Types of Swearing and Semantic Referents of Swear Words in Bad Boys Ii Movie
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TYPES OF SWEARING AND SEMANTIC REFERENTS
OF SWEAR WORDS IN BAD BOYS II MOVIE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Johan Tobias Kristiano Student Number: 141214050
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TYPES OF SWEARING AND SEMANTIC REFERENTS
OF SWEAR WORDS IN BAD BOYS II MOVIE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Johan Tobias Kristiano Student Number: 141214050
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018
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A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on
TYPES OF SWEARING AND SEMANTIC REFERENTS OF SWEAR WORDS IN BAD BOYS II MOVIE
By Johan Tobias Kristiano Student Number: 141214050
Approved by
Advisor
Date
Priyatno Ardi, S.Pd., M.Hum. 5 June 2018
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A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on
TYPES OF SWEARING AND SEMANTIC REFERENTS OF SWEAR WORDS IN BAD BOYS II MOVIE
By JOHAN TOBIAS KRISTIANO Student Number: 141214050
Defended before the Board of Examiners on 9 July 2018 and Declared Acceptable
Board of Examiners
Chairperson : Yohana Veniranda, S.Pd., M.Hum., M.A., Ph.D. ______
Secretary : Christina Lhaksmita Anandari, S.Pd., Ed.M. ______
Member : Priyatno Ardi, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______
Member : Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D. ______
Member : Gregorius Punto Aji, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______
Yogyakarta, 9 July 2018 Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dharma University Dean,
Dr. Yohanes Harsoyo, S.Pd., M.Si.
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 5 June 2018
The Writer
Johan Tobias Kristiano 141214050
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertandata tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Johan Tobias Kristiano Nomor Mahasiswa : 141214050 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
TYPES OF SWEARING AND SEMANTIC REFERENTS OF SWEAR WORDS IN BAD BOYS II MOVIE beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 5 Juni 2018
Yang menyatakan
Johan Tobias Kristiano
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ABSTRACT
Kristiano, Johan Tobias. (2018). Types of swearing and semantic referents of swear words in Bad Boys II movie. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program. Sanata Dharma University.
Swearing is often considered to be a rude and offensive use of language by most cultures. Jay (2000) states that swearing habit is acquired through social learning process. This allows someone to start using swear words by imitating others. Since English is an international language, the use of English swear words has spread globally through modern media. Movies becomes one of the major media in spreading English swear words. In Indonesia, in which English is considered a foreign language, English movies are popular. Even some people say that they learn English through movies. Vocabulary, including swear words, is usually acquired from watching English movies. The swear words from the dialogue are imitated and used in daily conversations. Therefore, the researcher was interested in analysing the types of swearing and the semantic referents of swear words in an English movie. The movie entitled Bad Boys II was chosen as the object of the research. There were two research questions in this research: (1) Which types of swearing are used in Bad Boys II movie? and (2) Which semantic referents of swear words are used in Bad Boys II movie? In this research, the researcher used Ljung’s (2011) classification of swearing types based on their functions and Jay’s (2009) semantic referents of swear word classification. This research was a qualitative research which used content analysis method. The researcher watched Bad Boys II movie and listed all the swearing utterances found in the dialogue as the data. The types of swearing and the semantic referents of the swear words were classified using a table. In analysing the data, the researcher used Creswell’s (2009) qualitative data analysis procedure. It was found that Bad Boys II movie employed three types of swearing, namely stand-alones, slot fillers, and replacive swearing. Only two subcategories of stand-alones, namely oaths and ritual insults, and one subcategory of slot fillers, namely anaphoric use of epithets, were not found in the movie. For the semantic referents of the swear words, Bad Boys II used all the nine referents that Jay (2009) proposes. Sexual references and scatological and disgusting objects were the mostly used referents, while ancestral allusion was the least referred referent. Understanding the functions of swearing and the literal meanings of swear words is essential for communication. Not only will it help in avoiding unnecessary offensiveness, but also it will help in making the conversation more effective.
Keyword: types of swearing, semantic referents of swear word, Bad Boys II movie
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ABSTRAK
Kristiano, Johan Tobias. (2018). Types of swearing and semantic referents of swear words in Bad Boys II movie. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Mengumpat sering dianggap sebagai penggunaan bahasa yang kasar dan ofensif dalam kebanyakan budaya. Jay (2000) menyatakan bahwa kebiasaan mengumpat didapatkan melalui proses pembelajaran sosial. Hal ini menyebabkan seseorang dapat belajar mengumpat dengan meniru orang lain. Sebagaimana bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa international, penggunaan kata umpatan bahasa Inggris telah menyebar secara global melalui media modern. Film menjadi salah satu media utama dalam penyabaran kata umpatan bahasa Inggris. Di Indonesia, dimana bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa asing, film-film berbahasa Inggris cukup populer. Beberapa orang bahkan mengatakan bahwa mereka belajar bahasa Inggris melalui film. Kosakata, termasuk juga kata umpatan, merupakan hal yang umumnya dipelajari dari menonton film. Kata-kata umpatan dari dialog tersebut kemudian ditiru dan digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari. Oleh sebab itu, peneliti tertarik menganilisis jenis umpatan dan rujukan semantik dari kata umpatan pada sebuah film berbahasa Inggris. Film berjudul Bad Boys II dipilih sebagai objek penelitian. Ada dua pertanyaan yang akan dijawab oleh penelitian ini: (1) Jenis umpatan apa yang digunakan dalam film Bad Boys II? dan (2) Apa saja rujukan semantik kata umpatan yang digunakan dalam film Bad Boys II? Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan klasifikasi jenis umpatan berdasarkan fungsinya dari Ljung (2011) dan klasifikasi rujukan semantik kata umpatan oleh Jay (2009). Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan metode analisis konten. Peneliti menonton film Bad Boys II dan mencatat semua umpatan dari dialog sebagai data. Jenis umpatan dan rujukan semantic kata umpatan diklasifikasikan menggunakan sebuah tabel. Dalam melakukan analisis data, peneliti menggunakn prosedur analisis data kualitatif oleh Creswell (2009). Ditemukan bahwa film ini menggunakan tiga jenis umpatan yaitu stand- alones, slot fillers, dan replacive swearing. Dua subkategori dari stand-alones, yaitu oaths dan ritual insults, dan satu subkategori slot fillers yaitu anaphoric use of epithets yang tidak ditemukan. Bad Boys II menggunakan kesembilan kategori rujukan semantic kata umpatan yang Jay (2009) ajukan. Sexual references dan scatological and disgusting objects adalah yang paling sering digunakan, sedangkan ancestral allusions merupakan yang paling sedikit ditemukan. Memahami fungsi dari umpatan dan arti harfiah dari kata umpatan adalah penting dalam komunikasi. Tidak hanya hal ini dapat membantu dalam menghindari ketidaksopanan, tapi juga dapat membantu membuat percakapan lebih efektif.
Kata kunci: types of swearing, semantic referents of swear word, Bad Boys II movie
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents G. Mudjiono and Yohana Fransiska Sri Sulistyawati for the supports during my lifetime. I also want to say thanks to my sister Yohana Gabriella Nanda Kristiani for being a nice sister and for helping me during my study in this university.
Secondly, I would like to say thanks to Pak Priyatno Ardi, S.Pd., M.Hum. as my advisor who always helps me patiently to finish my thesis, who always gives inputs and suggestions generously, and who always encourages me to finish my thesis by asking whether I want to graduate or not. Third, I want to express my gratitude to my friends Nanda, Cara, and Teddy, who have helped me in finishing this thesis. Then, I thank my close friends Vero, Yosa, Eka, Vinsen, Danin, Aven, and Jo for being decent friends of mine during my college time.
I also want to say thanks to those who have colored my days in this university, especially to my friends from PBI Class B batch 2014 and PSM
Cantus Firmus. Lastly, I would like to give my special gratitude to my beloved one Georgia Deputi Apresyandari, who always cares about me, who always supports, encourages, and motivates me in finishing this thesis.
Johan Tobias Kristiano
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...... i APPROVAL PAGE ...... ii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ...... iv PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...... v ABSTRACT ...... vi ABSTRAK ...... vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ix LIST OF FIGURES ...... xi LIST OF APPENDICES ...... xii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Research Background ...... 1 B. Research Questions ...... 5 C. Research Significance ...... 5 D. Definitions of Terms ...... 6 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 8 A. Theoretical Description ...... 8 1. Swearing ...... 8 2. Types of Swearing ...... 10 3. Swear words ...... 16 4. Euphemism ...... 17 5. Semantic Referents of Swear Words ...... 18 B. Theoretical Framework ...... 21 CHAPTER III . RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 23 A. Research Method ...... 23 B. Object of the Study ...... 25 C. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ...... 25 D. Data Analysis Technique ...... 27
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CHAPTER IV . RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 31 A. Types of Swearing Used in Bad Boys II Movie ...... 31 B. Semantic Referents of Swear Words in Bad Boys II Movie ...... 46 C. Other Findings ...... 54 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 56 A. Conclusions ...... 56 B. Implications ...... 57 C. Recommendations ...... 58 REFERENCES ...... 60 APPENDICES ...... 62
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
3.1 Creswell’s Qualitative Data Analysis Procedure ………………… 28
4.1 Types of Swearing Distribution …….……….…………………… 32
4.2 Semantic Referents Distribution …….…………………………… 47
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1. Types of Swearing and Semantic Referents of Swear
Words ……………………………………………………. 63
Appendix 2. Validation of Semantic Referents of Swear Words ……… 84
Appendix 3. Frequencies of Swear Word Use in Swearing
Utterances …….…….…………………………………… 91
Appendix 4. Non-swearing Use of Swear Words ……………………. 93
Appendix 5. Other Possible Swearing Utterances or Swear Words …… 94
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
There are four sections in this first chapter. The sections are research background, research questions, research significance, and definition of terms.
A. Research Background
Uttering swear words or swearing is described as the use of offensive language and it takes place in most cultures (Stephens, Atkins, & Kingston, 2009).
Swearing is commonly considered an impolite behaviour in cultures which give high value on politeness in communication. Since it is offensive and impolite, some people tend to react negatively when someone says a swear word to them. Not only can swearing offend the listener, but also the listener may infer something from the speaker. It can be the emotional state of the speaker, social class, religious belief, and educational achievement (McEnery, 2006). The offensiveness of a swear word may be different from other swear words. It may also be different from person to person. Curzan (2012) states that to whom a speaker is talking and where the speaker is may determine the offensiveness of the swear words. However, these days, it can be heard and seen that many people use swear words in their daily conversations. It can be said that swearing has become a common language variation and its reputation as a rude expression in communication is decreasing.
Nowadays, English swear words have spread globally as English is considered an international language. In Indonesia, for example, the use of English swear words can be found in the young generation’s communication. The English
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2 swear words are usually used in verbal communication, such as fuck, damn, or shit as interjections. Besides being used in verbal communication, English swear words are also used in communication through social media. As English is a foreign language in Indonesia, it can be assumed that some people may not know the literal meanings of the English swear words.
The literal meanings of the swear words generally are not what are intended to be referred in swearing utterances. Since swearing is often used connotatively rather than denotatively (Jay, 1992), the literal meanings of swear words are often neglected. However, the literal meanings may be offensive towards the listeners.
For example, some of English swear words contain body excretion or sexual intercourse meanings which are taboo in some cultures and should be avoided (Gao,
2013). In fact, different rules for swearing may be found in other cultures and languages (Jay, 2000).
As swearing habit is socially transmitted, a speaker usually imitates others’ swearing behaviour that he or she encounters in daily conversations. Jay (2000) states that the first time a learning-to-talk child hears a swear word is the first time that child learns to swear. In some cases, many people hear and learn English swear words from English movies. Surely, it is rarely found that a movie gives some explanation of the swear words contained in the movie. Hence, it is difficult to get information about the meanings of English swear words from English movies.
Swearing behaviour is imitated, and it is not usually taught. Studies about swearing or swear words are rarely found in schools as this topic “has not been regarded as a legitimate topic for scholarly examination” (Jay, 2000, p. 10). This can be the
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3 explanation of why English swear words are often used carelessly without any understanding of the literal meanings they contain.
As it is mentioned before, English movies have become a medium for the transmission of swearing habit. The history of the presence of swear words in movies started in the beginning of the 20th century. It is recorded that the first time a swear word was found in a movie was in 1929. Since then, the use of swear words in movies has increased and it seems that it starts to become a common occurrence.
Swearing is often used in English movies as a part of the scripts or an impromptu utterance of the characters. By using swearing, the dialogue will be more natural as it will sound like common daily conversations. This phenomenon may become an indication that swear words have become less taboo and acceptable for many people.
Several studies on the use of swear words have been conducted. Wang
(2013) discussed the positive qualities of swearing which led people to use swear words. Wang’s analysis revealed that swearing, pragmatically, functions to express emotions, verbal emphasis, group solidarity, and aggression in daily conversations.
Gao (2013) discussed euphemism, dictions chosen to avoid strong and offensive language. The study concluded that our knowledge of taboo and euphemism affects the dictions we are going to use in a conversation. Dynel (2012) tried to explain the nature and functions of swearing in anonymous internet communication. It was discovered that swear words might show both politeness (solidarity, common- ground, humour) and impoliteness (aggression, power-building, abuse).
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In this research, the researcher is interested in analysing the swearing and swear words in an English movie. The movie chosen is Bad Boys II movie. This movie is listed in Wikipedia as one of movies with the most frequent use of the word “fuck.” Moreover, the characters of Bad Boys II movie use a lot of swear word variations. This is a beneficial factor for the researcher to obtain richer data from the movie. The fact that Bad Boys II movie has a lot of bad languages, which triggered a lot of critiques for the explicit swearing displayed, did not stop Bad Boys
II to be a very successful movie.
Studies on the use of swear words or swearing in a movie, especially in Bad
Boys II movie, have been done by some researchers. One of which was done by
Mahayana (2017). Mahayana found that there were 8 of 10 forms of offensive language in Bad Boys II movie. They were cursing, profanity, taboo, obscenity, vulgarity, slang, epithets, insult and slur. Four social context functions namely expressive function, directive function, referential function, and phatic function were also found in the movie.
This research focuses on two topics which are the types of swearing and the semantic referents of swear words in Bad Boys II movie. The analysis of the types of swearing is based on their functions, either their functions as an utterance or their functions in a sentence. Meanwhile, the analysis of the semantic referents of the swear words is about the literal meanings of the swear words in the movie. This is related to the fact that the literal meanings of swear words are often neglected since swearing uses more connotative meanings.
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In relevance to education, especially English education, it is essential for
English learners to have understanding on English swearing and swear words. Since the use of English swear words has spread around the world, there are possibilities that English learners may engage in a conversation with English speakers who use swearing and swear words in their utterances. Besides it can help English learners in maintaining their politeness in daily conversation, their knowledge on English swearing and swear words can also help them to be more communicative. It will be easier for them to understand what the speaker of the swear words says and they will also be able to respond or react to the utterances appropriately. As English movies are popular among the young generation, English learners can also learn about English swearing and swear words from movies. Therefore, this research may give useful information for English learners who are interested in this topic.
B. Research Questions
There are two research questions that are tried to be answered. They are:
1. Which types of swearing are used in Bad Boys II movie?
2. Which semantic referents of swear words are used in Bad Boys II movie?
C. Research Significance
This research is expected to give beneficial insight into the functions of swearing and the literal meanings of English swear words to its readers in general.
Besides, it is also expected that English learners who read this writing can also gain some knowledge about the types of swearing and the semantic referents of swear words.
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1. Readers
By reading this research report, it is expected that the readers can understand more about the functions of swearing as a swear word can be used with more than one function. The readers are also expected to gain deeper knowledge about the literal meanings of English swear words that are occasionally used in daily conversation or in movies. Thus, the readers can apply what they learn from this writing and be more careful and cautious when and where to use swearing as a language variation in their daily conversations.
2. English Learners
Hopefully, English learners who read this research report can get more understanding about swearing types and their literal meanings. This can be beneficial for them as they are still learning to use English to communicate with others. Knowing how to use and the meanings of swear words can help English learners to be more communicative. They will face less problems when they have conversations with people who use a lot variation of swear words, and they can respond appropriately. Moreover, English learners will be more cautious with what they are going to say if they already know the literal meanings of swear words.
D. Definitions of Terms
This section briefly explains the definitions of the terms that are frequently mentioned in this report. Those are swearing, swear words, and Bad Boys II movie.
1. Swearing
Swearing is the act of producing emotional and offensive words which are often regarded as inappropriate (Jay, 2000; Wajnryb, 2005). There are several
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7 conditions that may enable a person to swear: when letting off emotions, when insulting or making someone else shocked, when being out of habit, or when responding to pain (Stephens, Atkins, & Kingston, 2009). Ljung (2011) states that swearing uses taboo words. However, the literal meanings of the words are not intended to be delivered.
2. Swear Words
Swear words are described as the lexicon of offensive language (Jay, 2009).
Anyone who hears someone uses swear words may react negatively towards the speaker. That is why swear words are considered offensive. According to Napoli and Hoeksema (2009), religion, health, sex, and bodily excretion are four big topics for swear words. Other topics that are potential for swear word terms are racial- ethnic terms and physical attributes.
3. Bad Boys II Movie
Bad Boys II is an action comedy movie which was released in 2003. This movie was directed by Michael Bay and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. The story is about two black American police officers, Marcus Burnett (played by Martin
Lawrence) and Mike Lowry (played by Will Smith), who are trying to stop the illegal drug distribution in Miami. They encounter some Haitian gangsters who try to steal the money from a drug deal and engage in high speed pursuit with the gangsters. Sydney, Marcus’ sister who works for the DEA, is also working on the same case. They find out that Johnny Tapia, a Cuban drug cartel lord, is responsible for the drug crime in Miami. Sydney is able to get close to Tapia, but then she is kidnapped and brought to Cuba. Marcus, Mike, and their team fly there to save her.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher discusses the theories that are used in this research. There are two sections in this chapter, namely theoretical description and theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
This section contains the theories related to this research. The researcher also synthesizes the theories in order to obtain a framework for this study.
1. Swearing
Jay (2000) describes swearing as “the utterance of emotionally powerful, offensive words or emotionally harmful expressions that are understood as insults”
(p. 9). It means that swearing is directed to a particular person or people to offend them. However, swearing does not limit itself to insults. It has many other functions.
Swearing enables ones to let off emotions and/or give emotional impacts to an addressee. If it is used as a joke, swearing may give positive impacts. On the other hand, negative impacts may be present if swearing is used as an insult (p. 10). There are two kinds of swearing, namely propositional and nonpropositional swearing.
Propositional swearing means that a speaker consciously and really has a purpose on doing swearing (Finn, 2017), while nonpropositional swearing is “automatic, reflexive, and noncreative” (Jay, 2000, p. 33).
Swearing is also described as an example of bad language (McEnery, 2006).
Bad language refers to “any word or phrase which, when used in what one might
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call polite conversation, is likely to cause offence” (p. 1). The offensiveness of swearing may range from very mild to very strong based on the words chosen by the speaker. McEnery also adds that men and women have their own preferences for swearing and may experience different offensiveness of someone’s swearing.
This is supported by Jay and Janschewitz (2007), who argue that males and females use swear words differently in the term of dictions and contexts.
In addition to being used as insults, swearing is also a device which can be used to give emphasis to utterances, which is also often combined with emphasizing techniques (e.g. stress, intonation, tone), gestures, and facial expressions (Ljung,
2011). It is also added that swearing contains taboo words. The use of taboo words gives additional strength to the speaker’s utterances. Moreover, Ljung proposes four criteria of swearing:
1. Swearing is the use of utterances containing taboo words. 2. The taboo words are used with non-literal meaning 3. Many utterances that constitute swearing are subject to severe lexical, phrasal and syntactic constraints which suggest that most swearing qualifies as formulaic language. 4. Swearing is emotive language: its main function is to reflect, or seem to reflect, the speaker’s feelings and attitudes (p. 4).
Wajnryb (2005) uses the word “foul language” interchangeably with swearing. According to Wajnryb, the word “foul” indicates that most swearing topics are included in domains which are considered inappropriate in social contexts but still acceptable for personal use. Swearing can be functioned in an inoffensive way. Expressing relaxed and comfortable feeling may be delivered by swearing.
The definitions previously mentioned shared some things in common. The first one is that swearing involves emotions or feelings towards a situation,
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10 something, or someone. The emotions and feelings can be both positive or negative, such as joy, surprise, frustration, anger, and pain (Vingerhoets, Bylsma, & Vlam,
2013). Secondly, swearing uses bad language. It contains taboo words which are often considered inappropriate and may cause offence (Ljung, 2011; Wajnryb,
2005; McEnery, 2006). Third, because of its inappropriateness and offensiveness, swearing gives impacts to the listener or the addressee. The impacts are either positive or negative depending on what the context is, how the speaker uses swearing in the utterances, or by any other factors (Jay, 2000; Finn, 2017). Another thing that can be inferred from the descriptions is that swearing has many functions.
Not only it can be used as an insult, but also can it be used as an expletive, emphasis, or even a joke.
2. Types of Swearing
Several linguists have their own classifications of swearing. In this research, the researcher uses Ljung’s (2011) classification, which is based on the functions of swearing. Ljung’s classification is chosen because the researcher considers that this classification has a broad scope for its categorization. Ljung divides swearing into two major categories, namely stand-alones and slot fillers, and a smaller functional category called replacive swearing. There are also seven subcategories in stand- alones and six subcategories under slot fillers. a. Stand-Alones
Swearing of which the construction has its own utterance function is called
“stand-alone” swearing (Ljung, 2011). This means that stand-alone swearing does not have to be attached to any other word. Ljung mentions that there are seven
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11 subcategories included in stand-alones: expletive interjections, oaths, curses, affirmation and contradiction, unfriendly suggestions, ritual insults, and name- calling. It is also mentioned that some of the subcategories, namely oaths, curses, and unfriendly suggestions, are included as illocutionary speech acts (p. 30).
1) Expletive Interjections
Swearing is often used as an interjection – a short sound, word, or phrase, or even a clause which is produced spontaneously to express emotions (e.g. shock, surprise, anger, frustration) (Ljung, 2011). Expletive swearing may also be a response to pain (Stephens, Atkins, & Kingston, 2009). As it is spontaneously produced, expletive interjection is nonpropositional. It means that expletive is unintentional, unplanned, and uncontrollable (Jay & Janschewitz, 2008). Expletive swearing is reflexive, meaning that it reflects the speaker’s condition and it is not addressed to other people (Wajnryb, 2005).
2) Oaths
An oath is a serious promise which often mentions a divine to be a witness for someone’s future action or behaviour (Ljung, 2011). Oaths are often done formally, such as when someone is about to give evidence at a court. However, in its modern use, oaths are often used as an interjection. Religious terms are often used in oaths. The examples of oaths are by God, by Christ, or for … (religious term)
… sake. The phrase for fuck sake is a modern development of oaths (p. 102).
3) Curses
A curse is an utterance of wishing something bad happens to someone
(Thelwall, 2008). Uttering curses can be serious by really intending to wish
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12 something bad happens, or non-serious to show dislike to something or somebody
(Ljung, 2011). However, in modern times, curses are more just an expression of condemnation on an unacceptable behaviour rather than intentionally provoking religious sanctions (Jay, 2000). The speaker of a curse may not only address the curse to others but can address it to himself or herself. Religious terms and some sexual taboos are often used when someone curses. Some examples of curses addressed to others are God damn you and fuck it. While the expression I’ll be damned if … is a curse which is directed to the speaker himself or herself.
4) Affirmation and Contradiction
Ljung (2011) states that swearing is often used as an affirmation or contradiction to the preceding utterance. Affirmation is used to show that the speaker agrees or has the same idea with the preceding utterance, while contradiction shows disagreement or the opposite opinion. These two are usually used as a direct response towards a statement or saying. Ljung also argues that “for some reason, contradiction is far more common than affirmation” (p. 32). The expressions may use various swear words, such scatological terms (e.g. … my arse, no shit), religious taboo terms (e.g. hell yes, the heck it is), and sexual terms (e.g. fuck yeah). The term “emphatic denial” is also used as the synonym of contradiction.
5) Unfriendly Suggestions
Giving an offensive suggestion to somebody is often used as a reaction to something that has been said to the speaker of the suggestion (Ljung, 2011). The literal meaning of the suggestion does not really need to be done by the addressee
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13 since its function is only to insult others or to show dislike. The references for unfriendly suggestions vary from religious terms (e.g. go to hell), family members
(e.g. fuck your mother), to sexual acts (e.g. go fuck yourself).
6) Ritual Insults
Ritual insults come in the form of disrespecting the addressee’s female relatives (especially mother) by mentioning sexual behaviours or bad characteristics
(Ljung, 2011). Ritual insults can also involve some kind of verbal duelling between the speaker and the addressee. Jay (1992) states that ritual insults may cause both psychological and cultural effects. The phrases your mother … or your mother’s … are often used here, for example is the phrase your mother is a whore. The insults involving the word “mother” can be shortened into your mother only.
7) Name-Calling
According to Ljung (2011), name-calling means using evaluative words to give positive or negative opinions towards the addressee or a third party. Name- calling can be used to directly insult an addressee, to refer to a third party, or to describe either the addressee or a third party. Even though it uses rude words, name- calling can also build solidarity especially for the in-group (Wajnryb, 2005).
Meanwhile, it has the opposite function towards the out-group. There are various references for name-calling, such as sexual terms, family references, mental states, and illegal acts. b. Slot Fillers.
Swearing may function as slot fillers. As slot fillers, swear words are placed in a certain place in an utterance to give the intended functions. It means that
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14 swearing can have some specific functions in a sentence formation. Ljung (2011) states that slot fillers “… range from clear cases of … traditional degree modification – as in bloody cold, damned quickly – to constructions that are more difficult to analyse …” (p. 30). Different placement of the swearing may produce a different function. The swear word fucking in the sentence the bear is fucking huge, for example, intensifies the adjective “huge.” Meanwhile, the same swear word will act differently as a modal adverbial in the sentence I fucking hate the cat. According to Ljung, there are six types of slot fillers.
1) Adverbial/Adjectival Intensifier
Swear words, such as damn and bloody, may indicate a high degree of the following adverb or adjective (damn big, bloody ugly). The intensifier can also be put after the adverb or adjective (e.g. fast as fuck, terrible like hell). Another way to use such intensification is by compounding the swear word with the adjective or adverb, for example dumbass, slow-ass, and pisspoor.
2) Adjectives of Dislike
Swear words can also be an adjective which gives a sign that the speaker dislikes the following noun. Ljung (2011) states that this function is difficult to distinguish and cannot be separated from the function of emphasis. This is due to the similar placement of the swear word. The example can be seen in the sentence that fucking actor is arrogant.
3) Emphasis
Emphasis can be given to a following noun by using swear words. The example can be seen in the following sentence: it’s fucking 4 in the morning. As
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15 mentioned before, the placement of the swear words for emphasis function is similar to adjectives of dislike. However, swear words as an emphasizer can also be used after interrogative pronouns or adverbs, such as the phrases where in the hell or who the fuck. The swear words as an emphasis may also get infixation (e.g. abso-bloody-lutely) or be inserted in the middle of a phrase (e.g. shut the fuck up).
4) Modal Adverbials
Another function of swear words as a slot filler is modal adverbial. The swear words are put before the verb as in Ljung’s (2011) example no you bloody can’t copy (p. 34). Ljung also adds that this subcategory of slot fillers is included in pragmatic markers which express subjectivity.
5) Anaphoric Use of Epithets
Epithets, evaluative words which are used to express negative opinions, can function as anaphoric pronouns. In English, anaphoric use of epithets is limited to referring the person that has been mentioned before the epithets only. The example is I know Tom. That motherfucker is so rich. From the example, it can be seen that this function looks similar with name-calling. The difference between anaphoric use of epithets and name-calling is that the speaker or another person mentions the name of the addressee before the swearing is produced.
6) Noun Supports
As a noun support, the swear word is inserted after an adjective to create a noun phrase. The example is the sentence he is lazy becomes he is a lazy piece of shit. It can be seen from the example that the phrase a lazy piece of shit is a noun phrase and becomes the subject complement of “he.”
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16 c. Replacive Swearing
Replacive swearing is defined as “taboo words that may replace an almost infinite number of ordinary non-taboo nouns and verbs which are given new literal meanings which are interpreted in terms of the linguistic and situational settings in which they are used” (Ljung, 2011, p. 35). Ljung adds that in replacive swearing, the metaphorical meaning of the swear word still contains its literal meaning. In other words, the interpretation of the swear word needs to be relatively close to its literal meaning in order to be understood correctly. An example of replacive swearing is the word hell in my day turns into hell.
3. Swear words
The terms “dirty words” and “taboo words” are often used as the synonym of swear words. In the criteria of swearing, Ljung (2011) mentions that swearing uses taboo words . It means that to be considered a swearing utterance “an utterance must violate certain taboos that are or have been regarded as in principle inviolable in the cultures concerned” (p. 5). An almost similar definition is proposed by
Wajnryb (2005), who argues that taboo words are words which are considered inappropriate by a certain culture thus should be avoided. Allan and Burridge
(2006) describe swear words or dirty words as words which have offensive connotations. If a word has a greater potential to offend the listener, it has greater chance to be considered a swear word (Fägersten, 2007).
The existence of swear words represents how people give opinions towards the connotations and denotations of words. Jay (1992) argues that rather than taken denotatively, swear words are usually interpreted connotatively. This lines up with
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17
Allan and Burridge’s (2006) description of swear words and also supports Ljung’s
(2011) second criterion of swearing which says that the non-literal meanings of taboo words are used in swearing. A swear word may only have one denotation, however, it may also be used in several contexts (Wajnryb, 2005). Therefore, swear words, or swearing in general, are often seen as belonging to pragmatic field rather than semantic field since swear words are expressive and context-sensitive rather than referential or descriptive (Goddard, 2015).
4. Euphemism
To avoid using swear words and in order to be polite and less offensive, people often use euphemism in their speaking. Euphemism is described as words chosen to replace any word that is considered offensive or unpleasant for the listener
(Jay & Janschewitz, 2008; Jay, 2009; Gao, 2013; Finn, 2017). The word euphemism comes from Greek “eu”, means “well”, and “pheme”, means “speaking” (Jay, 2017).
Euphemism is usually used to lessen the inappropriateness of the references, such as sexuality, death, body products, and so forth. As an example, the phrase make love will be preferred than fuck in a conversation between mixed participants (Jay
& Janschewitz, 2008). Mohr (2013) states that “euphemism is the opposite of swearing” (p. 197) as it hides the swear words which give emphasis on the feelings.
However, as the context of the swear words and their substitutions are still the same, euphemism is still considered to be swearing. Euphemism is propositional swearing, meaning it is done in full awareness and intentionally (Finn, 2017)
As a softener of utterances, euphemism is useful for speakers to avoid embarrassing themselves or others and to avoid offending the listeners (Fairman,
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18
2009). Euphemism also enables a speaker to talk about ideas that may have been avoided if a more offensive word is chosen (Bowers & Pleydell-Pearce, 2011).
Euphemism is also often used by parents in teaching their learning-to-talk children on how to refer sexual body parts or body products (Jay, 1992). Parents, for example, will likely teach them the word poo instead of faeces or shit. Another function of euphemism which gives really positive impressions is in occupation names. It may present a different perception of unpleasant jobs, for example garbage collector is replaced by sanitation engineer or landscape architect replaces the word gardener (Gao, 2013). However, using euphemism excessively is neither recommended. The speaker should be cautious of the misuse of euphemism as it may make the utterance sound strange.
5. Semantic Referents of Swear Words
While swear words are usually taken connotatively, they actually have their own referents. The term “referent” is described as the extralinguistic object denoted by a word (Lipka, 1992). In simpler words, a referent is the denotative meaning of a word. Referent is different from reference. Reference is a relational concept between a word or expression and its extralinguistic object. The act of making a reference – or referring – is done by a speaker so that the listener can identify the referent of an utterance (pp. 59-60).
Jay (2009) mentions and distinguishes swear words referents into nine categories. They are sexual references, profane or blasphemous, scatological and disgusting objects, animal names, ethnic-racial-gender slurs, psychological-
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19 physical-social deviations, ancestral allusions, substandard vulgar terms, and offensive slang. a. Sexual References
Sexual terms are a great source for many swear words and slang (Jay, 2000).
The words used are related to sexual acts (e.g. fuck, suck), sexual anatomies (e.g. cock, dick, cunt), and sexual deviations (e.g. motherfucker, cocksucker).
Euphemisms are also often used to soften the offensiveness of the sexual related swear words, for example making love or little willy. b. Profane or Blasphemous
Both profane and blasphemous swear words refer to religious denotations
(Hughes, 2006). The difference is that profanity is only used to express emotions rather than intentionally used to denigrate God or a religion as in blasphemy
(Mercury, 1995). The examples of profane and blasphemous references are God,
Jesus Christ, and goddamn. There are also some euphemism expressions in this referent, such as the word gosh to substitute God. c. Scatological and Disgusting Objects
Scatology refers to faeces, excretion organs, and excretion processes.
Meanwhile, disgusting objects refer to body products (Jay, 2000). Scatology has a strong relation with disgusting objects as what Jay states “… feces represents the universal disgust item” (p. 200). The example of the words under scatology and disgusting objects are shit, crap, piss, and asshole/arsehole. Euphemisms are often used to substitute inappropriate words of this referent. The example of the euphemisms are poop, pee-pee, and poo-poo.
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20 d. Animal Names
Swear words are also often derived from animal names. The words bitch, cow, or monkey are the examples and they may carry different contexts when they are used as swearing. Different dictions of animal names are also found between
British and American English as old British people tend to use the word swine rather than pig which is usually preferred in America (Hughes, 2006). e. Ethnic-Racial-Gender Slurs
Ethnic, racial, and gender slurs are produced by the pride of own culture and xenophobia (Mohr, 2013). Terms, such as nigger, fag, or dago, are usually considered very offensive towards the people whose identity are referred.
Moreover, these slurs can also be considered an act of hate speech and discrimination (Jay, 2000). Calling a male person by little girl or princess as an insult can also be included in this referent. f. Psychological-Physical-Social Deviations
Psychological states, physical appearance or conditions, and against-norm acts are often used in insults. The examples for psychological states are moron or weirdo. Physical appearance or conditions references range from physical attractiveness (e.g. fat ass), physical handicaps (e.g. blind), diseases (e.g. pox, sick), to death (Jay, 2000). Some terms, such as slut and whore, are included under social deviation theme as they represent amoral behaviours. g. Ancestral Allusions
Swear words referring to family members and ancestors are common in
English. The mother or sister of the addressee are those who are usually mentioned
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21 by the speaker. The phrase son of a bitch, for example, gives an impression of the addressee’s mother. Another example is in taunts that begin with your momma or your mother (Ljung, 2011) that is often used in verbal duelling or ritual insults. h. Substandard Vulgar Terms
Substandard refers to the construction of words which is below the satisfactory standard of language. Wardhaugh (2006) states that an utterance can be considered substandard if it sounds like poor English for the listener. Meanwhile,
Jay (1992) describes vulgarity as “the language of the common person, the person in the street, or the unsophisticated, unsocialized, or under-educated” (p. 6).
Vulgarity is considered to be obscene and usually it is inappropriate or offensive to people belonging in higher class (Jay, 2017). Some examples of substandard vulgar terms are up yours, fartface, and on the rag. i. Offensive Slang
To make communication easier, certain sub-groups (e.g. teenager, soldiers, gangs) develop their own vocabulary (Jay, 1992). This new vocabulary is what is understood as slang. As it is used for the ease of communication, slang is conversational and not really acceptable in formal use, meaning that slang is considered to be substandard speech (Jay, 2017). Slang may be in the form of an abbreviation or more complex word, such as smoke a sausage or blue waffle.
B. Theoretical Framework
The researcher uses Ljung’s (2011) criteria of swearing, Ljung’s (2011) types of swearing, and Jay (2009) semantic referents of swear words to answer the research questions. Ljung’s criteria of swearing is used to determine the utterances
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22 that are included in swearing. There are four criteria: (1) swearing is the use of utterances containing taboo words, (2) the taboo words are used with non-literal meaning, (3) most swearing qualifies as formulaic language, and (4) swearing is an emotive language: its main function is to reflect, or seem to reflect, the speaker’s feelings and attitudes (p. 4). The utterances which meet these four criteria become the data for this research for both the types of swearing and the semantic referents of the swear words.
Ljung’s types of swearing are used to classify the swearing utterances found in Bad Boys II movie. Ljung’s (2011) mentions three types of swearing, namely stand-alones, slot fillers, and replacive swearing. There are seven subcategories under stand-alones, namely expletive interjections, oaths, curses, affirmation and contradiction, unfriendly suggestions, ritual insults, and name-calling. There are also six subcategories under slot fillers, namely adverbial/adjectival intensifiers, adjectives of dislike, emphasis, modal adverbials, anaphoric use of epithets, and noun supports.
To identify the semantic referents of the swear words in Bad Boys II movie, the researcher uses Jay (2009) categorization of the semantic referents of swear words. This is to answer the second research question. Jay proposes nine big themes of semantic referents of swear words, namely sexual references, profane or blasphemous, scatological and disgusting objects, animal names, ethnic-gender- racial slurs, psychological-physical-social deviations, ancestral allusions, substandard vulgar terms, and offensive slang.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methodology that was used in this research. There are four sections in this chapter, namely research method, object of the study, instruments and data gathering technique, and data analysis technique.
A. Research Method
This research was a qualitative research. Mackey and Gass (2005) state
“… the term qualitative research can be taken to refer to research that is based on descriptive data that does not make (regular) use of statistical procedures” (p. 162).
It means that in answering the research questions, the researcher used the descriptive data rather than the numerical data from the object. A qualitative research tries to give the holistic picture of a particular phenomenon as natural as possible. Therefore, the data that were used in this research did not get any modification. The researcher tried to answer the research questions by analysing the swear words found in Bad Boys II movie without changing anything. Mackey and Gass also add that the purpose of a qualitative research itself is “observing whatever may be present there, and letting further questions emerge from the context” (p. 163).
The researcher used content analysis in this research. Content or document analysis is defined as “… a research method applied to written or visual materials for the purpose of identifying specified characteristics of the material” (Ary, Jacobs,
Sorensen, & Razavieh, 2010, p. 457). Krippendorff (2004) defines content analysis
23
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24 as “… a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts
(or other meaningful matter) to the contexts of their use” (p. 18). Content analysis is used for getting new insight and increasing understanding of particular phenomena. The word “texts” from Krippendorff’s (2004) definition of content analysis does not limit the objects of the research to written texts only. Works of art, images, sounds, or numerical records can also be included as the data sources for content analysis (Sapsford & Jupp, 2006). Movies, such as Bad Boys II movie that was used as the object of this research, can also be used for content analysis research.
As the researcher analysed the dialogue of the movie, content analysis was suitable for this research. The phenomenon that was studied in this research was the use of swearing and swear words in the dialogue. Content analysis enabled the researcher to get the detailed information about the swearing and swear words used in Bad Boys II movie. Thus, the types of swearing and the semantic referents of the swear words could be analysed and identified clearly.
To maintain the validity of the research, the researcher needed to follow a scientific procedure in conducting the research. Therefore, the researcher used the components of content analysis as the steps of the research. Krippendorf (2004) mentions six components of content analysis. The components are unitizing, sampling, recording/coding, reducing, inferring, and narrating. These components were covered in the whole research process, from the data gathering until making the conclusions. The data gathering process covered unitizing and sampling, while recording/coding, reducing, and inferring were in the data analysis process. The last
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25 component, narrating, was done when the researcher drew the conclusions of the research.
B. Object of the Study
The object of this content analysis research was Bad Boys II movie. This movie was produced in 2003 and was directed by Michael Bay. Bad Boys II movie is an action comedy movie that contains a lot of swear words in its dialogue.
Swearing utterances and swear words were the data that the researcher collected and analysed in order to answer the research questions. The researcher focused not only on a character’s swearing but the entire swearing and swear words found in the movie. As an aid in obtaining the data, the researcher also used the subtitle file of this movie.
C. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
This research utilized a table in the data gathering process. The table was used to classify the types of swearing and the semantic referents of the swear words used in Bad Boys II movie. For the types of swearing columns, the researcher used
Ljung’s classification. According to Ljung (2011), there are three types of swearing based on the functions they carry, namely stand-alones, slot fillers, and a smaller functional category – replacive swearing. There are seven subcategories under stand-alones and six subcategories under slot fillers. For the semantic referents, the researcher used Jay’s (2009) theory. There are nine semantic referents of swear words, namely sexual references, profane or blasphemous, scatological referents and disgusting objects, animal names, ethnic-racial-gender slurs, psychological-
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26 physical or social deviations, ancestral allusions, substandard vulgar terms, and offensive slang. The table for the data gathering can be seen in Appendix 1.
The data gathering process covered the first two components of content analysis, namely unitizing and sampling. In unitizing, the researcher used context units. Since this research discusses swearing and swear words, the researcher used the swearing utterances found in the dialogue as the units that would be analysed.
The researcher used all the swearing utterances as the samples of the data.
There are several steps that the researcher did in order to obtain the data.
First, the researcher downloaded Bad Boys II movie from the internet. The researcher also downloaded the English subtitle of Bad Boys II movie and used it as the movie transcription. The movie was the primary source of data while the subtitled was used as the secondary source. This transcription was also an aid in listing the swearing utterances and in analysing the data.
In obtaining the data, the researcher watched the movie and looked for all the possible swear words in the dialogue since the presence of a swear word is required in a swearing utterance. After all of the possible swear words were listed, the researcher crosschecked them by looking up those words in some lists of swear words from the internet, an encyclopedia, and a dictionary of swear words. The lists were taken from wiktionary.org, www.cs.cmu.edu, and www.noswearing.com.
Meanwhile, the encyclopedia and dictionary used were An Encyclopedia of
Swearing and The Big Black Book of Very Dirty Words. After a word was proven to be a swear word, the researcher used the criteria of swearing from Ljung (2011) to determine whether or not the utterance could be considered a swearing utterance
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27 since not all use of swear words is swearing. Then, the utterance was compared to the script from the subtitle file and listed in the table. From this step, the researcher found that there were some differences between the subtitle and the actual dialogue.
The subtitle tended to paraphrase a long dialogue to avoid crowded words appeared on the screen. There were also some swearing utterances which were not written in the subtitle. These problems were a reason why the researcher did not only take the script as the primary source of data. Another reason was the need of analysing the speaker’s emotions for classifying the types of swearing. The times when the characters used swearing were also noted. This process was done repeatedly until the end of the movie. The researcher did this step several times to make sure that there were not data left behind.
D. Data Analysis Technique
Recording/coding, reducing, and inferring were covered by data analysis process. For analysing the data, the researcher adapted Creswell’s (2009) qualitative data analysis procedure. There are six steps in this procedure, which are reading through all the data, coding, generating a descriptions or themes, representing the categories or themes in qualitative narrations, and making an interpretation of the data. The procedure can be seen in Figure 3.1.
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28
Figure 3.1 Creswell’s Qualitative Data Analysis Procedure
First, the researcher organized and prepared the data for the analysis by listing all the swearing utterances and swear words that would be analysed. The
English subtitle of Bad Boys II was used to ease the listing process. This step was the data gathering process which was previously explained. Second, the researcher read all the collected data to get general sense of the information. This step was also beneficial to check whether there were mistakes in the data gathering process. The researcher revised the data immediately when a mistake was found.
The third step was the coding process. The data obtained were coded in a table based on the types of swearing and the semantic referents of the swear words.
For the types of swearing, the researcher used Ljung’s (2011) categorization. In this categorization, the researcher put a swearing utterance only in one category by crosschecking the researcher’s interpretation with the theories and comparing the swearing utterance with the examples from the theories. There was not a swearing
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29 utterance which belonged to more than one category. For the semantic referents, the researcher used Jay’s (2009) categorization. The researcher consulted the referents with some dictionaries and an encyclopedia, namely Merriam-Webster,
Cambridge Dictionary, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Oxford
Dictionary of English, Oxford Dictionary of Slang, and An Encyclopedia of
Swearing. As some swearing utterances consisted of more than one swear word, it was possible for the researcher to put those swearing utterances into more than one semantic referent category.
The researcher also obtained the meanings of some swear words from www.urbandictionary.com. Since this website is not a legitimate source to validate the meanings of the swear words, the researcher did several adjustments in consulting the meanings. The researcher did not only search the meanings of the swear words with the keywords which were exactly the same as the swear words found in the movie, but also compared the meanings with other swear words which were closely related to the words. Since it was possible to get some different meanings for a swear word from this website, the researcher chose the meaning with the suitable context for the utterance. Then, the meaning with the most “likes” was chosen with the assumption that it was the meaning which most people agree.
Fourth, the data were categorized using the results of coding process. Data in the same category were counted and analysed in one group. This step was also the reducing component of the content analysis. Fifth, qualitative narrations were made to discuss the details of each category. The writer presented some examples of the data in the narrations. Lastly, the data were interpreted based on the analysis
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30 results. These last two steps were the inferring component of the research that then would lead to making the conclusions of the research or narrating.
During the analysis process, the researcher repeatedly checked the classification of each swearing utterance. This was a form of the validation process to check whether the researcher did some mistakes, such as incorrect coding in the classification. It was found that there were some errors in the classification process, and the researcher immediately corrected the mistakes. The researcher also asked for a help from a senior year student of English Language Education Study Program to check the classification results. This checking was beneficial because the researcher had two different points of view on the results. Therefore, it helped the researcher get more valid results of the classification.
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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the results of the analysis done by the researcher.
There are three sections in this chapter. The first section answers the first research question about the types of swearing used in Bad Boys II movie. The second research question about the semantic referents of the swear words used in the movie is answered in the second section. The third section discusses other findings related to swearing and swear words that the researcher found in the movie.
The researcher used Ljung’s (2011) criteria of swearing to determine the swearing utterances in Bad Boys II movie. The researcher did not take the swearing utterances word-by-word but the whole phrase of each utterance. There were 415 swearing utterances found in the movie. Besides, the researcher also found several utterances of swear words which were not included as swearing as they did not meet the criteria. Some possible swearing utterances were also found in the dialogue.
They were not taken as the data to be analysed to answer the research questions.
However, they are also discussed in this chapter.
A. Types of Swearing Used in Bad Boys II Movie
For the classification of the types of swearing, the researcher used Ljung’s
(2011) classification. According to Ljung, there are three types of swearing. There are two big categories, stand-alones and slot fillers, and also a smaller functional one called replacive swearing. There are also seven subcategories of stand-alones and six subcategories under slot fillers. From 415 swearing found in Bad Boys II
31
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32 movie, all the three types of swearing were used. The details can be seen in Figure
4.1.
Types of Swearing 2/0.48%
124/29.88% 194/46.75%
Stand-alones Slot Fillers Replacive Swearing Unclassified
95/22.89% Total: 415
Figure 4.1. Types of Swearing Distribution
Stand-alones were the most frequent swearing used in the movie with 194 counts (46.75%) of the total. Replacive swearing was the second with 124 counts
(29.88%). The least used swearing type was slot fillers with 95 counts (22.89%).
There were also two (0.48%) swearing utterances which were not included in the three swearing types and they will be discussed later.
1. Stand-alones
As mentioned before, stand-alones were the most frequently used swearing in Bad Boys II movie. Stand-alones are swearing of which the constructions carry their own functions (Ljung, 2011). Thus, the swearing utterances from the movie of which the constructions have their own utterance functions were classified into this type. Ljung states that there are seven subcategories under stand-alone
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33 swearing. However, it was found that Bad Boys II movie only used five out of seven stand-alone subcategories in its script. The two subcategories which were not found in this movie were oaths and ritual insults. a. Expletive Interjections
Expletive interjections or expletives were the mostly used stand-alone swearing. There were 91 expletives found in the movie. Expletives are used as a sudden or spontaneous response to a stimulus and showed certain emotions in a form of short sound, word, phrase or clause (Ljung, 2011). Ljung also adds that expletives are often used as an interjection. Expletives are nonpropositional (Jay &
Janschewitz, 2007) and are not directed to others (Wajnryb, 2005). Bad Boys II used expletives to show various sudden feelings, such as shocked or surprised feelings.
The example can be seen in Excerpt 1.
Excerpt 1 “Oh, God, he’s hit!” (S.397/2:15:31).
This line was spoken by a character named Sydney when she knew that her friend was shot. The expletive God in this line was immediately produced right after she saw her friend’s condition. Another line that showed shocked or surprised feeling was in the following line.
Excerpt 2 “Damn, somebody’s teeth” (S.311/1:39:03).
Marcus uttered this line when he was sneaking into a mortuary. As he found the remains of someone in front of him, he uttered the expletive. From these two excerpts, the expletives were produced spontaneously as the speakers felt shocked.
This proved what Ljung and also Jay and Janschewitz explain that expletives are
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34 used as a sudden response of a stimulus and are nonpropositional. These two lines also showed that expletives carry a certain emotion. Another example of expletives is in Excerpt 3.
Excerpt 3 “Jesus Christ!” (S.279/1:31:39).
This expletive phrase was the police captain’s line. He was angry at Marcus and Mike because they caused too much damage in the city when chasing Tapia’s men. However, the captain did not address the swearing to both of them.
Excerpt 4 “Johnny Tapia. Shit.” (S.167/0:57:31).
This line was uttered by Mike after he knew that Johnny Tapia was the man behind the crime. It seemed that Mike did not like Johnny Tapia and felt bothered from the expletive used after he mentioned the name. However, again, the swear word was not directed to Johnny Tapia. From Excerpt 3 and Excerpt 4, it can be inferred that expletive swearing is not addressed to others. Even though it could be used in the middle of a conversation, expletive swearing is only the reflection of the speaker’s feeling. This lines up with the theory from Waynryb (2005) that expletives are not directed to other people. b. Curses
A curse means a wish of something unpleasant to happen towards someone or something. Ljung (2011) argues that curses can be serious, really intending to wish something bad happen, or non-serious to show dislike to something or somebody. The researcher found 10 lines containing curses from Bad Boys II
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35 movie. All of the curses found in this movie were non-serious. An example of curses can be seen in Excerpt 5.
Excerpt 5 “Fuck that, Mike, She’s wrong.” (S.90/0:37:42).
In this line, Marcus cursed what his sister had said before. The swear word fuck in this cursing was the bad thing that was wished to happen. This curse was a non-serious one as it could not be taken literally. Marcus used this type of swearing to show dislike or disagreement to his sister’s saying. Another example of curses is in Excerpt 6.
Excerpt 6 “Goddamn it, it’s the fifth time today.” (S.373/2:05:14).
This line was uttered by one of Johnny Tapia’s men when the security alarm went off. The pronoun “it” in this line referred to the security alarm. Thus, this curse could be taken literally as the man asked God to damn or curse the alarm. However, this curse was not a serious curse since the speaker used the curse only to express dislike to the alarm. c. Affirmation and Contradiction
Swearing is often used as an affirmation or contradiction to the preceding utterance. Ljung (2011) states that contradiction expression is more common than affirmation. There were four contradictions found in Bad Boys II movie. One of those was in Mike and Marcus’s conversation in Excerpt 7.
Excerpt 7 Mike: “Oh, they are not about to do that.” – Marcus: “Hell, yes, they are.” (S.79/0:35:37).
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In this conversation, Mike had a thought that the Zoepound members would not unleash and throw the cars from the trailer at him and Marcus. However, Marcus had the opposite thought. Within his answer, he included the swear word hell before the word “yes” to indicate and emphasize the contradictive idea. Another contradiction was in the following conversation in Excerpt 8.
Excerpt 8 Mike: “Did you see that shit?” – Marcus: “No shit.” (S.258, S.259/ 1:25:16).
The situation of this conversation was when Mike was driving a car recklessly in a heavy traffic and it really scared Marcus, so he did not see what Mike saw. The placement of the swear word in this excerpt was different from the previous one. However, the function was still the same as a contradiction indicator. d. Unfriendly Suggestions
Ljung (2011) states that a speaker can use an offensive or unfriendly suggestion as a response to what has been said to the speaker. However, not the literal meaning of the suggestion that is intended to be delivered as this expression is only to show dislike or insulted feeling. In Bad Boys II movie, there are two unfriendly suggestions. The first one was in the following line.
Excerpt 9 “Oh, kiss my black ass.” (S.96/0:42:18).
This sentence was spoken by Mike. It was his response when he heard the amount of money needed to repair his car after it was accidentally shot by Marcus.
As this swearing was only an expression that showed dislike or annoyed feeling, the suggestion would not be taken as a serious suggestion that needed to be done.
The other unfriendly suggestion was spoken by a Haitian gangster as in Excerpt 10.
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Excerpt 10 “Take your bullet and eat that shit, man.” (S.128/0:49:26).
A gangster uttered this line after Mike threatened the gangsters that he would shoot them on the head. From those two suggestions, none of them was using the literal meanings of the suggestions, which means that the speakers did not intend to ask the addressees to do the suggestions. They used the suggestions to respond to what had been said to them. e. Name-Calling
According to Ljung (2011), name-calling is the evaluative words used to give positive or negative opinions towards an addressee or a third party. The words can be used as a direct insult to an addressee, or to refer to a third party, or to describe either the addressee or a third party. Name-calling was the second mostly used stand-alone swearing in Bad Boys II movie with 87 counts of swearing. An example of name-calling from the movie is in Excerpt 11.
Excerpt 11 “And you two motherfuckers need Jesus.” (S.165/0:57:13).
The speaker of this line was a woman in the electronic store. She got upset at Marcus and Mike after she watched their conversation, which was accidentally displayed all around the store, and thought that they were a gay couple. This was considered to be something negative for her. The word motherfuckers showed that the woman gave a negative opinion towards Marcus and Mike. Another example is in the following line.
Excerpt 12 “You need a Cuban guide, fool.” (S.382/2:11:12).
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This line was spoken by Tito when Marcus, Mike, and Sydney were about to escape from Johnny Tapia’s mansion. The mansion was in Cuba and Tito was a
Cuban, so he knew that they would need him to escape. Hence, he used the word fool to give an opinion that they were not smart enough to go without him.
As mentioned before, name-calling can be used to describe an addressee or a third party. However, the researcher found an utterance when a speaker used name-calling to describe himself. The sentence is in Excerpt 13.
Excerpt 13 “I’m the devil, who’s asking?” (S.118/0:48:47).
In this line, Mike used the term devil to describe himself when he entered the Haitian gangsters’ house. It was not explained why he chose such word as a name-calling utterance. However, it could be assumed that Mike chose devil because he intended to give something bad to the Haitian gangsters. The loaded gun he carried while entering the house was a supporting evidence for this assumption.
2. Slot Fillers
There were 95 slot filler swearing utterances and it was equal to 22.89% of the total swearing utterances. Not all the subcategories of slot fillers were found in
Bad Boys II movie as there was not a single anaphoric use of epithet found in the movie. a. Adverbial/Adjectival Intensifier
According to Ljung (2011), swear words are often used to express a high degree of the preceding or following adjective or adverb. Ljung also adds that the swear word can be compounded with the adverb or adjective. Thirteen swearing utterances of this subcategory were found, and all of them were adjectival
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39 intensifiers. Excerpt 14 and Excerpt 15 are the examples of intensifiers placed before an adjective.
Excerpt 14 “That shit’s fucking annoying.” (S.40/0:12:07).
Excerpt 15 “Almost finished. Everything fucking shiny new. Come on upstairs.” (S.186/1:02:06).
Two words fucking in these lines were used to intensify the following adjectives, “annoying” and “shiny.” With the swear words, the adjectives were intensified and could be interpreted as “very annoying” and “really shiny.”
There were also some compounded intensifiers in this movie. An example of compounded intensifiers from Bad Boys II movie can be seen in Excerpt 16.
Excerpt 16 “This is a big-ass hill.” (S.392/2:13:57).
The swear word ass, which was compounded with the adjective “big”, had the function of adjectival intensifier. In this line, the placement of the intensifier was not in the front of the adjective but right after the adjective. From this line, it could be inferred that the speaker had an idea that the hill he saw was very big. b. Adjectives of dislike
To give a sign of dislike, a swear word is often placed right before the intended noun (Ljung, 2011). Ljung also states that this function is difficult to distinguish from the emphasis function. It is because of the similar placement of the swear word. Therefore, the researcher needed to observe the characters’ emotions when they were uttering the swear words to separate adjectives of dislike from emphases. It was found from the movie that generally a character used an adjective
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40 of dislike to express annoyed feeling caused by the following noun. There were 20 adjectives of dislike in the form of swearing in Bad Boys II movie. An example is in the following line.
Excerpt 17 “Get your bitch hands off. I’ll knock you fuck out.” (S.220/1:15:25).
This line was uttered by a prisoner when he was being taken to the cell by an officer. The word bitch functioned as an adjective of dislike for the word
“hands.” It indicated that the prisoner did not like the officer’s hands holding him.
Another example of adjectives of dislike can be seen in Excerpt 18.
Excerpt 18 “I mean, who had this fucking idea?” (S.372/2:03:35).
This line was from Johnny Tapia’s dialogue when he was complaining to the workers who made the painting of Jesus Christ in his house. He did not like the idea of painting Jesus Christ as what he wanted was a painting of an angel. He used the swear word fucking and put it before the noun “idea” to express his dislike. c. Emphasis
Emphasis was the most frequent slot filler function used in the movie with
52 counts of swearing. Ljung (2011) states that there are some ways to give emphasis using a swear word; by placing it before the noun, placing it after interrogative pronouns or adverbs (who, what, why, when, where, how), putting it inside a phrase, or by infixation. Some examples of emphases from Bad Boys II movie are in Excerpt 19 and 20.
Excerpt 19 “Yes, you do know what the fuck I am talking about.” (S.44/0:12:30).
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41
This line was uttered by Marcus’ therapist when Marcus was having his therapy. This line was used as a response to Marcus’ line which also used an emphasis. Marcus’ line can be seen in Excerpt 20.
Excerpt 20 “I don’t know what the fuck you talking about.” (S.43/0:12:25).
From this conversation, it could be inferred that Marcus emphasized that he really had no idea about what the therapist was saying, but the therapist also emphasized that Marcus actually really understood what she said. These two lines had a similar construction. The swear words in those lines were put after the interrogative adverb “what.” There were several swearing utterances with this construction in the movie. However, not all of them were emphases. Some were used as expletive interjections. d. Modal Adverbial
In modal adverbial, the swear word is placed before a verb. Ljung (2011) adds that this type of swearing is included in pragmatic markers which express subjectivity. The researcher found eight swearing utterances which were used as modal adverbial swearing. All of the modal adverbial swear words in Bad Boys II were placed before verbs. An example is the Excerpt 21.
Excerpt 21 “Don’t fucking move.” (S.351/1:52:00).
As it could be seen, the swear word fucking preceded the verb “move.” Since this line was in the form of imperative sentence, the subject of this sentence was
“you”, which was not uttered. In this line, the speaker – which was a policeman – showed subjectivity that only the subject “you” or the addressees, not the other
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42 people in that room, who were not allowed to move. Another example can be seen in Excerpt 22.
Excerpt 22 “I'm all right. I'll give you a warning. It's the best I can fucking do for all of youse!” (S.26/0:08:14).
In this Marcus’ line, there was a modal adverbial swear word placed between the modal “can” and the verb “do.” This modal adverbial swearing showed the subjectivity of the verb “do” which referred to the preceding sentence. It could be implied from the speaker’s utterance that “giving a warning” was what the subject
“I”, as the speaker, was really able to do. e. Noun Support
An adjective might describe a noun clearly. However, Ljung (2011) argues that a swear word can be placed after an adjective to form a noun support. Only two noun supports were found in this movie. The noun supports can be seen in Excerpt
23 and Excerpt 24 below.
Excerpt 23 “Your partner’s a cocky nigger.” (S.18/0:07:39).
Excerpt 24 “He is a mean fuck.” (S.160/0:56:31).
Both of the swear words, nigger and fuck, were placed after an adjective which described the subject of its sentence. The two swear words were used as an additional word to form a noun support as a subject complement. The article “a” in both sentence was added as it is a grammatical requirement. Without the swear words, the subjects from those lines were still described clearly by the adjectives, and they would look like “your partner’s cocky” and “he is mean.”
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43
3. Replacive Swearing
Replacive swearing is described as the use of swear words that may replace non-taboo nouns and verbs (Ljung, 2011). The metaphorical meanings of the swear words still contain the literal meanings of the words in order to be understood correctly. From Bad Boys II movie, the researcher found 125 swearing utterances which were categorized as replacive swearing. Although Ljung describes replacive swearing as a “smaller functional category” (p. 30), the use of this type of swearing was frequent in the movie. An example of replacive swearing that replaced a noun can be seen in Excerpt 25.
Excerpt 25 “We can't let you all go, but this shit'll get worked out in court.” (S.24/0:08:00).
In this line, the swear word shit functioned as a noun. It was indicated by the determiner “this” preceding the swear word and the contracted modal of “will” right after the swear word. The word shit could be interpreted as “something unpleasant”. Therefore, in this context, it could be understood that shit might substitute the word “problem”.
As mentioned before that replacive swearing could replace verbs, the researcher also found some swearing utterances that replaced the functions of some verbs. One of those is in Excerpt 26.
Excerpt 26 “I think I screwed this up.” (S.152/0:54:33).
The phrase screwed up was the phrasal verb of the sentence. Screw up could be interpreted as doing something silly that may cause trouble. Hence, this swearing
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44
might be considered a substitute for a verb “ruin” or another phrasal verb “mess up.”
There were also several special cases that the researcher found in categorizing the swearing utterances into replacive swearing. For example, there was a compounded swear word that replaced and served as an adjective rather than replacing a noun or verb.
Excerpt 27 “It has kick-ass bass. You like hip-hop? I love it.” (S.151/0:53:40).
The swear words kick-ass acted as the adjective for the noun “bass.” It could be identified as an adjective because it was placed before the noun “bass” and it gave information about the following noun. The phrase kick-ass described that the bass was powerful or loud.
Another case was that some expressions containing swear words replaced some preposition phrases rather than nouns or verbs. The example is from the police captain’s line in Excerpt 28.
Excerpt 28 “The negative: I got a police commissioner so far up my ass … if he spits it's coming out of my mouth.” (S.94/0:41:03).
The head of the swearing phrase in this line was the preposition “up”, therefore, this phrase was considered a preposition phrase. Since the swearing did not act as a noun or verb, it might be assumed that it might not replace neither a noun nor verb. The researcher consulted the meaning of this expression to www.urbandictionary.com and found the meaning: “being involved so much in other person’s business” or “being really annoying.” In this case, the researcher
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45 drew a suggestion that it might be possible for replacive swearing to replace word classes other than noun and verb. Even it might be possible for replacive swearing to substitute phrases or clauses.
4. Unclassified Swearing
There were two unclassified swearing utterances found in Bad Boys II movie. The researcher still considered them as swearing because those two utterances met the requirement of Ljung’s (2011) criteria of swearing. However, there were some reasons why the researcher could not put these two swearing utterances into one of the swearing types. The first utterance was in the following line.
Excerpt 29 “Fucking … (talking incomprehensibly)!” (S.127/0:49:15).
This speaker of this line was one of the Haitian gangsters. In this line, the character used Haitian language after the swear word fucking, and he spoke rapidly.
The researcher could not determine the type of this swearing since the following utterance after the swear word was incomprehensible. Although in recognizing some types of swearing (e.g. expletive, name-calling) it was not necessarily needed to consider the words following the swear word, it was essential to concern the words after the swear word for some other swearing types. The second unclassified swearing is in the following excerpt.
Excerpt 30 “We got fucking …” (S.342/1:49:29).
The swearing in this line was incomplete since the speaker was distracted by another character’s action. It caused the speaker not to finish his utterance.
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46
Similar with the previous excerpt, the lack of the following words after the swear word caused the researcher exclude this swearing from the three types of swearing and consider it to be unclassified.
There were actually several possibilities to classify the type of these two swearing utterances. They could be a part of name-calling, adjective of dislike, emphasis, or modal adverbial. However, the incompleteness of these lines made the researcher unable to decide to which category these swearing utterances belonged.
B. Semantic Referents of Swear Words in Bad Boys II Movie
Since the researcher considered the whole phrase of swearing as the swearing utterance, not word by word, there were more swear words to be analysed than the swearing utterances. There were 433 swear words from 415 swearing utterances of which the semantic referents were analysed. These swear words were based on the lists and books used in the data gathering process. However, an exception was made for the word lunatic. This exception is discussed under psychological-physical-social deviations referent.
The researcher found that Bad Boys II movie employed 54 different swear words. The researcher categorized the referents of the swear words from Bad Boys
II movie into nine categories based on Jay’s (2009) theory. The categories are sexual references, profane or blasphemous, scatological and disgusting objects, animal names, ethnic-racial-gender slurs, psychological-physical-social deviations, ancestral allusions, substandard vulgar terms, and offensive slang. The distribution of the semantic referents can be seen in Figure 4.2.
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23/5.31% Semantic Referents 19/4.39%
3/0.69% 17/3.93% Sexual References 144/33.26% 16/3.70% Profane & Blasphemous 14/3.23% Scatological & Disgusting Objects Animal Names
Ethnic, Racial, Gender Slur
Psychological, Physical, Social Deviation Ancestral Allusion 58/13.39% Substandard Vulgar Term 139/32.10% Total: 433 Offensive Slang
Figure 4.2 Semantic Referents of Swear Words Distribution
All of the nine categories of semantic referents of swear words were found in this movie. The use of sexual references was the most frequent with 144 swear words. Scatological and disgusting objects referents were the second most frequent with 139 swear words. The least used was ancestral allusion with only 3 swear words.
1. Sexual References
The researcher found 144 swear words containing sexual references in Bad
Boys II movie. There were the words motherfucker, motherfucking, fucking mother and the variations of the word fuck (fuck, fucks, fucking, fucked, fucker) which were classified into sexual references. The swear word motherfucker was listed in this category because it is considered to be a deviant sexual act (Jay, 1992). Ljung
(2011) considers that this word carries both sexual and mother theme, with the mother theme is more dominant. Meanwhile, the word motherfucking was the
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48 adjective form of motherfucker. It could be seen from the functions of the word motherfucking in the dialogue, which were as adjectives of dislike and emphases in which the swear word preceded a noun. The phrase fucking mother has more or less the same meaning with motherfucker. The researcher assumed that the speaker of this swear word intended to say motherfucker instead of fucking mother as this expression is quite rare to be heard in movies. Besides, the speaker of this word was a Russian character whose first language was not English. The variations of the word fuck were used 108 times in the movie, which made it the second mostly used swear word. Fuck was also more flexible than the other three swear words since it was used in many subcategories of swearing types. This indicated that the word fuck has flexibility for both utterance and syntactic functions.
2. Profane and Blasphemous
Profane and blasphemous swear words refer to religious terms or references
(Hughes, 2006). There were 58 swear words of this referent in the movie. All of those served as profanity or without any intention to attack a certain religion or belief. This finding was similar with what Mahayana (2017) found that blasphemy was not used in Bad Boys II movie. The swear words included in this category were
Christ, damn, devil, gee, God, goddamn, gosh, hell, jeez, Jesus, Jesus Christ, and
Lord. Euphemism was used in the words gee, jeez, and gosh. Gee and jeez were the substitutions for the use of the word Jesus, while gosh replaced the use of the word
God. Such euphemism might happen as the speaker avoided using the word Jesus and God in swearing for it might feel inappropriate. The use of profane or
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49 blasphemous referents varied from expletive interjections, curses, contradictions, name-calling, adjective intensifiers, adjectives of dislike, and emphases.
3. Scatological and Disgusting Objects
There were 139 swear words in Bad Boys II movie which referred to scatological and disgusting objects. This referent was the second most frequent swear word referent used in this movie. Scatological and disgusting objects refer to excretion and bodily products (Jay, 2000). Excretion organs and other things that are considered disgusting by most people are also included in this referent. The words containing this referent were ass, bullshit, crap, piss (pissed, pissing, pissed off), and shit (shitting). Shit was the most frequently employed swear word in this movie as it was uttered for 114 times. The high amount of this word found in the dialogue might be explained by Ljung’s (2011) statement that “shit is a very useful word used as an expletive interjection …, and as an expletive epithet in utterances
…, and also in other expressions … ” (p. 38). This was also an indication that the word shit has flexible functions. The words shit, bullshit, and crap are excretion products. Piss is also an excretion product, but the movie used the derivations of this word which were pissed and pissing. These two words have the sense of excretion process rather than the product.
The word ass denotes organs or body parts which are related to excretion process. Jay (2009) actually uses this word as an example of animal names referent since ass means a donkey for its old use. However, the researcher put this word into scatological referent since it commonly denotes a human body part in its modern use. Besides, the word ass is the American version of the British word arse, which
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50 also denotes a human body part. Scatological and disgusting objects swear words were flexibly used as expletives, contradictions, unfriendly suggestions, name- calling, adjective intensifiers, adjectives of dislike, and replacive swearing.
4. Animal Names
Some animal names were also used as swear words in the dialogue of Bad
Boys II movie. There were 14 swearing utterances which contained this referent.
The animal names were bitch, dog, jackal, pussy, and rat. The words bitch means female dog, while jackal is an animal which look like a dog and eats dead animals.
Pussy refers to cat and rat refers to a rodent. The animal name chosen for swear word is usually influenced by the addressee’s behavior (Allan & Burridge, 2006).
An example is the word rat, which is often considered a pest, was used to describe one of Johnny Tapias’ men named Roberto, who often caused problems.
In this movie, animal names were used as swear words only in name-calling swearing. Although there was a word dog used as a verb in the dialogue, the researcher did not take that word as a swear word. This is based on the fact that the researcher found the meaning of the word dog as a verb in dictionary does not contain any offensive meaning.
5. Ethnic-Racial-Gender Slurs
The researcher found 16 swear words containing this referent from Bad Boys
II movie. However, none of them was gender slur. All of them were ethnic and racial slurs, such as black, gringo, negro, nigga, and nigger. These words were used in two types of swearing, namely unfriendly suggestion and name-calling. However, only the word black, which was found in the phrase “kiss my black ass”, used as a
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51 part of an unfriendly suggestion. The other swear words containing this referent were used in name-calling.
The words black, negro, nigga, and nigger share the same meaning of a group of people who have dark pigmentation. From these four words, the word nigger is often considered to be the most offensive. The word nigga is the variation of nigger. Even though it was used several time to express anger in name-calling, this word is less offensive than nigger as it is commonly used in black people community. This is supported by the fact that the word nigga was only used between black characters of the movie. It is also supported by Allan and Burridge’s
(2006) explanation of the word nigga which states that it is considered a sign of identity and solidarity among African American people. The word black is an offensive word that has been less insulting. Allan and Burridge’s (2006) suggest that the word black “… should probably be marked as orthophemistic …” (p. 84), meaning it is considered a straight talk rather than offensive one. It became offensive because it was used in the unfriendly suggestion swearing.
Meanwhile, the slur gringo was derived from a Spanish word. The offensiveness of the word gringo is still debatable. The researcher browsed through some forums on the internet and found that some people claimed that this word is commonly used by its native speaker without any derogatory meaning. In the other hand, some who experienced being called by gringo felt insulted by this word.
6. Psychological-Physical-Social Deviation
There were 17 swear words with this referent from Bad Boys II movie.
However, from the three smaller themes in this referent, the researcher only found
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52 swear words containing psychological and social deviation themes. The swear words from the movie which belonged to this referent varied from dumb, fool, freak, lunatic, maniac, punk, and stupid. The words with psychological deviation theme are dumb, fool, freak, lunatic, maniac, and stupid. These words denote psychological states and levels of intelligence. Meanwhile, only punk belongs to the social deviation theme. Punk belongs to the social deviation referent as it denotes a certain culture or social group.
As previously mentioned, the researcher made an exception in determining the word lunatic as a swear word. This word was not found in any list of swear words or book which the researcher used to determine a swear word in the data gathering process. However, it was found in Bad Boys II movie that the word lunatic was used as the head of a name-calling noun phrase. Moreover, the researcher found that lunatic is labelled as an offensive word in Cambridge Dictionary for its old use. These became the considerations why this word was included as a swear word.
Jay (1992) states that this referent is often employed as insults. He adds that it functions “… to hurt the person directly through the particular word or phrase” (p.
8). In this movie, the researcher found that the use of this referent was not limited to direct insults. It was also used to describe a third party, which means it did not directly insult the person. Moreover, there were also some use of this referent to describe something.
The psychological and social deviation swear words were used in several types of swearing in this movie. They were used as expletive swearing, name- calling, adjectives of dislike, and emphases. Swear words with this referent were
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53 also used as adjectives in some name-calling and replacive swearing, such as in the phrases “…you dumb Latin fuck” and “…dumb shit.”
7. Ancestral Allusions
There were three swearing utterances containing this referent in Bad Boys
II movie, and it was the least used referent in this movie. All of those swearing utterances shared the same swearing phrase, son of a bitch. This phrase shows an image of the relation between a male addressee and his mother. This is supported by Ljung (2011), who states that this phrase contains mother theme, and Jay (1992), who argues that it is commonly directed to male addressee. Jay’s argument was proven by the finding that son of a bitch was only used between male characters in this movie. These three swearing utterances of this semantic referent were used in two types of swearing. Two of them were as expletive swearing and the other one as name-calling.
8. Substandard Vulgar Terms
Nineteen substandard vulgar terms were found in the movie. The swear words with this referent were the suffix –ass (big-ass, little-ass, freak-ass, kick-ass, dumb-ass, thick-ass, and grown-ass), cock diesel, puckered up my butthole, shit- storm, up my ass, and whup … ass. These words were considered substandard as their use in the sentences could not be taken as grammatically correct. This matched what Wardhaugh (2006) states that substandard English sounds like poorly arranged utterance. Moreover, these swear words contain vulgar terms (e.g. ass, cock, butthole, shit), which lines up with Jay’s (1992; 2000) explanation that vulgar terms are often related to sexual act, body parts, products, and processes. Three
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54 types of swearing, namely name-calling, adjective intensifier, and replacive swearing, were using this referent.
9. Offensive Slang
From all the swear words in Bad Boys II movie, 23 of them were offensive slang. The swear words belonging to this referent were ball, bang, bimbo, dickhead, gangbanger, hump (humping), screw (screwed, screwing, screw up), scumbag, and shithole. As what Jay (1992) states that slang as a new vocabulary is developed to ease communication, slang was used as a new label or a new name for something which has existed. The movie used slang swear words in name-calling and replacive swearing. The slang used in name-calling were bimbo, dickhead, gangbanger and scumbag. Bang, ball, shithole, screw, and hump were used as replacive swearing.
C. Other Findings
The researcher found some utterances of swear words which were not classified and utilized as the data for this research. Those words were ass, devil, fuck, negro, and tit (titties). The example could be seen in Excerpt 31.
Excerpt 31 “My ass still hurts … from what you did to it the other night.” (NS.12/0:55:14).
The word ass in this line was not considered a swearing utterances as it used its literal meaning. This violated the Ljung’s second criteria of swearing which says that the non-literal meaning of a swear word is what is used. Since it did not meet the criteria to be considered swearing, this line was not analysed in this research.
The utterances of non-swearing use of swear words can be seen in Appendix 4.
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The researcher also found some possible swearing utterances. These utterances could be considered swearing utterances as they used name-calling construction. Although some possible swear words were used in these utterances to express certain emotions, still, these utterances were not used as the data. It was due to the fact that they did not contain the swear words from the lists and books that were used in the data gathering process. An example of those utterances can be seen below.
Excerpt 32 “For the DEA you ain’t nothing but a honeypot!” (PS.6/1:14:17).
This line was uttered by Marcus as a name-calling to his sister, Sydney. The word honeypot was used to describe Marcus’ view on how Sydney is in the eyes of her institution. This word gave a negative impact to Sidney as she reacted negatively by expressing shocked feeling after she heard that word. The list of the possible swearing utterances is in Appendix 5.
Another case was swearing utterances which used Spanish swear words. The example is the swearing in Excerpt 33.
Excerpt 33 “You little puta!” (2:08:24).
This line actually met the swearing four criteria of swearing that Ljung
(2011) proposed. It also contained the taboo word puta in its sentence. However, since the swear word puta is a Spanish swear word, it was not counted as the data for this research as the researcher only used English swear words. The Spanish swear words found in Bad Boys II movie were puta, mierda, and maricon.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
There are three sections in this concluding chapter. The first one summarizes and concludes the results of the research. The second one explains the implications of this research for English education. The last section is about the researcher’s suggestions for further research.
A. Conclusions
There are two research questions addressed in this research: 1) Which types of swearing are used in Bad Boys II movie? and 2) Which semantic references of swear words are used in the movie? In this research, 415 data in the form of swearing utterances were taken from Bad Boys II movie. Then, the data were classified into the categories of the types of swearing and the semantic referents of swear words. For the types of swearing, the researcher chose to use the types that
Ljung (2011) proposed. To answer the second research question, the researcher used the semantic referents of swear words from Jay (2009).
All of the three categories of swearing types from Ljung’s (2011) theory, namely stand-alones, slot fillers, and replacive swearing, were found in the movie.
Stand-alone swearing was the mostly used. Meanwhile, slot fillers were the least frequent swearing. Even though all of the types of swearing were found in Bad Boys
II movie, some smaller subcategories of stand-alones and slot fillers were not employed. From stand-alones, there was not any oath and ritual insult found in the movie. While under slot fillers, not a single anaphoric use of epithet was found.
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However, it still can be said that this movie used wide variations of swearing in its dialogue.
Some special cases were also found in the process of classifying the types of swearing in Bad Boys II movie. From the movie, there were two swearing utterances which were unable to be classified into one of the types of swearing.
These occurrences were caused by the incompleteness of the lines. In replacive swearing category, the researcher did not only found swear words which replaced nouns and verbs as in Ljung’s (2011) theory. There were some replacive swearing utterances which functioned as an adjective and preposition phrases.
The researcher found that all of the nine semantic referents of swear words that Jay (2009) proposed were used in the movie. Sexual references and scatological and disgusting objects referents were the most referred theme. The least referred theme was ancestral allusion. The researcher also found that it was possible for a swearing utterance to carry more than one swear word and referent. All of these indicated that Bad Boys II movie contained various swear words in its dialogue.
There were also some other findings from Bad Boys II movie. The researcher found several utterances of swear words which were not counted as swearing as they did not meet the requirements or criteria. There were also some utterances which were possible to be considered swearing utterances. Moreover, it was also found that Bad Boys II movie employed some Spanish swear words.
B. Implications
Although learning about English swearing and swear words is not really a common matter in the educational field, it is beneficial for English learners to learn
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58 about them. The research results can give insights on how swearing functions in utterances and how swear words are placed in a certain place in a sentence to build the intended meaning. Hence, it can be advantageous knowledge for English learners who are studying the syntactic structure of English sentences. This research results can also be a guide in how to use English swearing and in understanding the literal meaning of English swear words. It can be useful for those who intend to use swear words in their writing, such as in creative writing.
The knowledge about the use of swearing and the meanings of swear words can also enable English learners to be more communicative and effective in daily conversations. English learners will be able to understand and respond easily and appropriately when someone uses swear words while talking to them. By using swear words appropriately in their utterances, English learners can also avoid being stiff and too formal. Besides, using swear words may bring friendly impression in informal conversations.
C. Recommendations
As discussed in this research, not only can swearing have different utterance functions, but also swearing can have different syntactic functions in a sentence depending on the placement. This is an interesting matter as the different placement of the swear words in a sentence can produce different meanings. Since there are already many studies on the utterance functions of swearing, the researcher suggests future researchers conduct a study on the syntactic functions of swear words in sentences. With the increasing use of English swear words in daily conversations, it is important to know how English swear words are used in constructing a
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59 sentence. Moreover, the fact that a swear word can have some different word classes and produce different meanings based on its placement may cause confusion for non-native English speakers. Having knowledge on this matter will beneficial especially for English learners.
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REFERENCES
Allan, K., & Burridge, K. (2006). Forbidden words: Taboo an the censoring of language. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C., & Razavieh, A. (2010). Introduction to research in education (8th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth. Bowers, J. S., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2011). Swearing, euphemisms, and linguistic relativity. PLoS ONE, 6(7), 1-8. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. Curzan, A. (2012). The secret life of words: English words and their origins. Chantilly: The Great Courses. Dynel, M. (2012). Swearing methodologically: The (im)politeness of expletives in anonymous commentaries on YouTube. Journal of English Studies, 10, 25- 50. Fägersten, K. B. (2007). A sociolinguistic analysis of swear word offensivensess. Saarland Working Papers in Linguistics, 1, 14-37. Fairman, C. M. (2009). Fuck: Word taboo and protecting our first amendment liberties. Naperville: Sphinx Publishing. Finn, E. (2017). Swearing: The good, the bad & the ugly. ORTESOL Journal, 34, 17-26. Gao, C. (2013). A sociolinguistic study of English taboo language. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(12), 2310-2314. Goddard, C. (2015). “Swear words” and “curse words” in Australian (and American) English. At the crossroads of pragmatics, semantics and sociolinguistics. Intercultural Pragmatics, 12(2), 189-218. Hughes, G. (2006). An encyclopedia of swearing. New York: M.E.Sharpe. Jay, T. (1992). Cursing in America. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Jay, T. (2000). Why we curse. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Jay, T. (2009). The utility and ubiquity of taboo words. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(2), 153-161. Jay, T. (2017). We did what?! : Offensive and inappropriate behavior in American history. Santa Barbara: Greenwood.
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Jay, T., & Janschewitz, K. (2007). Filling the emotion gap in linguistic theory: Commentary on Potts’ expressive dimension. Theoretical Linguistics, 33(2), 215-221. Jay, T., & Janschewitz, K. (2008). The pragmatics of swearing. Journal of Politeness Research, 4(2), 267-288. Krippendorff, K. H. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. Lipka, L. (1992). An outline of English lexicology (2nd ed.). Darmstadt: Max Niemeyer Verlag Tübingen. Ljung, M. (2011). Swearing: A cross-cultural linguistic study. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2005). Second language research: Methodology and design. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahayana, I. M. (2017). Offensive languages in Bad Boys 2. Kulturistik, 1(1), 46- 55. McEnery, T. (2006). Swearing in English: Bad language, purity and power from 1856 to the present. London: Routledge. Mercury, R.-E. (1995). Swearing: A "bad" part of language; a good part of language learning. TESL Canada Journal, 13(1), 28-36. Mohr, M. (2013). Holy sh*t: A brief history of swearing. New York: Oxford University Press. Napoli, D. J., & Hoeksema, J. (2009). The grammatical versatility of taboo terms. Studies in Language, 33(3), 612-643. Sapsford, R., & Jupp, V. (2006). Data collection and analysis (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Stephens, R., Atkins, J., & Kingston, A. (2009). Swearing as a response to pain. NeuroReport, 20(12), 1056-1060. Thelwall, M. (2008). Fk yea I swear: Cursing and gender in a corpus of MySpace pages. Corpora, 3(1), 83-107. Vingerhoets, A. J., Bylsma, L. M., & Vlam, d. C. (2013). Swearing: A biopsychosocial perspective. Psychological Topics, 22(2), 287-304. Wajnryb, R. (2005). Expletive deleted: A good look at bad language. New York: Free Press. Wang, N. (2013). An analysis of the pragmatic functions of swearing. Griffith Working Papers in Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication, 6, 71-79. Wardhaugh, R. (2006). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell .
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APPENDICES
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Appendix 1. Types of Swearing and Semantic Referents of Swear Words
Note: The words in bold is the swearing utterance/swear words for the data.
Abbreviations:
EXP = Expletive Interjections AAI = Adverbial/Adjectival Intensifier SEX = Sexual References OA = Oaths ADI = Adjectives of Dislike PB = Profane or Blasphemous CUR = Curses EMP = Emphasis SCA = Scatological Ref. & Disgusting Objects AAC = Affirmation & Contradiction MOD = Modal Adverbial ANI = Animal Names UNF = Unfriendly Suggestions ANA = Anaphoric Use of Epithets ERG = Ethnic-Racial-Gender Slurs RIT = Ritual Insults NS = Noun Supports PPS = Psychological-Physical-Social Deviations NAM = Name-calling AA = Ancestral Allusions RS = Replacive Swearing SV = Substandard Vulgar Terms OS = Offensive Slang S.# = Swearing.#
Types of Swearing Semantic Referents Stand-Alones Slot Fillers S S A E P No Time Dialogue E C A U R N A A E M A R P A S O O N E C N R P X U A N I A A D M O N S B A V S A S X A I G S P R C F T M I I P D A S.1 0:02:37 Fucking bitches. 1 1 1 S.2 0:05:29 Fuck. My lens is flaring. 1 1 S.3 0:05:32 I can't see shit. 1 1 S.4 0:05:45 Take that shit. I'm out of here. 1 1 S.5 0:05:47 Shit. 1 1 S.6 0:06:00 Blue power, motherfuckers. Miami PD. 1 1
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S.7 Aw, damn. It's the Negroes. 0:06:02 1 1 S.8 Aw, damn. It's the Negroes. 1 1 S.9 0:06:35 It's all static. The radios are fucked. 1 1 S.10 0:06:46 Got you, nigger. 1 1 S.11 0:06:53 You ain't gonna shoot, nigger. 1 1 Just cause you got a gun to my partner's head, you S.12 0:06:54 think I won't splatter your shit all over this swamp, huh? 1 1 S.13 0:07:02 Hell... Hell, no! 1 1 S.14 0:07:06 The fuck I want to do that for? 1 1 A: Put the gun down, tell me who brings this shit in S.15 0:07:09 and maybe I'll just pop one in your shoulder. 1 1 See, that's my partner's new spiritual bullshit my S.16 0:07:23 partner's on. 1 1 S.17 0:07:25 Me? I actually prefer shooting motherfuckers. 1 1 S.18 0:07:39 Your partner's a cocky nigger. 1 1 S.19 0:07:41 Damn. Now, was that necessary, sir? 1 1 S.20 0:07:45 He can't just be a cop? He got to be a nigga too? 1 1 S.21 0:07:47 I'll hot this fool. 1 1 S.22 0:07:54 I am way too unstable for that bullshit. 1 1 Stop all the goddamned movement! Everybody stop S.23 0:07:56 moving! 1 1 We can't let you all go, but this shit'll get worked out S.24 0:08:00 in court. 1 1 S.25 0:08:06 Exercise your right to shut the fuck up. 1 1 I'm all right. I'll give you a warning. It's the best I can S.26 0:08:14 fucking do for all of youse! 1 1 S.27 0:08:20 He goes to bed early for this shit! 1 1
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S.28 0:08:22 Just to wake up to pop one in a motherfucker! 1 1 S.29 0:09:54 I didn't do shit! 1 1 The radios were fucked up. Get some medics over S.30 0:09:57 here. You guys okay? 1 1 S.31 0:10:03 Motherfucker shot me in the ass, man. 1 1 I ain't saying I didn't shoot you … but, damn! S.32 0:10:19 Somebody shot you in the ass. 1 1 Hey, isn't Ricky Martin having a concert? Get the S.33 0:10:36 fuck on. 1 1 S.34 0:10:59 Take your ass home somewhere. 1 1 Who can tell me how those jackals knew where to S.35 0:11:12 bite Johnny Tapia? 1 1 S.36 0:11:37 I got real-world shit to deal with, Mike. 1 1 S.37 0:11:42 Same old shit, different day. 1 1 S.38 0:11:45 All right, yes, damn. I shot you, all right? 1 1 S.39 That shit's fucking annoying. 1 1 0:12:07 S.40 That shit's fucking annoying. 1 1 S.41 0:12:09 Like a fucking gnat at a barbecue. 1 1 S.42 0:12:12 Just bugging the fuck out of me. 1 1 S.43 0:12:25 I don't know what the fuck you talking about. 1 1 S.44 0:12:30 Yes, you do know what the fuck I am talking about. 1 1 Mike, you go to therapy to get your issues worked S.45 0:12:52 out … not bang your therapist. 1 1 A bunch of men hugging and kissing, that's some cult S.46 0:13:14 shit. 1 1 S.47 0:15:36 Some fucking punk thinks he can die in my club. 1 1 1 S.48 0:15:43 Ecstasy fucks them up. 1 1 S.49 0:16:26 Theresa, cancel the damn cable. 1 1
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S.50 0:16:45 James. Get my screwdriver. Damn bolts. 1 1 S.51 0:17:26 For you, dog. 1 1 S.52 0:20:24 That's like a big-ass puddle wrapped in blue plastic. 1 1 S.53 0:20:56 Mike, can I see you by my stupid pool? 1 1 S.54 0:21:27 Oh, shit! 1 1 S.55 0:21:33 Now, that shit is funny. 1 1 S.56 0:21:36 That's some funny shit. 1 1 If you want to fuck with me again, find yourself S.57 0:23:31 another chump. 1 1 S.58 0:24:05 Delivery's late, it's your ass, not mine. 1 1 S.59 0:24:42 We're giving too fucking much away. 1 1 S.60 0:25:31 Wonder whose shit they about to rip now? 1 1 S.61 0:27:23 Be aware. They're approaching … Shit. Shit. 1 1 S.62 0:27:29 Jesus! 1 1 S.63 0:27:30 Fuck, it's a hit! 1 1 S.64 0:27:31 Shit. 1 1 S.65 0:27:04 Roberto, fucking follow them! 1 1 S.66 0:27:46 Shit! 1 1 S.67 0:27:50 Son of a bitch! 1 1 S.68 0:28:59 Shit. 1 1 S.69 0:29:10 Shit! 1 1 S.70 0:31:05 This shit is crazy. 1 1 S.71 0:31:57 Shit! 1 1 S.72 0:32:37 Go, go, go, Mike! Punch that shit! Punch it! 1 1 S.73 0:33:02 Kill the fucker! 1 1 S.74 0:33:13 Shit! 1 1 S.75 0:33:46 Shit! Shit. 1 1
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Definitely shoot that motherfucker that just … Oh, S.76 0:33:47 man, my headlight. 1 1 S.77 0:34:44 Jesus! Fuck! 1 1 1 S.78 0:34:52 This is some sick shit! 1 1 Oh, they are not about to do that. - Hell, yes, they S.79 0:35:10 are! 1 1 S.80 0:35:34 You know what'd be fucking helpful, Marcus? 1 1 S.81 0:35:37 Just shut the fuck up and let me drive! Let's try that! 1 1 S.82 0:35:47 Hey, come on, man, with the screaming shit! 1 1 S.83 0:35:51 I'm concentrating on dodging these motherfuckers. 1 1 S.84 0:36:08 That was a flip! - That motherfucker flipped! 1 1 S.85 0:36:10 That one puckered up my butthole. 1 1 S.86 0:36:10 Almost fucking crushed my head. 1 1 S.87 0:37:19 The fuck is going on, Syd? 1 1 Get over here, I'm undercover. And please call off S.88 0:37:23 your dogs. 1 1 S.89 0:37:40 What the hell do you want me to do, Marcus? 1 1 S.90 0:37:42 Fuck that, Mike, she's wrong. 1 1 You know what, Syd, that shit you did was reckless, S.91 0:38:07 it was stupid and it was dangerous. 1 1 I'm telling Mommy. Okay? I'm definitely leaking that S.92 0:38:13 shit. 1 1 You ready to go back to the station, get our asses S.93 0:39:49 whupped? 1 1 The negative: I got a police commissioner so far up S.94 0:41:03 my ass … if he spits it's coming out of my mouth. 1 1 S.95 0:42:03 Christ! Fuck! 1 1 1 S.96 0:42:18 Oh, kiss my black ass. 1 1 1
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S.97 0:43:25 Fucking ratones eating my fucking money. 1 1 S.98 0:43:25 Fucking ratones eating my fucking money. 1 1 S.99 0:43:29 Carlos, this is a stupid fucking problem to have. 1 1 1 S.100 0:43:38 Rat fuckers. 1 1 S.101 0:43:40 Rat fuckers. 1 1 This black chica working for the Russians was a S.102 goddamn maniac lunatic. 1 1 0:43:45 This black chica working for the Russians was a S.103 goddamn maniac lunatic. 1 1 2 Also, Roberto saw these two crazy gangbanger S.104 0:43:54 homeys. 1 1 S.105 0:43:57 Oh, shit. 1 1 Now American security's so goddamned tight over S.106 0:44:08 the water … and they got the sky … that the rats eat my money before I can get it to Cuba. 1 1 S.107 0:44:33 Shut the fuck up. 1 1 S.108 0:44:39 I own this fucking town. You see? 1 1 S.109 0:45:13 Roberto, what do you think? - It's fucking beautiful. 1 1 Talk polite in front of my little bonbon … or I'm S.110 0:45:22 gonna chop your balls off. 1 1 Hey, dude, for real, I'm straight with all your spiritual S.111 0:45:27 enlightenment and that shit. 1 1 But I need to know if a crackhead rolls behind me S.112 0:45:30 with a.9, you'll cook that fool. 1 1 S.113 0:45:37 Come on with that leg shit. 1 1 S.114 0:45:52 What in the hell is that supposed to mean? 1 1 S.115 0:46:42 You just went number one on Uncle Mike's shit list. 1 1 S.116 This the shit right here. This is the shit. 1 1 0:47:22 S.117 This the shit right here. This is the shit. 1 1
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S.118 0:48:47 I'm the devil, who's asking?! 1 1 S.119 0:48:51 The devil is not welcome here! 1 1 S.120 0:48:53 You got to call yourself the devil in his house?! Shit! 1 1 You're in my country, though. - Fuck you, how's S.121 0:49:02 that? 1 1 S.122 0:49:04 I'm gonna kill you, motherfucker! 1 1 S.123 0:49:04 Your country, my ass! 1 1 S.124 Fuck you. - Fuck me? Fuck you! 1 1 S.125 0:49:07 Fuck you. - Fuck me? Fuck you! 1 1 S.126 Fuck you. - Fuck me? Fuck you! 1 1 S.127 0:49:15 Fucking … (talking incomprehensibly)! 1 S.128 0:49:26 Take your bullet and eat that shit, man. 1 1 S.129 0:49:36 What the fuck? 1 1 Fucking Haitians in a fucking little-ass room with S.130 fucking guns. Shit! 1 1 Fucking Haitians in a fucking little-ass room with S.131 fucking guns. Shit! 1 1 1 0:49:57 Fucking Haitians in a fucking little-ass room with S.132 fucking guns. Shit! 1 1 Fucking Haitians in a fucking little-ass room with S.133 fucking guns. Shit! 1 1 S.134 0:50:15 Got to make it home to my babies. Damn, now. 1 1 S.135 0:50:25 Motherfucker! You killed my brother! 1 1 S.136 0:50:32 That's a bitch! 1 1 S.137 0:50:35 Shoot them. Fucking shoot them. 1 1 S.138 0:51:02 Oh, shit! Motherfucker! 1 1 1 S.139 0:51:10 Motherfucker! 1 1
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S.140 0:51:18 I'm gonna kill you, motherfucker! 1 1 S.141 0:51:25 Come. Come kill me, motherfucker. 1 1 S.142 0:52:16 Whoosah, motherfucker! 1 1 See, the interesting thing is he's the one of us that's S.143 0:52:21 not pissed off. 1 1 S.144 0:52:40 Hey, look, man, fuck it. 1 1 S.145 0:52:59 He can't tell us shit, Mike. 1 1 S.146 0:53:01 He's all fucked up. 1 1 S.147 0:53:04 Dead suspects can't say shit. 1 1 It seems like live suspects don't say shit either, so I'll S.148 0:53:06 hot this dude here. 1 1 I don't do motherfucking surveillance, man. He do S.149 0:53:13 surveillance, man. 1 1 S.150 0:53:19 Shit. 1 1 S.151 0:53:40 It has kick-ass bass. You like hip-hop? I love it. 1 1 S.152 0:54:33 I think I screwed this up. 1 1 S.153 0:54:46 What the fuck's going on here? 1 1 S.154 0:54:51 What the hell is going on in my store? 1 1 Son, how did this porno crap get on my videos in my S.155 0:54:54 store?! 1 1 What the hell is going on in here?! S.156 0:54:58 1 1 Three days of this shit. Got my nerves all rattled. S.157 0:55:06 1 1 S.158 0:55:19 Oh, my Lord. 1 1 I mean, we got caught up in the moment, shit got S.159 0:55:25 crazy. 1 1 S.160 0:56:31 He's a mean fuck. 1 1
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Look here. This is our little boundary box. So we gonna take the word "flaccid"… and we're gonna put S.161 0:56:33 it in there with my mom's titties… with your erection problems, and we're gonna close this box… and we're gonna throw this bitch in the ocean. 1 1 And the only way that you can get to this box… is S.162 0:56:46 you got to be motherfucking Jacques Cousteau. 1 1 S.163 0:57:02 Oh, shit. 1 1 What kind of freak-ass store is this? S.164 0:57:10 1 1 And you two motherfuckers need Jesus. S.165 0:57:13 1 1 Palm Mortuary, owned by an offshore holding company which, after 17 layers of bullshit turns out S.166 0:57:19 to be registered to Donna Maria Tapia, mother of Hector Juan Carlos Tapia, who calls himself Johnny. 1 1 S.167 0:57:31 Johnny Tapia. Shit. 1 1 S.168 0:57:42 And got a dozen dumb-ass officers like you fired. 1 1 S.169 0:58:09 With thick-ass glasses you don't need floor seats. 1 1 S.170 0:58:35 Yeah. We got a fucking problem. 1 1 S.171 0:58:56 Dog, this is what we do. 1 1 S.172 0:59:21 Mike, I'm a grown-ass man. 1 1 S.173 0:59:23 Get your grown-ass self together and let's do this. 1 1 S.174 0:59:46 What kind of breed are they? - Big motherfuckers. 1 1 The only thing that we can guarantee is that these rats S.175 1:00:12 will keep fucking. 1 1 S.176 1:00:35 They just looking for rat pussy. 1 1 S.177 1:00:40 Are you fucking with me? 1 1
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But what you should understand is that these rats will S.178 1:00:45 hump twice a day. 1 1 S.179 That's that bullshit. That's that bullshit right there. 1 1 1:00:55 S.180 That's that bullshit. That's that bullshit right there. 1 1 S.181 1:01:35 Where the fuck you going? 1 1 S.182 1:01:42 Come straight back. No screwing around. 1 1 It's Mama's. And it's a shithole. Built a fucking S.183 1:01:54 million years ago. 1 1 It's Mama's. And it's a shithole. Built a fucking S.184 1:01:54 million years ago. 1 1 S.185 1:01:58 Expensive shithole, eh? 1 1 Almost finished. Everything fucking shiny new. S.186 1:02:06 Come on upstairs. 1 1 S.187 1:02:11 Oh, shit. 1 1 S.188 Oh, shit! Look at the balls on that motherfucker. 1 1 S.189 1:02:13 Oh, shit! Look at the balls on that motherfucker. 1 1 S.190 Oh, shit! Look at the balls on that motherfucker. 1 1 There's a papa rat humping the shit out of this mama S.191 rat. 1 1 1:03:21 There's a papa rat humping the shit out of this mama S.192 rat. 1 1 S.193 1:04:10 Goddamn rats. 1 1 That must be some Cuban stupid tradition to put S.194 1:05:28 them in a tortilla bin. 1 1 S.195 1:05:32 Now, listen to me, you Russian punk. 1 1 S.196 1:05:39 You kill me and you will have a shit-storm. 1 1 Should I screw your young wife or visit your son, the S.197 1:05:48 soccer player? 1 1
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S.198 1:06:39 What the hell's going on out there? 1 1 S.199 1:06:44 Shit. 1 1 S.200 1:06:58 What the fuck are you doing? 1 1 S.201 1:07:04 Y'all a bunch of filthy motherfuckers. 1 1 S.202 1:07:09 What's going on? Shit! 1 1 S.203 1:07:16 This shit's got to stop. 1 1 S.204 1:07:27 Fuck! 1 1 S.205 1:07:44 Damn! Go! 1 1 Roberto thinks they were the gangbangers that tried S.206 1:07:55 to hijack the drop, boss. 1 1 S.207 1:08:10 Maybe you're the rat, huh? 1 1 Don't touch me no fucking dead finger. I'm serious. S.208 1:08:58 1 1 We're fucking with you. Look. We planted some S.209 wires, we need some help. No bullshit. 1 1 1:09:35 We're fucking with you. Look. We planted some S.210 wires, we need some help. No bullshit. 1 1 I want you to find out who those two black puta de S.211 1:09:41 mierda are. 1 1 What you got, dickhead? S.212 1:10:20 1 1 He's telling him, "Yes, boss. We found a bunch of fat S.213 1:11:00 doe fuckers ...and we're getting them emptied." 1 1 S.214 1:12:17 What the hell's he doing? 1 1 S.215 1:12:17 Son of a bitch. 1 1 Shit. He's taking her into the water. S.216 1:12:19 1 1 You're the one taking a little dip with the Cubano S.217 1:13:57 maniac. 1 1
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You two have a warrant for that wire? - Look, fuck S.218 1:14:04 that, okay? 1 1 1:14:29 All right, look, Syd, there's some shit you need to S.219 know. 1 1 S.220 Get your bitch hands off. I'll knock you fuck out. 1:15:25 1 1 S.221 Get your bitch hands off. I'll knock you fuck out. 1 1 She's attracted to these dumb flashy, just S.222 musclebound dickheads, Mike. You know? 1 1 1:15:58 She's attracted to these dumb flashy, just S.223 musclebound dickheads, Mike. You know? 1 1 Cock diesel motherfuckers that can't even fucking S.224 turn to wipe their ass, Mike. 1 1 1 1:16:05 Cock diesel motherfuckers that can't even fucking S.225 turn to wipe their ass, Mike. 1 1 S.226 1:16:16 Yeah. Yeah. That shit's crazy. 1 1 S.227 1:16:28 A chance to whup his ass. 1 1 S.228 1:16:31 Whup the shit out of him. 1 1 S.229 1:16:37 I might be up in here with these motherfuckers. 1 1 S.230 1:16:44 The fuck you looking at? 1 1 S.231 1:17:01 What the fuck you doing? 1 1 S.232 1:17:11 Oh, damn. That's a shame. 1 1 S.233 1:17:29 Tuck ass. 1 1 S.234 1:18:52 Oh, shit. Is he walking down the steps? 1 1 Oh, shit. He coming down. S.235 1:18:55 1 1 Yeah, you done fucked up. Yeah, you done fucked S.236 up. 1:18:58 1 1 Yeah, you done fucked up. Yeah, you done fucked S.237 up. 1 1
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S.238 1:20:06 Bunch of little lying, violent motherfuckers? 1 1 S.239 1:20:27 No. Get the fuck out of my face. 1 1 S.240 1:20:29 Get the fuck off me, Mike. 1 1 What the hell is your problem, man?! Why you S.241 1:20:33 acting so stupid?! 1 1 This is a dysfunctional partnership. That's why I'm S.242 1:20:37 fucking acting like that. 1 1 S.243 1:20:51 You know what? You a dog, man. 1 1 S.244 1:21:12 Okay. We gonna handle that shit. Go ahead, man. 1 1 S.245 1:22:12 Get the load to the mortuary and don't screw up. 1 1 S.246 1:22:42 Freak. 1 1 S.247 1:22:45 Small cars don't fuck up the ozone layer. 1 1 S.248 1:22:53 Get your ass in. 1 1 S.249 1:22:58 Oh, shit. Dan Marino. What's up? 1 1 S.250 1:23:07 He's gonna test-drive the shit out this. 1 1 S.251 Shit, those are the gangbangers. 1 1 1:23:38 S.252 Shit, those are the gangbangers. 1 1 You kill those black bitches. All right?! S.253 1:23:47 1 1 1 Shit. Think they made us. Get some undercovers to S.254 1:23:53 roll with us. 1 1 I didn't sign up for no goddamned car chase! S.255 1:24:13 1 1 Mike, I see you got your mind set on doing dumb S.256 1:24:35 shit, so please let me out! 1 1 1 S.257 1:24:54 Oh, shit! 1 1 S.258 1:25:16 Did you see that shit? 1 1 S.259 1:25:16 No shit. 1 1 Not this one. I'm gonna fuck this one up. But S.260 1:25:30 definitely one like this. 1 1
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All right, that was almost fucked up. I almost fucked S.261 up. 1 1 1:25:39 All right, that was almost fucked up. I almost fucked S.262 up. 1 1 S.263 1:25:44 Shit! 1 1 S.264 1:25:57 Oh, shit! 1 1 S.265 That shit's nasty. That shit's nasty. 1 1 1:26:10 S.266 That shit's nasty. That shit's nasty. 1 1 S.267 1:26:13 That shit is nasty. 1 1 S.268 1:27:20 Shit! 1 1 S.269 1:27:21 Boy, if this was my car, I'd be pissed! 1 1 S.270 1:27:42 Bullshit, Mike! Everything's your fault! 1 1 S.271 1:28:53 Shit! Open the door! Police! 1 1 S.272 1:29:00 Whoa! Shit! 1 1 The more you guys fuck up, the more we look like S.273 1:30:44 rock stars. 1 1 "So how are we gonna fuck up S.274 1:31:02 the captain's life today?" 1 1 "Gee, I don't know." S.275 1:31:05 1 1 It doesn't matter whether they were dead or not, S.276 1:31:17 goddamn it! 1 1 Then I gotta get detectives. See? They're detecting S.277 1:31:29 shit. 1 1 Then I gotta get these forensic guys to stick them S.278 1:31:33 back in the fucking bag! 1 1 Jesus Christ! S.279 1:31:39 1 1 I got a bunch of bodies waiting with plenty of room S.280 1:32:14 in them, I could smuggle some shit. 1 1
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This shit stops now or they'll fire us, disband TNT, S.281 and stick me in a fucking coffin. 1 1 1:32:38 This shit stops now or they'll fire us, disband TNT, S.282 and stick me in a fucking coffin. 1 1 S.283 1:32:48 What the fuck is that? 1 1 S.284 1:32:50 Oh, shit. 1 1 S.285 1:33:01 Who the fuck is that? 1 1 S.286 1:33:09 Excuse me, I have so much brass up my ass. 1 1 S.287 1:33:26 Is this about Syd? God! Hey, Marcus, man... 1 1 You love pissing Captain Howard off, don't you? S.288 1:34:16 1 1 I mean, you been quitting for 10 years. I just always S.289 1:34:31 thought it was … how you dealt with all this shit. 1 1 One of them young punks coming to take my baby S.290 1:35:11 out on her first date. 1 1 S.291 1:35:19 Who the fuck are you? 1 1 Motherfucker, you look 30. S.292 1:35:29 1 1 You don't have no ID. Get your ass up against that S.293 1:35:34 wall. 1 1 S.294 1:35:37 What the fuck your problem? 1 1 You smoke that shit? S.295 1:35:43 1 1 You trying to get my daughter high? Do you smoke S.296 1:35:45 that shit? 1 1 S.297 1:35:47 Nigga, who that is at the door? 1 1 S.298 1:35:50 Who the fuck is Reggie? 1 1 S.299 1:35:54 What you want, nigga? 1 1 S.300 1:35:58 I heard the motherfucker say your name Reggie. 1 1 S.301 1:36:03 Shit, nigga, you at least 30. 1 1 Shit, nigga, you at least 30. S.302 1:36:03 1 1
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You can fight? Motherfucker. You can't fight. Look S.303 1:36:07 at you… 1 1 Somebody might come say something, the nigga S.304 1:36:16 can't fight, she can't go. 1 1 Nigga, you a big, tall, Ludacris-looking S.305 motherfucker, ain't you? 1 1 1:36:38 Nigga, you a big, tall, Ludacris-looking S.306 motherfucker, ain't you? 1 1 Lock, loaded and hunting your motherfucking ass S.307 1:36:57 down. 1 1 1 If I'm there, know what it'll be? Chitty Chitty Bang S.308 1:37:02 Bang, nigga. 1 1 S.309 1:38:45 No, you dumb Latin fuck. 1 1 1 S.310 1:38:59 Oh, fuck. 1 1 S.311 1:39:03 Damn, somebody's teeth. 1 1 S.312 1:40:02 Damn! 1 1 S.313 1:40:42 That shit'll clear a funeral home out. 1 1 S.314 1:40:44 Learning Channel. That shit got me. 1 1 Oh, shit. S.315 1:40:51 1 1 Like, what am I gonna do with these big-ass dead S.316 1:41:24 titties? 1 1 S.317 1:41:34 Goddamn! 1 1 S.318 1:41:37 Damn. This nicer than some cribs. 1 1 S.319 1:42:34 That's that bullshit that I be talking about. 1 1 Mike, the motherfucking head fell off. S.320 1:42:37 1 1 Bet he thinks he's a damn genius, transporting them S.321 1:43:23 in dead bodies. 1 1 S.322 1:43:48 Shit! 1 1 S.323 1:43:50 Punk kids do this? Go check it out. 1 1
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S.324 1:44:13 Bimbo's next 1 1 S.325 Oh, God. Not that. Not the bimbo. 1 1 1:44:15 S.326 Oh, God. Not that. Not the bimbo. 1 1 S.327 1:44:20 Let's hurry this shit up. 1 1 Shit. S.328 1:44:32 1 1 Okay, I plan on whupping y'all asses the second I S.329 1:45:13 get out of here. 1 1 S.330 1:45:17 Screw it. 1 1 S.331 1:45:34 Oh, my God. 1 1 S.332 1:45:39 Jeez! What the hell! 1 2 S.333 1:46:38 No, this is not gay shit. 1 1 This is man shit. You know what I mean? S.334 1:46:39 1 1 We need this warrant. Do not fuck this up. Pull S.335 1:47:00 yourself together. 1 1 So how do you two plan to fuck up my evening S.336 1:47:15 tonight? 1 1 S.337 1:48:31 Oh, God. 1 1 S.338 1:48:39 Oh, gosh. 1 1 S.339 1:49:18 Yesterday, we fucked up bad. But we got him now. 1 1 S.340 1:49:22 Oh, shit. 1 1 S.341 1:49:25 Oh, shit! 1 1 S.342 1:49:29 We got fucking... 1 S.343 1:49:33 Oh, shit. 1 1 S.344 1:49:46 Shit! 1 1 S.345 1:49:49 You should see this sexy shit I got on. 1 1 S.346 1:49:51 Who the hell are you talking to? 1 1 S.347 Big fucking eyes, but a nice fucking fish. 1 1 1:50:04 S.348 Big fucking eyes, but a nice fucking fish. 1 1
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S.349 1:50:11 Let's take this scumbag down. 1 1 S.350 1:50:18 What the fuck is going on? 1 1 S.351 1:52:00 Don't fucking move! 1 1 S.352 1:52:26 What the fuck do you mean, cops? 1 1 Goddamn it. S.353 1:52:31 1 1 God. This is for you, Josef, and me and Mother S.354 1:53:00 Russia. 1 1 S.355 1:53:08 They're not gangbanger homeys, boss. They're cops. 1 1 S.356 1:53:32 Hey, Tapia, you fucking mother. 1 1 S.357 1:53:48 Oh, shit. 1 1 S.358 1:53:50 Goddamn. 1 1 S.359 1:54:12 You scared of me, you little scumbag?! 1 1 S.360 I'll fucking kill you! Who the hell are you? 1 1 1:54:17 S.361 I'll fucking kill you! Who the hell are you? 1 1 S.362 1:54:27 I'll kill that son of a bitch! 1 1 S.363 1:56:43 How the hell they slip away? 1 1 Shit just got real. S.364 1:57:21 1 1 You know, by the time y'all finish being diplomatic, S.365 my sister could be in a fucking box. This is bullshit. 1 1 1:58:09 You know, by the time y'all finish being diplomatic, S.366 my sister could be in a fucking box. This is bullshit. 1 1 Dodd tell you how fucking crazy us ex-Delta guys S.367 1:59:38 are? 1 1 That's my dog. S.368 2:01:02 1 1 Damn. What's up with the safe house right across the S.369 2:02:08 street from Tapia's crib? 1 1 So, we are severely screwed if we don't blow up this S.370 2:02:34 security room before we make a move. 1 1
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Listen to me. This is fucking depressing! You S.371 2:03:31 understand?! 1 1 S.372 2:03:35 I mean, who had this fucking idea? 1 1 S.373 2:05:14 Goddamn it, it's the fifth time today. 1 1 S.374 2:06:35 To the left. To the left. Oh, shit. 1 1 S.375 2:07:36 Get me the American bitch. 1 1 S.376 2:08:14 You fucking maricons! 1 1 Fuck! S.377 2:08:18 1 1 Everything's clear outside. You got 30 seconds max. S.378 2:09:09 Haul ass. 1 1 S.379 2:11:01 You don't pay attention to shit! 1 1 S.380 2:11:04 Are you fucking shitting me? Let's go! 1 1 1 S.381 2:11:08 Plan B? What the hell is plan B? 1 1 S.382 2:11:12 You need a Cuban guide, fool. 1 1 S.383 2:11:41 Oh, my God! No! God! Oh, my God! 1 1 Plan B did not have that big-ass gun in it! S.384 2:11:48 1 1 You call this plan B?! What the plan B stand for? S.385 2:11:51 Bullshit! 1 1 Yeah, pull over by the motherfuckers with the S.386 2:11:56 machine guns! 1 1 S.387 2:11:58 Shit! 1 1 I am not to be fucked with! S.388 2:12:08 1 1 I could say it … but that'd be a bunch of bullshit S.389 2:13:18 today. 1 1 S.390 2:13:43 Hope there gotta lot of shit in there that likes to blow. 1 1 S.391 2:13:54 Faster! I'm gonna kill you, motherfucker! 1 1 S.392 2:13:57 This is a big-ass hill. 1 1 S.393 2:14:08 Oh, shit! Is this still called plan B? 1 1
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S.394 2:14:47 Oh, Jesus! 1 1 S.395 2:15:07 God! God! 1 1 S.396 2:15:20 Shit! I'm out! 1 1 S.397 2:15:31 Oh, God, he's hit! 1 1 S.398 2:16:31 Fuck. 1 1 S.399 2:16:58 I pay my motherfucking taxes! Shoot them! 1 1 Hey, fucking gringo. Drop the gun! S.400 2:17:01 1 1 1 Look, why don't we all go home … Well, we'll go home, you go to a hotel … work this shit out another S.401 2:17:26 day 'cause none of us is really having a good day right now. 1 1 It take a dysfunctional motherfucker to bust S.402 2:18:47 somebody in the head like that. 1 1 That's some dysfunctional shit. S.403 2:18:51 1 1 My next partner gonna brought me to his barbecues S.404 2:18:53 this shit, though. 1 1 Would you tell them that that shit is dangerous S.405 2:19:13 around these land mines? 1 1 Syd, Mike says you ain't shit! S.406 2:19:57 1 1 You know what? Why don't you hook this pool up to S.407 2:20:09 your Ferrari and drag this motherfucker out of here? 1 1 And second of all, all this right here, smell yourself S.408 2:20:16 right now. Because this moment is what the fuck is wrong with you. 1 1 You know what, Mike, I got the transfer papers in the S.409 2:20:22 trash can. I'll go get them and glue them the fuck up. 1 1
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I'm trying to talk to you. It's hot there motherfucker, I feel like I'm cooking in this fucker … and I gotta S.410 hear some shit out of you? Then on top of that shit, you gonna dog my baby sister? 1 1 I'm trying to talk to you. It's hot there motherfucker, I feel like I'm cooking in this fucker … and I gotta S.411 hear some shit out of you? Then on top of that shit, you gonna dog my baby sister? 2:20:31 1 1 I'm trying to talk to you. It's hot there motherfucker, I feel like I'm cooking in this fucker … and I gotta hear S.412 some shit out of you? Then on top of that shit, you gonna dog my baby sister? 1 1 I'm trying to talk to you. It's hot there motherfucker, I feel like I'm cooking in this fucker … and I gotta hear S.413 some shit out of you? Then on top of that shit, you gonna dog my baby sister? 1 1 S.414 2:20:45 Oh, this is bullshit! 1 1 S.415 2:21:19 Mike, you don't know the damn words either. 1 1
1 1 1 9 1 8 1 2 5 2 4 5 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 4 2 0 7 3 0 2 8 0 2 4 4 8 9 4 6 7 3 9 3 E C A U R N A A E M A O N TOTAL X U A N I A A D M O N S S A E P A S R P A S O P R C F T M I I P D A E C N R P S B A V S 194 95 X A I G S Stand-alones Slot Fillers 415 433 Types of Swearing Semantic Referents
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Appendix 2. Validation of Semantic Referents of Swear Words
Semantic No Words Count Variations Meaning Dictionary Referent big-ass, little-ass, Buttocks Merriam-Webster -ass (compounded kick-ass, dumb-ass, Substandard 1 with other words 11 freak-ass, thick-ass, vulgar terms as an intensifier) grown-ass Scatological and Buttocks Merriam-Webster 2 Ass 9 - disgusting objects Testicles Oxford Dictionary of Slang 3 Balls 2 - Offensive slang To have sexual intercourse Merriam-Webster 4 Bang 1 - Offensive slang with Woman especially an Merriam-Webster 5 Bimbo 2 - Offensive slang attractive but stupid woman The female of the dog or Merriam-Webster 6 Bitch 6 - Animal names some other carnivorous mammals A person belonging to any of Merriam-Webster Ethnic-racial- various population groups 7 Black 3 - gender slurs having dark pigmentation of the skin Scatological and From the words bull (a male Merriam-Webster 8 Bullshit 12 - disgusting objects bovine) + shit (feces)
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Profane & The title, also treated as a Oxford Dictionary of 9 Christ 1 - blasphemous name, given to Jesus English Substandard Very very muscular, www.urbandictionary.com 10 Cock diesel 1 - vulgar terms extremely stout Scatological and Feces Merriam-Webster 11 Crap 1 - disgusting objects Profane & To condemn to a punishment Merriam-Webster 12 Damn 15 - blasphemous or fate Profane & An evil spirit Merriam-Webster 13 Devil 2 - blasphemous A stupid or contemptible Merriam-Webster 14 Dickhead 2 - Offensive slang person canid; a highly variable Merriam-Webster domestic mammal (Canis 15 Dog 5 - Animal names familiaris) closely related to the gray wolf Psychological- Lacking intelligence; stupid Merriam-Webster 16 Dumb 3 - physical-social deviation Psychological- Silly or stupid Longman Dictionary of 17 Fool 3 - physical-social Contemporary English deviation One that is markedly unusual Merriam-Webster or abnormal, such as a person Psychological- or animal having physical 18 Freak 1 - physical-social oddity and appearing in a deviation sircus sideshow
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Fuck, fucks, fucking, Copulate Merriam-Webster 19 Fuck 108 fucked,fucker, fuck Sexual reference up see motherfucker or Merriam-Webster 20 Fucking mother 1 - Sexual reference motherfucking 21 Gangbanger 4 - Offensive slang A member of a street gang Merriam-Webster Profane & Short for Jesus Oxford Dictionary of Slang 22 Gee 1 - blasphemous (In some religions) the being Cambridge Dictionary Profane & who made the universe and is 23 God 8 - blasphemous believed to have an effect on all things From the words God and Oxford Dictionary of Slang Damn; Mainly US; used as Profane & an adjective and adverb; from 24 Goddamn 10 goddamned blasphemous the imprecation God damn (me, you, etc.). See God and Damn Profane & A euphemistic alteration of An Encyclopedia of 25 Gosh 1 - blasphemous by God Swearing A foreigner in Spain or Latin Merriam-Webster Ethnic-racial- 26 Gringo 1 - America especially when of gender slurs English or American origin
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In some religions, the place Cambridge Dictionary where some people are Profane & believed to go after death to 27 Hell 14 - blasphemous be punished forever for the bad things they have done during their lives. To have sex (with someone) Cambridge Dictionary 28 Hump 2 - Offensive slang Any of several small Merriam-Webster omnivorous canids (such as 29 Jackal 1 - Animal names Canis aureus) of Africa and Asia having large ears, long legs, and bushy tails Profane & Shortening of Jesus Oxford Dictionary of Slang 30 Jeez 1 - blasphemous The Jewish religious teacher Merriam-Webster whose life, death, and resurrection as reported by Profane & 31 Jesus 3 - the Evangelists are the basis blasphemous of the Christian message of salvation - called also Jesus Christ Profane & See Jesus and Christ Merriam-Webster; Oxford 32 Jesus Christ 1 - blasphemous Dictionary of English Profane & (In the Christian religion) Cambridge Dictionary 33 Lord 1 - blasphemous God or Jesus Christ A person who is mentally ill Cambridge Dictionary Psychological- 34 Lunatic 1 - physical-social deviation
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Madman, lunatic; a person Merriam-Webster Psychological- characterized by an 35 Maniac 2 - physical-social inordinate or ungovernable deviation enthusiasm for something From the words mother (a Merriam-Webster female parent) + fuck 36 Motherfucker 30 - Sexual reference (copulate) + suffix -er (a person or thing that performs a specifed action) Adjective form of Merriam-Webster 37 Motherfucking 5 - Sexual reference motherfucker A member of a race of Merriam-Webster humankind native to Africa Ethnic-racial- 38 Negro 1 - and classified according to gender slurs physical features (such as dark skin pigmentation) Ethnic-racial- A word which evolved from www.urbandictionary.com 39 Nigga 7 - gender slurs the derogative term nigger Ethnic-racial- An exremely offensive word Cambridge Dictionary 40 Nigger 3 - gender slurs for a black person Pissed, Pissed off, Scatological and Urine Merriam-Webster 41 Piss 3 Pissing disgusting objects To be excited or nervous www.urbandictionary.com; Puckered up my Substandard 42 1 - about something under "make one's asshole butthole vulgar terms pucker" [1] A culture popular among [1] Cambridge Dictionary; Psychological- young people, especially in [2] Merriam Webster 43 Punk 4 - physical-social the late 1970s, involving deviation opposition to authority
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expressed through shocking behaviour, clothes, and hair, and through fast, loud music; [2] Prostitute 44 Pussy 1 - Animal names Cat Merriam-Webster Any of numerous rodents Merriam-Webster (Rattus and related genera) 45 Rat 1 - Animal names differing from the related mice especially by considerably larger size Screwing, Screwed, An act of sexual intercourse Merriam-Webster 46 Screw 6 Offensive slang Screw up A very unpleasant person Cambridge Dictionary 47 Scumbag 2 - Offensive slang who has done something dishonest or unacceptable Scatological and Feces Merriam-Webster 48 Shit 114 Shitting disgusting objects A very unpleasant place, Cambridge Dictionary especially one that is very 49 Shithole 2 - Offensive slang dirty or poor
A course of action that would www.urbandictionary.com appear to lead to a good "shitstorm" outcome, but when Substandard 50 Shit-storm 1 - undertaken, leads to a vulgar terms situation that is utterly out of control beyound human comprehension.
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[1] An unpleasant man; [2] Cambridge Dictionary 51 Son of a bitch 3 - Ancestral allusion Literally means a male child (son) of a female dog (bitch) Psychological- Silly or unwise; showing Cambridge Dictionary 52 Stupid 3 - physical-social poor judgment or little deviation intelligence Substandard Someone who is always in www.urbandictionary.com 53 Up my ass 2 - vulgar terms another person case whup his ass, to beat someone www.urbandictionary.com whupping y'all Substandard "whupass", "whup", "whup 54 Whup … ass 3 asses, get our assses vulgar terms yo ass" whupped
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Appendix 3. Frequencies of Swear Word Use in Swearing Utterances
Rank Words Count Semantic Referent
1 Shit 114 Scatological and disgusting objects 2 Fuck 108 Sexual Reference 3 Motherfucker 30 Sexual Reference 4 Damn 15 Profane & blasphemous 5 Hell 14 Profane & blasphemous 6 Bullshit 12 Scatological and disgusting objects -ass (compounded with 7 other words as an 11 Substandard vulgar terms intensifier) 8 Goddamn 10 Profane & blasphemous 9 Ass 9 Scatological and disgusting objects 10 God 8 Profane & blasphemous 11 Nigga 7 Ethnic-racial-gender slurs 12 Bitch 6 Animal names 12 Screw 6 Offensive Slang 13 Dog 5 Animal names 13 Motherfucking 5 Sexual Reference 14 Black 4 Ethnic-racial-gender slurs 14 Gangbanger 4 Offensive Slang 14 Punk 4 Psychological-physical-social deviation 15 Dumb 3 Psychological-physical-social deviation 15 Fool 3 Psychological-physical-social deviation 15 Jesus 3 Profane & blasphemous 15 Nigger 3 Ethnic-racial-gender slurs 15 Piss 3 Scatological and disgusting objects 15 Son of a bitch 3 Ancestral allusion 15 Stupid 3 Psychological-physical-social deviation 15 Whup … ass 3 Substandard vulgar terms 16 Balls 2 Offensive Slang 16 Bimbo 2 Offensive Slang 16 Devil 2 Profane & blasphemous 16 Dickhead 2 Offensive Slang
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16 Hump 2 Offensive Slang 16 Maniac 2 Psychological-physical-social deviation 16 Scumbag 2 Offensive Slang 16 Shithole 2 Offensive Slang 16 Up my ass 2 Substandard vulgar terms 17 Bang 1 Offensive Slang 17 Christ 1 Profane & blasphemous 17 Cock diesel 1 Substandard vulgar terms 17 Crap 1 Scatological and disgusting objects 17 Freak 1 Psychological-physical-social deviation 17 Fucking mother 1 Sexual Reference 17 Gee 1 Profane & blasphemous 17 Gosh 1 Profane & blasphemous 17 Gringo 1 Ethnic-racial-gender slurs 17 Jackal 1 Animal names 17 Jeez 1 Profane & blasphemous 17 Jesus Christ 1 Profane & blasphemous 17 Lord 1 Profane & blasphemous 17 Lunatic 1 Psychological-physical-social deviation 17 Negro 1 Ethnic-racial-gender slurs Puckered up my 17 1 Substandard vulgar terms butthole 17 Pussy 1 Animal names 17 Rat 1 Animal names 17 Shit-storm 1 Substandard vulgar terms
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Appendix 4. Non-swearing Use of Swear Words
Abbreviations: NS.# = Non-swearing.#
No Time Dialogue NS.1 0:10:03 Motherfucker shot me in the ass, man. NS.2 0:10:07 Who shot you in the ass? NS.3 0:10:16 But I ain't saying I shot you in the ass. NS.4 0:10:22 ...but, damn! Somebody shot you in the ass. NS.5 0:10:29 I can smell my ass burning. My ass is what's out of proportion, Mike, okay? I got a big chunk NS.6 0:14:42 missing. NS.7 0:45:54 Your mama probably refused you her tit when you were a baby. NS.8 0:46:07 That is the last time you will ever refer to my mother's titties. NS.9 0:46:18 You know, I said all that, Mike, and all you heard was "titties." You need to suppress my mother's titties out of your NS.10 0:46:25 psychoanalysis. NS.11 0:48:53 You got to call yourself the devil in his house?! Shit! NS.12 0:55:14 My ass still hurts from what you did to it the other night. NS.13 0:56:08 ...about what I did to your ass... NS.14 0:56:38 ...and we're gonna put it in there with my mom's titties… NS.15 1:03:31 They fuck just like us NS.16 1:41:24 Like, what am I gonna do with these big-ass dead titties? NS.17 1:51:42 Is she a Negro?
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Appendix 5. Other Possible Swearing Utterances or Swear Words
Abbreviation: PS.# = Possible Swearing.#
No Time Dialogue PS.1 0:07:03 Incinerating trash like you. Ready to die, right, Marcus? PS.2 0:26:23 Zoepound a bunch of pirates, man. Steal anything. PS.3 0:42:57 I do not want these animals taking over my city. But I need to know if a crackhead rolls behind me with a.9, you'll PS.4 0:45:30 cook that fool. PS.5 0:45:42 Your crackhead will be missing a kneecap. I'll be in a body bag. PS.6 1:14:17 For the DEA you ain't nothing but a honeypot. PS.7 1:20:56 You like a pit bull with that low pink thing hanging out, Mike. You're like a bunch of bloodsucking ticks draining the life's blood PS.8 1:31:44 out of this department. PS.9 1:35:40 Little young Thundercats.