Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Options for Urban Agriculture by Gregory D

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Options for Urban Agriculture by Gregory D Table of Contents i Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Options for urban agriculture by Gregory D. Rose, Centre Intern – spring 1999 International Development Research Centre, Ottawa Cities Feeding People Series – Report 27 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................i LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................iii GLOSSARY .........................................................................................................................................iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................v PART I: SANITATION AND WASTEWATER RESOURCE RECOVERY ........................................................1 1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................1 1.1 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT............................................................................................1 1.2 TERM DEFINITIONS ....................................................................................................................2 2.0 WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................................4 2.1 THE URBAN DILEMMA...............................................................................................................4 2.2 COSTS OF (NOT) PROVIDING ADEQUATE SANITATION ....................................................5 2.3 URBAN AGRICULTURE AND WASTEWATER RESOURCES ...............................................6 3.0 PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING WASTEWATER REUSE PROJECTS..............................................7 3.1 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ..................................................................................................7 3.2 MECHANISED VS. NON-MECHANISED WASTEWATER TREATMENT.............................8 3.3 ON-SITE SANITATION.................................................................................................................9 3.4 DECENTRALISED URBAN CATCHMENT AREAS................................................................10 4.0 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY ................................................................................................................12 4.1 EFFLUENT QUALITY STANDARDS........................................................................................12 4.2 HEALTH GUIDELINES...............................................................................................................12 5.0 INSTITUTIONAL AND COMMUNITY-RELATED ISSUES .....................................................................14 6.0 SEGREGATING URBAN WASTEWATER RESOURCES..........................................................................15 6.1 ISOLATION OF THE DOMESTIC WASTEWATER.................................................................15 6.2 INDUSTRIAL, MUNICIPAL AND DOMESTIC REUSE OF WASTEWATER........................16 7.0 INTEGRATED RECOVERY..........................................................................................................................17 7.1 ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING..................................................................................................17 7.2 ADVANCED SOLAR TECHNOLOGY.......................................................................................19 7.3 THE MAYSARA PROJECT: INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITY..............20 PART II: SELECTED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................................22 8.0 LAND-BASED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES.......................................................................................22 Table of Contents ii 8.1 DRY VS. WET SANITATION SYSTEM ....................................................................................22 8.2 HOUSEHOLD-LEVEL/ON-SITE TREATMENT SYSTEMS ....................................................24 8.2.1 Double Vault Batch Composting Systems..................................................................................................... 24 8.2.2 Composting Toilets and Wastewater Garden™............................................................................................ 24 8.2.3 DAFF Latrines.............................................................................................................................................. 27 8.3 ANAEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEMS....................................................................................28 8.3.1 Upflow Anaerobic filters............................................................................................................................... 28 8.3.2 Biogas Reactors............................................................................................................................................ 29 8.3.3 Recent developments in biogas technology................................................................................................... 31 8.4 NEIGHBOURHOOD LEVEL/OFF-SITE ANAEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEMS ................32 8.4.1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blankets .............................................................................................................. 32 8.5 SOIL AQUIFER TREATMENT...................................................................................................34 9.0 WATER-BASED WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES .......................................................35 9.1 CONFINED SPACE CONSTRUCTED WETLAND TREATMENT SYSTEM.........................35 9.2 NEIGHBOURHOOD-LEVEL/OFF-SITE CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS ...............................36 9.2.1 Subsurface Wetlands..................................................................................................................................... 36 9.2.2 Free Water Surface Wetlands ....................................................................................................................... 37 9.3 FLOATING AQUATIC MACROPHYTES..................................................................................37 9.3.1 Cropping system management ...................................................................................................................... 38 9.3.2 Disease vector management ......................................................................................................................... 38 9.3.3 Water Hyancinth........................................................................................................................................... 38 9.3.3.1 Community-Based Wastewater Treatment - Castor, Senegal .................................................................... 39 9.3.4 Duckweed...................................................................................................................................................... 39 9.3.4.1 Duckweed-Based Pisci-culture: PRISM-Bangladesh ................................................................................ 40 9.3.4.2 GreenGold Corporation ............................................................................................................................ 42 9.4 WASTEWATER STABILISATION PONDS ..............................................................................42 9.4.1 Advanced Treatment ..................................................................................................................................... 44 9.4.2 Stabilisation ponds and supporting growth media ....................................................................................... 44 9.4.3 Advanced integrated ponds systems.............................................................................................................. 45 9.4.3.1 Sheaffer modular reclamation and reuse system ....................................................................................... 45 9.5 AQUACULTURE .........................................................................................................................46 10.0 SLUDGE MANAGEMENT..........................................................................................................................47 10.1 DEVELOPMENTS IN NATURAL SLUDGE DE-WATERING TECHNOLOGY...................47 10.2 SLUDGE REUSE IN EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.................................................................48 PART III: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................................................50 11.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................50 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................50 RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................................................51 REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................................................54 ANNEX I: GENERAL ATTRIBUTES OF TECHNOLOGIES REVIEWED.........................................65 ANNEX II - INTERNET RESOURCES................................................................................................67 ANNEX III - IDRC PROJECTS IN WASTE MANAGEMENT (1974 - 1997)......................................68
Recommended publications
  • Contaminated Soil in Gardens
    Contaminated Soil in Gardens How to avoid the harmful effects EUR/ICP/LVNG 03 01 02(A) E64737 EUROPEAN HEALTH21 TARGET 11 HEALTHIER LIVING By the year 2015, people across society should have adopted healthier patterns of living (Adopted by the WHO Regional Committee for Europe at its forty-eighth session, Copenhagen, September 1998) Abstract In many cities, gardens are located on old, abandoned landfills and dumping sites. Cities have expanded by filling up spaces around the city with garbage, rubble and earth. The places where old landfills were have often become gardens where citizens can get away and enjoy the open air away from the noise and racket of cities. Normal garbage and rubble in landfills do not present a problem, however industrial and chemical waste can present a health hazard, especially when concentrations of contaminants are above acceptable limits. Some special precautions are proposed in this booklet so that the potential ill effects of contaminated soil can be avoided. Keywords SOIL POLLUTANTS RISK MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES URBAN HEALTH Contents The soil is contaminated – what then? .......................................................1 What is in the ground under us?.................................................................2 How harmful substances may affect the body ............................................3 How to reduce the risk................................................................................4 The best way to garden..............................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Waste Exchange by Ashley Sapyta, Mike Marcus, and Jonathan Locklair
    Industrial Waste Exchange by Ashley Sapyta, Mike Marcus, and Jonathan Locklair TE S GE A AN WCH EX E AST W ANGE EXCH Industrial Waste Exchange Help in Getting to Sustainable Operations This primer helps companies find the right industrial waste exchange in order to achieve corporate sustainability goals. em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • March 2017 Industrial Waste Exchange by Ashley Sapyta, Mike Marcus, and Jonathan Locklair The drive to achieve corporate sustainability goals can leave offering to match waste producers with material purchasers. an industrial facility searching for alternatives to disposal of Wastes with easily-monetized intrinsic values began to be wastes from their production process. Ideally, manufacturing segregated into a recycling market. processes could be adjusted to eliminate the waste stream. However, when not possible to reduce, the next greenest waste The Internet brought major changes to the waste exchange alternative is reuse (see Figure 1). For more than four decades, market. As the waste exchanges moved from paper catalogs industrial waste exchanges have provided a mechanism for to online databases, wastes were exchanged more efficiently. connecting facilities that generate waste with other companies There was an initial increase of waste exchanges in the local that can beneficially use that material (the industrial application markets. Because recycling consumes energy and raw materials of the old saw… one person’s trash is another’s treasure). and produces waste residues itself, recycling is typically not During these 40-plus years, waste exchanges have changed as green as reuse but is often more profitable. The Internet in size and in service and utilized the latest technologies to facilitated the strengthening of the recycling network to the stay applicable to current market needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Waste Minimisation
    Waste Minimisation An Environmental Good Practice Guide For Industry This guide will help industry and the Environment Agency move forward together to minimise waste and achieve national environmental goals WASTE MINIMISATION An Environmental Good Practice Guide for Industry “The cost of your waste is not so much the cost of getting rid of it as the value of what you are getting rid of!” Published by the Environment Agency April 2001, to help business achieve sustainable practice through waste minimisation. Revised edition April 2001. First published April 1998. i Waste Minimisation Good Practice Guide Environment Agency April 2001 FOREWORD Minimise waste – maximise profit The way we use our planet’s natural resources is now widely recognised as one of the root causes of many environmental problems. Waste and industrial emissions have a major impact on the environment both nationally and globally. Effects such as global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain, air and water pollution are all derived from local emissions, but the resources consumed may be mined and manufactured from anywhere in the world. From extraction to consumption the global economy consumes vast quantities of raw materials, water and energy. In the UK some 600 million tonnes of raw materials, excluding water, are used each year. More than 90 per cent of the resources we consume are either thrown away as wastes or discharged to the environment as effluent or air emissions. Since the Environment Agency first published this guide in 1998, waste minimisation has become an established business practice for many organisations and thousands of businesses have now implemented waste reduction programmes.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Waste Reduction, Reuse and Recycling Through Industrial Symbiosis
    Measuring Waste Reduction, Reuse and Recycling through Industrial Symbiosis C. Visvanathan Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand 01 Outline of indicator Reference and background reading material Antonio, L.C., Kojima, M., Phechpakdee, P. 2009, Synthesis on Industrial Waste Information Exchange Program (Chapter 11). Most industrial operations are linear processes in which raw materials are processed into products, 3R Policies for Southeast and East Asia. Kojima, M., Damanhuri, E. (eds). ERIA Research Project Report 2008 No.6-1 with waste as a by-product. However, waste is also generated at the time of raw material extraction, Aquatech Environment, Economics, and Information, 1997, A Benchmark of Current Cleaner Production Practices. Prepared during processing, and ultimately at the end-of-life stage of a product. To minimise, reutilise or for Cleaner Industries Section, Environment Protection Group Environment Australia Aschner, A. 2004, Planning for Sustainability through Cleaner Production. PhD Thesis-The University of New South Wales recycle waste at each stage, industrial operations can be reconfigured though industrial symbiosis School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering. (IS), in which waste produced from one industry is reutilised by another as a raw material. Industrial Ashton, W., Luque, A., Ehrenfeld, J.R., 2002, Best Practices in Cleaner Production Promotion and Implementation for Smaller Enterprises. Prepared for Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF), Interamerican Development Bank (IADB), Washington D.C: symbiosis supports resource efficiency in two ways: Cleaner Production (application of techniques USA and technologies, and management strategies that reduce the waste generated from industrial Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism South Africa, and DANIDA, 2005, National Waste Management Strategy Implementation South Africa-Review of Industrial Waste Exchange.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Application of Industrial Waste
    Land Application of Industrial Waste This document is intended for use by persons or operations that generate industrial waste suitable for land application to help them determine what type(s) of regulatory oversight and/or permit is required for land application. Land application of sewage sludge (biosolids), animal manure, and petroleum contaminated soil are regulated separately from other wastes and are not the focus of this document. 1. Is the material a fertilizer or soil conditioner? Is the material managed as a valuable commodity, i.e. does the generator sell the material? Element Percent Is the intent of land applying the material to replace or offset the use of more traditional fertilizers or soil Calcium (Ca) 1.00 conditioners? Are claims or guaranties made to land owners Magnesium (Mg) 0.50 concerning the nutrient value? Sulfur (S) 1.00 Do the N, P, and K, values equal 20 when added Boron (B) 0.02 together? Chlorine (Cl) 0.10 Is the material capable of changing the pH of the soil? Cobalt (Co) 0.0005 When added to the soil or applied to plants would the Copper (Cu) 0.05 material produce a favorable growth, yield or quality of Iron (Fe) 0.10 crop or soil flora or fauna or other improved soil Manganese (Mn) 0.05 characteristics? Molybdenum (Mo) 0.0005 Does the material provide any of the following plant Sodium (Na) 0.10 nutrients at or above the level indicated in the chart Zinc (Zn) 0.05 above? If the answer to one or more of these questions is “yes” then it is possible the material could be registered and regulated by the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship as a fertilizer or soil conditioner and not a waste.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Protection Agency Batneec Guidance
    ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE Class 3.3 FERROUS METAL FOUNDRIES (DRAFT 3) Processing of Iron & Steel in Forges - BATNEEC Page 1. Introduction 3 2. Interpretation of BATNEEC 4 3. Sectors covered 6 4. Control Technologies 7 5. Emission Limit Values 11 6. Compliance Monitoring 14 7. References 15 8. Appendix 1 - Sources & Emissions 16 BAT33v3.DOC 14/05/96 Page 2 of 21 Processing of Iron & Steel in Forges - BATNEEC 1. INTRODUCTION This Guidance Note is one of a series issued by the Environmental Protection Agency and is designed to provide guidance to those applying for integrated pollution control licences under the EPA Act. It should also be read in conjunction with Application Guidance Notes, available under separate cover. It should be noted at the outset, that noise is not included within the scope of this work and guidance on this parameter has been issued separately. This Guidance Note is comprised of seven main sections and an appendix. Following this introduction, Section 2 contains a general note on the interpretation of BATNEEC. The industrial activity covered by the terms of this note is given in Section 3. In Section 4, the technologies to control emissions are tabulated and in Section 5 the specific emission limit values (ELVs) are given. Section 6 contains comments on compliance monitoring requirements, while the principal references are given in Section 7. The Appendix gives the main sources of emissions, and the principal releases from such sources. All applicants for Integrated Pollution Control licences, in the sector covered by this note, should carefully examine the information laid down in this Guidance Note, and should use this information to assist in the making of a satisfactory application for an Integrated Pollution Control licence to the Agency.
    [Show full text]
  • Toronto Long Term Waste Management Strategy
    T O R O N T O LONG TERM WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY GUIDING PRINCIPLES TORONTO’S Reduce the amount of waste we generate WASTE STRATEGY Reuse what we can Recycle and recover the remaining resources to reinvest back into the economy Waste management in a large city like Toronto is a complex task. The Waste Strategy was Embrace a user-friendly waste developed over two years and is supported by extensive research, management system guidance from key stakeholders, and a comprehensive public consultation and engagement Balance community, the environment, and program. The Waste Strategy, which was approved by financial sustainability City Council in July 2016, recommends waste reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery and residual disposal policies and Ensure a safe, clean, beautiful and healthy programs. city for the future Diversion of TARGETS 70% waste by 2026 This equals approximately 200,000 additional tonnes being diverted from the AND GOALS landfill by 2026. The Waste Strategy includes an aspirational goal to work towards a Circular Economy and Zero Waste future. The Waste Strategy recommends waste reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery and residual disposal policies and programs that are environmentally sustainable, socially acceptable, and cost-effective. This comprehensive strategy will guide WORKING TOGETHER TO ACHIEVE OUR GOALS The Waste Strategy aims to achieve these goals with the waste management in Toronto for the next rollout of several new programs supported with promotion and education, and in combination with an enhanced approach . to enforcement of existing programs, services and by-laws. Wast(ED) – Community Education Speaker Event 2016 2026 2036 2046 2056 2066 April 29, 2015 HOW WE LISTENED 40+ Events & You spoke, we listened.
    [Show full text]
  • Meeting of the MED POL National Coordinators
    UNEP(DEC)/MED WG.231/6 5 May 2003 ENGLISH MEDITERRANEAN ACTION PLAN Meeting of the MED POL National Coordinators Sangemini, Italy, 27 - 30 May 2003 STRATEGIC ACTION PROGRAMME GUIDELINES SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION In cooperation with WHO UNEP Athens, 2003 Table of Contents Page No. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose of Document 1 Target Audience 2 2. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 3 Background water quality 3 Wastewater characteristics 3 Characteristics of wastewater discharges 5 Aesthetics 5 Pathogens 5 Nutrients 6 Toxicants 6 Dissolved solids 7 Suspended solids 7 Other considerations 7 Environmental uses and water quality 8 Use area definition 8 Environmental Quality Objective and Environmental Quality Standards 9 Legislation and role of authorities 12 Approaches 12 Role of authorities 13 Monitoring 14 3. MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 16 Aims and Objectives 16 Strategy and Principles 16 Control Mechanisms 17 Regulations 17 Enforcement 18 Economic tools 18 Effluent Quality 19 Effluent management and environmental values/water uses 19 Technology-based guidelines 21 Determination of effluent quality 21 Receiving Water Body and Aquatic Ecosystem Protection 22 Stakeholders 23 The Role of the Wastewater Company/Authority 23 Page No. Community Consultation 24 4. OPTIONS FOR EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT 26 Waste Minimisation 27 Managing the Collection Systems 28 Managing the Treatment Systems 30 Effluent Reuse 30 Land Application 32 Discharge to Coastal Waters 35 Discharge to Inland Waters 37 Treatment of wastewater 38 Treatment processes 38 Sludge processing and disposal/reuse 39 Selection of flow scheme 41 Submarine Outfall 42 Mixing zone 44 Treatment and disposal design philosophy 45 Environmental quality objectives 45 Use areas 46 Design of wastewater sanitation schemes/sewerage schemes 46 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Up Flow Anaerobic Filter (UAF) Treatment of Rural Domestic Sewage at Different Psychrophilic and Mesophilic Temperatures
    2016 International Conference on Environment, Climate Change and Sustainable Development (ECCSD 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-358-8 Up Flow Anaerobic Filter (UAF) Treatment of Rural Domestic Sewage at Different Psychrophilic and Mesophilic Temperatures John Leju Celestino LADU 1,2 , Xi-wu LU 1,* and Zhong-zhao PING 1 1School of Energy and Environment, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China 2College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Juba, Republic of South Sudan *Corresponding author Keywords: Anaerobic filter, Pschrophilic, Mesophilic , Sewage, HRT. Abstract. This empirical research paper revealed the findings from the up flow anaerobic filter (UAF) treatment of rural domestic sewage at different pschrophilic and mesophilic temperature. The reactor was operated at specific HRT of 24, 48 and 72 hours. In the first 14 days of the start-up, the results obtained from the reactor revealed good removal efficiency. At the mesophilic temperature, average COD removal reached 82.0%; while at psychrophilic temperature the reactor attained 68.7%. From the overall results, UAF reactor managed under mesophilic condition disclosed higher COD removal efficiency as compared to psychrophilic temperature which is similar to values obtained in hot regions. Experimentally, up flow anaerobic filter reactor operated at mesophilic temperature is recommended for rural domestic sewage treatment at a specific HRT of 3 days. Introduction In recent years, gigantic urban areas are served more readily than the medium and small city areas or rural communities in domestic sewage treatment. Since the population density is less in rural areas as compared with big urban cities, a small-scale dispersed up flow anaerobic (UAF) treatment system is opted to be the best option.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Terms
    The Study on Master Plan for Hazardous Waste Management in Romania Final Report Japan International Cooperation Agency Volume 7 Pilot Project 2 Waste Minimisation and Treatment in Metal Surface Treatment Process GLOSSARY OF TERMS Terms Meaning Acquis Communautaire or Acquis The ‘Body of Law’ of the European Union covering all legislation prepared and adopted by EU institutions. ADR European Agreement for international transport of hazardous substances (Accord Européen Relatif au Transport International des Marchandises Dangerouses par Route) BAT Best Available Techniques BG Bulgaria CAP Common Agricultural Policy CAS Country Assistance Strategy CBC Cross-border Co-operation CEE Central and Eastern European countries CPC Clean Production Centre DDBRA Danube Delta Biodiversity Reserve Authority or DfID Department for International Development DISAE Development of Implementation Strategies for Approximation in Environment EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EDC Ethylene Dichloride EEC European Economic Communities EIA Environmental impact assessment EIB European Investment Bank EIS Environmental impact statement EIU Economist Intelligence Unit EMAS Eco-management and Audit Scheme EPI Environmental Protection Inspectorate EPR Environmental Performance Report Ref: 28. EQS Environment Quality Standard ERM Environmental Resources Management EWC European Waste Catalogue EU The European Union GD Government Decision GEF Global Environment Fund GEO Government Emergency Ordinance GMP Genetically modified products GO Government Ordinance
    [Show full text]
  • HAZARDOUS WASTE PROCESSING in the Chemical Engineering Curriculum
    (.3.... 5 1111113._c_u_r_r_i_c_u_l_u_m__________ ) HAZARDOUS WASTE PROCESSING In the Chemical Engineering Curriculum DIANNE DORLAND, DoRAB N. BARIA University of Minnesota, Duluth • Duluth, MN 55812 s our nation's tolerance for pollution in general has decreased, the use of chemical engineering skills in Dianne Dorland is Associate Professor of chemi­ waste management has steadily increased. This is cal engineering at University of Minnesota, Duluth. A She received her BS and MS from the South Da­ particularly true where pollution prevention at the source has kota School of Mines and Technology and her PhD been emphasized over "end of the pipe" treatment. Second­ from the West Virginia University (1985). She cur­ rently teaches the Hazardous Waste Processing ary wastewater treatment will continue to be the principal Engineering course sequence for chemical engi­ public health shield for our sewer discharges, but tertiary neers, and her research interests include industrial wastewater treatment is frequently mandated for an indus­ wastewater treatment and hazardous waste man­ agement. trial facility and is becoming more common for wastewater treatment in publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). Dorab N. Baria is Professor of chemical engi­ neering at the University of Minnesota, Duluth. He Wastewater treatment, or sanitary engineering, has tradi­ received his PhD in chemical engineering from tionally been part of civil engineering, and more recently of Northwestem Universtiy in 1971. He subsequently worked for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission the relatively new field of environmental engineering. Sani­ at the Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, as tary engineers have satisfactorily designed and operated a research fellow for fifteen months and then was a chemical engineering faculty member at the wastewater and sewage treatment plants without ever having University of North Dakota until 1985, when he taken courses in chemical kinetics and reactor design, chemi­ joined the UMD faculty.
    [Show full text]
  • Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Wastewater
    November 1984 ^ Env. Eng. Report No. 76-83-7 Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Michael S. Switzenbaum Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Kevin C. Sheehan Research Engineer and Robert F. Mickey Graduate Research Assistant The research upon which this report is based was supported by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering, Division of Water Pollution Control, Contract No. 80-32. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS 01003 November, 1981) Env. Eng. Report No. 76-83-7 Technical Report Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Wastewater by Michael S. Switzenbaum Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering Kevin C. Sheehan Research Engineer and Robert F. Hickey Graduate Research Assistant Department of Civil Engineering Environmental Engineering Program University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003 Submitted to: Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering Division of Water Pollution Control S. Russell Sylva, Commissioner Thomas C. McMahon, Director November 1984 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was supported by Research and Demonstration Programs from the Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control (Project Number 80-32). The authors would like to thank MDWPC for their support. In addition, the authors would like to thank Ecolotrol, Inc., for lending the pilot reactor system used in this study. Thanks are also extended to Ms. Candy Balmer, Messrs. Kurt Kallmeyer, Kevin Scheuer, and Michael Shapiro, graduate students in the Environmental Engineering Program at UMASS/Amherst for their assistance in the operation and analysis of the pilot reactor. In addition, thanks are extended to Mr. Stephen Plotkin, who was instrumental in setting up this project. Finally, special thanks are extended to Mrs.
    [Show full text]