Plateau 34 5.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRAIN UNITS. BY PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGION 36 6.0 REFERENCES 38 ii I HARW ASSOCIATES ClB781 LTD. I I 1.0 INTRODUCTION I 1.1 General I Terrain analysis, which includes terrain classi- I fication and mapping,was conducted by Hardy Associates (1978) Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, along the Dempster routeof I Foothills Pipe Lines (Yukon) Ltd. Basic information obtained I during terrain classificationand mapping describesand identifies 1) the bedrock and soils materials near ground surface, 2) geologic and engineering propertiesof these materials, 3) stratigraphy and permafrost characteristics of surficial materials, 4) geologic history of terrain units and landforms, 5) topography and drainage character- istics of landforms. 1.2 Sources of Data Terrain analysisis based on airphoto interpre- tation and supplementedby published information, field investigations, and drilling programs. Terrain classification and mapping information appearsas the photomosaic portion of the alignment sheets. Geological and geophysical field investigations and drilling programs conducted during1977 and 1978 provided field information to substantiate airphoto interpretation. -1- HARDY ASSOCIATES Cl8781 LTD. Ground reconnaissanceand field surveys included observations onlandforms, geologic materials, permafrost, vegetation, topography, drainage, and present erosional features . Drilling and laboratory work provided information on soil and rock type, permafrost, moisture content, grain size, and other engineering properties. Thermistor strings were installed at selected localities to provide ground temperature data. Reports and maps by the Geological Surveyof Canada, Department of Energy,.Mines and Resources, were the largest source of published information on bedrock and soil materials along the Dempsterpipeline corridor. Principal works are referredto in this report andare listed in the References Section. 1.3 Presentation of Terrain Data The photomosaic alignment sheets preparedby Hardy Associates (1978) Ltd. during 1978 show the distribution and characteristics of terrain units along the pipeline corridor. This information is supplemented by reports on geophysical surveys and drilling programswhich were prepared for Foothills Pipe Lines (Yukon)Ltd. and have these titles: -2- I HARPV ASSOCIATES tlB7El LTD. I I I . 1 October 1978, .Klohn LewoEf Consultants Ltd. I 3) ' Demp.ster Lateral Ga's Pipe'lin'e.P'rQje.ct .-' Pe'rhafrbst 1 Delineation Geophys.i'c'a'1:S'Wvey, .Dec.ember 1978, Hardy and Associates (1978) Ltd. Further information on the terrain typing system developed for the Dempster route is described in this report. Also data on physiography,.,geologic history, geologic processes, and major terrain units along the pipeline corridor are discussed here. 2.0 TERRAIN MAPPING. 2.1 ' Princ.iples''of Te'rEain Mappïnq Terrain analysis for the' proposedDempster pipeline route was based on Es, r.ev;iew of publishe'd geological and geographïcal information and on redpgnition, .and classi- fication of landforms visible on airphôtos. c 3 " HARDV ASSOCIATES ClB761 LTD. A 1and.form is the' most significant recognizable unit that canbe kee.n whe'n vertic41 airpho.tos 'are examined with a stereoscope.' La'ndforms have distinctive topographic and,geomorphïcexpresaion,,,geologic origin and material, drainage and vegetation characteristics. Following iden- tification, ,landformsare mapped as terrain units or terrain types on the basis of their environmerit of deposition. Each terrain unit is the'n described in a legend witha list of characteristic properties. Terrain mapping not only outlines the boundaries of various terrain unitsbut also fcrrrns a necessary base for use in choosing specific areas where field investigations can provide additional informationfor characterizing terrain units. Field investigations, including., geological and,geophysical surveys and,geotechnical drilling and sampling programs, may then' be 'carried out to determine the geological and engineering properties of .the units,.fox example, material type 'and,ground ice content. Variability of these properties withïn each keirain unitcan also be determined during field studies. -4- HARDV ASSOCIATES Cl8781 LTD. 2.2 Terrain Mz@p'in.g Legend The legen'd developedfor terrain mapping of this pipeline route 'makes USE ôf letters to symbolize teirain units of different geo'logic origin, specific landformsand erosional features., ,for example:' peat (veneer) , 1. 3.ov L-R moraine'deposi i" plain rills ,(glacial origin) (land- (erosional form) feature) When two or mwe terrain units cannot be differentiated at the scale of mapping, they are shown as a complex, for example, Lb.pO, where subscriptsindicate the relative 82 proportion of each.' Where subscripts are absent proportions are approximately equal. Graphic symbols are used to show the location of prominent geologic or man-made features, e,g. 8 / (@SCaKp?Wnt)Or A (borxow pit). Dominqnt mater'ial, .topography, drainage,and permafrost character'isticsof terrain units, ,as estimated from ai~phdtoe,,geophysicalsurveys, .and a limited number of .. ., drill hole logs;,are 'des'cribedon th& 'terrain legends. -5- HARDV ASSOCIATES Cl9701 LTD. Soil and bedrock types were identifiedand des- cribed on the basisof published data and thelogs of bore- holes drilled for Foothills Pipe Lines(Yukon) Ltd. during i977 and 1978. Soil type may vary withinterrain units which had a similar environmentof deposition , due to differences in underlying bedrock, climate, topography, and geologic history. Such regional variations between similar terrain units are accounted,forby means of legends developed for the major physiographic regions crossed by the route. These regions, from north to south, are: Reqion Number -Name I Mackenzie Delta II Anderson Plain 111 Peel Plain IV Peel Plateau V Richardson Mountains VI Porcupine Plateau VfI Ogilvie Mountains VI11 Tintina Trench IX Yukon Plateau Topography and drainage have been estimated from airphoto interpretation. The topographic descriptionis based on average slopes occuringwithin a terrain unit, as follows : -6- Top0.graph.y.I ' 'Slope Angles Terrain Unit . ' ' Exalnp'le' Depxegsional or flat ta 0-5' Lb undulating Undulating to rolling 5-10' Mm Hummocky and ridged 5-15a Mh ' Gently to modekatel'y 5-15,' Cb (Pl sloping Moderately to steeply >15* Cm Drainage, ,as estimated from airphatos, is classified as The estimates of expected ice contents (unfrozen, low, medium, or high) contained in the terrain legends were arrived at by reviewing the 1977 and 1978 soila logs which include data on ice lens thickness and spacing, NRC ice descriptions, and moisture 'contents. Where logs were unavailable 'ice 'content information has been extrapolated from terrain unite in the 'same area with similar materials and physical settings. -7- - HARW ASSOCIATES E197E1 LTD. 3 O PHYSIOGRAPHIC:'SETTXNG : The .Demps.tek pipeline route is located in divisions af the Arctic Coastal Plsin, ,the Xnterior Plains, ,and the Cordilleran physiographic regions .of western Canada. The pipeline route 'and the physiographïc divisions that it croeses are shown on Figure 1 and are categorized from north ta south as follows: TABLE 1: ' Physiag'r'ap'hic'Eleme'nts Ma jO'I? Region Physiographic Division Alignment Sheet on' Aiig,nmen't'Sheet Numbers as of December. 1978 Arctic Coasta.1 X- Mackenzie Delta Plain Interiox Plains XI. Andersgn Plain 12,- 13, 13A, 13B, 13C, 13D, 13E(part), 14 III. Peel Plain m. Peel Plateau 16A, 17, 18 (part) Cordillera Y. Richardson (Eastern Mountains System) VI. Porcupine Plateau 20F, 20G, 21, 22, (E9gle Plain) 22AI 22Bt 22C, 22D, 223, 23, 24, 25, 2 6 (part1 Cordillera VI1 Ogilvie Mountains 26(part) , 27, 27A, (Interior 27B, 27C, 27D, System) 273, 27F, 27G, 27H, 271, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 -8- I HARDV ASSOCIATES (18781 LTD. I I VITI. Tintina Trench . 33A, 33B, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 I IX. Yukon Plateau 41, 41A, 41B, 41C, 41D, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 48A, 48B, 48Cf 48D, 48Ef I 48F, 48G, 48H, 481, 49, 50 also I 48E-1-6 1 The characteristics of each of the physiographic I elements crossed by the pipeline are described below. I 3.1- Arctic.. Coastal. Plain I 3.1.1 Mackenzie Delta I The Mackenzie Delta division of the Arctic Coastal 'I Plain covers that part of the pipeline route from Richards I Island to 4.4 km south of Noel1 Lake and includes the Parsons Lake and Niglintgak laterals. It consists of the I modern Mackenzie Delta and the Pleistocene Delta. The flat- lying modern Mackenzie Delta is a vast deposit of silt and ,I sand that fills the Mackenzie Trough and extends seaward I (Hughes, et al., 1973). It lies a few metres above sea level and is flat and channeled with numerous levees and 1 lakes. I -9- I I HARW ASSOCIATES Cl97EII LTD.
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