Kosovo E Sicurezza L’Approccio Globale Della Missione NATO a Guida Italiana KFOR XIX

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Kosovo E Sicurezza L’Approccio Globale Della Missione NATO a Guida Italiana KFOR XIX IDEE ED ESPERIENZE Kosovo e sicurezza L’approccio globale della missione NATO a guida italiana KFOR XIX Francesco FIGLIUOLO Federico COLLINA a complessità degli scenari ope- Il carattere rativi in cui muovono le prin- multidimensionale della Lcipali missioni di gestione delle gestione della crisi è crisi, di ricostruzione e stabilizzazione, diventato il tratto saliente pone sempre più in evidenza la necessità di un nuovo approccio di una stretta sinergia tra i vari attori, mi- globale ed integrato litari e civili, appartenenti alle Organiz- della NATO: zazioni Internazionali ed alle istituzioni il Comprehensive locali che insistono nel teatro operativo. L’Alleanza Atlantica ha quindi promosso Approach. un nuovo modo di affrontare le sfide alla sicurezza, ponendo in evidenza che non possono più essere fronteggiate global- mente da un’unica istituzione, ma solo in una cornice di istituzioni interdipendenti ed interconnesse. In quest’ottica, NATO, 32 33 Kosovo e sicurezza Nazioni Unite (ONU), Organizzazione per interlocutori internazionali dell’Alleanza la Sicurezza e la Cooperazione in Europa Atlantica ( Partnership for Peace ed UE), dei (OSCE), Unione Europea (UE) e Consi- quali si cerca di anticipare le necessità e glio d’Europa rappresentano, nell’ambito gli obiettivi di possibili azioni coordinate, dell’ordinamento internazionale, attori nell’ambito della gestione di una situazio- che si completano e concorrono insieme a ne di crisi dove la Comunità internazio- definire un nuovo sistema di sicurezza co- nale sia chiamata ad intervenire. Il COPD operativa 1. In occasione del Vertice di Riga costituisce la sintesi del Comprehensive del 2006, è stata enunciata la Comprehen- Approach alla gestione della crisi, intesa sive Political Guidance (CPG) dell’Alleanza nella sua complessità quale scenario ca- Atlantica, documento programmatico che ratterizzato da un numero elevatissimo analizza gli scenari dei successivi 10-15 di attori che interagiscono in molteplici anni, individuando le capacità che i Pa- dimensioni (militare, politica, economica esi alleati devono sviluppare e le misure e sociale). La comprensione della crisi e, da attuare al fine di fronteggiare le nuove più ancora, la possibilità di gestirla impli- minacce globali poste dal terrorismo, dal- cano un approccio decisamente articolato la proliferazione delle armi di distruzione «...che richiede pensiero laterale, analisi di di massa, dagli Stati falliti, dall’accesso domini non solo militari e soprattutto una a tecnologie dual use e dalla distruzione condivisione di conoscenza e di informa- delle risorse vitali. Al riguardo, nel sum- zioni mai prima d’ora ritenuta necessa- mit di Bucarest del 2008, i Capi di Stato e ria..» 2. di Governo hanno discusso un piano di proposte pragmatiche per una generale L’approccio globale nella missione revisione del modo di pensare alle opera- KFOR XIX zioni militari, di pianificarle e condurle, in Nel corso della missione KFOR XIX, nel prospettiva di una loro armonizzazione periodo settembre 2014 - agosto 2015, la in un più vasto e comprensivo piano di situazione generale di sicurezza in Koso- interventi e risposte di carattere politico, vo, pur in un quadro di fragilità, è sempre economico e sociale, oltre che militare. rimasta alquanto stabile, mostrando an- In sintesi, il carattere multidimensionale che importanti segnali di distensione. Ciò della gestione della crisi è diventato il trat- a dispetto del fatto che ai problemi ancora to saliente di un nuovo approccio, globale irrisolti si sia aggiunta negli ultimi anni ed integrato: il Comprehensive Approach . una grave crisi economica ed occupazio- In tal senso la NATO ha cominciato ad ag- nale. Tale stabilizzazione è stata frutto giornare la propria dottrina già dal 2010, dell’impegno delle istituzioni del Kosovo, quando è stata elaborata la prima bozza dei rappresentanti della Comunità inter- della Comprehensive Operations Planning nazionale, ma anche dell’attività operati- Directive (COPD). La direttiva ha subito va di KFOR che ha continuato a svolgere modifiche successive e conserva un ca- la sua azione imparziale a favore della po- rattere divulgativo ed aperto ai principali polazione kosovara, indipendentemente 34 dall’appartenenza etnica, dal credo reli- operazione è focalizzata sul processo lo- gioso e dalle differenze di genere. cal capacity Building del nord del Kosovo, Attualmente lo sforzo principale di KFOR con azioni volte a sostenere ed a moni- è nel nord del Kosovo, a maggioranza ko- torare il processo di integrazione della sovaro-serba, il cui simbolo è la città di regione nelle strutture amministrative Mitrovica, divisa in due amministrazioni, e giudiziarie centrali. L’integrazione del separate dal fiume Ibar, che rispecchiano nord presuppone il favore della minoran- la differente distribuzione etnica della po- za kosovaro-serba qui residente e, più in polazione: Mitrovica Sud, a maggioranza generale, la ricomposizione delle tensioni kosovaro-albanese (circa 80.000 abitanti) inter-etniche che proprio da questa re- e Mitrovica Nord a maggioranza koso- gione possono divampare, per estender- varo-serba (circa 20.000 abitanti). Qui è si a macchia di leopardo nelle altre parti presente anche l’Ufficio Amministrativo del Kosovo, ponendo a rischio diretto la di Mitrovica Nord (MNAO, i.e. Mitrovica stessa sicurezza delle isolate comunità North Administrative Office ), istituito nel religiose serbo-ortodosse, monitorate co- maggio 2012 dall’autoproclamata Repub- stantemente da KFOR. Una seconda li- blica del Kosovo, come soluzione ad inte- nea di operazione, support to International rim per garantire la governabilità della cit- Community , ha l’obiettivo di assicurare il tà. L’Ufficio aveva il compito di acquisire le massimo sostegno ai numerosi attori della competenze di UNMIK per trasferirle in Comunità internazionale, impegnati nella seguito ad una municipalità, creata trami- stabilizzazione del Paese. In sintesi, siner- te libere elezioni amministrative 3. gia e coordinamento fra organizzazioni Nel KFOR Operational Plan , una linea di civili e strumento militare sono necessari 35 Kosovo e sicurezza La Kosovo Force (KFOR) è una forza militare internazionale a guida NATO, responsabile dell’ordine e della pace in Kosovo, regione inizialmente am- ministrata dall’ONU, con la missione UNMIK ( United Nations Interim Ad- ministration Mission in Kosovo ) e che ha dichiarato unilateralmente la propria indipendenza dalla Serbia il 17 febbraio 2008. La KFOR entrò in Kosovo il 12 giugno 1999, due giorni dopo l’adozione, da parte del Consiglio di Sicurezza, della Risoluzione 1244. All’epoca il Kosovo stava affrontando una grave crisi umanitaria, con scontri quotidiani tra le forze militari del- la Repubblica Federale di Jugoslavia e le forze paramilitari dell’Esercito di liberazione del Kosovo, Ushtria Clirimtare e Kosoves (UCK). La tensione tra i gruppi etnici era molto alta, così come il numero delle vittime degli scontri, soprattutto civili, con quasi un milione di profughi che avevano lasciato la regione. In tale contesto la missione KFOR aveva il compito di proteggere la popolazione civile e assicurare il ritiro delle forze militari jugoslave nel rispetto degli accordi di Kumanovo che sanciva il ritiro dell’esercito e della polizia jugoslava dal Kosovo e la contestuale cessazione dei bombarda- menti della NATO sulla Repubblica Federale di Jugoslavia. Nel periodo di massima partecipazione, il numero delle truppe KFOR ha raggiunto le 50.000 unità, provenienti da 39 paesi (della NATO e non). A se- guito del generale miglioramento delle condizioni di sicurezza sul terreno, il contributo si è gradualmente ridotto, sino ad attestarsi attualmente sulle 5.000 unità (per un totale di 31 paesi contributori). Il Gen. Figliuolo - Com. KFOR XIX - con i militari portoghesi della KFOR Tactical Reserve 36 se non inevitabili per il successo di questa fallì per la mancanza delle condizioni di missione. Le dinamiche di tali linee ope- sicurezza. rative verranno approfondite attraverso Un secondo tentativo, nel 2012, ebbe esito l’analisi di alcuni case study , riconducibili analogo. La questione è stata riproposta alla missione KFOR XIX. nel 2014, quando è stato istituito un Co- mitato organizzatore che, sotto la guida Case study 1: Prevenzione di tensioni dell’allora Ministro della Kosovo Security inter-etniche in occasione della Force 4 (KSF), Agim Ceku, ha fissato la data commemorazione di Isa Boletini, dell’evento al 28 novembre dello stesso simbolo della lotta ai Serbi anno, giorno dell’indipendenza dell’Al- bania. Il Comando di KFOR, allo scopo di Isa Boletini (al secolo Isa Peci) nacque il 15 garantire il rispetto del mandato (e quin- gennaio 1864 nel villaggio di Boletin (Mu- di un ambiente sicuro in tutto il Kosovo) nicipalità di Zvecan, nel nord del Kosovo), ha analizzato le possibili conseguenze di dove ancor oggi si trova la casa della fa- questo evento, individuando i seguenti miglia Boletini, vicinissima al monastero elementi di rischio: serbo-ortodosso di Sokolica. Isa Boletini • la cerimonia si prestava a una facile stru- combatté contro l’Impero Ottomano, fu mentalizzazione politica, per il collega- tra i principali esponenti del movimento mento diretto della figura di Isa Boletini per l’indipendenza dell’Albania e sosteni- ai sentimenti nazionalistici pan-albanesi, tore dell’ideale della Grande Albania, cioè diffusi in gran parte dell’elettorato delle di uno Stato indipendente che riunisse in principali forze politiche del Kosovo (Par- sé tutti i territori abitati dalla popolazio- tito
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