Civil-Military Relations in Peacebuilding: a Case Study of Kosovo
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CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN PEACEBUILDING: A CASE STUDY OF KOSOVO by John P .J. DeRosa A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Conflict Analysis and Resolution Committee: Chair of Committee Graduate Program Director Dean, School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution Date: Spring Semester 2015 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Civil-Military Relations in Peacebuilding: A Case Study of Kosovo A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in at George Mason University by John P.J. DeRosa Master of Arts California State University - San Bernardino, 2001 Bachelor of Arts California State University - San Bernardino, 1998 Associate of Arts New Mexico Military Institute, 1995 Director: Sara Cobb, Professor School of Conflict Analysis and Resolution Spring Semester 2015 George Mason University Fairfax, VA This work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noderivs 3.0 unported license. ii DEDICATION This is dedicated to my wife, Hasibe Ferati DeRosa, whose memories of the Kosovo war linger like a morning fog burned off by the bright future of our daughters Alesandra and Madeline. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the boundless encouragement and critical guidance provided by Professors Sara Cobb and Thomas Flores. A warm shum faleminderit (thank you very much) to the volunteers of the Forum for Security in Kosovo for supporting, organizing and facilitating this research – specifically, Dajana Berisha, Kaltrina Pajaziti, Deniza Mulaj, Erza Aruqaj, Tokjona Reka, Donika Emini, Diana Lekaj, Besa Shahini, Visar Azemi, and Visar Rushiti. To Mary Frances Lebamoff, thank you for smoothing out the administrative wrinkles securing a Professional Development Grant from the University of Maryland University College to offset international travel costs. Finally, thanks go out to the KFOR peacekeepers who, for nearly sixteen years, continue to secure the peace allowing the tiny Balkan nation of Kosovo to find its future. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... viii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ix Chapter One ........................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter Two....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter Three.................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter Four ..................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter Five ...................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter Six........................................................................................................................ 45 Chapter Seven ................................................................................................................... 60 Chapter Eight .................................................................................................................... 76 Chapter Nine ..................................................................................................................... 80 Chapter Ten ....................................................................................................................... 90 Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 95 References ......................................................................................................................... 96 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1 NATO Civil-Military Relations Model ............................................................... 19 Table 2 Peacebuilding Civil-Military Relations Model .................................................... 21 Table 3 Minority Representation in KSF .......................................................................... 51 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 1 - Transfer of Authority ......................................................................................... 1 Figure 2 Public Perception of Trust in Security Institutions............................................. 46 Figure 3 Trust in State and Non-State Institutions............................................................ 47 Figure 4 Public Opinion on the Most Corrupted Institutions ........................................... 48 Figure 5 Emblem and Ranks of the KSF .......................................................................... 57 Figure 6 Ceremonial KSF Unit in Traditional Albanian Costumes .................................. 68 Figure 7 [Uncle, it is done!] .............................................................................................. 84 Figure 8 General Kastrati with military delegation .......................................................... 86 Figure 9 KSF with Iowa National Guard .......................................................................... 87 Figure 10 KSF Honor Guard............................................................................................. 88 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS European Union ............................................................................................................... EU Kosovo Liberation Army (Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës) ............................................ UÇK Kosovo Forces ............................................................................................................ KFOR Kosovo Protection Corps (Trupat e Mbrojtjes së Kosovës) ......................................... TMK Kosovo Security Forces ................................................................................................. KSF Ministry of Kosovo Security Forces ........................................................................... MKSF North Atlantic Treaty Organization ........................................................................... NATO Strategic Security Sector Review ................................................................................. SSSR United Nations ................................................................................................................. UN United Nations Mission in Kosovo .......................................................................... UNMIK viii ABSTRACT CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN PEACEBUILDING: A CASE STUDY OF KOSOVO John P.J. DeRosa, M.S. George Mason University, 2015 Thesis Director: Dr. Sara Cobb Kosovo has become a unique case of trans-Atlantic peacebuilding efforts, a nascent sovereign state that remains under the legal protectorate of the United Nations with a diminishing contingent of international peacekeepers and peacebuilders. The intervention, initially aimed at stemming ethnic cleansing, is now designed to prevent the resumption of violence and to support establishing a durable and sustainable peace. With the current guarantor of peace an international intervention, this research asks whether the emerging contract between the government, its armed forces, and society, one reflecting a diminishing international presence and embryonic Kosovar institutions, capable of sustaining security guarantees to allow peacebuilding to take hold? This project utilized a narrative based program to uncovering an understanding of Kosovo’s reveal the values, interests, and aspirations and an emerging civil-military relations framework in the context of the society’s collective experience. This research investigates ix the emerging civil-military relations framework and discovers that an overwhelming emphasis on NATO accessions has stifled the development of dynamic and representative social contracts between the government, its armed forces, and its citizens. x Figure 1 Transfer of Authority In a symbolic transfer of authority, the out-going Commander of the Kosovo Security Forces, General Kadri Kastrati, relinquishes command to the constitutional civilian authority, the Commander-in-Chief, Atifete Jahjaga. President of the Republic of Kosovo. Source: Ministry of Kosovo Security Forces, “Gjenerallejtënant Rrahman Rama komandant i ri i Forcës së Sigurisë të Kosovës.” http://www.mksf- ks.org/?page=2,131&offset=140 1 CHAPTER ONE In the shadow of a collapsing Yugoslavia, the international community intervened in a civil war to stem a humanitarian crisis. The Serbian-led government of the failing Yugoslavia was implementing an ethnic cleansing campaign directed against the Albanian majority population of the province of Kosovo. Nearly ten years later, while still under United Nations (UN) administration and ongoing North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) peacekeeping operations, the Republic of Kosovo declared itself a sovereign and independent state in 2008. Today, the people of Kosovo are caught within a transitional paradox. While not yet recognized by the UN or other