Index

A-B cleavage 79 ahim˙ sa: (Hindu principle) 151 aardvaarks 215 ahupua’a (Hawai’i) 260, 267–8 abduction 83 air pollution, Japan 177 Aboriginal people see Australian Aboriginal A9 jı:vikasiso 150–1 people Akimichi, Tomoya 265 aboriginal subsistence whaling (ASW) 11 Alaska 311, 312–14, 319–22, 343 acacia 238 Alaska National Wildlife Refuge 321 Achuar (American people) 278–9, 281 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act activists, animal rights 343 (ANCSA) 1971 320–1 acupuncture 202 Alayco, Salomonie 319 Adam (biblical character) 422, 428–9 alchemy 381, 406 adaptation, role of nature in culture 91–112 Aleutian Islands 312 adaptive behavior 102–5 Aleutiiq (American people) 312 adaptive management 83–90 algae 301, 307 aesthetics Algonquins (American people) 118 China 190–1, 192 Allan, Sarah 395 Japan 5, 169 Allen, Paula Gunn 333, 335, 336, 339 Africa, sub-Saharan 211–27 alpacas 301–2, 305 Africa, East 218–19 altiplano (Andes) 289, 291 Afro-Caribbean people 108 altitude risk 298–302 Agni (Indian God) 123, 153 Amaterasu (Japanese goddess) 165, 175 Agrawal, Arun 67, 77, 78–9, 90 Amazonia 23–5, 277–86, 296–8 agriculture American Indians see Native Americans Amazon and migrant farmers 23–5 Amerindian see Native Americans Bali 108–9 Ames, Roger 170, 396 Central Andes 290–8, 302–4, 305 Amida Buddha 168 cosmology 115–26 Analects (Confucian text) 375 Daoism 197–8 Anasazi (American people) 340 ethnobiological knowledge 55–6, 57, 63 Anath 438 Israel 448, 451–2 anatomy 57–60, 62 Japan 179 Anaximines 192–3 Judaism 436–9 ancestors local knowledge 67–8 China 188, 189 Native Americans 344 Oceania 268 Oceania 248–9 ANCSA see Alaska Native Claims Settlement Thailand 132, 134–5, 138 Act Vedas 122 Andes, Central 289–308 Y ijing 124–5 Ando Shoeki (Japan) 388 see also swidden agriculture animal rights agroforestry 56, 60–1, 254 hunting by Native Americans 343 Agta (Philippines) 9 sustainability and noble Other myth 13 Aguaruna 49 animals

457

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Amazonia 278–82 noble Oriental xxi, 1–2, 4–8, 12 Australian Aboriginal people 230–1, 234, see also China; Japan; Thailand 235–6 Asia, East 373–89 biological knowledge 49 Asia, Southeast 34, 247, 257 Buddhism 354, 359 assimilation 321 Central Andes 292, 293, 301–2, 305 L ’Astrolabe 255 Dene 316–17 astrology ethnobiology 51–60, 62–4 Daoism 398–401 human adaptations 102, 103 fengshui 186, 187 Inuit 318 astronomy Judaism 444–6, 448–9 ancient Jews 438–9 Native Americans 336–9, 343, 344–5 Central Andes 302–4 Oceania 247, 251–3 fengshui 186 sub-Saharan Africa 211, 213, 215, 220, Inuit 313–14, 319 222–7 ASW see aboriginal subsistence whaling symbolism 50–1 Athapaskans (American people) 311 animism 50, 131, 133, 135 atheism, India 147, 148 anteater 225 Atlantic Ocean, Walker cells 296 Antei, Miyazaki 171, 172 atolls 248–9, 251, 252, 253–4, 269 anthropocentricism 117, 421 atomism 2 anthropocosmic perspective 117 atoms, India 151, 157 anthropology atonement, Judaism 439 ethnobiological classification 51 Atsutane, Hirata 172–3 forest-dwellers 21 Australia 229–40, 250–1, 252 holism 79–80 Australian Aboriginal people 229–40, 267–8 indigenous knowledge 48, 76–9 Austronesian languages 247–8 noble Other 3–4, 10 authenticity 8, 11, 12 Oceania 250 autonomy, indigenous knowledge 90–2 symbolism in natural world 50–1 Avicenna see Ibn Sı:na: anthropomorphism 50 Aymara (American people) 297–8, 300, ants 59–60 301–2 Aotearoa (New Zealand) 245, 248–9, 252 Azure Dragon 186, 187, 201 Apache (American people) 98 Baal 438 apocalypse 399 Baboquivari Peak 105 Appalachian Mountains 29 Babylonia 438 Arabic 212, 424 Baduy (Japanese people) 57, 63 Arabs, Israel 450–2 Bagmati River, Nepal 25–7 Aranda (Australian Aboriginal people) 239 Bahamas 108 Arapaho (American people) 336–7 Baka (African people) 57, 59–60, 62 archaeology 313, 434 Bal tashchit (Hebrew concept) 446, 450, 452 Archer, M. 239 balance archipelagos, Oceania 247, 249, 253–4 Hinduism 411 architecture, China 190 Native Americans 332–4, 335, 338 Arctic 311, 312, 319–21 noble Other 4 Argentina 289, 296 Bale´e, William xi, xxii, 277–86 Ari (Ethiopian people) 57 Bali 108–9 arid environments Bangkok, Thailand 129 Australian Aboriginal people 234 Bantu (African people) 63, 216 Judaism 436–42 banyan trees 353, 361 sub-Saharan Africa 211, 212 baobab trees 215 Aristotle 249–50 barley 439, 440–1, 443 Arnhem Land, Australia 231, 233, 234, 236, Barnett, D. 231 237, 238 Basso, Keith H. 98 art 202–6, 385 Bateson, Gregory 80, 83, 90 Aryans 122, 150 bats 252 Asherah 438 Baure´s, Bolivia 282 Ashio Copper Mine, Japan 173 beaches, Oceania 257–64 Ashoka 354 beauty 5, 169, 190 Asia beavers 103, 345 Buddhism 351 bees 279 Neo-Confucianim 169 Bennett, John 102–4

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Berger Inquiry 320–1 botany 220–2 Bering Strait 311, 312, 313 boundaries Berkes, Fikret xi–xii, xxi global mobilization of environmental Native Americans 325, 339, 342, 345, 346 concepts 19 TEK and IK 75–92 mapping 33–5 Berlin, Brent 53–5 Oceania 259 Berque, Augustin 185 Brahman 414–15 Berry, Thomas 117, 125–6 Brahman1as (Indian texts) 147–8 Berthrong, John xii, xxii, 373–89 Brahmanism 129–30, 132, 152 Best, Simon 252 Brazil 23–5, 284, 296 Bhagavad Gita (Hindu scripture) 415, 416 breath Bhattacharyya, K.C. 155 fengshui 199–200, 202, 204 Bhutan 351 Native Americans 332–3 Bible, Judaism 433–41, 442–4, 446–7, 448–50 see also qi Bielawski, Ellen xii, xxii, 311–25 Breath of the Compassionate 423 biodiversity Brooks Range, Alaska 312 ethnobiology 55 Brosius, J. Peter 3, 12, 22 ethnoecological knowledge 60–1 Brouwer, Jan 76, 78 global mobilization of environmental Browman, David L. xiii, xxii, 289–308 concepts 23 Brown, Cecil 220 India 416 Brown, C.H. 56 Oceania 248, 251, 252–3, 263–4, 269 Brown, Joseph Epes 336, 339–40 Thailand 361 Brush, Stephen B. 3 traditional ecological knowledge 89 Bryant, R.B. 38 biological knowledge 47–68 Buddha xx, 352–4 sub-Saharan Africa 220–7 Four Noble Truths 167 biopiracy 68 India 153 Bird, Isabella 5 suffering 365 birds Thailand 136–41, 140 Central Andes 292, 293 Buddha-nature 168, 358, 362 Dene 317 Buddhadasa Bhikku (Thai monk) 355, 360, Oceania 251–2 364 sub-Saharan Africa 223, 225 Buddhahood 168, 355 Bishnumati River, Nepal 25–7 Buddhism xx, 351–65 bison 340, 343 China 351, 373, 374, 380–2 bitter potatoes 298 Confucianism 374, 386–8 Black Elk 335, 339 cosmological patterning 118 Black Hills 335 deep ecologists 89 Blackfoot (American people) 337 Hı:naya:na 152–3 Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna 363 Japan 9, 161, 166, 167–9, 351 blood quantum 341–2 Maha:ya:na 152–3, 167, 168, 351, 358 Bloomfield, Maurice 148 naturalism in India 147, 148, 150–1, boats, Isle Royale 107 152–4, 157 Bodhi, Bhikkhu 359 painting 385 bodhi (Buddhism) 353, 361 religious environmentalist paradigm 7 bodhisatta (Buddhism) 358 Thailand xxi, 129–41, 360–1 Bodi (Ethiopian people) 50 Theravada 152, 351 bodily knowledge 48 Vajrayana (Tantric) 351 body Buddhist Peace Fellowship 362 Daoism 196–8, 201, 396–8, 404–6 Buddhist Perception of Nature Project 362 ethnobiological knowledge 57–60, 62 buffalo 337 India 153 Burch, E. 319 Boerschmann, Ernst 190–1 burial, fengshui 199–200 Bolivia 282, 283, 289, 291 Burma (Myanmar) 351 bonsai 386 burning Book of Changes see Y ijing Amazonian migrant farmers 24 Book of Psalms 120–1 Australian Aboriginal people 231–6, 238, Bookchin, Murray 79 239–40 Booth, Annie L. xii, xx, xxii, 329–47 Central Andes 301–2 Booth Company 106–8 Mexican forests 31–2 Borneo 21–3, 36, 61 Native Americans 340

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 460 Index bush people, Oceania 259, 260 noble Oriental 5, 6 Bushman (San) (African people) 216 Y ijing 123–5 butubutu 261–3 ziran 161, 162 cacao 285 see also Confucianism; Daoism Cahokia (American people) 340 Chipko movement 415 Cajete, Gregory 85 Chisso Corporation 176–7 calendar, Judaism 438–9 Christianity Callicott, J. Baird 89, 340 China and fengshui 187–8 Camargo, J.M.F. de 57, 58, 59 cosmology and cultivation 116, 118 Cambodia 351 Jewish Bible 435 Campos, Marina T. 19–39 Oceania 268 Canada 80–1, 86, 311–25 city-states, sub-Saharan Africa 212 can˜ihua (Andean grain) 303, 308 civilization canoes, Pacific islands 254 Confucianism 378 Cape York, Australia 238, 239 Other 1 capital, swidden agriculture 38 Thailand 130–1, 134–5 capitalism, indigenous knowledge and clans, Australian Aboriginal people 230 development 79 Clarke, J. J. 396 Capra, Fritjof 6, 89 class system 212 capuchin monkeys 279, 285 classification Caribbean 108 Amazonia 278–80, 281, 286 caribou 312, 316–17, 321 ethnobiology 51–60 Caribou Inuit 312, 314 sub-Saharan Africa 220–7 caring for country (Australia) 231 classificatory knowledge 48, 49, 50, 51–60 Carrie`re, Ste´phanie 60–1 clays 307 Cartesianism 2, 185, 205 climate Carvaka School 150–1, 157 Central Andes 290–8, 302–4 cash cropping, Thailand 134–5, 138, 140 Dene and Inuit 322 cassowaries 64 human adaptation to 102, 104, 107 categories Judaism 436–42 Australian Aboriginal people 230 sub-Saharan Africa 216–20 ethnobiology 51–60 climate change, Dene and Inuit 322 knowledge 48 coasts, Oceania 257–64 sub-Saharan Africa 215, 220–7 coconuts 258, 270–1 cattle 233, 302, 413, 446 cognised knowledge 48 cattle stations 233 cognitive domains 53 caverns, Daoism 402–4 cognitive prototypes 52 cedars 434 cognitive systems 213–16 Center for International Forestry Research cognized environment 250 (CIFOR) 21–3 cold 63 Central African Wet Forest 216, 217, 227 Colombia 289 Central Andes 289–308 colonialism, mapping 33–4 ceramic forests 283 colonization ceremony Amazon rainforest 23–5 Numic people 110–11 Oceania 269 role of nature in culture 98 colonos (Amazonian farmers) 23–5 see also rites and rituals colour, soils 218 Chanukah 440 communication, knowledge 316 chaos theory 118 communities Chattopadhyaya, D.P. xiii, xx, xxi, 147–58 biological knowledge 49 Cherokee (American people) 332 forests in Thailand 136 Chiang Mai, Thailand 129 mapping 34–5 Chile, ENSO 296 monastic 361 China Native American spirituality 334–5 Buddhism 351, 373, 374, 380–2 sub-Saharan Africa 214 Confucianism 373–89 compassion, Buddhism 357–8 cosmology and cultivation 118, 120, 123–5 conceptual universals 62 Daoism 6, 373, 393–407 concern consciousness 379, 382 fengshui 185–206 Confucianism 162–3, 373–89 nature and the environment 162–3 Buddhism 374, 386–8 Neo-Confucianism 169 cosmological patterning 118

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Japan 166, 170–3, 373, 374, 385, 386–7, Thailand 130–3 388 covert categories 48 noble Oriental 5 Coward, Harold xiii, xxii, 411–18 Confucius 170 crabwood tree 278 Congo Basin 216, 222 crayfish 237 Conklin, Beth A. 10, 12 creatio ex nihilo 424 conscious knowledge 48 Creation consciousness Australian Aboriginal people 230 Inuit 319 Book of Psalms 120–1 Native Americans 331–2, 334 Buddhism 353–4 naturalism in India 151 cultural landscapes 101 conservation Hinduism 412 Amazonian migrant farmers 23–5 Islam 422–3, 424, 426, 428 Australian Aboriginal people 237–40 Judaism 434, 436–8, 443–4, 449–50 Buddhism 129–41, 354, 360–1 Native Americans 336–7 Confucianism 170–1, 376 Neo-Confucianism 169 diachronic model of human-nature Numic people 109–10 adaptations 103 Vedas 122–3 epiphenomenal 9 see also cosmogony global mobilization of environmental Creator concepts 19–39 Book of Psalms 120–1 India 354 Islam 422–3 indigenous people 22, 23–4 Judaism 441, 444, 449–50 Japan 170–1 Native Americans 337 Judaism 440, 453 Numic people 109 mapping 34 creatures, Book of Psalms 120–1 Native Americans 339–46 Cree (American people) 9, 86, 344–5 noble Other 3–4 crocodiles 252 noble savage myth 8–11 Cronon, William 339–40 Oceania 256, 261, 270 crop diseases 59–60 reductionism 83 crown fires 232, 235, 236 sustainability distinction 9–10 cultivation, cosmology 115–26 Thailand 129–41, 360–1 cultivators, sub-Saharan Africa 211–12 traditional ecological knowledge 85–6 cultural diversity, traditional ecological consumerism, Hinduism 417 knowledge 90, 92 Cook, Captain 257 cultural embedding 47–51, 103–5 coral atolls 248–9, 251 cultural landscapes 98–9, 110–11 coral lagoons 260–4 cultural tourism, Australian Aboriginal coral reefs 251, 256 people 239 Corbin, Henry 423 culture correlativity, Daoism 396–8, 402–3, 407 Australian Aboriginal people 238–9 cosmogony biological knowledge 47–68 cosmology 118 distinction from nature 249–50 Daoism 406 heritage resources 446–50 Islam 422 Japan 175–6 Japan 165 Native Americans 331 Vedas 122–3 Oceania 249, 254–5 see also Creation role of nature in 91–112 cosmology Cup’ik (American people) 311, 312 Buddhism 130–3, 167–8 customary ownership 260–4 Confucianism 379–80, 381–4, 386–7 Dai Zhen 387 cultivation 115–26 Daintree Forest, Australia 239 Daoism 393–407 Dalai Lama 353, 362, 364 definition 118–19 dancing Hinduism 411 Australian Aboriginal people 230 Inuit 318–19 Hinduism 417 Islam 421–2 Dao Japan 167–8 Confucianism 380 mapping 33–4 cosmological patterning 118 Oceania 267–8 Daoism 393–6 qi 191–3 ziran 161

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 462 Index

Dao Learning 383 religion and ecology 115 Daodejing (Daoist text) 161 Thailand 134–5, 139 Daoism 373, 393–407 traditional ecological knowledge 80, 90–2 body 196–8, 201, 396–8, 404–6 dew 291 Confucianism 281–2, 380, 386–8 Dhamma Walks (Dhammayatra) 139–40 cosmology 118, 191–3 dharma 118, 351–60, 364, 416 fengshui 191 diachronic model, human adaptation 97–112 noble Oriental 6 diamond mining 80, 321–2 painting 385 Diaspora Jews 441–2 taiji quan 204 diet see food traditional ecological knowledge 89 dietary laws, Judaism 444–6, 453 ziran 161 dipterocarps 61 dark 218 directions, China 194–6 Darlington, Susan M. xiii–xiv, xx, xxi, displacement 129–41 Native Americans 333–4 Darwin, Charles 66 tiger reserves in India 418 Davis, Richard B. 130 distinctive features 52 Dayak (Indonesian people) 21–3, 36 diversity De Groot, J. J. M. 188–90 Amazonia 277–9, 280, 281–5 death Australian Aboriginal people 232 Inuit and Dene 313 ethnoecological knowledge 61 see also killing see also biodiversity; cultural diversity Deep Ecology 6, 79, 418 divination deforestation Daoism 398–400 Amazonian migrant farmers 23–5 fengshui 186, 191 Buddhism 134–5, 141, 353–4, 360–1 sub-Saharan Africa 214–15, 222 India 353–4, 415 divinity Japan 170, 171 fengshui 187 Native Americans 340 Japan 164–7, 173, 174–5, 176 swidden agriculture 36–8 religion and ecology 116 Thailand 134–5, 141, 360–1 dogs, Pacific islands 252 degradation dolphins 252, 279 Buddhism 363 domains 53 Japan 173 domesticates Native Americans 340–1 Amazonia 281, 282–3 Oceania 256 ethnoecological knowledge 55–6, 57 Deloria, Vine 334–5, 339 Pacific islands 252 Dene (American people) 311–25 sub-Saharan Africa 224 Dene Kede 317, 325 Dong Zongshu 379–80 Derrida, Jacques 39 donkeys 443 Descartes, Rene´ 249–50 Dove, Michael R. xiv, xxi, xxii–xxiii, 19–39, deserts 61 Australian Aboriginal people 234 dowry, Hinduism 417 sub-Saharan Africa 211 dragon, fengshui 201, 203 destiny, Islam 422–3 drought destruction, Japan 165 Central Andes 294, 300–1, 302–6 developed nations 19–39 ENSO events 296 development Judaism 436–42 Buddhism in Thailand 129, 130, 134–5, sub-Saharan Africa 212 139, 141 Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme 219 forests 27–30, 134–5 dry season, Central Andes 297–8 indigenous knowledge 76–9, 323 dry woodland, sub-Saharan Africa 211 Inuit and Dene 321–2, 323 dualism 2, 82–3 Japan 166 Dudgeon, Roy C. xiv, xxi, 75–92 Kathmandu 25–7 dugongs 239, 252 local biological knowledge 67–8 Dukes, Edwin Joshua 188 Native Americans 343 Durham, Jimmie 332 traditional ecological knowledge 76, 79–92 Durkheim, E. 50 development agencies 38, 78 eagles 343 development policy Earhart, H. Byron 5 indigenous knowledge 77–9 earth

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Buddhism 131 Edgerton, Robert B. 10 Central Andes 307–8 education, Dene 317 Confucianism 172, 377–8, 379, 386 Eitel, Ernest John 187–8 Daoism 161, 196–8, 394, 396–8, 401–4 Ekken Kaibara 171, 172, 387, 388 fengshui 187–8, 199 El Nin˜o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 295, Hinduism 412 299 Jainism 151 Central Andes 290, 294–8, 302–5 Japan 165, 172, 173 ethnoecological knowledge 61 Judaism 438 elders, Dene 317 Native Americans 331–2 elements qi 192 Buddhism 152–3 Thailand 131 Daoism 396 Y ijing 124–5 fengshui 187, 194 earthworks, Baure´s, Bolivia 282 India 148, 149, 152–3, 154–5, 158 East Africa 218–19 Japan 165 East Asia 373–89 Native Americans 331 East Kalimantan 21–3 Neo-Confucianism 169 Easter Island (Rapanui) 248–9 Numic people 109–10 echidna 252 Vedas 158 ecoliberals 79 elevation 289 ecological consciousness 338, 429 Elias, M. 56–7 ecological crises Ellen, Roy xiv–xv, xxi, 47–68 Buddhism 365 Ellingson, Ter. 10 India 412–13, 416 Eloheh 332 see also environmental crises Elul 441 ecology embeddedness, Native Americans 333–4 biological knowledge 47–8 emotions, Confucianism 383–4 Buddhism 352, 358–9, 363–5 emperor, Japan 165–6, 173, 174–5 Confucianism 170, 376, 388 empiricism environmentalism distinction 79 Inuit 315, 319–20 ethnobiology 57–60 Melanesia 264 ethnoecology 60–2 emptiness global mobilization of environmental Buddhism 167–8, 169 concepts 25 Daoism 394 human adaptation 100–1 Neo-Confucianism 170 Jewish dietary laws 444–5 emu 237 local knowledge of the land 75–92 end of nature 116–17 Native Americans 339–46 endangered species Oceania 250–5 Australian Aboriginal people 239–40 religion 6–8, 115–26 Native Americans 338, 343 role in culture 97–8, 100–1 Oceania 251 separation hypothesis 417–18 Endeavour 257 shallow and deep 79 energy see also traditional ecological knowledge fengshui 202 ecoscapes 99 India 155 ecosystems Japan 163 Australian Aboriginal people 232–3 Neo-Confucianism 169 Buddhism 167, 351, 361 qi 191–3 diachronic model of human-nature enlightenment adaptations 99–100, 101–12 Buddha 352–3 ethnobiological knowledge 60–2 Buddhism 131, 136–41, 168–9, 351, 355, Inuit and Dene 313 358 Japan 167 Hinduism 415 knowledge of 49 ENSO see El Nin˜o Southern Oscillation Melanesia 248 environment noble savage myth 4 Amazonia 277–86 Thailand 361 Buddhism 351 traditional ecological knowledge 87–9 Central Andes 289–308 ecotheology, Hinduism 411–18 cognized and operational 250 ecotourism, Oceania 269 diachronic model of human-nature Ecuador 289 adaptations 101–12

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 464 Index

ethnoecology 61 Confucianism 375–6, 379 history of term 214 Hinduism 411–12 Inuit and Dene 313 religion and cosmology 115, 116, 117, 119 Japanese views of 161–79 traditional resource management Oceania 250–5 systems 89–90 role in culture 97–112 see also morality sub-Saharan Africa 211–27 Ethiopia 50 environmental concepts 19–39 ethnicity environmental crises inter-group rivalry 21–2 cosmology and cultivation 117 Judaism 433, 434 Islam 429 mapping 35 Japan 170 ‘‘ethno-’’ 265–6 Judaeo-Christian worldview 2–3 ethnobiology 47–68, 250 religion and ecology 116 Amazonia 278–80, 281 see also ecological crises Judaism 445 environmental ethics ethnoecology 57–62, 250, 281 Buddhism 129–30, 167–8, 357 ethnography traditional ecological knowledge 89 indigenous knowledge 77 environmental impact assessment 80–1, Inuit and Dene 313–14, 318, 320 321–2, 323 ethnoscience 48–9, 265 environmental knowledge Europe, swidden agriculture 37 Amazonia 24, 277 Europeans, sub-Saharan Africa 211 global mobilization of environmental Eventscape 99 concepts 19–39 Evidential Research School 387–8 see also traditional environmental evil, sub-Saharan Africa 225, 226 knowledge evolution environmental laws, Japan 177 biological classification 56 environmental learning 101–4 cosmology and cultivation 125–6 environmental management, Inuit and Veda and naturalism in India 155 Dene 313, 320–3 evolutionism 53–5 environmental rights, Japan 177, 178 exorcism, Thailand 132, 135, 138–9 environmentalism exoticization, swidden agriculture 36–8 Buddhism 129–41, 352, 362, 363–5 exploration, Oceania 257 ecology distinction 79 extended matter 151 ethnoecological knowledge 58 extinction Hinduism 411 Australian Aboriginal 237 indigenous 30–8 caused by indigenous peoples 9 Jewish dietary laws 444–5 human migration 102, 103, 111 Other 1–13 Native Americans 338 sustainability and indigenous peoples 11 Falashas 433 environmentalists Al-Fa:ru:qı:, Isma:[:ıl 424–6 Buddhist monks in Thailand 132, 133–5, fallows 136–41, 359–61 Amazonia 282, 283–4, 285 Daoism 395–6 Central Andes 301 global mobilization of environmental Judaism 440, 448 concepts 20–5 false adaptations 106 Israel 453 Fang (African people) 217 Native Americans 338, 339–46 fasting, Judaism 439 religion and ecology 115 fate 399–400, 422–3 epiphenomenal conservation 9 fengshui 118, 124, 185–206, 386 epistemology festivals, Judaism 439–42, 448 Inuit and Dene 313–16, 318–20 Feuchtwang, Stephen D. R. 198 Oceania 245–71 Feyerabend, Paul 316 traditional ecological knowledge 79–90 fields of attraction 22 Equatorial Africa 216 fig trees 215, 221 equilibrium model 4 Fiji 248, 252, 259, 260, 267–8 Erickson, Clark 282 fire Ernst, Tom 264 Amazonian migrant farmers 24 Eskimos see Inuit Australian Aboriginal people 231–6, 238, ethics 239–40 Buddhism 129–30, 167–8, 357 China 194–6

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Daoism 396–7 Israel 451 India 148 Mexico 31–3 Mexican forests 31–2 Native Americans 345–6 Native Americans 340 Northern Forest, US 27–30 see also burning; swidden agriculture Oceania 248, 251–2, 263 firebreaks 233 Thailand 132, 133, 136–41 firestick farming 231–2 Form and Configuration School 201, 202–3 firewood flower ( yareta) 292 fossils 384 fish Four Deva Kings 168 Amazonia 282 Four Lords (Thai gods) 132 Central Andes 301 Four Noble Truths (Buddhism) 351, 352, 355 Inuit 312 foxes 292, 294 Thailand 138–9 France 37 fisheries, Oceania 256 Francis Xavier, St. 4–5 fishing free choice 413–14, 422 Lake Titicaca 300, 306–7 freshwater lens 253–4 Oceania 248, 252–3, 254, 256, 258–9, 260, frogs 293 261, 265 frost, Central Andes 291–2, 298–301 Scandinavian-Americans and Fukuzawa, Yukichi 174 adaptation 106–8 Fulani (African people) 217–18 Five Phases (Chinese concept) 384, 396–7 functionalism, sustainability 3 Five Planets 187, 201 fungi, sub-Saharan Africa 220–2 Five Processes (Chinese concept) 187, 193–6, fur, Native Americans 343 197–8 Furukawa Ichibe 173–4 floods, Lake Titicaca 305–6 Future Cities World Habitat Day Conference Flower Garland School of Buddhism 168 (FCWHD) 26–7 fog, Central Andes 293 G/wi Bushmen 8 folk classifications 51–60 Gadgil, Madhav 354 folk knowledge Galtung, Johan 7 biological knowledge 49, 51–60, 64–7 Ganges River 412–13 Central Andes 294, 297–8, 302–4 Gaozi 395 Western 65–7 gardens folk natural history, European 226–7 Amazonia 277 folk species China 203 Amazonia 278–80, 281 Confucianism 386 sub-Saharan Africa 220–7 gathering folklore Australian Aboriginal people 230, 231, human adaptation to 108 238, 239–40 Oceania 253 diachronic model of human-nature food adaptations 103–4 Amazonia 280, 281 Native Americans 332, 333, 338 Australian Aborinal people 238 Oceania 252–3, 254, 258–9 Central Andes 307–8 see also hunter-gatherers ethnobiological classification 55 Gauteng, South Africa 213 Jewish dietary laws 444–6 Ge Hong 403, 406 Oceania 258–9 general-purpose classification 55 forest development 27–30, 134–5 generics 53–4, 54 forest islands, Amazonia 283–4 Genesis 434, 436–7, 442, 444, 449 forest monks, Thailand 132, 134–5, 140, genocide, Native Americans 334 360–1 geography, Thailand 130–1, 132, 140, 141 forests geomancy 118, 124, 186 Amazonia 277, 278, 280, 281–5 geophagy 307–8 Australian Aboriginal 231–6 al-Ghaza:lı: 428 Buddhism 132, 133, 134–5, 136–41, 352, ghosts 131, 133–4, 140, 147 354 Gibson Desert, Australia 235 environmentalists and forest-dwellers 20–5 Gikuyu (African people) 221 ethnobiological knowledge 63 Gill, Sam 333, 339–40 ethnoecology 60–1 global warming, Dene and Inuit 322 global mobilization of environmental globalization concepts 20–5 environmental concepts 19–39 Hinduism 416–17 of local knowledge 68

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 466 Index

Oceania 269–70 Gunei (Australian Aboriginal people) 233, goats 302, 442, 443 236 God Guo Pu 200, 201, 202–3, 205–6 Book of Psalms 120–1 habitat, Amazonia 278, 280 Confucianism 377 Habitat Agenda 26–7 heritage resources in Israel 447–8 Hadley cells 295–6 Hinduism 411, 412–15 Hadot, Pierre 202 India 147, 148, 149, 151 halakhah (Jewish law) 434 Islam 421–3, 424–6 Hall, Charles Francis 320 Judaism 435–8, 439–42, 443–4 Han Dynasty (China) 287, 374, 377–81, 396, Mbuti 223 398 Native American 334 Happynook, Tom Mexsis 338 sub-Saharan Africa 214, 225 Hardin, Garrett 103 gods and goddesses harm, Buddhism 356 Buddhism 131, 132–3 harmony, fengshui 190 Daoism 400 harp seals 343 Hinduism 412 Harris, Ian 363–4 India 121–3, 148 Harris, Marvin 4 Japan 164–6 Harrod, Howard 337, 344 Judaism 438 harvest, Judaism 439–42 Native Americans 337 Hau’ofa, Epeli 253 Gogo people 219 Hausa (African people) 212 Goi Ranju 172 Hawai’i 87–8, 248–9, 260, 267–8 Goodman, Ronald 335 Hay, John 200, 203 goodness Head, L. 233 Native Americans 341–2 Headland, Thomas N. 9 Neo-Confucianism 170 healing, Native Americans 332 government health see medicine mapping 34 healthy cities, Kathmandu 26–7 swidden agriculture 38 Hearn, Lafcadio 5 Thailand 134–5, 139 Hearne, Samuel 312, 320 Graham, A.C. 192, 193–6, 197 heaven Graham, Laura R. 10, 12 Buddhism 131 Graham, Mark 361 Confucianism 170, 172, 377, 379, 386 Granet, Marcel 198 Daoism 161, 394, 396–401, 404 grapes 440–1 fengshui 187–8 grassroots movements, Amazonia 24–5 India 149, 151 graves, fengshui 188, 189 Islam 421 grazing Japan 165, 172, 173 Central Andes 301–2 Judaism 437 Judaism 442–4 qi 192 Great Britain 218–19 Y ijing 124–5 Great Spirit 331, 335 Hebrew Bible 434–5 Great Wall of China 198–9 Hefner, Philip 125 Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity hell Sphere 176 Buddhism 131, 168 greed, Buddhism 356 India 149, 151 Greeks 162, 192–3, 195, 424, 445 hemerology 398 greenhouse effect 177–8 Henley, Thomas 81 Greenland 311, 313 henotheism 122 Greenpeace 343 heritage, Judaism 434, 446–50, 453 grottoes, Daoism 402–4 herring 106–8 Groundnut Scheme 218–19 Heschel, Abraham 121 Guaja´ (American people) 281 high elevation 289 Guanzi (Daoist text) 192, 198 high forests, Amazonia 282, 283, 285 Guaqui, Bolivia 304, 305 highland wet forest 211 guardian spirits 131–2, 136–7 hill peoples, Thailand 131, 135, 138 Guelke, Jeanne Kay xv, xxii, 433–53 Hı:naya:na Buddhism 152–3 Guha, Ramachandra 12, 354, 417–18 Hinduism xxii, 118, 121–3, 411–18 Guinea, Republic of 67 hogs 302 guinea pigs 292 Hokule’a (Hawai’ian canoe) 254

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 Index 467 holism hybridization 20, 25, 30–8, 63 Australian Aboriginal people 238 hyenas 215, 224–5, 226 Buddhism 358 hypothetical-deductive method 265–6 Daoism 396–8 I Ching see Y ijing ecology 79–80, 83 Ibn ‘Arabı: 423 holistic determinism, Islam 422 Ibn Sı:na: 423 Holling, C.S. 82 ice, Inuit 319 holy days, Judaism 439–42 ice floes, Inuit 312 Holy Land 99 Ichikawa, M. 61 homeland, Judaism 447, 450–1 idealism, Buddhism 152 Honigmann, John 315 identity Hopi (American people) 335 Oceania 253 Horton, David 231 Other 1 hot, ethnobiological knowledge 63 idols, Judaism 437, 448, 449 Hottentot (Khoi) (African people) 216 Igloolik people (American people) 314 housing rights, Kathmandu 26–7 Ignoble Other 1, 10 Howard, Albert 80–1, 91 IK see indigenous knowledge Howe, K.R. 269 imbalance, Confucianism 378 Huainanzi (Daoist text) 192, 193, 196, 396 immanence 116, 425, 427–8 Huangdi zhaijing (T he Yellow Emperor’s Siting immortality of the soul 150 Classic) 200–1 Immortals, Native Americans 337 Hudson Bay, Canada 312 imperialism Hughes, J. Donald 331, 332, 338, 339–40, whaling 11, 12 344 see also colonialism Hultkrantz, A¨ ke 337 impermanence, Buddhism 355, 356 human adaptation 97–112 Inca (American people) 289, 290, 302 human beings incense 221 Confucian 383 India xx Daoism 394, 396–8 cosmology and cultivation 118, 120, 121–3 Dene 317 Hinduism 411–18 Inuit 318 naturalism 147–58 role in nature 97–9 indigenous environmentalism 30–8 sub-Saharan Africa 224–5, 226 indigenous knowledge (IK) human nature Amazonia 277–86 Confucianism 376–7, 383–4 biological knowledge 64–7 Daoism 395 definition 75–6 human rights, indigenous peoples 11–12 hybrid systems of knowledge 30–8 humanism, India 151 integration with western science 323–5 humanity, Confucianism 169–70, 379, 386 Inuit and Dene 313–16, 321–3 Hundred Schools of Thought 375 local knowledge of the land 75–92 hunter-gatherers noble Other 3 Amazonia 281 Oceania 264–7 Australian Aboriginal people 230, 231, indigenous people 237, 238, 239–40 autonomy and IK 90–2 ethnobiological classification 55, 56, 281 global mobilization of environmental Native Americans 333, 336, 337–8, 342–3, concepts 19–39 344–5 historical versus modern xx noble savage myth 1 noble Other 1–13 Oceania 256 Western romanticism xix–xx sub-Saharan Africa 211, 212 Indonesia 9, 34, 35, 248 see also gathering; hunting Indra (Indian God) 123, 132, 153 hunting Indus Valley 9, 122 Australian Aboriginal people 230, 231, industrialization 237, 238, 239–40 Japan 173–4 diachronic model of human-nature loss of ethnic culture 213 adaptations 103–4 noble Other 1 Native Americans 332, 333, 336, 337–8, sustainability 3 342–3, 344–5 industry, pollution 323 Oceania 256 Ingerson, Alice R. 10 see also gathering Ingold, Tim 79–80, 82 Hviding, Edvard xv, xxi–xxii, 245–71 initiation, Oceania 253

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 468 Index insects 223–4, 278 Jo:do (Pure Land) School of integrated coastal zone management 259 Buddhism 168–9 integration, ethnobiological knowledge 63 Johannes, R.E. 57 intellectual property 68, 322 Johnston, Sir Harry 222–3 intelligence 48 Jones, Rhys 231–2 interaction, Native Americans 332–3 Jordan River 452 interdependence, Buddhism 355, 356–7 Jubilee 2000 116 intermediates 53, 54 Judaism 118, 120–1, 433–53 International Network of Engaged Judeao-Christian world view 2 Buddhists 362 Jullien, Franc¸ois 200, 202, 203, 205–6 International Union for the Conservation of Ka’apor (American people) Nature and Natural Resources folk species 279, 280, 281 (ICUN) 418 forests 282, 284–5 International Whaling Commission language 278 (IWC) 11 Kabilsingh, Chatsumarn 354, 358, 364 Intertropical Convergence Zone Kahn, Miriam 259 (ITCZ) 294–7 Kaiho Seiryo: 172 introduced species, Australian Aboriginal Kakadu National Park, Australia 231, 239 people 239–40 Kalahari Desert 8 intuition, fengshui 205–6 Kalland, Arne xi, xix–xx, xxi, 1–13 Inuit (American people) 311–25 Kamala, Tiyavanich 134 Inuit Circumpolar Conference 12, 311 kami (Japanese spiritual forces) 163, 164–6, Inuktitut people (American people) 314 173 Inupiat (American people) 11, 311 Kammen, D.M. 61 Ipomoea 238 kangaroos 236, 237 Iroquois (American people) 337 karma (kamma) 355, 413–15 irrigation Buddhism in Thailand 131 Bali 109 India 150, 151, 156 Central Andes 300 Kaska Dene (American people) 315 Israel 440 Kates, Robert W. 84 Polynesia 248–9 Kathmandu, Nepal 25–7 Isaacs, Irene 337 Kato:, Hiroyuki 174 Ishii, Yoneo 134 Kawagley, Anayaqoq Oscar 318–19 Islam 421–9 Kayapo´ (American people) 279 Buddhism in Thailand 139 ethnoecological knowledge 57, 58, 59,60 cosmological patterning 118 forest islands 284, 285 Israel 450 Kaza, Stephanie 357, 359, 364–5 sub-Saharan Africa 212 Kegon School 168 islands, Oceania 245–71 Kenyah (Borneo people) 21–2 Isle Royale, Minnesota 106–8 Kesby, John D. xv, xxi, 211–27 Israel 120–1, 433–53 Khoi (Hottentot) (African people) 216 ITCZ see Intertropical Convergence Zone ki (Japanese concept) 169 Ixtla´n, Mexico 31–3 killifish 306 Jainism 147, 148, 150–2, 413 killing Jamaica 108 Buddhism 357–8 Japan 161–79 Native Americans 338 Buddhism 9, 161, 166, 167–9, 351 Kimberley, Australia 229–30, 231, 233, 237, Confucianism 166, 169–73, 373, 374, 385, 238 386–7, 388 kinship deforestation 9 Australian Aboriginal people 230 noble Oriental 4–6, 7–8 Native Americans 336–7, 338–9 Jatakas (Buddhism) 354 Oceania 259, 261–3 Java 63, 247–8 Kiowa (American people) 332, 335 Jerusalem 447, 453 Kipling, Rudyard 7–8 Jesuits 373 Kiribati (Oceania) 252 Jewish Diaspora 447–8, 450–1 Kitabatake Chikafusa 166 Jewish National Fund (JNF) 451 Kleinman, P.J. 38 Jewish New Year 439 knowledge Ji Cheng 203 Amazonia 277–86 jinen see shizen biological 47–68 Jing Hao 203 Confucianism 172

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 Index 469

Dene and Inuit 313–16, 322 land crabs 108 global mobilization of environmental land rights concepts 19–39 Australian Aboriginal people 240 hybrid systems of 30–8 Inuit and Dene 320–1 local knowledge of the land 75–92 Kathmandu 26–7 Oceania 245–71 land tenure, Judaism 448 relationship to science 316 landmarks, cultural landscapes 99 sub-Saharan Africa 213–16, 217–20, 222–7 landscapes types xxi, 48–9 Amazonia 277–86 variation within a population 55–7 cultural 98–9, 110–11 see also indigenous knowledge; traditional Native Americans 86, 331, 335–6 ecological knowledge role of nature in culture 97–112 knowledge brokers 76–9 sub-Saharan Africa 215, 216–20 Kohen, James L. xv–xvi, xxi, 229–40 Langton, M. 240 Kong, Master (Kongzi) 373, 375–6, 377 language Koran see Qur’a:n Amazonia 277, 278–9, 281, 284–6 Korea 373, 374, 386–7, 388 Australian Aboriginal people 230 kosher 444–6 ethnobiological classification 51–60 Koyukon (American people) 314, 317 Inuit and Dene 313 animals 337–8 Islam 424 conservation 344–5 Japan 161–3 Earth as alive 331 knowledge 48 land 343 Oceania 245–9, 264 Kraft, Kenneth 357, 358–9, 364 sub-Saharan Africa 213–16, 218, 220–2, Krech, Shepard III 9, 12, 340–1 223–4 Kuhn, Thomas S. 82 Laos, Buddhism 351 Ku:kai 168 L aozi (Daoist text) 197, 380, 393–5 Kuki-Yalanji people (Australian Aboriginal Lape´rouse, Jean-Franc¸ois de Galup de 255 people) 238–9 Lapita peoples 247 Kumazawa Banzan 170–1 Latour, Bruno 255 !Kung (African people) 57 Lau Lagoon, Malaita 265 Kunstadter, Peter 365 laws Kuranko 67 Australian Aboriginal 239 Kwaio (Oceanic people) 9 Dene 316–17 Kyoto International Conference (1997) 178 Jewish dietary laws 444 La Nin˜a 296 Native Americans 338 labor see also environmental laws ethnobiological classification 56 Leakey, L. S. B. 221 knowledge 316 learning, human-nature adaptations 101–4 swidden agriculture 36–7, 38 legumes, Central Andes 308 LaChapelle, Doris 395 Leopold, Aldo 79 Ladakh 351 Lescarbot, Marc 2 Laden, G.T. 61 Lewis, David 257 LaDuke, Winona 333, 339 lexical fields 53 lagoons, Oceania 251, 253–4, 259–64 lexical knowledge 48 Laguna (American people) 335 li (Daoist concept) 118, 383–4, 386–7, 396 laity, Buddhism 361–3 Li, Tania M. 21 Lake Superior 106–8 life, Native Americans 331, 332–4, 335 Lake Titicaca 298, 300, 304–7 life forms 53, 54,56 Lakota (American people) 331, 334, 335 light, Daoism 401 Lame Deer, John 339 lilies 232 land Linne´, Carl 37–8, 214, 226–7 Australian Aboriginal people 229–40 Linnean classification 53–5 Central Andes 298 lions, Israel 443 Dene 316–18 literacy, sub-Saharan Africa 212 Israel 446–50 Little Sandy Desert, Australia 238 local knowledge 75–92 Liu Ming 405 Native Americans 329–47, 344 Liu Xin 399 Oceania 257–64 livestock, Israel 442–4 swidden agriculture 38 lizards, Oceania 252 land claims, mapping 34–5 llachu 306, 307

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 470 Index llamas 301–2, 305 martial arts, fengshui 204–5 local knowledge, land 75–92 Martujarra (Australian Aboriginal logging people) 238 Mexican forests 31–2 Maruyama, Masao 171 Native Americans 345–6 Massim islands 254 Oceania 248, 259, 261, 269 materialism 147, 161–2, 335–6 logos 118 Mathews, Andrew Salvador 19–39 looking after country (Australia) 238–40 matrix, religion and ecology 116–17 L otus Sutra 168 Matses (American people) 280 loving-kindness (Buddhism) 357–8 Matsigenka (American people) 280 lowland wet forest 211 matter, India 151, 152–3 Lu Xiujing 404, 405 Matthiessen, Peter 333–4 Lynge, Aqqualuc 12 Mauss, M. 50 Maasai (African people) 217 maya 415 Macdonald, John 313–14, 323–4 Maya (American people) 9 McKey, D. 59 Mayu 280 McKibben, Bill 116–17 Mbuti (African people) 8, 61, 222–3 Ma:dhyamik School 153, 157 medicinal plants Mae Phosop (Thai goddess) 132 ethnobiological knowledge 55, 60, 63, 64 Mae Thoranee (Thai goddess) 132 forest-dwellers 22 magic sub-Saharan Africa 221–2 Marovo Lagoon 267 medicine Native Americans 336 Central Andes 307 magnetism, fengshui 202 Daoism 381, 396–8 Maha:ya:na Buddhism 150–1, 152–3, 167, diachronic model of human-nature 168, 351, 358 adaptations 104 Maimonides 445 ethnobiological classification 55, 60, 63, 64 Makah (American people) 11, 338 India 158 Makushi 49, 56–7 indigenous knowledge 3, 65–6 Malaysia 4 Islam 425 Mambila (African people) 225 Native Americans 332 mammals Numic people 110 Oceania 252 sub-Saharan Africa 214–15 sub-Saharan Africa 223, 224, 226 meditation mana (Oceanic concept) 268 Buddhism 353, 356, 357, 359–60, 362 management Daoism 381, 397–8, 403 adaptive 83–90 Meiji Restoration (Japan) 162, 166, 173–5 Australian Aboriginal people 239 Melanesia 246, 248 forest co-management 21–2 animals 252 Inuit and Dene 313, 320–3 land and sea 259 Judaism 443 languages 247, 248 Oceania 256, 259–64 migration 247 see also resource management; risk resource management systems 260 management Melipona 57, 58, 59 Mandate of Heaven (China) 399 Meng Tian 198–9 mangrove 251, 253 Mengzi (Master Meng; Mencius) 376–7, 395, manioc 49, 59, 278, 285 399 Man’yo:shuˆ (Japanese text) 163–5 Menominee (American people) 345 Manzoor, Parvez xvi, xxii, 421–9 Merap 21–2 mapping, hybrid knowledge 33–5 metal 194–6, 396–7 maps, Oceania 255 metaphor 116–17 marchmounts 401–2 metaphysics marine environments, Oceania 258–9, 265 cosmology 119 Maring Tsembaga 4 sub-Saharan Africa 214–15 maritime travel, Oceania 254, 256–7 meteorology, Central Andes 290–8, 302–4 market economy, noble Other 8, 11 methodology, abduction 83 market-liberal approach 77, 78–9 Mexico 31–3 Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands 256, 258, Meyer, Ted 139–40 260–4, 266–8 microclimates, Central Andes 298 marshes, Central Andes 301 Micronesia 246, 248, 249 marsupials, Oceania 252 middle way 353, 356

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 Index 471

Midrash (Hebrew text) 435 Daoism 401–3 migrant farmers, Amazon rainforest 23–5 human-nature adaptations 105 migration Japan 168–9 Australian Aboriginal people 236 Judaism 449 human adaptation 101–2, 105–6, 111–12 mudyi tree 50 Israel 441, 452 Mueller, Max 122 Oceania 247–8, 249 Mu¨ller, F. Max 148 military alliances, Pacific islands 254 Mumford, Lewis 421 Milky Way 290 Mundy, B.E. 34 Miller, James xvi, xxii, 393–407 Murasaki Shikibu, Lady 167 Minakata, Kumagusu 175 Murti, T.R.V. 154 mind-heart (xin) 383–4 mutualism 59–60 Ming Dynasty (China) 374, 385, 386, 387–8 Myanmar see Burma mining 259, 331–2, 335 myth miracles, Islam 423–4, 425 Amazonia 280 Miriwoong (Australian Aboriginal Hinduism 412–13 people) 229–30, 237 Inuit and Dene 314 Mishnah (Jewish text) 435 Japan 176 missionaries 135, 138, 187–8 Oceania 253 mist 293 religion and ecology 116 Miura Baien 172 sub-Saharan Africa 216 Miyazaki, Hayao 178 Nadasdy, Paul 91, 92 moccasins 335–6 Naess, Arne 79 moderation, Buddha 353 Na:ga:rjuna 167 modernity Nahmanides 445 ecology 6 Najita, Tesuo 172 India 415–16 Nakae, Cho:min 174 modernization Nan River, Thailand 138–9 Japan 173–4, 176–7 Narayanan, Vasudha 416, 417, 418 noble Other 7–8 Narita airport, Japan 178–9 Momaday, N. Scott 332, 334, 335, 339, 347 Nash, Roderick 6 money, noble Other 8 Natadecha-Sponsel, Poranee xvi, xx, xxii, 7, Mongolia, Buddhism 351 351–65 monism, Buddhism 358 nation-building, Japan 175 monks, Buddhism 129, 132, 133–4, 136–41, national defense, Israel 452–3 359–61 national parks monotheism, Book of Psalms 120 Australian Aboriginal people 239 Montaigne, Michel de 2 environmentalists and indigenous montane forest, Oceania 251 peoples 23 moon 215–16, 293 India 418 morality Israel 453 Buddhism 355, 356, 357–8 Japan 179 Confucianism 170 nationhood, Japan 175 cosmology 119, 125–6 Native Americans 329–47 Dene 316–17 definition 329–30 Hinduism 413–15 historical and modern culture xx Inuit 319 noble savage myth 9 Native Americans 338 see also Dene; Inuit Other 1 native title 240 traditional resource management Natura 214 systems 89–90 natural history intelligence 47, 62 see also ethics natural philosophy Morris, Brian 213 development of science 82 mosaic burning 234, 235 Islam 424 motion 156 natural rights, Japan 174 Mou Zongsan 379 natural sciences 250, 434 mound forests, Amazonia 283–4 natural selection, Judaism 434 Mount Fuki, Japan 163 naturalism Mount Meron 453 Confucianism 374, 375, 378–80, 388, 389 mountains Daoism 395–6, 399–400 Confucianism 170 fengshui 191

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 472 Index

India 147–58 Northern Territory, Australia 239 Islam 421 Northwest Territories, Canada 80–1 Japan 175–6 Ntumu (African people) 60–1 nature Nuaulu (Indonesian people) distinction from culture 249–50 ethnobiological knowledge 51, 52, 56, 62, history of term 214 63–4 nature writing, Confucianism 385–6 non-environmentally friendly actions 9 Navajo (American people) 101, 334, 335 symbolism 51 navigation, Oceania 254, 255, 256–7 nuclear energy 178 Ndembu 50 nuclear testing 269, 270–1 necessity, Islam 421–2 nuclear weapons 176 need, Buddhism 356 numerology 187, 398 Needham, Joseph 191, 374 Numic people (American people) 109–11 Neidjie, Bill 229 numinous 116–17 Nelson, Richard 314, 337–8, 339–40, 343, Nunamiut (American people) 312 345 observation, Melanesia 264 Neo-Confucianism 169–73, 382–5, 388 Oceania xxi–xxii, 245–71 Neo-Daoism 374, 380 offerings neo-populist approach 77, 78–9 Native Americans 332, 333 Nepal 25–7, 63 Thailand 132 New Caledonia 247, 248 see also sacrifices New Guinea 245, 248 Ogyu: Sorai 171 animals 252 oil 320–1, 343 concept of nature 250 Oka, Asajiro: 174 culture and language 249 okapi 222 empirical attitudes 264 Olcott, Henry Steel 363 environment 250–1 olive trees, Israel 440 languages 247 Oliver, Douglas H. 247 New Zealand (Aotearoa) 245, 248–9, 252 omniscient speaker-hearer Newman, James L. 218 convention/fallacy 49 Newton, Isaac 185, 205 Onabasulu 264 NGOs see non-government organizations ontology Nhat Hanh, Thich 357, 362, 364 Confucianism 172 Nicker Bean 108 Daoism 380, 396 Nihon shoki 165, 166 Islam 422–3 Ninomiya Sontoku 172 operational environment 250 nirvana (Buddhism) 153–4, 167, 168, 355 oral tradition Nishida, Kitaro: 175–6 Australian Aboriginal people 230 Nishikawa Joken 172 Buddhism 354 nitrogen fixingation 62, 63 indigenous knowledge 65–6, 67, 316 no-self 153, 355 Inuit 318, 319 Noah 449 orchids 232 Noble Eightfold Path (Buddhism) 351, 352, order, cosmology 119 355–6, 363 organism partonymy 57–60 noble Oriental xxi, 1–2, 4–8, 12 Oriental see noble Oriental noble Other 1–13 origins noble savage xxi, 1–13, 21, 339 Japan 165 noise pollution 177 Vedas 122–3 non-action, Daoism 394 see also cosmogony; Creation non-government organizations (NGOs) 3, Orlove, Benjamin S. 3, 303 417–18 Orta, Garcia da 66 non-Western, global mobilization of Orthodox Jews 433, 435, 444, 451 environmental concepts 18–39 ostriches 215 nonviolence Other 1–13 Buddhism 357–8, 359, 362 otherness, Northern Forest (US) 28–9 Hinduism 411, 413 overdifferentiation 51, 278–9 Jainism 151 owls 225 Norinaga, Motoori 172–3 ownership North America, Inuit and Dene 311–25 Australian Aboriginal people 230, 240 North Korea, Buddhism 351 intellectual property 68, 322 Northern Forest (US) 27–30 Native Americans 344

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 Index 473

Oceania 256, 260–4 Plains Indians, hunting 337 ozone layer 177–8 planets, fengshui 187 Pacific Ocean planting Intertropical Convergence Zone 294–6 Amazonia 284–5 islands 111, 245–71 Judaism 439–40 Page, W. 59 plants painting, Daoism 385 Amazonia 278–9, 280–2 Paiute (American people) 101 Australian Aboriginal people 230–1, 232, pale 218 233–4, 235–6 Paleolithic 101–2 biological knowledge 49 Palestine 447, 451–2, 453 Buddhism 168, 358, 359 Pali Canon (Buddhism) 353, 354, 362 Central Andes 292 pangolins 225 Confucianism 376–7, 386 Papua New Guinea 248 Dene 317 food symbolism 259 ethnobiology 51–60, 62–4 mapping 35 human-nature adaptations 102, 103 Maring Tsembaga 4 Israel 446 symbolism 50 Japan 168 ‘‘Paradise’’, Oceania 268–71 Judaism 444, 448–9 parasitism 59 Native Americans 345 Parkes, Graham xvi, xxi, 185–206 Oceania 247, 251 participatory development 77 sub-Saharan Africa 211, 213, 215, 217, partonymy 57–60 220–2 Passover 439, 440, 447 symbolism 50–1 pastoralism Pleiades 290, 294, 302–4 Central Andes 300, 301–2 poetry 163–5, 385 Judaism 442–4 polar bears 323–4 sub-Saharan Africa 211, 212 policy see development policy Patkar, Medha 417 politics patrimony, Israel 447 agriculture in Japan 179 patterns, cosmology 117–18, 120, 123–6 Daoism 398–9 Pecore, Marshall 345 Dene and Inuit 320–1, 322 Pedersen, Poul 6–7 ecology 80 Penan 3 indigenous knowledge and peripatetic pyromania 232 development 77–9 Peru 289, 291 traditional ecological knowledge 80, 90–2 pests 59–60, 61, 301 Polluter Pays Principle 177 pharmacopoeia pollution Daoism 381 Dene and Inuit 323 sub-Saharan Africa 221–2 Hinduism 411, 412–13 phii (Thai concept) 131–4, 135, 136–7 India 417 Philippines 9 industry 323 philosophy of science 315–16 Israel 452–3 Phra Sekhiyadhamma 139–41 Japan 165, 166, 173–4, 176–7 Phrakhru Pitak Nanthakhun 136–9, 141 Nepal 25–7 phylogentic classification 51 Polynesia 246, 248–9 pigs 4, 252, 444, 445–6 extinctions caused by indigenous peoples 9 pilgrimage 362, 403, 416, 440 languages 248 Pimentel, A.D. 38 migration 247 Pimm, Stuart 100, 111 navigation and exploration 257 pine nut trees 111 polythetic classification 52 Pintubi people 235 ponds 300–1 pipes, Native Americans 336 population Pitjantatjara (Australian Aboriginal human-nature adaptations 104 people) 239 India 411, 417 place pork 444, 445 fengshui 185–206 Porkert, Manfred 200–1 guardian spirits in Thailand 132 porpoises 252 Native Americans 335 Posey, D.A. 57, 58, 59,78 role of nature in culture 97–112 possums 237 plagues, Native Americans 334 potatoes 298, 303, 305, 307, 308

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 474 Index power rainforest global mobilization of environmental Amazonia 280, 281–5 concepts 39 Australian Aboriginal people 232–3 indigenous knowledge 91 Oceania 248, 251–2 Numic people 110 raised atolls 251 Oceania 268 raised field systems 300–1 practices raised islands 253–4 Buddhism 363–4 Ramanuja 415 noble Other 8–10, 12 range lands, Judaism 442–4 religion and ecology 115 Rangi (African people) 213–16, 218, 221, 226 traditional ecological knowledge 90–2 Rapanui (Easter Island) 248–9 praise 121 Rappaport, Roy A. 4, 109, 250 prayer 123, 165–6, 439 Rasmussen, Knud 320 precipitation see rain Rastafari, adaptation 108 preservation, Judaism 446–50 rationality, indigenous knowledge 315 primates, sub-Saharan Africa 227 rats 252 principle realism Confucianism 383, 386–7 India 152 cosmology 119 indigenous knowledge 315–16 processes, China 187, 191, 193–6, 197–8 reality progress Confucianism 383 fengshui 187 Hinduism 414–15 Japan 174 Inuit 320 Project Tiger 418 Islam 425 prophets 437, 448–9 rebirth protected sites, Israel 446–50 Buddhism 131, 355 protectionism, Japan 179 Hinduism 413, 413–15 prototypes 52 reciprocity pruning 111 Daoism 398 Psalms see Book of Psalms Native Americans 332–3, 337–9 puava (Oceanic concept) 261–3, 262, 267–8 recursivity of nature, Daoism 407 puha (Native American concept) 109–10 reddish 218 puna (Andes) 289, 291 reductionism 82–3 Punan (Indonesian people) 21–2 reefs, Oceania 251, 253–4, 259–64, 266–7 Puno, Peru 304, 305 reflective knowledge 48 Purcell, Trevor W. 77, 79, 90, 92 regional landscapes 99 Pure Land Buddhism 168–9 reincarnation Pyne, S.J. 233, 234 Buddhism 355 pythons 224 see also rebirth Reischauer, Edwin O. 163 Qadr (Islamic concept) 422 qi (Chinese concept) 191–3 relationships, Native Americans 333–4, Confucianism 376, 378, 379, 382–7 335–6, 339 cosmological patterning 118 relativism 315, 315–16 Daoism 197–8, 396, 406 religion xx, xxii fengshui 185, 187–8, 189, 199–201, 203–4 Amazonia 279–80 Y ijing 125 Australian Aboriginal people 237–8 Qing Dynasty 379, 385, 386 Bali 109 Quasi-Biennial Oscillation 294 Confucianism 373–89 Quechua 57 ecology 115–26 quinine 63 human-nature adaptations 105 quinoa 303, 305, 308 integration of indigenous knowledge and Qur’a:n 421–9 western science 324–5 Japan 161–79 Rabesca, Jimmy B. 317 Native Americans 333–9 Rademacher, Anne 19–39 noble Oriental 5–8 Rahman, Fazlur 422, 427 noble Other myth 12–13 rain Numic people 109–10 Central Andes 290–8, 301–6 Oceania 253, 256, 267–8 India 148 religious environmentalist paradigm 6–8 Judaism 436–42 Shinto 165–6, 173, 176, 179 mountains 105 see also Buddhism; Daoism; Hinduism

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 Index 475 religious environmentalist paradigm 6–8 Confucianism 386 Renaissance, noble savage 2 Dene 317 repentance 439, 441, 443 fengshui 203–4 reptiles, Oceania 252 Romans 162, 214, 445, 450 research, indigenous knowledge 323–4 romanticism xix–xx reserves 23, 237–8 environmentalists 20–5 resource management ethnobiology 67 ethnobiology 60–1 Native Americans 342 Inuit and Dene 320–3 noble Other 2, 4, 10 Judiasm 436 root crops 260, 300, 303 noble savage myth 8–13 Rosh Hashanah 439, 441 Oceania 256, 259–64 Round, Philip 361 traditional ecological knowledge 80, 81–92 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 2 resource rights 22 Ruether, Rosemary Radford 415–16 resource use Ruist philosophy (China) 373–89 Buddhism 363 rumbin 4 human-nature adaptations 103–5 Rumphius, George 66 Native Americans 340–1 ruralism, US 28, 29–30 Oceania 256 Ruthenberg, H. 37 resources Ryan, J. 322 Australian Aboriginal people 230–1, 237–8 Ryan, P.D. 362 Buddhism 356 Ryo:gen 168 Confucianism 378 Sabbath 448 human-nature adaptations 103–5 Sable Warrior 187 Japan 178 sacred groves, Thailand 132 restoration 25–30, 434 sacredness revelation, Islam 426, 427–8 adaptive strategies 104 revisionism, noble savage 10 Buddhism 130, 132, 362 R1 gveda (Indian text) 122–3, 149, 412 Daoism 401–2 Rhee, Suk Bae 19–39 Dene and Inuit 323, 324–5 Rheede, Hendrik van 66 Japan 164–6, 165–6, 179 rhetoric 25–30 Judaism 448 ri (Japanese concept) 169 Native Americans 334, 335–6 rice 108–9, 124, 132 Oceania 267–8 Richards, P. 59, 67 Thailand 130, 132 Rigby, Peter 219 sacrifice 121–3 rights Hinduism 118 Buddhism 362 Judaism 439, 442, 446 Oceania 260–4 Native Americans 332 see also environmental rights Oceania 253 risk, Central Andes 294, 298–302 Vedic naturalism in India 148 rites and rituals Y ijing 124 Bali 109 see also offerings Book of Psalms 121 Saddhatissa, Hammalawa 358 Buddhism in Thailand 132–3, 135, 136–9 Sahel belt 212 Confucianism 378 Saicho: 168 cosmology 118, 120, 122–3 Saigusa Hiroto 161–2 India 122–3, 150–1 Saigyo: 168 Native Americans 332–3, 338 Sakamaki, Shunzo: 163 noble Other 4 Sakhalin 255 religion and ecology 116 saltwater people, Oceania 259, 260 Shinto 165–6 Sa:m˙ khya (Indian system) 147, 154–5 rivers Samoa 252 Hinduism 412–13, 417 sam˙ sa:ra (Buddhist principle) 153, 167, 355, Japan 163 413 Nepal 25–7 samurai 166, 170–1 road-building 239 San (African people) 216 Robinson, Mike 322 Sandawe (African people) 218 Robson, James 402 sangha (Buddhism) 352, 359–61 rocks Sankara 414–15 Buddhism 358 Sarawak 3, 22

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 476 Index

Sarit Thanarat, Field Marshal 134–5 naturalism in India 153, 154–5, 157 Sarva:stiva:dins 152 Y ijing 124–5 savages, noble savage myth 1–13 self-cultivation savannas 211, 212, 283 Confucianism 377, 379, 384 saxifrage 221–2 cosmology 119 Sayer, Andrew 316 Daoism 395 Scandinavian-Americans 106–8 Y ijing 124–5 scent 221 self-determination 11, 91–2 Schipper, Kristofer 196–7, 404–5 self-identity, Other 1 scholarly knowledge 64–7 Selin, Helaine xi School of Han Learning 387–8 semantic domains 53 Schrempp, Gregory 119 sentience, Buddhism 358 Schuon, Fritjhof 423–4 separation hypothesis 417–18 science shallow ecology 79 biological knowledge 48, 64–8 shamanism 147, 400 Confucianism 172 Shang Dynasty 374, 398 cosmology 119 Shao Yong 382, 384–5 development of 81–2 shape-shifting, Amazonia 279–80 ethnobiology 51, 61, 64–8 shariah (Islamic concept) 118 fengshui 191 sharks, Marovo Lagoon 267 human-nature adaptations 105 Sharp, Henry S. 317–18 indigenous knowledge and Shavuot 440–1 development 76–8 sheep 302, 305, 442, 443 Islam 424, 427 shellfish 237 Israel 453 Shen Hao 201, 205 Judaism 434, 435–6 Sherbro people 225–6 local knowledge of the land 75–92 shezen 175 Pacific Islanders 264–7 shi (Chinese concept) 202 relationship to knowledge 316 shifting cultivation see swidden agriculture sub-Saharan Africa 226 Shijing (Chinese text) 375 sustainability 83–4 Shimazaki, To:son 175 traditional ecological knowledge 80–3 Shingon School of Buddhism 168 Science of Pacific Islands Peoples 266 Shinto, Japan 165–6, 173, 176, 179 scientific method, Inuit 315 Shiva, Vandana 8, 415–16 sclerophyll forests 232–3, 235–6 shizen 161–3, 173 Scott, James C. 38 Sho:eki, Ando: 172 scripture shrines, Buddhism in Thailand 136–7 cosmology and cultivation 119–25 Siberia, Inuit 311 Hinduism 412–13, 417 Siddhattha Gotama (Buddha) 352–6 Judaism 434–5 Sierra Juarez, Mexico 31–3 naturalism in India 147–51 Sigaut, F. 37 sea, Oceania 252–3, 255–64, 267–8 Sillitoe, Paul 76–9, 81 sea ice, Inuit 312 Sinclair, F.L. 62–3 Sea Shepherd Society 338 Sirono´ people (American people) 283 seafood, Oceania 252–3, 258–9 Siting Classic (Chinese text) 200–1 seagrass beds 251, 252 Sivaraksa, Sulak 360, 362 seals 11, 343 Skolimowski, Henryk 356 seasons skunks 292 China and Five Processes 194–6 sky Confucianism 382–3 Daoism 398–401 Daoism 197–8, 396–7 Dene 317 Native Americans 331 sub-Saharan Africa 225 sub-Saharan Africa 216 sky-island function 105 Y ijing 124 slash-and-burn agriculture see swidden Seattle, Chief 339 agriculture seder bereishit (Hebrew concept) 118 Smith, Daniel Somers 19–39 seeds 237 Smith, Eric A. 9 Sei Sho:nagon 167 smoke 291 self smoking 336 Buddhism 153 snakes 224, 226, 252, 280 cosmological patterning 118 snows 292, 297–8, 319

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 Index 477 social change, religion and ecology 116 spiritual geography, Thailand 140, 141 Social Darwinism 5, 174–5 spiritualism social science, human adaptation 100 Amazonia 279–80 social systems Buddha 352–3 knowledge 50 Inuit and Dene 313 Oceania 249 Japan 163 traditional ecological knowledge 82–3 naturalism in India 147–58 socialization, knowledge 48 role of nature in culture 98 soil traditional ecological knowledge 80–1 Amazonia 283 spirituality China and Five Processes 194–6 Australian Aboriginal people 238 ethnobiological knowledge 63 Japan 164–7 Israel 440 Native Americans 333–9, 343 Oceania 251 Oceania 267–8 Pacific islands 253–4 Sponsel, Leslie E. xvi–xvii, xx, xxii, 7, 10, sub-Saharan Africa 215, 216–20 351–65 Solomon Islands 248, 258, 260–4 squatter settlements, Kathmandu 26–7 environment 251 Sri Lanka 63, 351 fishing 253, 265 Standing Bear 331, 335 Kwaio 9 star apple tree 281 languages 247 stars resource management 256 ancient Jews 438–9 watersheds 88 Central Andes 290, 294, 302–4 Song Dynasty (China) 374, 377, 382–5, Daoism 398–401 387–8 Inuit and Dene 313–14, 317 Songkhla Lake, Thailand 139–40 sub-Saharan Africa 215–16 songs State of the World 2000 115 Australian Aboriginal people 230 Steadman, D.W. 111 Oceania 267–8 stereotyping 3–4, 341–2 songscapes 99 Steward, Julian 98 So:to: School of Zen Buddhism 169 stewardship 344 soul Stirrat, R.L. 78 Dene 317 Stoffle, Richard W. xvii, xxi, 97–112 Jainism 151 Stone, M. Priscilla 78 Judaism 448 stones, Oceania 267–8 Native Americans 337–8 storytelling South Africa 213 Australian Aboriginal people 230, 237 South Korea 351 sub-Saharan Africa 216, 222, 226 South Pacific Convergence Zone 294, 296 Stott, Philip 130 Southeast Asia 34, 247, 257 Strang, V. 238 Southern Africa 216 Strathern, Marilyn 250 space Study of the Way School 382 Japan 175 Suan Mokkh, Thailand 360 mapping 33–4 sub-Saharan Africa 211–27 special-purpose classification 55 Subarctic 311, 312–13, 320, 322 specialist knowledge 49, 65–6, 222 Subarctic Boreal Forest 311 species subsistence Amazonia 277, 278, 281–2 Buddhism in Thailand 138 ethnobiology 51–60 Native Americans 346 Oceania 251 substantive knowledge 48 sub-Saharan Africa 220–7 succession management 86 specifics 53–4, 54 suffering, Buddhism 167–8, 355, 357, 360–1, spiders, Dene 317 365, 381 spirit beliefs, Thailand 129–41 Sufis 423 spirits Sukkot 439 Confucianism 171 sun, sub-Saharan Africa 215–16 Dene 317 Sun Dance 333 fengshui 189 Sunna (Islamic concept) 424–5 Inuit 318–19 sunspot activity 304 naturalism in India 147 S´u:nyva:dins 153 Oceania 267–8 superhumans 214, 225

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 478 Index supernatural T aiyi shengshui 378 Buddhism 130–3, 153 Talmud 435, 444 human adaptation model 101–2, 105, 111 T anakh (Hebrew Bible) 434–5 Native Americans 331 Tang Dynasty (China) 374, 381–2, 387 superstition, fengshui 187 Tanganyika Territory 219 Supreme Polarity 382–3, 384 Tanner, Adrian 344–5 Supreme Ultimate 379 tantras 148 Suresvara 414–15 Tantric Buddhism 152, 351 Susanoo (Japanese God) 165 Tao see Dao sustainability tapu (Oceanic concept) 268 Buddhism in Thailand 138, 140 Tasmania 231, 235 distinction from conservation 9–10 taxonomy human-nature adaptations 103 Amazonia 278–80 Kathmandu 26–7 ethnobiology 51–60 market economy 8 sub-Saharan Africa 222–3 noble Other 3, 8–11 Tayama, Katai 175 religion 117 Taylor, Jim 140 science 83–5 Teaiwa, Teresia 253, 270–1 traditional ecological knowledge 84–90 technology 50 Suzuki, Daisetz 5–6 experience of nature 117 Swahili (African people) 212 Israel 453 swamp forest, Oceania 251 modern Native Americans 342 swamps 217–18, 451, 452 traditional cultures and modernization 8 Swearer, Donald K. 364 TEK see traditional ecological knowledge Sweden 37 Tellico Dam 332 swidden agriculture temples Amazonia 24, 277, 281–2, 285 Daoism 402 ethnobiological classification 56 Hinduism 416–17, 418 exoticization of 36–8 Thailand 361 Jamaica 108 Tendai School of Buddhism 168 mapping 34, 35 terraces, Central Andes 300 Marovo Lagoon 263 Teshigahara, Hiroshi 178 Zapotec of Mexico 31–2 Thailand symbiosis 59 Buddhism xx, xxi, 7, 129–41, 351, 360–1 symbolic knowledge 50–1 ethnobiological knowledge 63 symbolism Thakur, A.L. 156 biological knowledge 50–1 thammachaat (Thai concept) 130–1 ethnoecology 60 thanksgiving 121 fengshui 186 theewadaa (Thai concept) 131, 132, 134, 137 Oceania 259 theism, India 148 religion and ecology 116–17 Theravada Buddhism 152, 351 soils and colour 218 Thomas, Julia 175 sub-Saharan Africa 221, 224–6 Thongchai, Winichakul 34 syncretism Thoreau, Henry David 363 Amazonian environmental Three Refuges (Buddhism) 351, 352 knowledge 279–80 T ian (Chinese concept) 377, 398–401 Buddhism 130, 351 Tibet, Buddhism 351, 353 ethnobiological knowledge 63 tigers 418 taboos Tilley, Christopher 99 Amazonia 280 time, India 151 extinctions and conservation of Tirumala-Tirupati temple, India 416–17, 418 resources 111 T isha be Av 441 Native Americans 338 tithing, Judaism 448 Oceania 256 title rights, Australian Aboriginal people 240 Tacitus 2 Tiwi people (Australian Aboriginal Tahiti 257 people) 239 taiga 312 Tl’azt’en nation (American people) 345–6 taiji (Chinese concept) 379 Toelken, Barre 339–40 taiji quan (Chinese exercise) 204–5 Tohono O’odham people 105 T aijitu shuo 382–3 Tokugawa period 169, 171–3 Taiwan 351 Tokyo, pollution 177

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 Index 479

Tonga 254 tropical forests, environmentalists 20–5 Tongatapu 249 truth topography 105, 268 Confucianism 387–8 Torah 435, 444, 449 Melanesia 264 Torres Strait 239, 259 traditional ecological knowledge 81 totemism Tsing, Anna 20, 22 biological knowledge 50 Tuan, Yi-Fu 98 Oceania 253, 267 tubers 238, 307 totems, Aboriginal people 230, 237, 239 Tucker, John A. xvii–xviii, xxi, 161–79 totora reeds 300, 304–6 Tucker, Mary Evelyn xviii, xx, xxi, 115–26 Toupal, Rebecca S. xvii, xxi, 97–112 tundra 312 tourism Tupaia 257 Australian Aboriginal people 238–9 Turnbull, D. 64 cultural 239 two source theory 386–7 Northern Forest, US 29–30 Tyrtania, Leonardo 31 Oceania 269 Udall, Stewart L. 339 toxins, food in Central Andes 307–8 Udda:laka 149 trade Ueki, Emori 174 Inuit and Dene 312 ultimate sacred postulate 109 Oceania 248, 254 Uluru National Park 235, 239 sub-Saharan Africa 212–13 under-developed countries trade winds 295, 296–7 environmental concepts 19–39 tradition swidden agriculture 38 adaptive strategies 104 underdifferentitation 51, 279 Native Americans 329, 334, 342–3, 345–6 unique beginners 53, 54 religion and ecology 116 United Nations traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) Habitat Agenda 26–7 definition 76 Israel 451 local knowledge of the land 75–92 United States of America Native Americans 340 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act noble Other 3, 12 (ANCSA) 1971 320–1 resource management 84–90 Judaism 433 traditional knowledge native assimilation 321 Australian Aboriginal people 231 Northern Forest 27–30 biological 47–68 Numic people and adaptation 109–11 local knowledge of the land 75–92 Scandinavian-Americans and modernity and noble Other 8 adaptation 106–8 Oceania 250, 264–7 swidden agriculture 37 see also indigenous knowledge; traditional universalism 53–5, 62, 81 ecological knowledge universe tragedy of the commons 103, 256 Buddhism 355 tranquility, Daoism 394 China 190 trans-Alaska oil pipeline 320–1 cosmology 118–20, 125–6 transcendence 116, 415, 425–8 Daoism 394 transformation Hinduism 411 China 193–6 Judiasm 435–6 India 155 Native Americans 333 transhumance, Israel 442–3 Neo-Confucianism 169 transmigration of the soul 150 Numic people 109–10 travel narrative, Confucianism 385–6 Vedas 122–3 trees Y ijing 123–5 Amazonia 282–5 universism, China 190 Buddhism 136–8, 168, 352, 353, 354, 358, Upanis1ads (Indian text) 147–9 359–61 urban centers, sub-Saharan Africa 212–13 ethnobiological knowledge 63 urbanization Hinduism 413, 416–17, 418 Hinduism 411 Judaism 437, 440 Kathmandu 25–7 see also forests knowledge 217 tribes, Australian Aboriginal people 230 loss of ethnic culture 213 trickster 226, 344 Usas (Indian God) 123 T ripit1aka 152 Usher, Peter 323

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 480 Index

Utes 331–2 West Buddhism 363, 365 1 Vais´esika naturalism 155–7 environmental concepts 18–39 Vajrayana (Tantric) Buddhism 351 fengshui 185–91 values, traditional resource management folk knowledge 65–7 systems 89–90 Judaism 433 Van der Post, Lauren 314 noble Other 1–13 Vanuatu 247, 248 Oceania 270 varietals 53–4, 54 view of nature 342 Varuna (Indian God) 123, 153 West Africa, knowledge 217–18 Vatsyanan, Kapila 412 Western Desert, Australia 238 Vedas (Indian texts) 412–13 Western Pacific 251, 252 cosmology and cultivation 120, 121–3 Western science naturalism 147–51, 154–5, 157–8 environmental concepts 19–20 vegetarianism 362, 413, 444–5 Inuit and Dene 313–16, 318–19, 321–5 Vermilion Bird 187 local biological knowledge 64–8 Veth, P.M 238 local knowledge of the land 75–92 Vietnam 351, 373, 385 Oceania 250, 265–6 villages, sub-Saharan Africa 214 wet forest, sub-Saharan Africa 217–18 vinaya (Buddhism) 359–61 Wet’sewet’en (American people) 87 virtue 124–5, 399 whaling xx, 11, 338, 342 volcanic islands 251, 263 wheat, Israel 439, 440–1 voyages to the stars 400 whipping the trees 111 Wagner, Roy 250 White, Lynn 6, 116 Walker circulation 294–6 White Tiger 186, 187 wallabies 236 Whitehead, Alfred North 375 Walsh, F.J. 238 Whittaker, Robert J. 111 Wamira (Papua New Guinean people) 259 Widdowson, Frances 80–1, 91 Wang Fuzhi 387 wilderness Wang Wei 199, 200–1 Native Americans 342 warfare 256, 441 Northern Forest, US 29–30 Wari 289 separation hypothesis 418 Warlpiri (Australian Aboriginal people) 118 sub-Saharan Africa 214 water US conservation interventions 28 Buddhism 138–9 wildlife sanctuaries, Buddhism 362 Central Andes 298, 300–1 wind Confucianism 170, 386 Central Andes 292, 293, 297, 306–7 Daoism 395 Dene 317 Dene 317 fengshui 188, 199–200 fengshui 188, 199–200 winter, Central Andes 297 Five Processes 194–6 wisdom, Buddhism 356 India 148 Wishnie, Mark 9 Judaism 436–9, 443, 452–3 witchcraft, sub-Saharan Africa 224–5 Pacific islands 253–4 women qi 192–3 Australian Aboriginal people 229–30 sub-Saharan Africa 224 Hinduism and ecology 415–16, 417 see also irrigation; rain wood 194–6, 396–7 water plants, Central Andes 292, 306, 307 World Wildlife Fund (WWF) 6, 417–18 water temple irrigation, Bali 109 worldview 1–6, 115–26 waterfowl 292 Worsley, Peter 265 watershed 86–8, 321–2 wuwei 394 Watsuji, Tetsuro: 175, 176 wuxing (Chinese concept) 192, 193–6, 376, weather 379, 382–3 Central Andes 289–307 xenophobia, Japan 166, 173 Dene 317 xing (Chinese concept) 383, 395 Judaism 436–42 Xunzi 377–8 Oceania 267 weather prediction, Central Andes 302–7 Yamaga Soko: 170 weaving, Native Americans 336 Yamagato Banto: 172 Wei-Jin Dynasty 374, 380 yams 59–60, 62, 108, 237, 281 weltanschauung 118 Yanagita, Kunio 175

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 Index 481 yang see yin-yang Yuan Dynasty 385 Yang Xi 401 Yuanye (Craft of Gardens) 203 Yang Yunsong 201 Yukon (American people) 337, 338, 344 Yap 254, 260, 267–8 Yupiaq (American people) 318–19 yatiris (Andes) 302–4 Yup’ik (American people) 311, 312, 318 Yi Yulgok 387 Y ijing (I Ching; Book of Changes) Zaı¨re 8 Confucianism 379–80 Zangshu (Burial Book) 199 cosmology and cultivation 120, 123–5 Zapotec 31–3 divination 398 Zeden˜o, M. Nieves xviii, xxi, 97–112 fengshui 187, 201 Zen Buddhism 6, 169 taiji quan 204 Zhang Daoling 395, 402 yin-yang (Chinese concept) Zhang Zai 382, 383, 384, 386 Confucianism 169, 171, 376, 378, 379, Zhou Dunyi 382–3 382–3, 384 Zhou Dynasty (China) 374, 375, 393, 398 Daoism 394, 398, 406 Zhou Ziyang 401, 403 fengshui 199 Zhu Xi 382, 383–4, 385, 386, 386–7 Five Processes 193–4 Zhuangzi (Daoist text) 161, 191, 380, 394–5 qi 192 Zionism 451 Yoder, Laura J. Meitzner 19–39 ziran 161–2, 393–4 Yom Kippur 439, 441 Zou Yan 399

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399 Science Across Cultures

1. H. Selin and S. Xiaochun (eds.): Astronomy Across Cultures. The History of Non-Western Astronomy. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6363-9 2. H. Selin and U. D’Ambrosio (eds.): Mathematics Across Cultures. The History of Non-Western Mathematics. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6481-3 3. H. Selin and H. Shapiro (eds.): Medicine Across Cultures. The History of Non-Western Medicine. 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1166-0 4. H. Selin (ed.): Nature Across Cultures. Views of Nature and the Environment in Non-Western Cultures. 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1235-7

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS – DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON

selin4lisp 15-07-03 09:58:50 Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399