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The Biological Safety System in Kazakhstan

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The Biological Safety System in Kazakhstan Alim Masgutovich Aikimbayev THE BIOLOGICAL SAFETY SYSTEM IN KAZAKHSTAN Edited by Sandra S. Essbauer, Ernst-Jürgen Finke, Stefan O. Frey and Bryan R. Thoma Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany ISSBN 978-3-00-052899-6 © AIKIMBAYEV А.М., 2016 THE BIOLOGICAL SAFETY SYSTEM IN KAZAKHSTAN., Edited by Sandra S. Essbauer, Ernst-Jürgen Finke, Stefan O. Frey and Bryan R. Thoma, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany. The monograph offers current data on the biological safety system in Kazakhstan, including principles and practices to control natural sources of especially dangerous pathogens, bioterrorism countermeasures, protection of the personnel working at specialized facilities, and on available and potential development of the national biological safety system. The monograph aims at human and biological specialists of sanitary epidemiological and plague control services, veterinarians, and researchers involved in ensuring the national biological safety. The book „The Biological Safety System in Kazakhstan“ is supported by the German Partnership Program for Excellence in Biological and Health Security of the German Federal Foreign Office. Implementing partners are the Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (BIM) and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ). Grantor: German Federal Foreign Office; Support Code: 2513AA04182; Project Title: The Establishment of a German-Kazakh network for the diagnostics of infectious diseases caused by potential B-agents. The information given in this book has been checked to the best of one’s knowledge and belief. Views expressed in this book are those of the author and do not reflect the official position of the German Federal Foreign Office, the BIM or the GIZ. EDITORIAL FOREWORD For the past 50 years, Prof. Alim Masgutovich Aikimbayev has been doing research on infectious diseases, caused by highly pathogenic agents. He is one of the leading scientists and experts on the subject of biosafety and biosecurity in Kazakhstan, having worked in several national scientific organisations. In April 2016, Prof. Aikimbayev retired from the Scientific Practical Center for Sanitary Epidemiological Expertise and Monitoring (SPC SEEM). He is currently working as an advisor and lecturer at the department of Hygiene and Epidemiology at the Kazakh National Medical University in Almaty. During his time at the SPC SEEM, he used his scientific knowledge and experience to issue the book „The Biological Safety System in Kazakhstan“. The first issue, written in Russian, has been a national success and the book has soon thereafter been republished for the second time. In order to broaden the spectrum of international readership, the editors decided to bring it to an even greater attention to the scientific community by translating it into English, thus enhancing the knowledge on biosafety and biosecurity in Kazakhstan. Both editions, the second Russian and the first English edition of the book, were published by the German Federal Foreign Office under the auspices of the “ German Partnership Program for Excellence in Biological and Health Security ”. The Federal Foreign Office is funding the project „Establishment of a German Kazakh Network for the diagnostics of infectious diseases caused by potential B-agents”, which has been established since 2013 The book provides extensive insight into the complex field of biosafety and biosecurity from the Kazakh scientist’s points of view. It is of particular interest to scientists and medical staff or readers who are involved in the preparation and participation of official workshops for biosafety and biosecurity purposes. The idea of launching this book is to introduce the Kazakh biosafety and biosecurity system in detail to the English speaking scientific community, to focus on the needs of the local public health service and any possible biological risks in Kazakhstan. Of particular emphasis is the fact that this book provides specialist literature in the English language, information on the Kazakh biosafety and biosecurity system, which is rather difficult to access and to make publicly available to international professionals. The first chapter includes a glossary and important terms of reference, comprehensively defined with an overview of the Kazakh biosecurity system. The second chapter describes a selection of infectious diseases, which have to be taken into account in Kazakhstan. These include endemic, dangerous zoonotic diseases (i.e. plague, tularaemia, anthrax, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever, brucellosis, and rabies) as well as cholera, with a description of the pathogen, their epidemiology, clinics, diagnostics, therapy options and prophylaxis. Possible medical, ecological and socio-economic consequences of the changes in the Kazakh natural foci caused by zoonotic diseases are under discussion, due to the ever increasing international and cross border co-operations. Another chapter, involving biosafety and biosecurity, has been devoted to the laboratory structures. Although not necessarily connected to the issue of biosafety and biosecurity, the book also covers healthcare associated infections. At the end of the book you will also find useful information on nosocomial infections, the handling of clinical waste, disinfection and food safety. The Russian version of the book is also used during field trips in different regions (oblasts) in Kazakhstan. Furthermore, it is valued as a useful tool in the preparation of biosafety and biosecurity materials and as a scientific guidebook for specialists and advisors from other scientific research institutes and projects in Kazakhstan. The current English version is aimed to reflect the expertise of the author to the best of one’s knowledge and belief. We are extremely grateful to Prof. Alim Masgutovich Aikimbayev for his confidence in us and his permission to use the Russian manuscript. Our acknowledgements also go out to Mr Rinat Khassanov for his excellent work on the translation of the manuscript. We would also like to thank Ms Aliya Zhalmagambetova, Mr Josua Zinner and Ms Sabine Gallagher for their outstanding support. April 2016 Team of Editors PD Dr. Sandra S. Essbauer Dr. Ernst-Jürgen Finke Dr. Stefan O. Frey Dr. Bryan R. Thoma FOREWORD The early 21st century is witnessing a broader range of actual and potential threats to human health and life associated with the impact of dangerous biological agents. These include, above all, the natural threats that have existed – and will always exist – infectious agents. Infectious diseases are a serious threat for the community – despite some obvious success in fighting them. The problem is especially pressing for Kazakhstan as its vast area induces natural foci of dangerous infections. Almost every year is characterized by the so-called new emerging infections and those that haven’t been heard of for quite a long period (re-surging infections). Within a short time, the humankind had been attacked by viruses causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), highly pathogenic avian influenza, pandemic influenza А (H1N1) California/04/09, and Escherichia (E.) coli 0104:H4. In Germany and a number of other European countries, latter caused a severe epidemic of enteric infection with hemolytic uremic syndrome. The whole world was threatened by the Ebola epidemic, a fever endemic to rural areas in Central Africa, which for the first time in 2014 struck the cities in Western Africa and brought about a high number of fatalities among infected persons. In this respect, the biological safety problem is of a great interest for the world community. Biosafety today is a science-driven field focused on the latest achievements in epidemiology, microbiology, immunology, biotechnology and many other life sciences. As a science, biological safety combines theories and practices of protecting people from hazardous biological factors. It is therefore also viewed as an engineering discipline, i.e. a system of medical, biological, organizational, engineering and technical activities and tools aimed to protect the personnel, community and environment from pathogenic biological agents. The other aspect in biosafety is the national biological safety which constitutes a system of national and international organizational and technical measures to prevent damage and ensure protection of the person, society and country from potential and real biological threats. Public awareness and education of profile specialists and all levels of the population by government representatives plays a critical role in minimizing biological hazards. This area is being emphasized in Kazakhtan’s sanitary epidemiological service, and the monograph is designed to provide due methodological support for various specialists involved in ensuring biological safety of their country. April 2016 Prof. Alim Masgutovich Aikimbayev, M.D. TABLE OF CONTENT EDITORIAL FOREWORD V FOREWORD VII TABLE OF CONTENT IX TERMS AND ACRONYMS XIII DEFINITIONS XVII INTRODUCTION XXIII 1 OVERVIEW ON THE BIOLOGICAL SAFETY SYSTEM 1 2 NATURAL SOURCES OF BIOLOGICAL HAZARD 19 2.1 PLAGUE 21 2.1.1 PLAGUE NATURAL FOCI 21 2.1.1.1 Current Perception of the Epidemic Potential of Plague 33 2.1.1.2 Natural Factors of the Epidemic Potential 34 2.1.1.3 Social-Ecological Factors of the Epidemic Potential 37 2.1.1.4 Manifestations of the Plague Epidemic Potential 39 2.1.2 LABORATORY TESTS FOR DIAGNOSTICS OF PLAGUE 42 2.1.2.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction 43 2.1.3 CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND
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