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Pests - Leucoptera Malifoliella (Costa) - Pear Leaf Blister Moth

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Pests - Leucoptera Malifoliella (Costa) - Pear Leaf Blister Moth AgroAtlas - Pests - Leucoptera malifoliella (Costa) - Pear Leaf Blister Moth http://agroatlas.ru/en/content/pests/Leucoptera_malifoliella/ Русский English Introduction Contributors Publications Contact Us Downloads Crops and Wild Pests Relatives Crops Leucoptera malifoliella (Costa) - Pear Leaf Blister Moth Relatives Harmful Objects Diseases Pests Weeds Environment Climate Soils Vegetation Object map Systematic position. Class Insecta, order Lepidoptera, family Lyonetiidae, subfamily Cemiostominae, genus Leucoptera. Synonyms. Cemiostoma scitella (Zeller), Leucoptera scitella (Zeller). Biological group. Oligophagous pest of rosaceous cultures. Morphology and biology. Forewings silvery grayish white, with two golden-yellow costal striae (wingspan 7-9 mm); apical fringe with 3-4 black striae; marginal dorsoapical shining spot adjacent to two wide, black lateral spots. Hindwings gray. Thorax, abdomen, and legs covered with silvery gray scales. Egg light gray, oval, concave at top. Caterpillar up to 5 mm long, grayish green, with brown head. Pupa light brown, located within white, dense, rhomboid cocoon. Pupae winter in cocoons among fallen leaves, in the upper layer of ground, as well as in bark cracks and in other secluded places. Females appear in spring, lay eggs on the lower sides of leaves far from their edges, very seldom on the upper sides. 7 to 15 eggs can be found on one leaf. Fertility is 40-80 eggs. Embryonic development lasts 9-10 days at temperatures of 23-24°C. Caterpillar gnaws through egg chorion and plant tissue, not appearing on leaf surface. Development of caterpillars lasts 15-30 days. Caterpillars pass through a self-made tunnel, which is rounded, circular, 1 cm in diameter, located on the upper side of leaf; arrangement of dark brown excrements in concentric circles is characteristic of this tunnel. Caterpillars pupate on the lower sides of leaves. Development of pupa lasts 9-16 days. 1 of 2 8/31/2009 6:51 AM AgroAtlas - Pests - Leucoptera malifoliella (Costa) - Pear Leaf Blister Moth http://agroatlas.ru/en/content/pests/Leucoptera_malifoliella/ Distribution. Occurs in Europe (except in the North), Asia Minor, Iran, North Africa, China, and the Middle East. In the former USSR, it is distributed throughout the entire European part (except in the North), in Transcaucasia (Armenia), Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan), Kazakhstan, and Western and Eastern Siberia. Ecology. Monovoltine species in Yakutia, 2-3 generations develop in southern Kazakhstan, and 3-4 generations develop in southern Ukraine. Last generation is always incomplete. The first generation develops from April until the end of June, the second one from June until the end of July, the third generation from July until the end of August, and the fourth generation from August until wintering. The flight of moths of the overwintered generation is observed starting in the beginning of April in Ukraine, in mid-May in Kazakhstan. Tunnels of the first generation appear en masse right after flowering of apple. Females leave pupae when they no longer need additional feeding. Unfertilized females excrete pheromone that attracts males. In winter, 33-53% of pupae perish for various reasons. Economic significance. A significant pest of orchards in Ukraine, the Northern Caucasus, the Central Chernozem Region, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia. It damages leaves of apple, pear, quince, sweet cherry, cherry, plum, peach, hawthorn, shadberry, biwa, and forest tree species (birch, alder, mountain ash). With an average density of 10 tunnels per leaf, premature leaf fall occurs, resulting in essential yield reduction. A large quantity of tunnels results in the delay of shoot growth and the reduction of fruit weight. Harmful activity is often, depending on the number of tunnels on a leaf, more strongly pronounced in the top layer of crones. Control measures: Agronomical measures include autumn plowing and digging of soil around trunks for destruction of wintering pupae, collection and destruction of fallen leaves in autumn or in early spring, and cleaning of old bark. Chemical methods include insecticide treatments of fruit crops during early phase of mass formation of tunnels (when their diameters are less than 0.5 cm) right after flowering of apple and repeatedly for 10-12 days. Related references: Kholchenkov V.A. 1974. Family Cemiostomidae. In: Vasil.ev, V.P., ed. Pests of agricultural crops and forest plantations. V.2. Arthropods. Kiev: Urozhai, p. 234-235 (in Russian). Kuznetsov V.I., Seksyaeva S.V. 1994. Family Lyonetiidae (Leucopteridae, Leucopterigidae, Cemiostomidae). In: Kuznetsov, V.I., ed. Insects and mites - pests of agricultural plants. V. 3(1). Lepidoptera. St.Petersburg: Nauka, p. 247-254 (in Russian). Savkovskii P.P. 1976. Atlas of the pests of fruit and berry plants. Kiev: Urozhai. 207 p. (in Russian). Seksyaeva S.V. 1981. Lyonetiidae (Leucopteridae). In: Medvedev G.S., ed. Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. V. 4(2). Leningrad: Nauka, p. 420-430 (in Russian). Vasil.ev V.P., Livshits I.Z. 1984. Pests of fruit crops. Moscow: Kolos, 399 p. (in Russian). © 2003-2009 Project «Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia © Ovsyannikova E.I., Grichanov I.Ya. and Neighboring Countries. Economic Plants and their Diseases, Pests and Photo © V.V.Neymorovets (VIZR) Weeds» Web design — Kelnik studios 2 of 2 8/31/2009 6:51 AM AgroAtlas - Pests - Area of distribution and damage of Leucoptera malifol... http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/pests/Leucoptera_malifoliella/map/ Русский English Introduction Contributors Publications Contact Us Downloads Crops and Wild Pests Relatives Crops Area of distribution and damage of Leucoptera malifoliella (Costa) Relatives Harmful Objects Diseases Pests Weeds Environment Climate Soils Vegetation Object description GIS downloads will work in 2009 Authors: Object specialists E.I. Ovsyannikova & I.Ya. Grichanov GIS-specialist M.I. Saulich Date of creation: 6.07.2005. Scale: 1:20,000,000 Accuracy of map: Map was created using information taken from state publications and maps of scale 1:17,000,000. Projection: "Alber's Equal Area Conic for the USSR", 9, 1001, 7, 100, 0, 44, 68, 0, 0. Basic content: Vector map consisting of 2 layers. Distribution area and zone of damage are shown by polygons. Accuracy of classifier: Only a zone of low damage was allocated within the limits of the general distribution area. Here the pest has economic significance. The following economic threshold is suggested for the species: 1.5 tunnels per leaf (Petrova, 1978). The Pear Leaf Blister Moth is sometimes able to reproduce en masse within the zone of low damage (Petrova, 1978; Kuznetsov & Seksyaeva, 1994). Mapping procedure: The map was compiled following an analysis of state publications. The northern border of the distribution area in Fennoscandia reaches the northern border of deciduous tree distribution (Kullberg et al., 2001). It is supposed that in the European part of the former USSR, the Pear Leaf Blister Moth is distributed everywhere except for in the North (Seksyaeva, 1981; Kuznetsov & Seksyaeva, 1994; Baryshnikova, 1999). However, actual records of species occurrence are mainly limited to forest-steppe, steppe zones and the Caucasus (Sinel.nikova, 1936; Kholchenkov, 1974, Seksyaeva, 1981; Kuznetsov & Seksyaeva, 1994; Vasil.ev & Livshits, 1984; Savkovskii, 1976; collection ZIN RAS; etc.). The species has also been recorded in Baltic States, Byelorussia, the Kaliningrad Region (Mey, 2005), steppe and forest-steppe zones of Northern Kazakhstan, and Western Siberia (including Altai) (Matesova et al., 1962; Tibatina, 1970; Babenko, 1982; Kuznetsov & Seksyaeva, 1994). Therefore, the northern border of the distribution area was drawn along the northern border of the forest-steppe zone (Chikov, 1983). Northeast of this 1 of 2 8/31/2009 9:58 AM AgroAtlas - Pests - Area of distribution and damage of Leucoptera malifol... http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/pests/Leucoptera_malifoliella/map/ border, the Pear Leaf Blister Moth has been found in both the Irkutsk Region and Yakutia (Gerasimov, 1932; Ammosov, 1972; Kuznetsov & Seksyaeva, 1994; Kullberg, et al., 2001; collection ZIN RAS). In Transcaucasia, the species is known in Armenia (Seksyaeva, 1981); within Central Asia, it has been found in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and southern and southwestern Kazakhstan (Sinel.nikova, 1936; D.yakonov & Kozhanchikov, 1949; Matesova et al., 1962; Petrov, 1969; Seksyaeva, 1981; Udot & Isin, 1987; Baryshnikova, 1999). Deserted lands of the Northern Caspian Depression and Central Asia were excluded from the distribution area. The species is not found in the Far East. The zone of low damage includes steppe and forest-steppe zones of Ukraine and Russia (eastward to Middle Volga Basin), as well as foothill areas and oases of Central Asia (Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan) (Sinel.nikova, 1936; Petrov, 1969, 1978; Kholchenkov, 1974; Savkovskii, 1976; Vasil.ev & Livshits, 1984; Udot & Isin, 1987; Kuznetsov & Seksyaeva, 1994). Sources of data: Ammosov Yu.N. 1972. Lepidoptera feeding on leaves of trees, bushes and shrubs in the central and southern Yakutia. In: Ammosov Yu.N., ed. Fauna and ecology of insects of Yakutia. Yakutsk: Institute of biology, Yakut. fil. AN SSSR, p. 5-51 (in Russian). Babenko Z.S. 1982. Phytophagous insects of fruit and berry plants in forest zone of Ob River Region. Tomsk: Tomsk University, 268 p. (in Russian). Baryshnikova S.V. 1999. Review of Lyonetiidae (Lepidoptera) of Russian fauna. I. Subf. Cemiostominae. Entomologicheskoe
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