Il Pittosporo

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Il Pittosporo IL PITTOSPORO Il pittosporo (o pitosforo) è un albero originario del Giappone frequentemente utilizzato come pianta ornamentale in zone a clima mediterraneo dove ben si presta a essere impiegato come pianta da bordura per delimitare giardini e aiuole e nei parchi pubblici. La sua rusticità e la resistenza alla salsedine ne fanno una pianta particolarmente adatta alla coltivazione in prossimità del mare. Un esempio al riguardo è il lungomare della città di Livorno dove si possono ammirare molti individui vetusti. Per quanto i fiori non siano per niente appariscenti, si fanno comunque apprezzare nel periodo primaverile per il soave profumo che emanano. Gli stessi fiori sono frequentati dagli insetti, mentre successivamente alla fruttificazione, in corrispondenza con l’apertura dei frutti, la pianta viene visitata dall’avifauna che è attratta dal liquido zuccherino che circonda i semi. Inquadramento tassonomico Il pittosporo [Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W.T. Aiton] è un piccolo albero appartenente alla famiglia delle Pittosporaceae . Le pittosporacee sono una famiglia relativamente piccola la cui distribuzione a livello mondiale è centrata sulla regione australiana sebbene alcune specie abbiano altrove la maggior parte del proprio areale. Da un punto di vista evolutivo, le pittosporacee sono incluse nel clado delle Apiales , all’interno del quale presentano rapporto più stretti con le famiglie delle Apiaceae (sedano, prezzemolo, finocchio, ecc.) e Araliaceae (edera, ecc.). Il genere Pittosporum è quello che raggruppa il maggior numero di specie e ha una distribuzione più ampia che dalla regione indo-pacifica si estende fino all’America, all’Africa e anche alla Macaronesia. Tuttavia, dal momento che il genere Pittosporum non è “basale” nell’albero evolutivo della famiglia, è ragionevole ritenere che la regione australiana rappresenti l’area dove la famiglia delle pittosporacee è comparsa e dalla quale si è irradiata. Descrizione Piccolo albero alto fino a sei metri. Le foglie, alterne e spesso disposte in piccoli gruppi, sono spatolate, a base cuneata e apice arrotondato o smarginato, di consistenza cuoiosa, pelose da giovani e in seguito glabre, sono lucide sulla faccia superiore che è verde scuro. I fiori, pentameri, raggruppati in cime subumbelliformi, sono portati da pedicelli pelosi, presentano un calice gamosepalo nella metà inferiore e una corolla dialipetala costituita da petali biancastri di 10-15 mm che alla senescenza virano al giallo. Gli stami sono cinque e l’ovario è sormontato da un breve stilo che porta uno stimma capitato. Il frutto è una capsula ovoidea che alla maturità si apre grazie alla presenza di tre valve. I semi sono immersi in una matrice gelatinosa e ricca di zuccheri che è appetita all’avifauna. Il pittosporo: fiori, foglia e corteccia. Il primo naturalista che fornì una descrizione e una iconografia fu il tedesco Engelbert Kaempfer che visitò il Giappone tra il 1690 e il 1692. Curiosamente, il pittosporo, al momento della sua descrizione ad opera del botanico ed entomologo svedese Carl Peter Thunberg in accordo con il sistema binomiale, era stato attribuito al genere Euonymus (Euonymus tobira Thunb.) che attualmente è incluso in un’altra famiglia, le Celastraceae . Quest’ultima famiglia comprende anche alcune specie europee tra le quali vi è, ad esempio il comune Euonymus europaeus L., conosciuto volgarmente anche come berretta da prete. Successivamente, il pittosporo è stato trasferito al genere Pittosporum dal botanico scozzese William Aiton nel 1811, mentre per la distinzione tra Pittosporaceae e Celastraceae ad opera di Robert Brown si sono dovuti attendere altri tre anni. Etimologia Il nome generico, Pittosporum , deriva da due parole del greco antico che letteralmente significano “seme catramoso” in relazione alla matrice gelatinosa in cui sono immersi i semi. Il nome generico, tobira , è quasi omografo al nome comune con cui è indicato in Giappone, tobera . Distribuzione e importanza ecologica Il pittosporo è originario dell’Asia orientale, nello specifico si può trovare come specie autoctona in Giappone, Corea e Vietnam. In Giappone si rinviene in contesti, frequentemente acclivi, situati per lo più in vicinanza del mare. In tali situazioni il pittosporo forma boscaglie sempreverdi (Euonymo-Pittosporetum tobirae ) insieme ad altre essenze arboree che condividono con esso il portamento arborescente, la resistenza ai venti salsi e le foglie dalla consistenza cuoiosa quali, ad esempio, Euonymus japonicus Thunb. (Celastraceae ); Eurya emarginata (Thunb.) Makino (Pentaphylacaceae ), Rhaphiolepis umbellata (Thunb.) Makino ( Rosaceae ) e Symplocos lucida (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc. (Symplocaceae ). Tali formazioni presentano alcune caratteristiche in comune con quelle che caratterizzano i tratti più elevati di alcune nostre coste rocciose e che rientrano nel concetto di macchia mediterranea. Più nell’interno si può trovare in microboschi dominati dalla quercia ubame ( Pittosporo-Quercetum phillyraeoidetis ). Il notevole impiego come pianta ornamentale ha fatto sì che il pittosporo riuscisse a spontaneizzarsi al di fuori del suo areale di origine in alcuni paesi del bacino del Mediterraneo. In provincia di Livorno è specie non rarissima ed è stato osservato spontaneizzato in alcuni contesti di lecceta e lungo la costa. Il congenere Pittosporum undulatum Vent. è specie la cui invasività è ben conosciuta e ritenuta tra le più problematiche nel’area macaronesica mentre Pittosporum coriaceum Aiton è strettamente endemico di Madeira. Formazioni seminaturali lungo la costa a sud di Livorno caratterizzate da notevole presenza di pittosporo. Importanza economica La notevole resistenza a condizioni climatiche sfavorevoli quali la salinità atmosferica, le elevate temperature e la scarsità di pioggia fanno del pittosporo una pianta estremamente rustica e adatta alla coltivazione in contesti costieri. Un famoso esempio al riguardo è il lungomare di Livorno dove è coltivato sin dal secolo scorso e dove si possono ammirare anche alcune piante estremamente vetuste. Anche nel giardino del Museo di Storia Naturale del Mediterraneo di Livorno è possibile vedere un individuo particolarmente vecchio. Il pittosporo nel giardino del Museo di Storia Naturale del Mediterraneo di Livorno. Il pittosporo, oltre che per la rusticità, è apprezzato per il soave profumo emanato dai suoi fiori. Tra le sostanze odorose che compongono il bouquet dei fiori vi sono l’ n-nonano, il pinene, l’ n-neridolo, l’( E)-β- Ocimene, il mircene e l’ n-undecano. Quasi tutta la pianta pittosporo risulta tossica per la presenza di saponine triterpeniche ed è assolutamente necessario evitare che i bambini e gli animali da compagnia possano ingerirne anche una modesta quantità. Alcuni costituenti degli oli essenziali sono in fase di studio in relazione alle loro proprietà biologiche e hanno dato risultati promettenti per un possibile futuro impiego in medicina. Una delle prime raffigurazioni del pittosporo. Dal Amoenitatum exoticarum (1712) di Engelbert Kaempfer (fonte: Biodiversity Heritage Library) Raffigurazione del pittosporo dal Curtis’s Botanical Magazine (1811, 34: t. 1396) .
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