Far Eastern Federal University Borders and Transborder Processes in Eurasia Edited by Sergei V. Sevastianov, Paul Richardson, and Anton A. Kireev Dalnauka Vladivostok 2013 УДК 327 ББК 66.4 B 78 Рецензенты: Бакланов П.Я., академик РАН, Каракин В.П., к.г.н., Колосов В.А., д.г.н. Borders and Transborder Processes in Eurasia (Границы и трансгранич- ные процессы в Евразии) / колл. авторов; под ред.С.В. Севастьянова, П. Ри- чардсона, А.А. Киреева. – Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2013. – 250 с. ISBN Издание, подготовленное международным коллективом авторов, охватывает широкий спектр проблем исследований границ на пространстве самого крупного, культурно и политически разнородного континента планеты. Разделы книги посвящены теорети- ческим и сравнительным аспектам исследований границ в Евразии, вопросам форми- рования и исторического развития границ, а также современным трансграничным про- цессам и пограничной политике. Издание предназначено для специалистов в области исследований границ, практиков, преподавателей и студентов. Ключевые слова: граница, исследования границ, трансграничные процессы, трансгра- ничный регион, пограничная политика, Евразия, Северо-Восточная Азия. © Авторы, 2013 © ДВФУ, 2013 Reviewers: Pert Ia. Baklanov, academician, Vladimir P. Karakin, Candidate of Geographical Sciences, Vladimir A. Kolosov, Doctor of Geographical Sciences. The editors would like to thank two anonymous referees for their comments on this volume. Borders and Transborder Processes in Eurasia / edited by Sergei V. Sevastianov, Paul Richardson, and Anton A. Kireev. –Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2013. – 250 p. ISBN The collective work prepared by an international team of authors covers a wide range of problems of border studies within the space of the largest, culturally and politically diverse continent of the planet. Sections of the book are devoted to theoretical and comparative aspects of study of boundaries in Eurasia, the formation and historical development of the boundaries, as well as contemporary transborder processes and border policies. The publication is intended for specialists in the field of border studies, practitioners, teachers and students. Keywords: border, border studies, transborder processes, transborder region, border policy, Eurasia, Northeast Asia. © The authors, 2013 © Far Eastern Federal University, 2013 CONTENTS Foreword A. Iwashita 5 Introduction S. Sevastianov 7 SECTION I. THEORETICAL AND COMPARATIVE A S PECT S OF BORDER S TUDIE S International Borders and International Relations Theory : In Search of Optimal Balances between Security and Economic Interests Mikhail A. Alexseev 11 Understanding Borders : Potentials and Challenges of Evolving Border Concepts Jussi P. Laine 30 The Historical Typology of Boundaries and Some Peculiarities of Russian Limogenesis Anton A. Kireev 45 Theoretical Aspects of Transborder Territory Formation Andrei B. Volynchuk and Semyon A. Korotich 68 SECTION II. THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOUNDARIE S IN EURA S IA Novoileksk Line as the Boundary between Asia and Europe in a Historical Context Gulmira S. Sultangalieva 78 Northeastern Frontiers of Late Imperial China: Organization and Ideas Alexander P. Golikov 99 Formation of the Russian-Chinese Border in the Context of the Evolution of Foreign Affairs Marina О. Dmitrieva 111 Sakhalin / Karafuto : the Colony between Empires Naoki Amano 119 Ōhashi Kazuyoshi and the Transition of Karafuto into Sakhalin Jonathan Bull 133 SECTION III. MODERN TRAN S BORDER PROCE ss E S AND BORDER POLICIE S IN EURA S IA Vladivostok 2012 : Borders, Borderlands, and Dual-dependency in the Russian Far East Paul Richardson 150 Vladivostok’s Perceived Role and Perspective as a “Global” City and Russian “Gateway” to Northeast Asia Sergei V. Sevastianov 167 Russia’s Integration into the Asia Pacific : A New Window of Opportunity for China Liu Yanping 174 Economic and Symbolic Capital at the Border of Globalizing China : the Case of Heilongjiang Province Sergei A. Ivanov 188 North Korea’s Special Economic Zones and East Asia (Focusing on SEZ Strategy and Location) Jongseok Park 204 The Mythology of East Asia’s Border Issues Vasilii A. Allenov 218 The Rise of Territorial Disputes in East Asia: the Case of the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Sergei Iu. Vradii 227 Contributors and Abstracts 234 Fo r e w o r d The collective work of the border studies field, and par- ticularly those produced by the Russian academic community, may be quite new to the general reader. Although border stud- ies have developed into a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary field, led by a community of researchers in Europe and North America, its academic reach has only just begun to extend into Eurasia and Asia. It is well known that political geography, which is closely related to border studies, has had a long and influential tradi- tion in the Russian social science community. Moscow geogra- phers, such as Vladimir Kolosov (current head of the Interna- tional Geographic Union), and the likes of the renowned Far Eastern academic, Petr Baklanov, have influenced the work of the Northeast Asian research community. Nevertheless, these Russian researchers, with their outstanding geography-based scientific achievements, are less well-known in the field of bor- der studies. This volume represents some of the very first results to emerge from the new Russian border studies community in Vladivostok. Located at the edge of the Eurasian continent and open to the maritime zones leading to the Pacific, Vladivostok is a natural gateway to Japan, China, the Koreas and further afield, and is an ideal location from which to promote the field of border studies, within the region and beyond. We welcome the appearance of this collection, which con- tains both empirical studies on specific regional borders and borderlands and attempts to advance the development of the- ory within border studies. The volume also features Northeast Asian border issues from the perspective of a younger genera- tion of researchers, casting new light on a future global orienta- tion towards “Eurasia.” As a representative of Hokkaido University’s Global COE project on border studies and the editor-in-chief of the Eura- sia Border Review, I am confident that this collective work will open new horizons for the advancement of Russian border stud- ies and will make an impact on the Eurasian academic commu- nity. Despite the challenges related to border studies, it is ob- 5 Iwashita vious from this collection that the regional integration of the border studies research community has a bright future. I am particularly pleased to see that some of the works in this volume are closely related to the recent international con- ference: BRIT XII (Border Regions in Transition), which was held in Fukuoka and Busan in November 2012. This amazing conference featured some two hundred borderland researchers from forty countries, including more than ten Russian special- ists from various parts of Russia, including St. Petersburg, Mos- cow, Novosibirsk, Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok and Sakhalin. If that conference encouraged Russian research- ers to intensively interact with domestic and foreign research communities, then this volume can also be seen as a result of this convergence of border research communities from all over the world. This volume is therefore essential reading and inspi- ration for all those beyond any border. Akihiro Iwashita Coordinator of BRIT XII Editor of Eurasia Border Review Professor of the Eurasia Border Research Unit, Slavic Research Center 6 7 Iwashita In t r o d u c t I o n With the intensification and spread of processes associat- ed with globalization, regionalism, and regionalization over the last century, borders and transborder regions have arguably be- come more relevant and important than ever before. As a result of the unexpected demise of the USSR in 1991, there reemerged a Russian state alongside new sovereign states in the Baltic, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. These reconfigurations of po- litical and economic space increased interest in border studies in Russia, though initially the focus was mostly on its western bor- ders, where former socialist states started to implement market reforms and Russia’s western borderlands became engaged in more active and intense processes of cross-border economic inte- gration. This phenomenon triggered in Russia the formation of new multidisciplinary scientific research on borders and trans- border processes. At the same time, the introduction of market reforms in communist China, the unresolved territorial dispute with Japan, and other processes and events in Asia, increasing- ly catalyzed an interest in border and transborder studies in the Russian Far East. Professor Iwashita, in the introduction to this volume, has already mentioned that political geography is closely related to border studies and this sub-discipline has had an influential tra- dition in the Russian social science community. The relatively recent experience in Russia of globalization and its discontents inspired the renowned Russian Academician Petr Baklanov and his colleagues from the Pacific Institute of Geography in Vladi- vostok to promote multidisciplinary analysis (e.g. historical, eco- nomic, geopolitical, and geographical approaches) as the most relevant method for understanding the changing nature of bor- ders.1 This volume represents a unique international collabo- ration between experts from Vladivostok and their foreign col- leagues to bring fresh perspectives onto Eurasian land borders 1 Petr