Heredity, Environment, and Cranial Form: a Reanalysis of Boas'
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
RESOUND a Quarterly of the Archives of Traditional Music
RESOUND A Quarterly of the Archives of Traditional Music Volume 24; Number 3/4 July/October 2005 Sound Recordings and Ethnomusicology: From the Director Theoretical Barriers to the Use of Archival Collections Daniel B. Reed Ronda L. Sewald Part two, continued from Resound Vol. 24, No 1/2 We Keep Getting Busier Defining Disciplinary Boundaries: The Struggle For many decades, the Archives ofTraditional between Anthropologists and Musicologists Music has prided itself as being an open and accessible Since the founding of the Society archives. We have a Listening Library which is staffed for Ethnomusicology in the 1950's, many and open to the public thirty-five hours a week. The vast ethnomusicologists have declared the use of others' majority of our collections is cataloged and searchable sound recordings as a research methodology on-line via Indiana University's electronic catalog used by comparative musicologists as opposed to IUCAT. We receive a constant flow of orders from ethnomusicologists. This methodology has been researchers, educators, members of the communities transformed into a token representing the mistakes where recordings were made, and others· from around of the past and its rejection has become a means of the world. As archives go, we have always been quite symbolically distancing ourselves from the imperialistic heavily used. and ethnocentric theories generated by earlier In the past several years, however, we have seen a researchers. the scapegoating and stigmatization of dramatic growth in orders for our collections. Simply others' sound recordings, however, has not only served comparing statistics from 2004 and 2005 clearly as a device for demarcating the past from the present demonstrates the rate of increase in use of the ATM. -
Race and Membership in American History: the Eugenics Movement
Race and Membership in American History: The Eugenics Movement Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc. Brookline, Massachusetts Eugenicstextfinal.qxp 11/6/2006 10:05 AM Page 2 For permission to reproduce the following photographs, posters, and charts in this book, grateful acknowledgement is made to the following: Cover: “Mixed Types of Uncivilized Peoples” from Truman State University. (Image #1028 from Cold Spring Harbor Eugenics Archive, http://www.eugenics archive.org/eugenics/). Fitter Family Contest winners, Kansas State Fair, from American Philosophical Society (image #94 at http://www.amphilsoc.org/ library/guides/eugenics.htm). Ellis Island image from the Library of Congress. Petrus Camper’s illustration of “facial angles” from The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. Inside: p. 45: The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. 51: “Observations on the Size of the Brain in Various Races and Families of Man” by Samuel Morton. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 4, 1849. 74: The American Philosophical Society. 77: Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, Charles Davenport. New York: Henry Holt &Co., 1911. 99: Special Collections and Preservation Division, Chicago Public Library. 116: The Missouri Historical Society. 119: The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, 1882; John Singer Sargent, American (1856-1925). Oil on canvas; 87 3/8 x 87 5/8 in. (221.9 x 222.6 cm.). Gift of Mary Louisa Boit, Julia Overing Boit, Jane Hubbard Boit, and Florence D. Boit in memory of their father, Edward Darley Boit, 19.124. -
Early Craniometric Tools As a Predecessor to Neurosurgical Stereotaxis
HISTORICAL VIGNETTE J Neurosurg 124:1867–1874, 2016 Early craniometric tools as a predecessor to neurosurgical stereotaxis Demitre Serletis, MD, PhD, FRCSC, and T. Glenn Pait, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Jackson T. Stephens Spine and Neurosciences Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas In this paper the authors trace the history of early craniometry, referring to the technique of obtaining cranial measure- ments for the accurate correlation of external skull landmarks to specific brain regions. Largely drawing on methods from the newly emerging fields of physical anthropology and phrenology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, basic mathematical concepts were combined with simplistic (yet at the time, innovative) mechanical tools, leading to the first known attempts at craniocerebral topography. It is important to acknowledge the pioneers of this pre-imaging epoch, who applied creativity and ingenuity to tackle the challenge of reproducibly and reliably accessing a specific target in the brain. In particular, with the emergence of Broca’s theory of cortical localization, in vivo craniometric tools, and the introduction of 3D coordinate systems, several innovative devices were conceived that subsequently paved the way for modern-day stereotactic techniques. In this context, the authors present a comprehensive and systematic review of the most popular craniometric tools developed during this time period (prior to the stereotactic era) for the purposes of craniocerebral measurement and target -
£¤A1a £¤Us1 £¤192 £¤Us1 £¤A1a
S T r G A K A W R o A C T A P I Y TRAS R O ON A L M I N R N M R O S T EM P G T E D D p E Y Y I F A O S S N NV O S L D A GI L DU ERN L R M N N A H CASTL ES K S E S N T P A T M E T U RAFFORD C A R I A N T L I I N E K H M O L L D R R C C i D A I R O P S Y T U W S N P LIMPKIN EL N B P E A G D TA I S T C A L O c U N I A O T R B L S O A U R A N O SP T B T K SPUR E E I O E P L L S N R H E R S M I C Y OUNT S D RY N H WALK T I A O S R W L U a A E D P A1A E E M O N U R O M L O A A RD F A D A H H Y S H W U P R TR S EN E N I DAV T l ADDISO N R A K E A S D P V E O R E A R O A O A R Y £ S E T K Y R ¤ B E T R O Y N O L A T M D Y N ADDIS L Y C I U ON N N S V E T K K AT A A R OLA A O I C A R L R O V Z N P A NA EE K R I B L TR R V L L AY N C B A E M L S E E r M O A L L E R L M O I A R O C U A P G A T G R R SS l E M Q BLA C R R M JORDAN H A E E N M E S R S U I S R U E P E T H N C N A A DE R U I IR AR G RECRE T G AT S W M D H M WILLOW C M ION R L REE B E PA P A K A E A D E E A C B L I US1 C L T S G R R U Y K E R S R P IB L I ERA D W N D Q A C O E N RS I A PINEDA O L N R E N y O T N F THIRD A R M HOF A S T G £ w T I L D ¤ N E S s E M S D H A BO B L S O Q H W R T U H E K PIO N K O CAP H C S E R R U O T I G L O C DO V A A F R G O H E M O TRU O a CEN L R O O L E G N L R L E N S H R d I I R B W E A Y N R O W I R e A V C U W E F FIRST R A M K W T K H n L G T A I JEN S E LLO i R ANE E R R C O A A E T A A E I P I E H FIRST S H Y P L N D SKYLARK R T A H A N O S S City of Melbourne K T S L I F E O K CASABELLA 1 E RAMP U A T OCEAN N S R S R I P E SANDPIPER E R A O -
Anthropology of Race 1
Anthropology of Race 1 Knowing Race John Hartigan What do we know about race today? Is it surprising that, after a hun- dred years of debate and inquiry by anthropologists, not only does the answer remain uncertain but also the very question is so fraught? In part, this reflects the deep investments modern societies have made in the notion of race. We can hardly know it objectively when it constitutes a pervasive aspect of our identities and social landscapes, determining advantage and disadvantage in a thoroughgoing manner. Yet, know it we do. Perhaps mis- takenly, haphazardly, or too informally, but knowledge claims about race permeate everyday life in the United States. As well, what we understand or assume about race changes as our practices of knowledge production also change. Until recently, a consensus was held among social scientists—predi- cated, in part, upon findings by geneticists in the 1970s about the struc- ture of human genetic variability—that “race is socially constructed.” In the early 2000s, following the successful sequencing of the human genome, counter-claims challenging the social construction consensus were formu- lated by geneticists who sought to support the role of genes in explaining race.1 This volume arises out of the fracturing of that consensus and the attendant recognition that asserting a constructionist stance is no longer a tenable or sufficient response to the surge of knowledge claims about race. Anthropology of Race confronts the problem of knowing race and the challenge of formulating an effective rejoinder both to new arguments and sarpress.sarweb.org COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 3 John Hartigan data about race and to the intense desire to know something substantive about why and how it matters. -
White by Law---Haney Lopez (Abridged Version)
White by Law The Legal Construction of Race Revised and Updated 10th Anniversary Edition Ian Haney Lόpez NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London (2006) 1│White Lines In its first words on the subject of citizenship, Congress in 1790 restricted naturalization to “white persons.” Though the requirements for naturalization changed frequently thereafter, this racial prerequisite to citizenship endured for over a century and a half, remaining in force until 1952. From the earliest years of this country until just a generation ago, being a “white person” was a condition for acquiring citizenship. Whether one was “white” however, was often no easy question. As immigration reached record highs at the turn of this century, countless people found themselves arguing their racial identity in order to naturalize. From 1907, when the federal government began collecting data on naturalization, until 1920, over one million people gained citizenship under the racially restrictive naturalization laws. Many more sought to naturalize and were rejected. Naturalization rarely involved formal court proceedings and therefore usually generated few if any written records beyond the simple decision. However, a number of cases construing the “white person” prerequisite reached the highest state and federal judicial circles, and two were argued before the U.S. Supreme Court in the early 1920s. These cases produced illuminating published decisions that document the efforts of would-be citizens from around the world to establish their Whiteness at law. Applicants from Hawaii, China, Japan, Burma, and the Philippines, as well as all mixed- race applicants, failed in their arguments. Conversely, courts ruled that applicants from Mexico and Armenia were “white,” but vacillated over the Whiteness of petitioners from Syria, India, and Arabia. -
And the Hamitic Hypothesis
religions Article Ancient Egyptians in Black and White: ‘Exodus: Gods and Kings’ and the Hamitic Hypothesis Justin Michael Reed Department of Biblical Studies, Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Louisville, KY 40205, USA; [email protected] Abstract: In this essay, I consider how the racial politics of Ridley Scott’s whitewashing of ancient Egypt in Exodus: Gods and Kings intersects with the Hamitic Hypothesis, a racial theory that asserts Black people’s inherent inferiority to other races and that civilization is the unique possession of the White race. First, I outline the historical development of the Hamitic Hypothesis. Then, I highlight instances in which some of the most respected White intellectuals from the late-seventeenth through the mid-twentieth century deploy the hypothesis in assertions that the ancient Egyptians were a race of dark-skinned Caucasians. By focusing on this detail, I demonstrate that prominent White scholars’ arguments in favor of their racial kinship with ancient Egyptians were frequently burdened with the insecure admission that these ancient Egyptian Caucasians sometimes resembled Negroes in certain respects—most frequently noted being skin color. In the concluding section of this essay, I use Scott’s film to point out that the success of the Hamitic Hypothesis in its racial discourse has transformed a racial perception of the ancient Egyptian from a dark-skinned Caucasian into a White person with appearance akin to Northern European White people. Keywords: Ham; Hamite; Egyptian; Caucasian; race; Genesis 9; Ridley Scott; Charles Copher; Samuel George Morton; James Henry Breasted Citation: Reed, Justin Michael. 2021. Ancient Egyptians in Black and White: ‘Exodus: Gods and Kings’ and Religions the Hamitic Hypothesis. -
De/Colonizing Preservice Teacher Education: Theatre of the Academic Absurd
Volume 10 Number 1 Spring 2014 Editor Stephanie Anne Shelton http://jolle.coe.uga.edu De/colonizing Preservice Teacher Education: Theatre of the Academic Absurd Dénommé-Welch, Spy, [email protected] University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada Montero, M. Kristiina, [email protected] Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Abstract Where does the work of de/colonizing preservice teacher education begin? Aboriginal children‘s literature? Storytelling and theatrical performance? Or, with a paradigm shift? This article takes up some of these questions and challenges, old and new, and begins to problematize these deeper layers. In this article, the authors explore the conversations and counterpoints that came about looking at the theme of social justice through the lens of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit (FNMI) children‘s literature. As the scope of this lens widened, it became more evident to the authors that there are several filters that can be applied to the work of de/colonizing preservice teacher education programs and the larger educational system. This article also explores what it means to act and perform notions of de/colonization, and is constructed like a script, thus bridging the voices of academia, theatre, and Indigenous knowledge. In the first half (the academic script) the authors work through the messy and tangled web of de/colonization, while the second half (the actors‘ script) examines these frameworks and narratives through the actor‘s voice. The article calls into question the notions of performing inquiry and deconstructing narrative. Key words: decolonizing education; Indigenizing the academy; preservice teacher education; performing decolonization; decolonizing narrative; Indigenous knowledge; First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples of Canada; North America. -
Neuroanthropological Understanding of Complex Cognition – Numerosity and Arithmetics
Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 11(4), 427-435, 2013 NEUROANTHROPOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING OF COMPLEX COGNITION – NUMEROSITY AND ARITHMETICS Zarja Muršič* Faculty of Education – University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia DOI: 10.7906/indecs.11.4.7 Received: 30 September 2013. Regular article Accepted: 21 October 2013. ABSTRACT Humankind has a long evolutionary history. When we are trying to understand human complex cognition, it is as well important to look back to entire evolution. I will present the thesis that our biological predispositions and culture, together with natural and social environment, are tightly connected. During ontogenetically development we are shaped by various factors, and they enabled humans to develop some aspects of complex cognition, such as mathematics. In the beginning of the article I present the importance of natural and cultural evolution in other animals. In the following part, I briefly examine the field of mathematics – numerosity and arithmetic. Presentation of comparative animal studies, mainly made on primates, provides some interesting examples in animals’ abilities to separate between different quantities. From abilities for numerosity in animals I continue to neuroscientific studies of humans and our ability to solve simple arithmetic tasks. I also mention cross-cultural studies of arithmetic skills. In the final part of the text I present the field neuroanthropology as a possible new pillar of cognitive science. Finally, it is important to connect human evolution and development with animal cognition studies, but as well with cross-cultural studies in shaping of human ability for numerosity and arithmetic. KEY WORDS evolution, cognition, mathematics, numerosity, arithmetic CLASSIFICATION APA: 2340, 2400, 2520, 2630, 3040 JEL: D03, D81 *Corresponding author, : [email protected]; +386 40 454631; *Faculty of Education, Kardeljeva ploščad 16, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia * Z. -
Issues of Validity, Subjectivity, and Reflexivity in Multimodal Literacy Research and Analysis
Journal of Language and Literacy Education Vol. 15 Issue 1—Spring 2019 Issues of Validity, Subjectivity, and Reflexivity in Multimodal Literacy Research and Analysis David E. Low & Jessica Zacher Pandya Abstract: In this article we highlight analyses conducted in two qualitative literacy studies to discuss various implications of a blended, or hybrid, approach to multimodal analysis. By investigating several prominent frameworks commonly used together for the purpose of analyzing multimodal data, and describing our own experiences blending these frameworks, we determine& that a hybrid approach is not necessarily ineffective at producing data interpretations, but that it is insufficiently reflexive of the role researcher positionality plays in multimodal analysis. We conclude the article by offering recommendations for supplementing hybrid analytical approaches through data co-construction and increased attention to researcher positionality. Keywords: multimodality, multimodal literacies, visual analysis, data co-construction David E. Low is Assistant Professor of Literacy Education at California State University, Fresno. A former high school ELA teacher in Tucson, Arizona, David conducts research on how young people’s multimodal reading and composing practices – particularly through the medium of comics – facilitate various enactments of critical literacy. Contact him at [email protected]. Jessica Zacher Pandya is Chair of the Liberal Studies Department and Professor in the Departments of Teacher Education and Liberal Studies at California State University, Long Beach. A former San Francisco kindergarten teacher, Jessica conducts research on children's identity work in diverse urban classrooms, and more recently, ways that English learners make meaning in multiple modes as they create digital videos. Contact her at: [email protected]. -
Social Anthropology
SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY by E. E. EVANS-PRITCHARD Profesior of Social Anthropology and Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford LONDON : COHEN & WEST LTD COPYRIGHT MACLEHOSE AND CO. LTD. PRINTtD IS GRKAT BRITAIN BY ROBERT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, GLASGOW b-ZV PREFACE These six lectures were given on the Third Programme of the B.B.C. in the winter of 1950. Except for a few minor verbal alterations they are printed as they were delivered. I thought it unwise to change, or add to, what was written to be spoken within the limits imposed by the medium of expression and for a particular purpose and audience. Social anthropology is still little more than a name to most people, and I hoped that broadcast talks on the subject would make its scope and methods better known. I trust that their publication as a book will serve the same purpose. As there are few brief introductory guides to social anthropology I believe that this book may also be of use to students in anthropological departments in British and American universities. I have therefore added a short bibliography. I have expressed many of the ideas in these lectures before, and sometimes in the same language. I am grateful for permission to use them again to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press and to the Editors of Man, Black- friars, and Africa} I thank Mr. K. O. L. Burridge for assistance in the preparation of the lectures and my colleagues at the Institute of Social Anthropology at Oxford and Mr. T. B. Radley of the B.B.C. -
Integrative Anthropology and the Human Niche: Toward a Contemporary Approach to Human Evolution
AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST Integrative Anthropology and the Human Niche: Toward a Contemporary Approach to Human Evolution Agustın´ Fuentes ABSTRACT A niche is the structural, temporal, and social context in which a species exists. Over the last two million years, the human lineage underwent clear morphological changes alongside less easily measurable, but significant, behavioral and cognitive shifts as it forged, and was shaped by, new niches. During this time period, core human patterns emerged, including the following: hypercooperation; lengthy childhood and complex parenting; intricate and diverse foraging and hunting patterns; novel and dynamic material and symbolic cultures; and complex communication and information sharing, eventually resulting in language. Approaches to human evolution grounded in paleoanthropology and archaeology offer fundamental insights into our past, and traditional evolutionary the- ory offers a strong grounding for explaining them. However, given the centrality of distinctive physiological, social, semiotic, and cognitive processes in human evolutionary histories, a broader anthropological approach can facilitate additional understanding of the human story. An integrative anthropology, reaching across subfields and foci, com- bined with contemporary evolutionary theory is an approach that can enhance our abilities to model and understand human evolution. [integrative anthropology, niche construction, evolution, extended evolutionary synthesis, Homo, semiosis, Pleistocene] RESUMEN Un nicho es el contexto estructural,