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Birds of the Chatham Islands Birds of the Chatham Islands by Hilary Aikman and Colin Miskelly

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Birds of the Chatham Islands Birds of the Chatham Islands by Hilary Aikman and Colin Miskelly Birds of the Chatham Islands Birds of the Chatham Islands by Hilary Aikman and Colin Miskelly Published by: Department of Conservation Wellington Conservancy, P.O. Box 5086 Wellington, New Zealand The authors: Hilary Aikman ([email protected]) and Colin Miskelly ([email protected]) are both based in Wellington, and work for the Wellington Conservancy of the Department of Conservation, which has had administrative responsibility for conservation work on the Chatham Islands since 1997. Hilary Aikman provides support to threatened bird recovery programmes on the Chatham Islands. Dr Colin Miskelly manages a team of ten staff, most of whom provide support to conservation work on the Chatham Islands. Hilary Aikman first visited the Chatham Islands as a volunteer with Chatham Island taiko expeditions in 1987, and again in 1992 and in 1995, working with shore plover (Rangatira) and black robin on Rangatira and Mangere. Colin Miskelly also first visited as a taiko expeditioner (in 1978), and then conducted some of his thesis research on Chatham Island snipe on Rangatira in 1983-86, during a more detailed study of the Snares Island snipe. Both authors have had continuous involvement with Chatham Island threatened bird recovery programmes since 1997, and visit the Chatham Islands several times each year as part of their work. Cover montage designed by Colin Miskelly and Jeremy Rolfe based on photographs of Chatham Island mollymawk, shore plover, Chatham Island snipe (all Colin Miskelly), Pitt Island shag, parea (both John Kendrick/DOC), Chatham Island taiko (Mike Imber), Chatham Island shag (Rod Morris/DOC), Chatham Island oystercatcher (Peter Moore), and Forbes’ parakeet (Dave Crouchley/DOC); background image Rangatira coastline (Jeremy Rolfe). Black robin: photographer unknown. Title page: Brown skua. Photo: Colin Miskelly. © 2004, Department of Conservation ISBN 0-478-22565-2 Foreword BY THE HON. CHRIS CARTER, MINISTER OF CONSERVATION The Chatham Islands are a very special part of New Zealand, and I have greatly enjoyed my four visits there over the last decade. Part of the magic of the islands is their unique birdlife, including about 20 species that occur nowhere else on the planet. It was one of these species (the taiko) that first took me to the Chatham Islands, and more recently I have been privileged to witness first-hand some of the remarkable conservation successes that the Chatham Island community and the Department of Conservation are achieving Chris Carter near Hapupu, together. This book is a celebration of both the diversity of Chatham 2003. Photo: Daniel King. Island birdlife, and of the recovery programmes that have successfully brought eight species back from the brink of extinction. The dramatic rediscoveries of the black robin and Chatham Island taiko, and the subsequent management of these two critically endangered species, are well known both on the Chatham Islands and to conservationists worldwide. Their stories are recounted here, but equally inspirational are the stories of lesser-known species that have responded to innovative and well-researched management. These include encouraging oystercatchers to nest in car-tyre platforms that can be dragged up the beach away from storm surges, and using neoprene screens over burrow entrances of Chatham petrels to discourage competing species from entering and taking over the burrows. These are stories that deserve to be told to a wide audience, and I applaud the authors and the Department of Conservation both for their commitment to the recovery of the threatened birds of the Chatham Islands, and for their efforts in making the results accessible through this fascinating book. I hope that every Chatham Islander will take justifiable pride in their heritage when reading this book, and acknowledge the efforts being made to preserve the special birds of the Chatham Islands and to bring them back to sites where they can be enjoyed by all. Foreword BY PHIL SEYMOUR, CHAIR, CHATHAM ISLANDS CONSERVATION BOARD Birds have always been a large part of Chatham Islands culture. Early inhabitants wore albatross and parakeet feather ornaments, and harvested several species as food. More recently, bird names have been used to identify the birth-place of Chatham Islanders (“Weka” identifying those born on the Chatham Islands, compared to “Kiwi” for the New Zealand-born), while black robin and taiko appear on souvenirs, local currency and beer brand labels. Conservation work on birds of the Chatham Islands, notably black robin and taiko, has provided much of the international profile of the Chatham Islands. Although less well known, management of other species, including Chatham petrel, parea, and Chatham Islands oystercatcher, has also resulted in dramatic increases in their populations. Phil Seymour (left) and his Since the establishment of the Department of Conservation in 1987, father Ron Seymour with a the Chatham Islands’ community has become more involved with, male Antipodean albatross nesting on their land, 2004. and more informed about, their natural and historic resources. Many Photo: Graeme Taylor & Chatham Islands landowners have committed areas of land as reserves, Colin Miskelly. covenants and kawenata, which provide important habitat for threatened birds. Pitt Islanders have been especially fortunate, with the community able to participate in transfers and releases of Chatham petrel and black robin on to predator-fenced private land. Conservation work also provides Chatham Islanders with jobs, as permanent staff or contractors to the Department of Conservation. Through my involvement with the Chatham Islands Conservation Board I have had, along with other Board members, the opportunity for input into recovery plans to save endangered birds. I have also witnessed the skill, dedication and commitment of both Department of Conservation staff and Chatham Islanders to this cause. I hope that some of the techniques developed could, in future, be used to allow a return to sustainable harvest of some of the less threatened species. This publication highlights the successes of some species recovery programmes, and describes species that require further recovery management. I am very pleased that this book makes this information available to Chatham Islanders and others interested in the birdlife of the islands. Continued understanding and knowledge will ensure that the Chatham Islands community and the Department of Conservation can collaboratively manage the long term survival of our birds for the enjoyment of future generations. CONTENTS Foreword iii Foreword iv Acknowledgements x Scope and format of this book xi Introduction 1 Sites to visit 13 Selected bibliography 13 Oceanic birds 15 Northern royal albatross Diomedea sanfordi 16 Antipodean albatross Diomedea [exulans] antipodensis 18 White-capped mollymawk Thalassarche [cauta] steadi 19 Salvin’s mollymawk Thalassarche salvini 19 Chatham Island mollymawk Thalassarche eremita 20 Indian yellow-nosed mollymawk Thalassarche [chlororhynchos] carteri 22 Pacific mollymawk Thalassarche undescribed sp. 23 Sooty shearwater Puffinus griseus 25 Subantarctic little shearwater Puffinus assimilis elegans 25 Southern diving petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix chathamensis 26 Snares cape pigeon Daption capense australe 26 Northern giant petrel Macronectes halli 27 Fairy prion Pachyptila turtur 28 Chatham Island fulmar prion Pachyptila crassirostris pyramidalis 29 Broad-billed prion Pachyptila vittata 30 Chatham petrel Pterodroma axillaris 31 Black-winged petrel Pterodroma nigripennis 33 Chatham Island taiko Pterodroma magentae 34 Grey-backed storm petrel Oceanites nereis 37 White–faced storm petrel Pelagodroma marina maoriana 38 Coastal birds 39 Chatham Island blue penguin Eudyptula minor chathamensis 40 Chatham Island shag Leucocarbo onslowi 42 Pitt Island shag Stictocarbo featherstoni 44 White-faced heron Ardea novaehollandiae 46 Chatham Island oystercatcher Haematopus chathamensis 47 New Zealand shore plover Thinornis novaeseelandiae 50 Brown skua Catharacta skua lonnbergi 52 Southern black-backed gull Larus dominicanus 53 Red-billed gull Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus 54 White-fronted tern Sterna striata 55 Pacific golden plover Pluvialis fulva 56 Turnstone Arenaria interpres 56 Lesser knot Calidris canutus 57 Eastern bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica baueri 57 Freshwater birds 58 Black shag Phalacrocorax carbo 59 Black swan Cygnus atratus 60 Feral goose Anser anser 61 Grey duck Anas superciliosa 61 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 62 Pukeko Porphyrio melanotus 62 Spotless crake Porzana tabuensis 63 Marsh crake Porzana pusilla 63 Australasian pied stilt Himantopus himantopus leucocephalus 64 Birds of open country 65 Australasian harrier Circus approximans 66 California quail Callipepla californica 66 Buff weka Gallirallus australis hectori 67 Banded dotterel Charadrius bicinctus bicinctus 68 Spur-winged plover Vanellus miles novaehollandiae 69 Welcome swallow Hirundo tahitica neoxena 69 Chatham Island pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae chathamensis 70 Skylark Alauda arvensis 71 Dunnock Prunella modularis 72 Blackbird Turdus merula 72 Song thrush Turdus philomelos 73 Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella 73 Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs 74 Greenfinch Carduelis chloris 74 Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis 75 Redpoll Carduelis flammea 75 House sparrow Passer domesticus 76 Starling Sturnus vulgaris 76 Forest birds 77 Chatham Island snipe Coenocorypha pusilla 78 Parea Hemiphaga chathamensis 80 Forbes’ parakeet Cyanoramphus forbesi 82 Chatham Island red-crowned
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