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Estructura De La Comunidad De Poriferos En El Arrecife “Los Picos”

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Estructura De La Comunidad De Poriferos En El Arrecife “Los Picos” UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS MARINAS Y PESQUERÍAS MAESTRÍA EN ECOLOGÍA Y PESQUERÍAS ESTRUCTURA DE LA COMUNIDAD DE PORIFEROS EN EL ARRECIFE “LOS PICOS” EN VERACRUZ, MÉXICO. PROYECTO DE TESIS QUE PRESENTA: BIOL. JANNETH ALEJANDRA MARTÍNEZ VARGAS COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL TITULO PROFESIONAL DE: MAESTRA EN ECOLOGÍA Y PESQUERÍAS Director/Tutor de tesis: Dr. Alejandro Granados Barba Asesores: Dr. David Salas Monreal Dr. Leonardo D. Ortiz Lozano BOCA DEL RÍO, VERACRUZ "Lo que sabemos es una gota de agua, lo que ignoramos es el océano" Isaac Newton AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), por el apoyo económico otorgado con la beca de maestría no. 448364, sin la cual nada de esto hubiese sido posible. Al Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías de la Universidad Veracruzana, a sus académicos y administrativos, por haberme recibido como parte de sus alumnos de maestría, por el apoyo, buenos momentos y todas las enseñanzas. Al Programa de Fortalecimiento de la Calidad Educativa (PFCE) por los apoyos otorgados para la realización del trabajo de campo y para la participación en un congreso nacional (IV Congreso sobre los Recursos Acuáticos del Golfo de México y Mar Caribe - 2017). Al Laboratorio de Investigación de Recursos Acuáticos (LIRA) del Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río y todo su personal por facilitarme el acceso para trabajar en sus instalaciones y el uso del equipo para realizar el procesamiento de muestras de granulometría. Al Dr. Alejandro Granados, mi director y asesor, por recibirme en su grupo de trabajo aún sin conocerme. Por su apoyo en el proceso tan cambiante de la tesis que nos recordó una vez más que con la naturaleza nada está escrito. Por todas sus enseñanzas, regaños, consejos e innumerables anécdotas que sin duda hicieron de este tiempo una experiencia muy agradable llena de risas. A los miembros de mi comité tutoral Dres. David Salas y Leonardo Ortiz, por su apoyo, enseñanzas, comentarios y revisiones sobre el documento de tesis. A Tania y Karina por su apoyo incondicional en la realización del trabajo de campo y el procesamiento de las muestras en laboratorio. Por todas las horas de risas y platicas en el cubículo, por su apoyo en todo aspecto que las convirtió en muy buenas amigas. A Edith, Clarissa, Altagracia, Edgar y Lalo por su amistad y compañerismo a lo largo de estos dos años, un proceso con sus altas y sus bajas, a través del cual crecimos juntos. A Deida, Elias, Erika, Jesús y Oscar por demostrarme que para que exista una amistad no hay límites ni distancia que valga cuando es real, gracias infinitas por su apoyo y cariño incondicional. A Alberto por su cariño, apoyo y comprensión, por demostrarme que aún en los momentos más difíciles y oscuros siempre hay un rayo de luz que nos impulsa a salir adelante, que lo único que basta es un empujón y creer en nosotros mismos para vencer todos los miedos. A Pepe, Javier y Chava por sus palabras de apoyo y motivación, por recordarme que con dedicación y pasión cualquier cosa que me proponga lo puedo lograr, que el cielo es el límite. A mi familia, en especial a mis padres por alentarme a expandir mis horizontes y apoyarme incondicionalmente a cada paso sin importar la distancia y dificultades por las que hemos pasado. No tengo palabras que basten para agradecerles, a los dos TQMTG. ÍNDICE RESUMEN ...................................................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... II 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................................... 1 2. ANTECEDENTES ...................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Importancia de los arrecifes y las esponjas ............................................................................ 3 2.2 Estudios de estructura de la comunidad de poríferos ............................................................. 5 2.3 Relación de la sedimentación y sustratos con los poríferos. .................................................. 6 2.4 Situación de los poríferos en las costas de Veracruz ............................................................. 7 3. HIPÓTESIS ................................................................................................................................. 9 4. OBJETIVOS ................................................................................................................................ 9 4.1. Objetivo general .................................................................................................................... 9 4.2. Objetivos específicos ............................................................................................................ 9 5. METODOLOGÍA ...................................................................................................................... 10 5.1 Área de estudio .................................................................................................................... 10 5.2 Trabajo de campo ................................................................................................................. 10 5.2.1 Diversidad de esponjas marinas .................................................................................... 10 5.2.2 Recolección de sedimentos ........................................................................................... 12 5.3 Trabajo de laboratorio .......................................................................................................... 13 5.3.1 Procesado de los ejemplares .......................................................................................... 13 5.3.1.1 Identificación .......................................................................................................... 13 5.3.2 Análisis granulométrico ................................................................................................ 15 5.4 Trabajo de escritorio ....................................................................................................... 15 5.4.1. Listado taxonómico ...................................................................................................... 15 5.4.2 Diagnosis taxonómica ................................................................................................... 16 5.4.2.1 Nombre de la especie y sinonimias. ....................................................................... 16 5.4.2.2 Diagnosis de la especie. .......................................................................................... 16 5.4.2.3 Material examinado. ............................................................................................... 16 5.4.2.4 Observaciones. ........................................................................................................ 16 5.4.2.5 Figuras. ................................................................................................................... 16 5.4.2.6 Adicionales. ............................................................................................................ 16 5.4.3 Descripción de la comunidad ........................................................................................ 16 6. RESULTADOS ...................................................................................................................... 20 6.1 Listado taxonómico .............................................................................................................. 20 6.2 Diagnosis taxonómica .......................................................................................................... 26 6.3 Variables ambientales .......................................................................................................... 53 6.4 Relación de los poríferos con los sedimentos ...................................................................... 61 6.4.1 Análisis granulométrico ................................................................................................ 61 6.4.2 Fijación al sustrato ........................................................................................................ 62 6.5 Descripción de la comunidad ............................................................................................... 63 6.5.1 Asociación entre especies de poríferos ......................................................................... 63 6.5.2 Cobertura de poríferos ................................................................................................... 64 6.5.3 Frecuencia ..................................................................................................................... 66 6.5.4 Abundancia.................................................................................................................... 69 6.5.5 Dominancia ................................................................................................................... 72 6.5.6 Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) ............................................................................ 73 6.5.7. Diversidad alfa ............................................................................................................. 74 7. DISCUSIÓN .............................................................................................................................
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