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Ecology, Environmental Requirements and Conservation of Corticioid Fungi Occupying Small Diameter Dead Wood

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Ecology, Environmental Requirements and Conservation of Corticioid Fungi Occupying Small Diameter Dead Wood JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 313 Katja Juutilainen Ecology, Environmental Requirements and Conservation of Corticioid Fungi Occupying Small Diameter Dead Wood JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 313 Katja Juutilainen Ecology, Environmental Requirements and Conservation of Corticioid Fungi Occupying Small Diameter Dead Wood Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston matemaattis-luonnontieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Ambiotica-rakennuksen salissa YAA303, huhtikuun 1. päivänä 2016 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Mathematics and Science of the University of Jyväskylä, in building Ambiotica, hall YAA303, on April 1, 2016 at 12 o’clock noon. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2016 Ecology, Environmental Requirements and Conservation of Corticioid Fungi Occupying Small Diameter Dead Wood JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 313 Katja Juutilainen Ecology, Environmental Requirements and Conservation of Corticioid Fungi Occupying Small Diameter Dead Wood UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2016 Editors Jari Haimi Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo, Ville Korkiakangas Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Studies in Biological and Environmental Science Editorial Board Jari Haimi, Anssi Lensu, Timo Marjomäki, Varpu Marjomäki Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä URN:ISBN:978-951-39-6574-7 ISBN 978-951-39-6574-7 (PDF) ISBN 978-951-39-6573-0 (nid.) ISSN 1456-9701 Copyright © 2016, by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2016 ABSTRACT Juutilainen, Katja Ecology, environmental requirements and conservation of corticioid fungi occupying small diameter dead wood Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2016, 55 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Biological and Environmental Science ISSN 1456-9701; 313) ISBN 978-951-39-6573-0 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-39-6574-7 (PDF) Yhteenveto: Pienellä lahopuulla elävien orvakoiden ekologia, elinympäristö- vaatimukset ja suojelu Diss. The increasing human impact upon the biosphere of earth is causing profound changes across all spatial scales. The ability to cope with human-induced disturbance varies among organisms; specialist species are more negatively affected than generalist species. Forests are among the most heavily affected ecosystems; especially the dead wood associated organisms are in peril. The earlier research has strongly focused on large diameter dead wood and associated species. The aim of this thesis was to investigate small diameter dead wood and collect systematic information about species richness and abundance as well as habitat and substrate preferences of associated corticioid fungi. Fungal data was collected from four coniferous and three deciduous boreal forest types using a novel, hierarchical sampling method. Altogether 180 325 dead wood units were examined, and 10 217 observations of 276 fungal species detected. Small diameter dead wood proved to be surprisingly species rich substrate, hosting many rare species. Fungal communities associated with small dead wood differed from the communities of larger substrates. No strict specialist species for certain dead wood diameter were found, but species’ preference for either small or large dead wood was evident. The negative effect of forest management was evident also in fungi associated with small dead wood, even though the amount of small dead wood was similar in natural and managed coniferous forests. Higher species richness in natural herb-rich forests compared with wood pastures and afforested fields reflects the differences in their dead wood profiles. As various species thrive also in these secondary forest types, they could serve as surrogate habitats for many broadleaved dead wood associated species. Climate change and increasing energy wood harvesting are causing new threats for wood-inhabiting fungi occupying the smallest dead wood substrates. Keywords: Dead wood; fungal communities; fungal diversity; managed forests; natural forests; very fine woody debris, wood-inhabiting fungi. Katja Juutilainen, University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland Author’s address Katja Juutilainen Department of Biological and Environmental Science P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä Finland [email protected] Supervisors Docent Panu Halme Department of Biological and Environmental Science P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä Finland Professor Mikko Mönkkönen Department of Biological and Environmental Science P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä Finland Docent Heikki Kotiranta Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) Natural Environment Centre P.O. Box 140 FI-00251, Helsinki Finland Reviewers Dr. Mari T. Jönsson ArtDatabanken P.O. Box 7007 75007 Uppsala Sweden Docent Timo Kuuluvainen Department of Forest Sciences P.O. Box 27 FI-00014 University of Helsinki Finland Opponent Dr. Jörg Müller Bavarian Forest National Park Dep. Cons. and Research Freyunger Str. 2 D-99481 Grafenau Germany CONTENTS LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 7 1.1 General introduction ........................................................................................ 7 1.2 Dead wood ......................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Wood-inhabiting fungi .................................................................................... 9 1.4 Forest management, dead wood and associated fungal species ............. 10 1.5 The aims of the thesis ..................................................................................... 12 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS .............................................................................. 13 2.1 Study area ........................................................................................................ 13 2.2 Study design .................................................................................................... 14 2.3 Sampling methods .......................................................................................... 15 2.4 Data analyses ................................................................................................... 16 3 MAIN RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................. 18 3.1 General results ................................................................................................ 18 3.2 Why is it important to study small diameter dead wood (I-IV)? ............ 19 3.2.1 Methodological insights (I-IV) ........................................................... 19 3.2.2 Diameter thresholds and dead wood estimates (I) ......................... 20 3.2.3 Diameter thresholds vs. fungal species detectability (I) ................ 20 3.2.4 Using the number of species on CWD as an estimate for species richness on (V)FWD (I) .......................................................... 21 3.2.5 (V)FWD and fungal species richness (I, II, III, IV) .......................... 21 3.2.6 Fungal community composition in (V)FWD (I, II, III) ................... 22 3.2.7 Fungal specialization on (V)FWD (IV) ............................................. 24 3.3 Human impact on forested landscape – consequences on wood- inhabiting fungi .............................................................................................. 24 3.3.1 Forest management, (V)FWD and associated species (II) ............. 24 3.3.2 Comparing natural, semi-natural and novel deciduous boreal forest types in terms of fungal species richness (III) ...................... 27 3.3.3 Fungal specialization for forest type (IV) ......................................... 29 3.4 Conclusions and applied perspectives ........................................................ 30 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 32 YHTEENVETO (RÉSUMÉ IN FINNISH) .................................................................... 33 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 38 LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS The thesis is based on the following original papers, which will be referred to in the text by their Roman numerals I-IV. I Juutilainen, K., Halme, P., Kotiranta, H. & Mönkkönen, M. 2011. Size matters in studies of dead wood and wood-inhabiting fungi. Fungal Ecology 4: 342–349. II Juutilainen, K., Mönkkönen, M., Kotiranta, H. & Halme, P. 2014. The effects of forest management on wood-inhabiting fungi occupying dead wood of different diameter fractions. Forest Ecology and Management 313: 283–291. III Juutilainen, K., Mönkkönen, M., Kotiranta, H. & Halme, P. 2016. The role of novel forest ecosystems in the conservation of wood-inhabiting fungi in boreal broadleaved forests. Submitted manuscript. IV Juutilainen, K., Mönkkönen, M., Kotiranta, H & Halme, P. 2016. Resource use of wood-inhabiting fungi in different boreal forest types. Manuscript. The contributions of the authors in the original papers. KJ = Katja Juutilainen, PH = Panu Halme, MM = Mikko Mönkkönen, HK = Heikki Kotiranta. I II III IV Original idea PH, KJ PH, KJ PH, KJ PH, KJ, MM Data KJ, HK, PH KJ, HK, PH KJ,
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