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Degradation of Cyclohexane and Cyclohexanone by Bacillus Lentus Strain LP32
Vol. 12(47), pp. 6632-6635, 20 November, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJB2013.13137 ISSN 1684-5315 ©2013 Academic Journals African Journal of Biotechnology http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB Full Length Research Paper Degradation of cyclohexane and cyclohexanone by Bacillus lentus strain LP32 Bolanle O. Opere, Oluwafemi S. Obayori* and Adebanji A. Raji Department of Microbiology, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria. Accepted 10 October, 2013 A Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus lentus LP32, originally isolated on the basis of its ability to utilise pyrene as sole source of carbon was found to be able to grow luxuriantly on alicyclic compounds as sole substrates. It showed poor growth on anthracene, naphthalene, 1-naphthol and phenanthrene. Growth rate on cyclohexane was 1.32 d-1, while doubling time was 0.76 d. The corresponding values for growth on cyclohexanone were 0.77 d-1 and 1.29 d, respectively. Within 10 days, the amount of cyclohexane in culture reduced from 317.62 to 102.55 mgl-1, then to 23.04 mgl-1 on day 18. On cyclohexanone, substrate concentration decreased from 287.56 mgl-1 to 101.66 mgl-1 in 10 days before declining to 24.21 mgl-1 on day 18. The rate of degradation when growing on cyclohexane was 23.50 mgl-1d-1 in the first 10 days and 9.93 mgl-1d-1 between day 10 and day 18, with 67.71% degradation in 10 days and overall percentage degradation of 92.43%. On cyclohexanone, the corresponding values were 18.59 and 9.68 mg l-1d-1 as well as 64.65 and 91.58%, respectively. -
Brief Guide to the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry
1 Brief Guide to the Nomenclature of Table 1: Components of the substitutive name Organic Chemistry (4S,5E)-4,6-dichlorohept-5-en-2-one for K.-H. Hellwich (Germany), R. M. Hartshorn (New Zealand), CH3 Cl O A. Yerin (Russia), T. Damhus (Denmark), A. T. Hutton (South 4 2 Africa). E-mail: [email protected] Sponsoring body: Cl 6 CH 5 3 IUPAC Division of Chemical Nomenclature and Structure suffix for principal hept(a) parent (heptane) one Representation. characteristic group en(e) unsaturation ending chloro substituent prefix 1 INTRODUCTION di multiplicative prefix S E stereodescriptors CHEMISTRY The universal adoption of an agreed nomenclature is a key tool for 2 4 5 6 locants ( ) enclosing marks efficient communication in the chemical sciences, in industry and Multiplicative prefixes (Table 2) are used when more than one for regulations associated with import/export or health and safety. fragment of a particular kind is present in a structure. Which kind of REPRESENTATION The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) multiplicative prefix is used depends on the complexity of the provides recommendations on many aspects of nomenclature.1 The APPLIED corresponding fragment – e.g. trichloro, but tris(chloromethyl). basics of organic nomenclature are summarized here, and there are companion documents on the nomenclature of inorganic2 and Table 2: Multiplicative prefixes for simple/complicated entities polymer3 chemistry, with hyperlinks to original documents. An No. Simple Complicated No. Simple Complicated AND overall -
Nomenclature Cyclic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Are Named By
An alicyclic compound is an organic compound that is both aliphatic and cyclic. They contain one or more all-carbon rings which may be either saturated or unsaturated, but do not have aromatic character. Alicyclic compounds may have one or more aliphatic side chains attached. The simplest alicyclic compounds are the 1. monocyclic cycloalkanes: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cyclohepta ne, cyclooctane, and so on. 2. Bicyclic alkanes include bicycloundecane, decalin, and housane. 3. Polycyclic alkanes include cubane, basketane, and tetrahedrane. Spiro compounds have two or more rings that are connected through only one carbon atom. Nomenclature Cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons are named by prefixing cyclo- to the name of the corresponding open-chain hydrocarbon having the same number of carbons as the ring. For example: Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Substituents on the ring- alkyl, groups, halogens- are named and their positions indicated by numbers. Chlorocyclopropane 1,1- Dimethylyclopentane 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane CH3 CH3 Cl H3C CH3 In simple cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes the double and triply bonded carbons are considered to occupy positions 1 and 2. For example: 3-Ethylcyclopentene 1,3-Cyclohexadiene H3C For convenience, aliphatic rings are often represented by simple geometric figures: a triangle for cyclopropane, a square for cyclobutane, a pentagon for cyclopentane, a hexagon for cyclohexane and so on. It is understood that two hydrogens are located at each corner of the figure unless some other group is indicated. For example H3C cyclopentane 3-Ethylcyclopentene 1,3-Cyclopentadiene CH3 CH3 Cl CH Cyclohexane 3 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane 2- Chloro-1-methylcyclohexane As usual alcohols are given the ending –ol, which takes priority over –ene and appears last in the name. -
Aldehydes and Ketones (Pp. 916-920)
Aldehydes and Ketones Klein, D. (2012). Aldehydes and Ketones. En Organic Chemistry (pp. 916-920). USA: Wiley. Espacio de Formación Multimodal 20.2 Nomenclature 917 916 CHAPTER 20 Aldehydes and Ketones 20.2 Nomenclature DO YOU REMEMBER? Before you go on, be sure you understand the following topics. If necessary, review the suggested sections Nomenclature of Aldehydes to prepare for this chapter: Recall that four discrete steps are required to name most classes of organic compounds (as we UÊ À}>À`ÊÀi>}iÌÃÊ-iVÌʣΰȮÊÊ UÊ ,iÌÀÃÞÌ iÌVÊ>>ÞÃÃÊ-iVÌÊ£Ó°x® saw with alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and alcohols): UÊ "Ý`>ÌÊvÊ>V ÃÊ-iVÌʣΰ£ä® 1. Identify and name the parent. 6ÃÌÊÜÜܰÜiÞ«ÕðVÊÌÊV iVÊÞÕÀÊÕ`iÀÃÌ>`}Ê>`ÊvÀÊÛ>Õ>LiÊ«À>VÌVi° Ê 2. Identify and name the substituents. 3. Assign a locant to each substituent. 4. Assemble the substituents alphabetically. Aldehydes are also named using the same four-step procedure. When applying this procedure 20.1 Introduction to Aldehydes and Ketones for naming aldehydes, the following guidelines should be followed: When naming the parent, the suffix “-al” indicates the presence of an aldehyde group: Aldehydes (RCHO) and ketones (R2CO) are similar in structure in that both classes of com- pounds possess a CO bond, called a carbonyl group: O Carbonyl Group H Butane Butanal O O When choosing the parent of an aldehyde, identify the longest chain that includes the carbon RH RR atom of the aldehydic group: An aldehyde A ketone The parent The carbonyl group of an aldehyde is flanked by a hydrogen atom, while the carbonyl group of must include HO a ketone is flanked by two carbon atoms. -
Tamilnadu SSLC Science Lesson 11 – One Marks
www.usefuldesk.com Tamilnadu SSLC Science Lesson 11 – One Marks Choose the correct answer: 1. The molecular formula of an open chain organic compound is C3H6. The class of the compound is Alkane Alkene Alkyne Alcohol 2. The IUPAC name of an organic compound is 3 – Methyl butan – 1 – ol. What type compound it is? Aldehyde Carboxylic acid Ketone Alcohol 3. The secondary suffix used in IUPAC nomenclature of an aldehyde is -ol oic acid -al -one 4. Which of the following pairs can be the successive members of a homologous series? C3H8 and C4H10 C2H2 and C2H4 CH4 and C3H6 C2H5OH and C4H8OH 5. C2H5OH + 3O2 -> 2CO2 + 3H2O is a Reduction of ethanol Combustion of ethanol Oxidation of ethanoic acid Oxidation of ethanol 6. Rectified spirit is an aqueous solution which contains about _________ of ethanol. 95.5 % Website: www.usefuldesk.comFacebook: www.facebook.com/usefuldeskE-mail: [email protected] www.usefuldesk.com 75.5 % 55.5 % 45.5 % 7. Which of the following are used as anaesthetics? Carboxylic acids Ethers Esters Aldehydes 8. TFM in soap represents _______ content in soap. Mineral Vitamin Fatty acid Carbohydrate 9. Which of the following statements is wrong about detergents? It is a sodium salt of long chain fatty acids. It is sodium salts of sulphonic acids The ionic part in a detergent is –SO3 –Na+ It is effective even in hard water. Fill in the blanks: 1. An atom or a group of atoms which is responsible for chemical characteristics of an organic compound is called _______ Functional group 2. The general molecular formula of alkynes is ______ CnH2n-2 3. -
Soln-2212-PT3-S20-Ch-16-18.Pdf
1. 2. H2SO4 H2SO4 H2SO41) BH3, THF 1) BH3, THF 1) BH3, THF - - - 2) OH , H2O2, H2O2) OH , H2O2, H2O 2) OH , H2O2, H2O OH OH OH 3. OH OH OH H2SO4 1) BH3, THF - 2) OH , H2O2, H2O OH PBr3 PBr3 PBr3 Pyridine Pyridine Pyridine OH PBr3 Pyridine O O O Mg Mg Mg HO HO HO1) 1) 1) Ether Ether Ether 2) HCl 2) HCl 2) HCl Br Br Br MgBr MgBr MgBr O Mg HO 1) Ether 2) HCl Br 4. MgBr **This reaction reduces an aldehyde to a primary alcohol and a ketone to a secondary alcohol. Since only one EQ of reagent is given the most reactive functional group will be reduced (in this case the aldehyde) **ketones are less reactive than aldehydes and the more steric hindrance surrounding the ketone the less reactive it is. Note: NaBH4 reduces ketones but is too weak to reduce an ester/double/triple bonds 5. ** With these reagents a tertiary amide will be reduced to a tertiary amine, a secondary amide will be reduced to a secondary amine, and a primary amide will be reduced to a primary amine 6. ** Recall from chapter 7, OChem 1 H2 and Lindlars catalyst always reduces an alkyne to a CIS ALKENE ** Li/Na and liquid NH3 always reduces an alkyne to a TRANS ALKENE 7. **A ketone/aldehyde reacts with primary amines in trace acid to produce an imine, and reacts with a secondary amine in trace acid to produce an enamine (double bond forms between the alpha and beta carbons) **Sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) is used to reduce imines/enamines back to their respective secondary/tertiary amines 8. -
Facts on File DICTIONARY of CHEMISTRY
The Facts On File DICTIONARY of CHEMISTRY The Facts On File DICTIONARY of CHEMISTRY Fourth Edition Edited by John Daintith The Facts On File Dictionary of Chemistry Fourth Edition Copyright © 2005, 1999 by Market House Books Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 For Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, please contact Facts On File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-5649-8 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Compiled and typeset by Market House Books Ltd, Aylesbury, UK Printed in the United States of America MP PKG 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. PREFACE This dictionary is one of a series designed for use in schools. It is intended for stu- dents of chemistry, but we hope that it will also be helpful to other science students and to anyone interested in science. Facts On File also publishes dictionaries in a variety of disciplines, including biology, physics, mathematics, forensic science, weather and climate, marine science, and space and astronomy. -
Nomenclature of Steroids
Pure&App/. Chern.,Vol. 61, No. 10, pp. 1783-1822,1989. Printed in Great Britain. @ 1989 IUPAC INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY and INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY JOINT COMMISSION ON BIOCHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE* NOMENCLATURE OF STEROIDS (Recommendations 1989) Prepared for publication by G. P. MOSS Queen Mary College, Mile End Road, London El 4NS, UK *Membership of the Commission (JCBN) during 1987-89 is as follows: Chairman: J. F. G. Vliegenthart (Netherlands); Secretary: A. Cornish-Bowden (UK); Members: J. R. Bull (RSA); M. A. Chester (Sweden); C. LiCbecq (Belgium, representing the IUB Committee of Editors of Biochemical Journals); J. Reedijk (Netherlands); P. Venetianer (Hungary); Associate Members: G. P. Moss (UK); J. C. Rigg (Netherlands). Additional contributors to the formulation of these recommendations: Nomenclature Committee of ZUB(NC-ZUB) (those additional to JCBN): H. Bielka (GDR); C. R. Cantor (USA); H. B. F. Dixon (UK); P. Karlson (FRG); K. L. Loening (USA); W. Saenger (FRG); N. Sharon (Israel); E. J. van Lenten (USA); S. F. Velick (USA); E. C. Webb (Australia). Membership of Expert Panel: P. Karlson (FRG, Convener); J. R. Bull (RSA); K. Engel (FRG); J. Fried (USA); H. W. Kircher (USA); K. L. Loening (USA); G. P. Moss (UK); G. Popjiik (USA); M. R. Uskokovic (USA). Correspondence on these recommendations should be addressed to Dr. G. P. Moss at the above address or to any member of the Commission. Republication of this report is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgement, with full reference together with IUPAC copyright symbol (01989 IUPAC), is printed. -
Naming Organic Chemicals Naming Organic Chemicals
B11CC3B17CA Naming Organic Chemicals B17CA Naming Organic Chemicals Naming Alkenes Alkenes are named in the same way that alkanes are named except that you use -ene as the stem ending. A comprehensive set of nomenclature rules has been devised by the International Union of Pure and The parent chain for the name is the longest chain containing the alkene group. Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). This sheet explains basic chemical nomenclature. Use a locant to indicate the position of the alkene and number from the end of the chain that gives the lowest value to this locant. Naming Alkanes 5 8 Straight chain alkanes are named with a stem to indicate the number of carbons in the chain followed CH2CH2CH2CH3 by the ending -ane. 1 ALKANE CH3CH2CH2CHCH3 4-methyloctane 4 methane CH4 hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 ethane CH3CH3 heptane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 5 3 2 8 propane CH CH CH octane CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 CH2CH CHCH3 butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 nonane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 8 pentane CH CH CH CH CH decane CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH ALKENE CH3CH2CH2CHCH3 5-methyloct-2-ene 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 For branched alkanes choose the longest chain as the parent chain for the name and include the side locant indicates position of double bond chains as substituent prefixes: methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl- etc. stem ending -ene 5 8 Notice that the locant indicating the position of the double bond is located BEFORE the ending 1 CH2CH2CH2CH3 4-methyloctane ‘-ene’. -
Advantages of Nodal Numbering for Uniquely Identifying Atoms in Chemical Nomenclature Alan L
CROATICA CHEMICA ACTA CCACAA 59 (3) 547-563 (198G)1 YU ISSN 0011-1643 CCA-1668 UDC 541 Original Scientific Paper Advantages of Nodal Numbering for Uniquely Identifying Atoms in Chemical Nomenclature Alan L. Goodson 1060 Woodmere Road, CoLumbus, Ohio 43220, U.S.A. and Noel Lozac'h Institut des Sciences de la Matiere et du Rayonnement, Universite de Caen, 14032 Caen Cedex, France Received September 2, 1985 There are situations in chemical nomenclature where duplica- tion of locants creates difficulties (a) in describing modifications to chemical structures, (b) in describing stereochemistry, (c) in identifying isotopically-labeled atoms, and (d) in uniquely iden- tifying atoms for crystallography, Nodal nomenclature is shown to avoid these problems and to simplify such descriptions. INTRODUCTION The first concerted international agreements on chemical nornenclature- were made in Geneva in 18921. From these agreements has aris en the Inter- national Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), as we know it today. IUPAC has, in general, »confined its efforts to codifying sound practices. which already existed-". IUPAC has published a set of internationally-agreed rules of organic chemistry", However, more than one sound practice is some- times described (e. g., for naming organic compounds containing phosphorus,. arsenic, antimony or bismuth) without any indication of which practice is preferred. For practical reasons, indexers of chemical literature, such as Chemical Abstracts Service and Beilstein, must be more selective, i. e. more systematic, than IUP AC and must even develop their own rules when IUP AC rules are vague or non-existent. The rules published by IUP AC include the powerful and commonly-used technique of substitutive nomenclature. -
Organic Chemistry Third Edition
Organic Chemistry Third Edition David Klein Chapter 19 Aldehydes and Ketones Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Klein, Organic Chemistry 3e 19.1 Ketones And Aldehydes • Both functionAl groups possess the cArbonyl group • ImportAnt in both biology And industry Simplest aldehyde Simplest ketone used as a used mainly as preservative a solvent Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 19-2 Klein, Organic Chemistry 3e 19.1 Ketones And Aldehydes Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 19-3 Klein, Organic Chemistry 3e 19.2 NomenclAture • Four discrete steps to nAming An Aldehyde or ketone • SAme procedure As with AlkAnes, Alcohols, etc… 1. Identify and name the parent chain 2. Identify the nAme of the substituents (side groups) 3. Assign A locant (number) to eAch substituents 4. Assemble the nAme AlphAbeticAlly Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 19-4 Klein, Organic Chemistry 3e 19.2 NomenclAture 1. Identify and name the parent chain – For Aldehydes, replAce the “-e” ending with An “-al” – the parent chain must include the cArbonyl cArbon Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 19-5 Klein, Organic Chemistry 3e 19.2 NomenclAture 1. Identify and name the parent chain – The Aldehydic cArbon is Assigned number 1: Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 19-6 Klein, Organic Chemistry 3e 19.2 NomenclAture 1. Identify and name the parent chain – For ketones, replAce the “-e” ending with an “-one” – The pArent chAin must include the C=O group – the C=O cArbon is given the lowest #, And can be expressed before the pArent nAme or before the suffix Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. -
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,349,232 MANUFACTURE of ALICYCLC COMPOUNDS Lloydi M
Patented May 16, 1944 2,349,232 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,349,232 MANUFACTURE OF ALICYCLC COMPOUNDS Lloydi M. Joshe, Hyattsville, Md., assignor to the United States of America as represented by Claude R. Wickard, Secretary of Agricult2 re, and his successors in office No Drawing. Applieation October 16, 194A, Seria No. 4:5,263 4. Caians. (CA. 260-666) (Granted under the act of March 3, 1883, as amended April 30, 1928; 3 (0. (G. 57) This application is made under the act of and that greater yields may be obtained with March 3, 1883, as amended by the act of April other compounds at higher temperatures. The 30, 1928, and the invention herein described, if temperature used, however, in any case should patented, may be manufactured and used by or not be so high as to have a destructive effect upon for the Government of the United States of the final product being formed. The pressures America, for governmental purposes Without the used also depend a great deal upon the character payment to me of any royalty thereon. of the diene being used, as well as the vessel in This invention relates to a news process for which the reaction is carried out. Generally, manufacturing organic compounds of the ali there is not a critical upper limit with respect to cyclic class. 0 pressure and, ordinarily, pressures above about In general, the process comprises reacting 1,000 pounds per Square inch at room tempera ethylene with a conjugated diene, also known as ture can be used to obtain satisfactory results.