Revealing the Contributions of Icelandic Pioneer Women To

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Revealing the Contributions of Icelandic Pioneer Women To Undan Snjóbreiðunni (What Lies Beneath the Snow) Revealing the contributions of Icelandic pioneer women to adult education in Manitoba 1875 – 1914 by Jo-Anne Weir A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF EDUCATION Department of Educational Administration, Foundations and Psychology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2007 by Jo-Anne Weir ii Abstract Though women have been involved in adult education throughout Canada’s history, their contributions have gone unrecorded and lie hidden “beneath the snow”. This study used a qualitative historical research design to metaphorically “melt the snow”, to reveal both the women and their educational activities in five Icelandic pioneer settlements in Manitoba 1875-1914. Guided by an adaptation of the Kidd (1979) conceptual framework, data from primary and secondary sources was categorized onto a matrix for coding and analysis according to type of learning (formal, nonformal and informal) as well as seven areas of influence (people, events, ideas, outside Canada, communications, geography & climate and immigrant peoples). This process resulted in findings that foregrounded five Icelandic adult educators and revealed six themes of involvement by Icelandic pioneer women. The findings demonstrate the need to reexamine the adult education definitions and frameworks so that the contributions of women may be documented and valued. iii Acknowledgements I gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the following women: Dr. Marlene Atleo, advisor, provided expertise, encouragement and sound advice throughout this project. She was the key person to help shape this research from idea to reality. The day she became a part of this project was the turning point of this research. Drs. Carolyn Crippen and Roberta Woodgate, committee members, provided valuable feedback and a belief in the value of this research. Sigrid Johnson and Dr. Valdine Clemens, member checks, provided their expertise in Manitoba Icelandic history and editing skills. Their involvement undoubtedly improved the accuracy and quality of the final document. The final acknowledgement is reserved for Karen. Her support, and belief in me have made this thesis possible. Because of Karen, I have had the treasured luxury of time and freedom to pursue this dream. iv Dedication To the memory of my great grandmother; Margaret Johnson (Margrét Friðbjarnardottir,1874-1918) who emigrated from Iceland in 1891 to eventually settle in Glenboro, Manitoba. This thesis is a tribute to her and the Icelandic pioneer women of Manitoba whose history has inspired and sustained me in this project. v Table of Contents Chapter 1....................................................................................................................1 Introduction.................................................................................................................1 Problem Statement .................................................................................................3 Background.............................................................................................................4 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................21 Conceptual Framework.........................................................................................21 Research Questions .............................................................................................26 Definitions .............................................................................................................27 Delimitations .........................................................................................................28 Limitations.............................................................................................................30 Personal Interest...................................................................................................31 Chapter 2..................................................................................................................32 Literature Review......................................................................................................32 Adult Education History in Canada .......................................................................32 History of Manitoba (1870 – 1914)........................................................................42 History of Icelandic Immigrants in Manitoba..........................................................47 Chapter 3..................................................................................................................57 Methodology.............................................................................................................57 Methodology .........................................................................................................57 Method..................................................................................................................58 Data Collection......................................................................................................59 Sampling Strategy.................................................................................................61 vi Data Analysis........................................................................................................63 Trustworthiness.....................................................................................................66 Chapter 4..................................................................................................................68 Findings....................................................................................................................68 Melting the Snow: Five Icelandic adult educators revealed ..................................73 Teachers’ training: Extending the Icelandic value of education.............................86 Learning the English language: Integrating learning with work .............................94 Women’s suffrage: Continuing the pursuit of equality in a new land .....................99 Canada’s postal service: A link to the outside world ...........................................106 Manitoba’s geography and climate: Harsh teachers ...........................................110 The Icelandic Women’s Society and the Ladies’ Aid societies: A social welfare network ...............................................................................................................115 Chapter 5................................................................................................................125 Discussion of the Findings......................................................................................125 Overview of the Study.........................................................................................125 Summary of Findings ..........................................................................................126 Implications.........................................................................................................131 Recommendations ..............................................................................................136 References .............................................................................................................139 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Comparison of the five Icelandic communities in Manitoba 1875 – 1914………………………………………………………72 Table 2. Icelandic Ladies’ Aid societies in Manitoba 1885 – 1914………120 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Conceptual framework for examining the adult educational activities of women in Canada……………………………………………….....25 Figure 2. Map of early Icelandic settlements in Manitoba 1875-1914……..29 Figure 3. Matrix for coding and analysis of adult educational activities of Icelandic pioneer women in Manitoba 1875-1914………………………...64 ix List of Copyrighted Material for which Permission was Obtained 1. Conceptual framework for examining the adult educational activities of women in Canada, p. 20. Adapted from Kidd, J.R., (1979). Some Preliminary Notes Concerning an Enquiry into the Heritage of Canadian Adult Education (Occasional Papers in Continuing Education No. 9). Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia, Centre for Continuing Education. 1 Chapter 1 This introductory chapter provides the foundation to begin an inquiry into the adult education activities of the Icelandic pioneer women in Manitoba during the 1875 – 1914 time period. The chapter begins by outlining the research problem that led to this study. It goes on to describe the background information needed to understand the problem and state the purpose of the study. The conceptual framework which structured and organized this study is described next, followed by the research questions, definitions, delimitations and limitations. The chapter concludes by identifying the researcher’s personal interest in conducting this investigation. Introduction Women have been involved in adult education activities throughout Canada’s history, yet researchers note their absence within the recorded history (Butterwick, 1998, p. 104; Dewar, 1998, p. 360; Selman, Cooke, Selman & Dampier, 1998, p. 3). Dewar (1998) metaphorically characterizes the experiences of women in Canadian adult education history as being “covered by a blanket of snow” (p. 360). The absence of women’s stories creates an incomplete history of adult education in Canada. The result
Recommended publications
  • Vestur – Íslendingar: the Icelanders of Manitoba
    THE THIRTEENTH HERMANN PÁLSSON LECTURE (2017) Vestur – Íslendingar: the Icelanders of Manitoba Margaret A. Mackay IT IS A great honour to have been invited by the Scottish Society for Northern Studies to deliver this year’s Hermann Pálsson Memorial Lecture. Hermann was a very good friend and colleague throughout my years at the University of Edinburgh and I rank Stella, his wife, Steinvör, his daughter, and Helena, his grand-daughter, among my close friends now. Let me rehearse a few details about Hermann’s life for those here who did not have the privilege of knowing him in person as well as those of us who did. He was born in 1921 at a farm in the north of Iceland, Sauthanes á Ásum, near Blönduós and the Húnafjörður. He was the sixth in a family of twelve children and lost his father at a young age. The family was not rich in material ways but valued education highly. Hermann gained a degree in Icelandic Studies at the University of Reykjavik in 1947 and went on from there to study for another degree, in Irish Studies, at the National University of Ireland, in University College Dublin. He soon learned Welsh as well, some of it by total immersion in a Welsh-speaking community in Gwynedd. Angus McIntosh (1914-2005) had been appointed to the new Forbes Chair of English Language and General Linguistics at the University of Edinburgh in 1948 and he appointed Hermann to a Lectureship in 1950. The School of Scottish Studies, in whose creation McIntosh was centrally involved, was coming into being at just that time and Hermann took a keen interest in it, retaining a strong affection for the School and its activities and a love of the Gaelic language and Celtic tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory of Networks – Phase II
    Inventory of Networks – Phase II ICELAND Compiled by Rannís and Arctic Portal 1/20/2012 Iceland Preface The Arctic Council and IASC agreed in 2011 to establish Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON). Yet preparation for SAON had been underway since 2007. The purpose of SAON is to support and strengthen the development of multinational engagement for sustained and coordinated pan-Arctic observing and data sharing systems that serve societal needs, particularly related to environmental, social, economic and cultural issues. SAON promotes the vision of well-defined observing networks that enable users to have access to free, open and high quality data that will realize pan-Arctic and global value-added services and provide societal benefits. Its goal is to enhance Arctic-wide observing activities by facilitating partnerships and synergies among existing observing and data networks (“building blocks”), and promoting sharing and synthesis of data and information. SAON also is committed to facilitating the inclusion of Arctic indigenous people in observing activities, in particular by promoting community-based monitoring (CBM) efforts. Iceland has a unique feature – alongside Greenland ‐ of being the only state that is fully situated within the Arctic. Iceland is also an interesting case study since it is an island in the midst of the north Atlantic, where changes of climate and other aspects of nature can be viewed in a relatively isolated ecosystem. This report introduces the contemporary monitoring institutions and networks in the country. These institutions cover many fields of research and monitoring and they belong to six different ministries. As one of the roles of the Icelandic Centre of Research (RANNIS) is to coordinate and promote Icelandic participation in collaborative international projects in science and technology, RANNIS has been appointed as the national contact point for SAON in Iceland.
    [Show full text]
  • Iceland (Háskóli Íslands) Otago's Second Semester 2009 Degree Programme While on Exchange: Earth Science My Majors: Geology and Zoology Iceland
    Z. Hynd University of Iceland (Háskóli Íslands) Otago's second semester 2009 Degree programme while on exchange: Earth Science My Majors: Geology and Zoology Iceland Ísland - Fire and Ice Pronounced “eesland” ( ís is ice). This is definitely the coolest (but not coldest) place you can go on exchange with Otago! It's not as frigid as its name suggests, everyone knows Iceland is green and Greenland is ice. The capitol city, Reykjavík (pronounced “rake-ya-veek”) enjoys positive temperatures almost the whole year round. On the odd occasion it does drop below 0°C it will rarely reach double digits. Yes they speak English! Though Icelandic (or Íslenska) is the main language, almost everyone except for young children and the extreme elderly can speak very good English. Reykjavík means “smoky bay” in Icelandic. The original Norwegian settlers ~870 AD named it this because of the steam rising from the geothermal springs. The country sits atop the diverging North American and Eurasian tectonic plates and the reason it is not underwater like the rest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is because of the Iceland Hotspot. Centred beneath Europe's largest glacier Vatnajökull (“vatna- yerk-idl”), this suspected mantle-plume is responsible for all the excess volcanism on the island. Iceland is geological wonderland on a par with Hawaii and New Zealand and is obviously a fantastic place for geologists, but before tourism focused on its natural wonders, people came to Iceland for its literature. The legendary Icelandic Sagas are the most famous of Icelandic literature, from which it is said J.R.R.
    [Show full text]
  • ICELAND Journey to Iceland and Explore How Its Geography Helped Shape Its Unique Culture and Its Independence from Fossil Fuels
    Faces® Teacher Guide: November/December 2018 ICELAND Journey to Iceland and explore how its geography helped shape its unique culture and its independence from fossil fuels. CONVERSATION QUESTION How does Iceland’s geography influence its culture? In addition to supplemental materials TEACHING OBJECTIVES focused on core Social Studies skills, • Students will learn about Icelandic geography and this flexible teaching tool offers culture. vocabulary-building activities, • Students will describe how the physical characteristics of places are connected to human questions for discussion, and cross- cultures. curricular activities. • Students will analyze the combinations of cultural and environmental characteristics that make places different from other places. • Students will explain how cultural patterns and economic decisions influence environments and the SELECTIONS daily lives of people. • In the Kitchens of Fire and Ice • Students will use details from a text to write a story. Expository Nonfiction, ~1150L • Students will conduct research using print and digital • Weathering the Weather sources. Expository Nonfiction, ~1150L • Students will create a multimedia presentation. • The Eco-Friendliest Country on Earth Expository Nonfiction, ~1150L U33T http://www.cricketmedia.com/classroom/Faces-magazine Faces® Teacher Guide: November/December 2018 In the Kitchens of Fire and ENGAGE Ice Conversation Question: How does Iceland’s geography influence its culture? pp. 12–15, Expository Nonfiction Explore how the rugged geography and Explain that Iceland’s geography is dominated by rocky soil and climate of Iceland have influenced its mountainous terrain with many active volcanoes. Also explain it is an farming practices and its cuisine. island in the far north, near the Arctic Circle. Ask students to hypothesize how the geography of Iceland influences the types of foods that are commonly eaten there.
    [Show full text]
  • The Feasibility of Meeting the Demand for Fresh Food from Horticulture in Iceland
    Final Thesis for MS-Degree in Environment and Natural Resources The Feasibility of Meeting the Demand for Fresh Food from Horticulture in Iceland Azusa Yamada Supervisor: Sveinn Agnarsson Ragnheidur Inga Thorarinsdottir The Feasibility of Meeting the Demand for Fresh Food from Horticulture in Iceland Azusa Yamada Final Thesis for MS Degree in Environment and Natural Resources Supervisors: Sveinn Agnarsson Ragnheidur Inga Thorarinsdottir Faculty of Business Administration School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland Graduating February 2020 1 The feasibility of meeting the demand for fresh food from horticulture in Iceland. This is a 30-credit thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for an MS degree in Environment and Natural Resources linked with the Faculty of Business Administration, School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland. © 2020 Azusa Yamada This thesis can be copied only with the author’s permission. Printed by: Háskólaprent Reykjavík 2020 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisors, Ragnheidur Inga Thorarinsdottir and Sveinn Agnarsson. Thank you, Ragnheidur, for seeing the potential in this topic at an early stage and encouraging me with constructive advice. Sveinn, thank you for your profound belief in my work and unparalleled support. I couldn’t have come this far without your support and guidance. I would also like to acknowledge and thank all of the interviewees and experts, whose names cannot be disclosed, who were involved in this project. Their passionate participation and input were indispensable to this work. I am also grateful to the Watanabe Trust Fund of the University of Iceland scholarship programme for allowing me to explore my passions and cultivate my intellectual curiosity in this beautiful country.
    [Show full text]
  • Marla J. Koberstein
    Master‘s thesis Expansion of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon L. onto juvenile plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. nursery habitat in the Westfjords of Iceland Marla J. Koberstein Advisor: Jόnas Páll Jόnasson University of Akureyri Faculty of Business and Science University Centre of the Westfjords Master of Resource Management: Coastal and Marine Management Ísafjörður, February 2013 Supervisory Committee Advisor: Name, title Reader: Name, title Program Director: Dagný Arnarsdóttir, MSc. Marla Koberstein Expansion of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon L. onto juvenile plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. nursery habitat in the Westfjords of Iceland 45 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Master of Resource Management degree in Coastal and Marine Management at the University Centre of the Westfjords, Suðurgata 12, 400 Ísafjörður, Iceland Degree accredited by the University of Akureyri, Faculty of Business and Science, Borgir, 600 Akureyri, Iceland Copyright © 2013 Marla Koberstein All rights reserved Printing: Háskólaprent, Reykjavik, February 2013 Declaration I hereby confirm that I am the sole author of this thesis and it is a product of my own academic research. __________________________________________ Student‘s name Abstract Sandy-bottom coastal ecosystems provide integral nursery habitat for juvenile fishes, and threats to these regions compromise populations at this critical life stage. The threat of aquatic invasive species in particular can be difficult to detect, and climate change may facilitate the spread and establishment of new species. In 2003, the European brown shrimp Crangon crangon L. was discovered off the southwest coast of Iceland. This species is a concern for Iceland due to the combination of its dominance in coastal communities and level of predation on juvenile flatfish, namely plaice Pleuronectes platessa L., observed in its native range.
    [Show full text]
  • Weird Visitations
    Weird Visitations Gudrun Björk Gudsteinsdottir Dept. of English, University of Iceland Weird Visitations: Attendant Spirits & Ghosts • Adaptation theory: Stories survive by appropriation and adaptation. • Background: Einar Ólafur Sveinsson, The Folk-Stories of Iceland (1940); revised by Einar G. Pétursson, translated by Benedikt Benedikz (2003). • Sveinsson argues that folkstory motifs migrate more easily than the stories and that the stories are invariably adapted to their new environment; stories based on the same motif will be quite different stories. • Confirmed by my study of the legacy of Icelandic folkstories in Icelandic Canadian literature. The Gift of Second Sight: Ófreski - Skyggni • Sveinsson notes that ideas about second sight were largely unchanged from ancient times: – the tone is partly, of course, set by the spirit of the age. But all the basic elements of belief in dreams appear to be constant, and stories about dreams, based on true experiences, run completely parallel in ancient and more recent times. Thus there appear in them people with symbolic names, people who utter verses, prophecies, second sight and so on…. People with prophetic powers get their knowledge from … a presentiment, sometimes from dreams, sometimes from some kind of vision… understanding the language of birds. (188-89) Attendant Spirit: Fylgja • Guardian spirits go back to ancient times: “did no harm, unless their ‘owner’ was an evil person or in an evil mood, and then only to other people” (Sveinsson 188). Variants on the ancient fylgja in all Nordic countries: body in trance but “external soul” travels (Sveinsson 190). • Evil attendant spirits did not appear widely until late 17th or even the 18th century, and never as attached to families until late 18th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishing As Meaning: Identity Formation and the “New Icelander” In
    FISHING AS MEANING: IDENTITY FORMATION AND THE “NEW ICELANDER” IN MANITOBA By Jeff R. Wood Integrated Studies Final Project Essay (MAIS 700) submitted to Dr. Mike Gismondi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts – Integrated Studies Athabasca, Alberta December, 2012 i ABSTRACT Fishing as Meaning: Identity Formation and the New Icelander in Manitoba A proper understanding of the multicultural nature of the Canadian identity can best be accomplished by studies of the various cultures which constitute it. While identity formation is a discursive process, subjective, and entirely experiential, exploration of the local is never the less fundamental for understanding the whole. This paper examines the “local” Icelandic community along the west shore of Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba. It analyzes how the community draws meaning from the practice of fishing, and looks at its significance in identity formation. The approach taken explicitly separates the act of fishing, from the meanings that are extracted from the act, connecting fishers and non-fishers in a common bond of community. I demonstrate the symbolic and ritualistic meanings connected to fishing by the Icelandic community, as well as how a sense of self, of place, of bond, and of ownership and agency is extracted and applied to identity. Questions of cultural sustainability and fishing heritage will also be addressed. The topic is approached from an interdisciplinary perspective. I blend insights and methodologies from history, human and physical geography, sociology, and anthropology, with an attempt at an over-arching integration. ii Table of Contents Title Page i Abstract ii Table of Contents iii Introduction 1 Background 4 History 4 Geography of the Lake and the Fishery 7 Fishing as Meaning 9 Symbolism 9 Ritualism 11 Sense of Self 11 Sense of Place 12 Bond 13 Ownership and Agency 14 Cultural Sustainability 15 Conclusions 16 References 17 iii Fishing as Meaning: Identity Formation and the New Icelander in Manitoba By Jeff Wood Final Project Essay (MAIS 700) Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • “Art Is in Our Heart”
    “ART IS IN OUR HEART”: TRANSNATIONAL COMPLEXITIES OF ART PROJECTS AND NEOLIBERAL GOVERNMENTALITY _____________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board _____________________________________________ in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________ By G.I Tinna Grétarsdóttir January, 2010 Examining Committee Members: Dr. Jay Ruby, Advisory Chair, Anthropology Dr. Raquel Romberg, Anthropology Dr. Paul Garrett, Anthropology Dr. Roderick Coover, External Member, Film and Media Arts, Temple University. i © Copyright 2010 by G.I Tinna Grétarsdóttir All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT “ART IS IN OUR HEART”: TRANSNATIONAL COMPLEXITIES OF ART PROJECTS AND NEOLIBERAL GOVERNMENTALITY By G.I Tinna Grétarsdóttir Doctor of Philosophy Temple University, January 2010 Doctoral Advisory Committee Chair: Dr. Jay Ruby In this dissertation I argue that art projects are sites of interconnected social spaces where the work of transnational practices, neoliberal politics and identity construction take place. At the same time, art projects are “nodal points” that provide entry and linkages between communities across the Atlantic. In this study, based on multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork in Canada and Iceland, I explore this argument by examining ethnic networking between Icelandic-Canadians and the Icelandic state, which adopted neoliberal economic policies between 1991 and 2008. The neoliberal restructuring in Iceland was manifested in the implementation of programs of privatization and deregulation. The tidal wave of free trade, market rationality and expansions across national borders required re-imagined, nationalized accounts of Icelandic identity and society and reconfigurations of the margins of the Icelandic state. Through programs and a range of technologies, discourses, and practices, the Icelandic state worked to create enterprising, empowered, and creative subjects appropriate to the neoliberal project.
    [Show full text]
  • Agreement Between Iceland and Norway on the Continental Shelf Between Iceland and Jan Mayen
    Agreement between Iceland and Norway on the Continental Shelf Between Iceland and Jan Mayen Agla Margrét Egilsdóttir 2013 Master of Law Author: Agla Margrét Egilsdóttir ID number: 080885-2619 Instructor: Catherine Banet Lagadeild School of Law i Útdráttur Samkomulag Íslands og Noregs um landgrunnið á svæðinu milli Íslands og Jan Mayen Með samkomulagi Íslands og Noregs um landgrunnið á svæðinu milli Íslands og Jan Mayen frá 1981 var kveðið á um mörk landgrunnsins á svæðinu sem skyldu vera hin sömu og mörk efnahagslögsögu þeirra. Í samningnum var einnig skilgreint sameiginlegt nýtingarsvæði sem nær yfir beggja vegna landgrunnsmarka Íslands og Jan Mayen. Samkvæmt fyrirkomulaginu um sameiginlegt nýtingarsvæði á Ísland rétt á 25% þátttöku í olíustarfsemi á norska hluta svæðisins og einnig á Noregur rétt á 25% þátttöku í olíustarfsemi á íslenska hluta svæðisins sem er þekkt sem Drekasvæðið. Markmið þessarar ritgerðar er að rannsaka lagagrundvöll fyrirkomulagsins sem kveður á um sameiginlega nýtingasvæðið þar sem lagagrundvöllur þess hefur verið umdeildur innan þjóðaréttar og þá sérstaklega hvort það sé talin vera þjóðréttarleg skylda að ganga í slíkt fyrirkomulag um sameiginlegt nýtingarsvæði. Það verður gert með því að rannsaka samspil ákvæða Hafréttarsáttmálans og annarra reglna þjóðaréttar, venjuréttar meðal þjóða og úrskurða Alþjóðadómstólsins. Einnig var kannað hvernig aðilar samningsins hafa útfært og túlkað samninginn enn frekar, sérstaklega þar sem að síðustu misseri hefur þurft að reyna á samninginn vegna útgáfu sérleyfanna. Eftir ítarlega greiningu kom í ljós að slíkt fyrirkomulag er ekki sérstaklega krafist af þjóðarétti, heldur er það eitt af nokkrum mögulegum lögfræðilegum fyrirkomulögum. Hins vegar er skylda fyrir ríki til að ganga til samstarfs og fá fram friðsamlegar úrlausnar deilumála samkvæmt sáttmála Sameinuðu Þjóðanna.
    [Show full text]
  • Escape from the Great Plains the Icelanders in North Dakota and Alberta
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Fall 1983 Escape From The Great Plains The Icelanders In North Dakota And Alberta Howard Palmer University of Calgary Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Palmer, Howard, "Escape From The Great Plains The Icelanders In North Dakota And Alberta" (1983). Great Plains Quarterly. 1695. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1695 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ESCAPE FROM THE GREAT PLAINS THE ICELANDERS IN NORTH DAKOTA AND ALBERTA HOWARD PALMER Immigration historians in Canada and the United One important feature of this movement that States are becoming aware of the need to look they do not highlight is the extent to which at immigration history within the larger context it included European immigrants and their of North American history. Canadian immi­ children who had settled earlier in the United gration patterns have been affected, indirectly, States but decided to move on as new oppor­ almost as much by American immigration pol­ tunities opened up in Canada. The Hrst sizable icy as by Canadian policy. Within many ethnic settlements of Hungarians, Slovaks, Lithuan­ groups in North America, there has been a ians, Czechs, Danes, Finns, Norwegians, Swedes, significant exchange of people and cultural Icelanders, Dutch, Welsh, and Hutterites on patterns between Canada and the United the Canadian prairies did not come directly States.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Review: Icelanders in North America: the First Settlers
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for 2004 Book Review: Icelanders in North America: The First Settlers Gudren Björk Gudsteins University of Iceland Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Gudsteins, Gudren Björk, "Book Review: Icelanders in North America: The First Settlers" (2004). Great Plains Quarterly. 278. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/278 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. BOOK REVIEWS 51 Icelanders in North America: The First Settlers. By Jonas Thor. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2002. 306 pp. Photographs, maps, figures, appendix, notes, bibliography, index. C$19.95. Jonas Thor's study offers an excellent view into the background and development of Ice­ landic migration to the West, briefly outlin­ ing immigration to Utah in the 1850s and Brazil in the 1860-70s, but primarily focusing on mass migration from 1870 to 1914 to and within the North American prairies, and gravi­ tating to the west coast. Thor outlines the climatic, demographic, geological, social, and political factors that explain why a sizable portion of the Icelandic 52 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, WINTER 2004 population was eventually swept into the account, comes from regional and family his­ stream of mass migration to the West. But his tories, newspaper and periodical articles, dia­ central concern is to analyze and assess the ries and letters, some appearing in print for reasons for the success or failure of each settle­ the first time.
    [Show full text]