Historical Survey of the Non European Army Services Outside of the Union of South Africa (Part Ii)

Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 24, Nr 2, 1994. http://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE NON EUROPEAN ARMY SERVICES OUTSIDE OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA (PART II)

edited by Noelle Cowling Documentation Service, SANDF

The writer of this manuscript, Captain J C Knoetze, served as Deputy Assistant Adjudant General NEAS at the UDF Administrative Headquarters in the Central Mediterranean theatre of operations. During this period he was commissioned to compile this history of the NEAS for the Union War Histories Committee. It was dated in Rome on 15 August 1945.

INTRODUCTION cooks established an enviable reputation during the war. In the South African Air Force The personnel of the Non European Army particularly, the skill of NMC cooks was legen- Services (NEAS)' were employed in various dary. It is interesting to note that most African skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled posts cooks in this service occupied the posts of throughout the Second World War. In these master cooks which were actually intended for musterings they delivered outstanding service Whites only. as motor transport drivers, security guards and artisans. The efforts of the NEAS volunteers in Notwithstanding all of the above, this paper is the medical field were also indispensable to the not actually concerned with the services pro- Union Defence Force. Aside from the Medical vided by the NEAS to the UDF but rather the Corps' total reliance on the I\lEAS to provide other way around, in as much as it examines stretcher bearers, the Native Military Corps the social and economic circumstances in was the source of many nursing orderlies and which the NEAS soldier found himself. hygiene workers. In the rather more pleasant sphere of culinary exploits, namely the mess, the Native Military Corps and Cape Corps SERVICE CONDITIONS AND PROMOTIONAL PROSPECTS

The standard tour of duty for all UDF volunteers was three years, however, in the case of the NEAS many considered this period to be too long due to the following reasons:

a. NMC and CC soldiers often experienced difficulty in maintaining a regular and comprehensive correspondence on their domestic and business affairs.

b. The colour bar policy which was obser- ved throughout by UDF troops outside the Union, officially barred Africans from social contact with White women as well as the women of Egypt, Palestine and An NMC Chef instructs new recruits in the art of Syria. This meant that for their entire carving. NEAS chefs enjoyed an enviable three years service they were entirely di- reputation in the Union Defence Forces. vorced from women's company (officially

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anyway). This was of course an unnatu- A certain amount of difficulty was also experi- ral situation. enced by NEAS officers with the elimination of unsuitable NCOs who had been promoted to This prolonged separation of three years often the temporary rank without adequate trial dur- meant a deterioration in a soldier's domestic ing the early days of the war. This was, how- affairs witnessed for example by desertion by ever, accepted as an inevitable result of rapid wives, the birth of illegitimate children and the mobilisation and lack of experienced NCOs, as neglect of grain fields and stock. A consequent in the case of ACF units, and did not cause decline in morality and the resultant deteriora- undue concern. A common mistake initially tion of morale and efficiency was often the re- made with Native Military Corps promotions sult. was the promotion of men merely because they were literate. This created a fair number As far as the promotional prospects of the of "problem children", as such enlisted men, Black and Coloured soldier are concerned, though usually good types, often lacked the re- they were governed by the same rules as spect of the troops. Illiterate Black NCOs of those applicable to Whites in the UDF. Any personality and integrity proved more useful, detail who satisfactorily filled an NCOs post especially when it came to the disciplining and qualified for promotion to corresponding tempo- handling the troops, than their clerical counter- rary (ie paid) NCO rank. Generally this was a parts. Some men, of course, combined literacy satisfactory system although the periodic with personality and they naturally made the banns on promotion of NCOs operated unfairly best leaders. due to their effect on the promotional prospects of Black and Coloured servicemen. This was Pay and Allowances because the banns were imposed to absorb the redundant White NCOs made available by The following tables do not include details of the disbandment of certain "European units". additional allowances which were sometimes Fortunately, however, the NEAS was an ever granted for the execution of certain duties, increasing corps and usually suffered from a such as Extra Duty pay, Rations allowance or shortage and not a surplus of NCOs. However Trade allowance. The standard rates of Pay this also, meant that for long periods inad- and Allowances for Cape Corps and Native equate NCO control was available, which was Military Corps appear below respectively: not in the best interests of discipline and tended to dissatisfy the incumbents of NCO posts. Table 1: Cape Corps-Basic pay per day2

Rank s. d.

Private (on attestation) 2 6

Private 3 0 (after six months satisfactory service)

Lance/Corporal 3 6

Corporal 4 0

Sergeant 4 9 "'II Z!jla-~'''~""""jl\ritPji1~if!%J]U¥L~4*, V\':JL'7:.:1••'.>ll;Y;R:h1Y$8>J Successful students on the first NMC staff I Staff/Sergeant 5 3 sergeants course parade before Lt-Gen Len Beyers. The course was held at the NMC I Warrant Officer Class II 6 6 School in Rietfontein, Springs during June 1943. I Warrant Officer Class I 7 6

A list of al::breviate::lterns aj:p3arSat the tack of the article. Married and Dependants Allowances : Arrarrie::l allOtJanceat the rate of 3/6 per day was paid to IllE!llb2rsofthe Caj:eCorps, if the IllE!llb2rwasrrarrie::lwith no children. Equal or lesser arrounts (at the discretion of the secretary for Defence) could in certain circumstances also Ce claiIrecl by a IllE!llb2rin respect of repute::l wife and her illegitinBte child provide::l it was prove::lthat they were dependant on the IllE!llb2r. Native Military Corps personnel were not paid a rrarriage allOtJance rut either with or without dependants as indicate::lin the table.

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Table 2: Native Military Corps-Basic Rates of Pay per Day 3

Rank With Dependants Without Dependants

s. d. s. d.

Private (on att.) 2 3 1 6

Private (after 6 months satisfactory service) 2 6 1 9

Lance/Coporal 3 3 2 6

Corporal 3 6 2 9

Sergeant 4 0 3 3

Staff/Sergeant 4 3 3 6

Note: NMC Soldiers could not rise above the rank of Staff Sergeant therefore rates of pay for Warrant Officers are not shown.

In comparison with the average renumeration ion. With the gradual improvement in these earned by Blacks in civilian employment, the areas of shortfall, the discipline in the armed UDF rates of pay were reasonable but whether forces improved. they were adequate is a very difficult question to answer. To the man in the field these rates With specific reference to the NEAS it was of pay and allowances gave general satisfac- found that the incidence of criminality was nei- tion but it is questionable whether the allow- ther unbearably high nor appreciably low. For- ances were adequate to maintain a reasonable tunately the level of serious or violent crime standard of living at home. There were always was almost non-existent. The crime statistics cases of hardship but in genuine cases de- in the NEAS compared favourably with those of pendants could usually obtain relief from the the other UDF services. The NEAS was also Governor-General's Fund when Army pay and able to record a substantially improved service allowances proved inadequate. by the time the war was drawing to a close. The standard of discipline and training in the The wartime system of according extra NEAS had improved dramatically as the war renumeration only to certain musterings in the developed. During the Italian campaign cases Corps, such as blacksmiths and clerks was un- of offenses and indiscipline had declined to fair. Cooks and drivers were employed in posi- 25% of the Western Desert figure. These de- tions in which the exacting nature of their work velopments were attributed to the following fac- was very important. The policy of issuing extra tors: pay only to those personnel in dangerous occu- pations was also unfair as monetary recogni- a. As the war progressed it had become tion could never be regarded as adequate com- practice to delegate the training and dis- pensation for loss at risk of life or limb. ciplining of CC and NMC members to the increasing number of non-white NCOs. DISCIPLINE IN THE NEAS b. Improved and effective methods of ad- The maintenance of military discipline outside ministration (for example: attachment of of the Union was an onerous task. To be suc- NEAS Admininistration and Welfare Of- cessful it required the whole-hearted co-opera- ficers and NCOs to SAAF Squadrons). tion of every member of the Union Defence Forces, which was not always easy to obtain. c. The development of unit pride and "es- This position was aggravated by the indiscrimi- prit de corps" by means of drill parades nate inclusion of bad characters among rein- and the arrangement of sporting con- forcements arriving from the Union, the inad- tests with other units. equacy of administrative and training staff and holding facilities at the NEAS Depot, and the Despite these developments, discrimination in difficulty in getting recidivists back to the Un- UDF circles against NEAS personnel remained

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rife. The powers of command of Whites vis-a-vis non-whites in the UDF was clearly defined in Procla- mation 15 of 1942 which read:

"Notwithstanding anything in law contained with re- gard to the relation be- tween European and Non- European personnel in the Union Defence Forces: a. Non-European non- commissioned officers shall hold the rank as such within the Non- European Army Serv- ices only and shall not exercise and com- An officer and some of his staff at an NEAS base camp in Egypt mand or have author- receive a visit from P. V.G. van der Byl, the Union's ity over European Minister of Native Affairs. members of the Forces. b. European personnel will exercise com- "The effect of the proclamation is that while the mand over members of the Non-European NEAS soldiers at no time take command over Army Services by virtue of superior rank European troops, the latter command Non-Eu- or having been placed in command of ropeans of higher rank only when specifically such Non-European personnel provid~d placed in authority or in special circumstances that in the event qf an emergency the set out. European troops should be instructed senior European non-commissioned of- to avoid difficulties by refraining from unneces- ficer or private present, shall be deemed sary ordering about of Non-Europeans of to have been placed in command of the higher rank. Non-European personnel, irrespective of rank. "As has been indicated, the successful employment of Non-Europeans is vital to a maximum effort by the Union of South Africa. The best results are obtain- able from the Non-Europe- ans only if their sacrifice and wish to serve are recognised and if they are treated as soldiers. This does not con- done pandering and inter- mingling socially. It does, however, demand justice under all conditions, a sharing of whatever alleviation of hardship and abstention from manhandling, swearing at and addressing Non-Euro- peans in a non-military man- ner.

"Non-Europeans are particularly sensitive on these mat- The UOF encouraged personnel to particpate in sport as a means of ters and even where good- alleviating boredom and maintaining physical fitness. Here an NCO humoured swearing takes urges his men on during a tug-of-war contest.

Militaria 24/2 1994 33 Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 24, Nr 2, 1994. http://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za place among European troops the unit OCs should urge the latter to refrain from similar conduct towards Non-Euro- peans. Such behaviour will either be regarded by an Non-European as famili- arity and reciprocated or as derogatory to their status and resented."

Leave, Welfare and Entertainment

The powers that be in the UDF were of the firm opinion that both physical and mental recreation should be adequately catered for to ensure contentment and An NEAS entertainment group rehearses before a efficiency amongst the rank and file. In performance. A line of troops is clearly visible in the the Native Military Corps and the Cape background. Troops would often que for hours so as to be Corps this was provided in the form of sure of getting seat. organised sport, music and singing as a well as rest and recuperation leave and lectures of educational, historical or Biblical in- "Africa Stars", "South Easters" and "Jabulani" terest. concert parties had concluded a highly successful tour of Italy. Number 3 Cape Corps Soccer was the most popular outdoor sport in band also added to the entertainment of sol- the Native Military Corps and the Cape Corps, diers. Although it was primarily a regimental where servicemen played every day if the fa- band and was later attached to the NEAS at cilities were available irrespective of the Depot Garawi, it had a fine repertoire of music weather conditions. Indoor recreation was and was always very popular. Although these stimulated by the provision of dart boards, various entertainment groups were actually in- drafts (very popular in the NMC), music, illus- tended for the entertainment of NEAS service- trated periodicals and books in the vernacular. men, white members of the UDF and other Al- The provision of these facilities as well as can- lied servicemen were never excluded from at- teens proved highly successful in the mainte- tending the shows. The groups consequently nance of health and morale. It kept busy those acquired widespread popularity. who would otherwise have been idle during the leisure hours or the long periods in transit which are so often experienced in the army.

Concert parties con- sisting of Black and Coloured personnel were introduced with much success into the NEAS. It took a long time to obtain the necessary authority for the formation of the parties, but in the end four Concert Par- ties were established. A system of inter- change was then arranged so that two of The UOFI established clubs and canteens outside of the Union where the parties would al- personnel could spend their Rest and Recuperation leave. In South Africa ways be in the Middle troops in transit were served refreshments during long journeys. This East and two in the hospitality was made possible through the effort of organisations like the Union. When the war SA WAS and the Troops Goodwill Club. ended in Europe the

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Cinema shows also proved very popular with of "Springbok") from matrices compiled in the the troops. To ensure a seat they would some- Union and flown to the Middle East. Ndhlovu/ times take up a position hours before the show Tlou was distributed to Black soldiers in the was due to start. The bulk of this type of enter- Desert and Italy on the basis of one copy to tainment was put on by the UDFI mobile cin- every four details, through the circulation emas which were open to all races. Although branch of the "Springbok" Forces newspapers. Black and Coloured soldiers were not usually This arrangement proved satisfactory. The pa- barred from ENSA Garrison4 Cinemas or simi- per which consisted of four pages, was com- lar establishments in towns and cities they felt prised mostly of home news (always sought ostracized because they were indirectly re- after by the troops) but also contained war stricted or discouraged.

Separate Leave camps for NEAS servicemen were initially established during the East African campaign when the UDF set up a camp at Mombasa in 1941. The first properly organised leave centre for Black and Col- oured UDF personnel, however, did not come into ex- istence until the establish- ment of an NEAS Leave and Transit camp at Amiriya in the Western Desert in 1942. Other camps in the Middle East were later set up at Amgami Beach, Lake Tim- sah, Algiers and Jersusa- lem. Compared with the camps which were later established in Italy, the earlier camps were inadequate rest centres but even then they proved popular, as almost anything was a welcome break from the monotonous NMC servicemen in Cairo reading copies of "Ndlovu- Tlou". The life of the desert proper newspaper was printed monthly along with "Springbok" in the where the forward units Egyptian capital. were operating. As the difficulties of inadequate staff, vehicles and equip- commentaries and other items of international ment were overcome the camps were made interest. This weekly paper was a very wel- more attractive and consequently gained in come addition to the functions of the NMC wel- popularity. Rest and Recuperation centres in fare services and always proved very popular Rome, Venice and Florence were all situated in with the men. No special paper was published villas where the UFDI provided meals and teas for the Cape Corps servicemen as they were free of charge. The UDF rest camps were adequately catered for in the "Springbok" carefully selected so as to afford access to newspaper, which was supplied to them on the places of historical interest and other attrac- same basis as to Whites that is one copy to tions in the area to which conducted tours were every four details. regularly arranged. An interesting innovation in NEAS welfare cir- COMMUNICA TION MEDIUMS cles was the NMC broadcast service from the SA Forces Radio Station in Rome. The service The introduction of the NMC newspaper was inaugurated in March 1945 and continued NdhlovulTlou towards the end of 1942, sup- until the closing up of the Studio in August plied a long felt need. The paper was printed 1945. Broadcasts consisted of an excellent in Cairo (under the management of the editor newsletter compiled weekly at General Head-

The ENSA constitutEd the fOrrTBtionresp:nsible for the entertairrrent of the British Forces.

Militaria 24/2 1994 35 Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 24, Nr 2, 1994. http://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za quarters in Pretoria and signalled to Rome, separately when the work of the Corps or Unit plus a commentary on war items of local and in which they were serving was praised. How- home news prepared by the DAAG/NEAS in ever, if the public of South Africa (and even the Rome. The programmes were further aug- UDF generally) had realised how the various mented by music from a good library of Bantu units were constituted, the special mention of musical records, as well as periodical "live" the NEAS contribution to the success of such broadcasts by visiting artists in NEAS bands formations would not have been necessary. It and Concert Parties. The service was given is precisely because such organisational struc- from 18h15 to 18h45 on Tuesdays, Wednes- ture was not generally known that it was con- days and Saturdays. The Wednesday broad- sidered that NEAS effort justified more specific cast was a purely musical interlude of request publicity. records, while broadcasts of the other two days comprised the mixed programmes as men- NEAS PRISONERS OF WAR tioned above. The broadcasts were given in Zulu, Sesotho and Xhosa (on alternative days) Approximately four thousand Black and Col- by Black soldiers. At the beginning various oured servicemen were taken prisoner during details assisted with the broadcasts, but from the Middle East Campaign. They were mostly the middle of August 1945 the broadcasts were NMC members who were captured along with run by Private Ebenezer Pangwa who had the rest of the 2nd SA Division at the fall of been a school teacher before his enlistment Tob(uk. The balance consisted of two compa- and was employed as a medical nursing or- nies of 107 Indian and Malay Corps Motor derly before assuming this new job. Private Transport and smaller numbers of Cape Corps Pangwa was a good and spirited radio com- and NMC soldiers who had been captured mentator who really loved his job. His broad- around Mersah Metruh during the general re- casts proved very popular and were enthusias- treat from Tobruk to Alamein. There were also tically received by NMC members in units Cape Corps and NMC personnel who had been throughout Italy. captured when the 5th SA Brigade was so badly battered during the epic battle against Although a certain amount of publicity was Rommel's tanks at Sidi Rezegh in November given to the activities of the NEAS during the 1941. war, more could have been done to publicise the formation's contribution to the war effort. Unlike their White compatriots who were des- Because of the unspectacular nature of their patched to Europe (mostly Italy) soon after duties, NMC and Cape Corps troops were capture, Black servicemen were held back in doomed to be relegated to the background by Africa and employed on the docks, in hospitals the press which has always concerned itself so and in other work at Tobruk, Derna, Benghazi, largely with the sensational aspects of warfare. Tripoli and other such places. They were It is, of course, questionable whether Blacks mostly employed in labouring duties and had to and Coloureds should have been mentioned work very long hours. In return, especially for those who remained in Tobruk, these POWs received very little food and even less water.

The Axis forces held the prisoners in wire cages in the dock areas where they were regularly subjected to the bombing of the Allied Air Forces which kept up a relentless attack on Tobruk. During such raids men were inevitably killed and yet the attacks were welcomed because they meant ultimate liberation. The strikes also enabled many men to escape as the sentries took cover and relented their vigil during the raids.

Those who escaped and undertook the 500 mile journey to Allied lines (then at Alamein) had some amazing adventures. The following stories are typical of the exploits of NMC who escaped and made their way to the Delta: Most NEAS troops were prolific letter writers. Unlike most soldiers they apparently prefered Two NMC details - Privates Hermanus Chaka writing letters to receiving them. and Sprinkaan Masamudi were compelled to

36 Militaria 24/2 1994 Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 24, Nr 2, 1994. http://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za work for the enemy in Tobruk for no pay and very little food and water. Not only did they receive no pay, but the Italians took money from them and also their good clothing and boots, replacing them with old and worn articles. Fortu- nately one of them was able to hide £2 in his clothing, which was to become of great use later. One night, while Allied aeroplanes were bombing the enemy at Tobruk and the Italians who were guarding the Prisoners of War had hidden them- selves in holes in the ground, these two men crept out of the fence and went south into the desert. Later they turned eastwards towards the Nile and walked for nearly a month across the hot sands of the Sa- The presentation of the Military Medal to three NEAS hara. If the enemy was near at soldiers. Private Springkaan Masemula is pictured on the hand they would lie all day under a right in the process of accepting his medal. small scrub until their skin was burnt. At nightfall they would get up and walk until the sun arose. When their sufficient in broken down lorries, and else- feet swelled they would take off their boots but where where troops had been, to keep life go- they continued walking until the swelling went ing. Soon after they had reached the UDF down. lines both servicemen were awarded the Mili- tary Medal. Such epic marches by escaped Black soldiers were quite frequent after that.

Another amazing story concerns Corporal Job Maseko who also gained the Military Medal through his exploits while a POW. Corporal Maseko was captured with the 2nd SA Division and held prisoner at Tobruk. During his en- forced stay he collected sufficient cordite from rifle cartridges found in the desert sand to fill a jam tin. When he and other Black prisoners were put to work on an enemy ship anchored in Tobruk harbour, he placed the jam tin near a number of drums of petrol. Having worked on the mines Corporal Maseko was able to make a fuse and just before they went ashore he lit the fuse. The ship blew up and sank.

Private Hermanus Chaka, MM. Corporal Maseko also stole an enemy wireless set. This he set up in an empty cellar. The The escapees met a few Arabs in the desert, guards were afraid to venture into the cellar as most of whom were very helpful when they unit contained an unexploded bomb. He tuned derstood that the men were "English". One into Cairo, disproving German statements that Arab, however, who was carrying an Italian gun the British had been driven out of North Africa. charged them £1 for two bottles of water. He He and several other Native Military Corps also gave them the wrong directions. Fortu- prisoners later escaped and after ten days in nately the fact that he had carried an Italian the desert were rescued by two UDF officers. gun and asked so much for so little water had made them suspicious and they took no notice In November 1943 about 1 200 NMC and Cape of his advice. On one occasion Privates Chaka Corps members were released after the Allies and Masamudi walked for two days and two had recaptured Tobruk. The remainder of the nights without any food at all and practically no Black paws had been moved further along the water. Generally they were able to find just African cost or to Italy (small numbers including

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sick and wounded were later released at Derna, Benghazi, Tripoli and Bizerta). in Italy they were originally held in the south near Brindisi, later at Solerno and then moved to Capua. After that they went to northern Italy and eventu- ally landed up at Beauvais in France after having travelled through Germany. At Beau- vais the POWs were again di- vided up and the bulk of them were taken to work at aerodromes and perform duties in southern France.

With the Allied invasion of France about 800 Native Mili- Members of the NEAS marching through the streets of Durban tary Corps and Cape Corps during a special retreat ceremony. POWs were liberated. These men were sent to Naples from where they re- "You have served your country loyally, en- turned to the Union. Most of the remaining thusiastically and with great distinction dur- NEAS POWs were released with the collapse ing the grim struggle which had just ended of the Axis Forces in Europe. They were so victoriously. evacuated to South Africa via England where a reception depot had been set up for them. At one time there were more than 120 000 Non-Europeans serving in or with the Union To be taken prisoner during wartime is never a Defence Forces. What a mighty contribu- happy experience. However the Black POWs tion that was. We European soldiers, air- liberated in North Africa and Europe had been men and sailors feel and know the great through the worst treatment imaginable. They achievements of South Africa's fighting were forced to stand outside at aerodromes forces, on the land, in the air and on the during Allied raids, to dig up unexploded seas, would never have been possible with- bombs, they suffered hunger, thirst and cold. out your staunch and unwavering services. There were even some instances where men were shot in cold blood. So together we share for all time the honour and the glory of this sometimes hard, CONCLUSION sometimes harsh, but always lovable old country of ours - South Africa." The policy of employing Blacks and Coloureds in the Union Defence Forces was often criti- From the Acting Prime Minister Mr J.H. cised, which was not surprising given South Ho fmeyer. Africans' peculiar approach to racial matters. "Now that we are in the fortunate position The founders of the NEAS had to overcome of being able to celebrate victory as far as many political obstacles before the service the war in Europe is concerned, I would like could proceed with its work unhindered. Hav- to express the Government's very sincere ing achieved this, the employment of Black and appreciation of the great contribution made Coloured soldiers in the UDF proved to be by our Non-European troops to that victory. most successful. By their discipline, efficiency and courage Volunteers for the Native Military Corps and they have won golden opinions for them- Cape Corps came forward in large numbers to selves and helped to bring honour to the serve their country at a time when the UDF name of South Africa. was desperate for manpower. Appreciation of their services was expressed in the following I hope that they will set the seal for their message by the Acting Prime Minister and the good records by maintaining their discipline Chief of the General Staff on VE day: and efficiency during the period of demobili- sation which lies ahead. From the CGS Lt Gen Sir Pierre van Ryneveld My best wishes to them all."

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACF Active Citizen Force CC Cape Corps Coy Company DAAG Deputy Adjudant General IMC Indian and Malay Corps MT Motor Transport NCO Non Commissioned Officer NEAS Non European Army Service NMC Native Military Corps SAAF South African Air Force SAWAS South African Womens Auxilliary Services UDF Union Defence Forces UDFI Union Defence Forces Institute

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