Suplemento Nº 6 ao Boletim da SPEN (ISSN 0871-0554), 335-342, 1999 Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia. Apartado 8221. 1803-001 Lisboa

PSYLLIDS (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLOIDEA) FROM ISLAND: AN UPDATED CHECKLIST INCLUDING NEW RECORDS

A. M. FRANQUINHO AGUIAR(1), J. H. MARTIN(2)

(1) Laboratório Agrícola da Madeira, Estrada Eng. Abel Vieira, 9135 Camacha, Madeira, Portugal. E- mail: [email protected] (2) Dept. of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. E- mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The first information about the Psylloidea in Madeira was based mainly on material collected by Prof. Håkan Lindberg, which included 6 species belonging to family Psyllidae and 3 to . Since then little has been added to our knowledge. An updated checklist is presented in this work which includes new records. The new material was collected in several different types of vegetation including cultivated land, exotic forest, humid evergreen forest, and high altitude vegetation and contains species belonging to the genera Ctenarytaina, Euphyllura, and . General faunistic considerations are presented for each one of the species treated, including their host and geographical distribution.

Key words: Psylloidea, , Madeira Island.

Resumo: Psilas da Ilha da Madeira - Uma checklist actualizada, incluindo novas referências. Em meados dos anos setenta e com base em material colhido pelo Prof. Håkan Lindberg, M. M. Loginova publicou pela primeira vez informação sobre os Psylloidea da Madeira. Esta incluia 6 espécies pertencentes à família Psyllidae e 3 à Triozidae. Desde esta altura pouco foi adicionado ao nosso conhecimento sobre este grupo. No presente trabalho, é apresentada uma checklist actualizada, a qual inclui várias referências novas para a fauna da Madeira. Estas espécies, que abrangem os géneros Ctenarytaina, Euphyllura, Psylla e Trioza foram colhidas em variados tipos de vegetação, incluindo, zonas de agricultura, floresta exótica, laurisilva e vegetação de altitude. São também fornecidos dados para cada uma das especies tratadas, relativamente a aspectos da sua biologia, plantas hospedeiras e distribuição geográfica, com enfase para a Macaronesia.

Palavras chave: Psylloidea, Macaronesia, Ilha da Madeira. Suplemento Nº 6 ao Boletim da SPEN (335-342), 1999

INTRODUCTION

The first published survey of the psyllid fauna from the northern islands of Macaronesia was presented by LOGINOVA (1976). This was based on material from the collection of Prof. Håkan Lindberg, who visited the Canary and Madeira archipelagos several times between 1926-1963 and on specimens collected by Dr. Remane on in 1954. In this paper Loginova refers 6 species of Psyllidae from Madeira, (describing 5 as new to science) and 3 species of Triozidae. More recently HODKINSON (1990) and CARVALHO & AGUIAR (1997) add another 2 species of Triozidae from Madeira. The present work adds 4 new records of Psyllidae and 2 new species of Triozidae.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The new material was collected in different habitats and on a range of plants from coastal, low and medium altitude cultivated land and transitional vegetation, exotic forest, humid evergreen forest (Laurisilva) and high altitude vegetation. Vouchers of all the studied samples are deposited on the collections of the Laboratório Agrícola da Madeira (ICLAM). They are either preserved in ethanol, or dried. Some material is deposited in the Natural History Museum (BMNH). In the check list the synonymy is that mentioned on the literature for material collected in Madeira. The data presented in Table 1 is arranged alphabetically by host and the distribution data are only for the Macaronesian islands.

HOST PLANTS AND DISTRIBUTION

On the coastal shrub and grassland of Madeira only two species are found, both feeding on Chenopodiaceae, these being Rhodochlanis salsolae (Lethierry) and Trioza chenopodii Reuter. The former, originally described by LOGINOVA (1972) as R. parvipunctatus, is present in the dry eastern peninsula and islets of Madeira, feeding on Suaeda vera. T. chenopodii must have a wider distribution on the island, since the host plants, Chenopodium album and C. murale are common and widespread weeds, along road sides and disturbed cultivated and waste lands. An Atriplex sp. is also mentioned by LOGINOVA (1976) as a host plant of T. chenopodii, collected in São Vicente in the north of the island. This is probably Atriplex prostrata which according to PRESS & SHORT (1994: 73) is “Rare, confined to sea-cliffs along the north coast of Madeira from São Jorge westwards” and is also the only Atriplex present on the north coast. Both R. salsolae and T. chenopodii are also recorded from Porto Santo. The nettle psyllid Trioza urticae (Linnaeus) was another psyllid recorded by LOGINOVA (1976), based only on one male and one female. Its present status is unknown on Madeira, even bearing in mind that one of its host plants, Urtica urens is fairly common on the island The citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) was identified for the first time in 1994 by the first author, from a localised area in the municipality of Ribeira Brava on the south coast, mainly on lemon (Citrus limon) and orange (Citrus sinensis). Since then T. erytreae has spread slowly to the whole area of that municipality and already entered Aguiar & Martin – Psyllids from Madeira Island.

the municipality of Ponta do Sol to the west. T. erytreae causes the formation of pit- galls on the of his host plants. A new record is the pear psylla, Psylla pyri (Linnaeus), collected abundantly on pear near the centre of Santana in the north of the island. In the description of Psylla atlantica, LOGINOVA (1976) states that its host plant is clearly the willow. We can now confirm that P. atlantica’s host plant, at least in Madeira, is Salix canariensis, a small common along streams and damp ravines in most parts of Madeira. In the areas of the island occupied by exotic introduced forest, mainly of Pinus , Acacia and Eucalyptus, was found the second of the new records, the introduced Australian species Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell), feeding on Eucalyptus globulus. Observations show that this psyllid is common, as is its host plant, suggesting that its introduction may not be recent. The next five species can be found near or inside areas of humid laurel forest (laurisilva). These include two endemic species of the genus Arytainilla Loginova feeding on Leguminosae. LOGINOVA (1976) did not mention any host plant when she described A. incuba, and for A. umbonata only stated that it was collected on Leguminosae, but the collecting sites are outside the known laurisilva borders We can now at least confirm that A. incuba feeds on the endemic legume Teline maderensis, of a Genistinae genus not included on the list of Arytainilla hosts provided by HODKINSON & HOLLIS (1987). Another new record for Madeira is the species Euphyllura canariensis Loginova which feeds on excelsa, a macaronesian member of the , a rare laurisilva tree ocurring in north and centre of the island. The fourth new record, Psylla exima Loginova, feeds on another rare laurisilva tree, glandulosa (). At least 3 species of Trioza Förster were discovered in the laurisilva ecosystem. In the material collected by Prof. Lindberg, LOGINOVA (1976) identified Trioza alacris Flor, a psyllid that causes the formation of galls on the leaves of nobilis in many parts of the world. Much more recently HODKINSON (1990), based on further material collected in Tenerife and Madeira, found enough morphological peculiarities to describe this insect as a species distinct from T. alacris. He states that this new species, Trioza laurisilvae Hodkinson, “is primarily associated with the laurel forests of the group. The host plant is unknown but is almost certainly one or more of the endemic Canary Islands laurels”. We confirm that in Madeira the main host of Trioza laurisilvae is and probably the same is true for the Canary Islands. Recently two new species of the genus Trioza were found in the laurisilva, colonising another rare endemic tree, coriaceum (), locally called “mocano”. Apparently, only one of these species is responsible for the formation of pit-galls seen on the leaves of the host plant. These new species, referred to here as Trioza sp. 1 and Trioza sp. 2, are currently being described by the first senior author. The upland vegetation, on the limit of and above the laurel forest, is mainly composed of grazed grassland and communities of Erica arborea and Erica scoparia. These ericaceous are the host plants of the endemic psyllids Strophingia arborea Loginova and Strophingia fallax Loginova. On her original description of S. fallax, LOGINOVA (1976) was unable to give a complete description of the male genitalia Suplemento Nº 6 ao Boletim da SPEN (335-342), 1999

because the only male specimen was damaged. The male genitalia was later redescribed by HODKINSON (1981). All this information is summarised in Table 1.

CHECK LIST

SUPERFAMILY PSYLLOIDEA

FAMILY PSYLLIDAE Latreille, 1807 SUBFAMILY APHALARINAE Löw, 1879 Rhodochlanis Loginova, 1964 1 R. salsolae (Lethierry, 1874) Rhodochlanis parvipunctatus Loginova, 1972: 8; Burckhardt, 1989: 389

SUBFAMILY STROPHINGIINAE W. & H. 1885 Strophingia Enderlein, 1914 2 S. arborea Loginova, 1976 3 S. fallax Loginova, 1976

SUBFAMILY LIVIINAE Löw, 1878 Euphyllura Förster, 1848 4 E. canariensis Loginova, 1973 [new record]

SUBFAMILY ARYTAININAE Crawford, 1914 Arytainilla Loginova, 1972 5 A. incuba Loginova, 1976 6 A. umbonata Loginova, 1976

SUBFAMILY PSYLLINAE Latreille, 1807 Psylla Geoffroy, 1762 7 P. atlantica Loginova, 1976 8 P. exima Loginova, 1976 [new record] 9 P. pyri (Linnaeus, 1758) [new record]

SUBFAMILY SPONDYLIASPIDINAE Schwarz, 1898 Ctenarytaina Ferris & Klyver, 1932 10 C. eucalypti (Maskell, 1895) [new record]

FAMILY TRIOZIDAE Löw, 1878 Trioza Förster, 1848 11 T. chenopodii Reuter, 1876 Trioza obliqua (Thomson, 1877); Loginova, 1976: 35 12 T. erytreae (Del Guercio, 1918) 13 T. laurisilvae Hodkinson, 1990 Trioza alacris Flor, 1861; Loginova, 1976: 35 - misidentification 14 T. urticae (Linnaeus, 1758) 15 T. sp. 1 Aguiar & Martin – Psyllids from Madeira Island.

16 T. sp. 2

Table 1 - Host plants & distribution: M - Madeira; PS - Porto Santo; C - Canaries, present in several islands; C (T) - Canaries, Tenerife island; A (P) - Azores, Pico island.

HOST PLANT SPECIES DISTRIBUTION Species Family Atriplex sp. probably Chenopodiaceae Trioza chenopodi M, C prostrata Boucher Reuter Chenopodium album L. Chenopodiaceae Trioza chenopodi M, C Reuter Chenopodium murale L. Chenopodiaceae Trioza chenopodi M, C Reuter Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Rutaceae Trioza erytreae M (Del Guercio) Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. Rutaceae Trioza erytreae M (Del Guercio) Erica arborea L. Ericaceae Strophingia arborea M, C (T) Loginova Strophingia fallax M Loginova Erica scoparia L. Ericaceae Strophingia arborea M, C (T) Loginova Strophingia fallax M Loginova Eucalyptus globulus Myrtaceae Ctenarytaina M, C (T) Labill eucalypti (Mask.) Laurus azorica (Seub.) Lauraceae Trioza laurisilvae M, C, A (P) Franco Hodkinson Picconia excelsa (Aiton) Oleaceae Euphyllura M, C (T) canariensis Log. Pittosporum coriaceum Pittosporaceae Trioza sp. 1 M Dryander ex Aiton Trioza sp. 2 Pyrus communis (L.) Rosaceae Psylla pyri (L.) M Rhamnus glandulosa Rhamnaceae Psylla exima M, C (T) (Aiton) Loginova Salix canariensis C. Sm. Salicaceae Psylla atlantica M, C (T) Loginova Suaeda vera J.F.Gmelin Chenopodiaceae Rhodoclanis M, PS salsolae (Lethierry) Teline maderensis Webb Leguminosae Arytainilla incuba M & Berthel Loginova Urtica urens L. and other Urticaceae Trioza urticae (L.) M Urtica spp. Unknown Leguminosae Arytainilla M Suplemento Nº 6 ao Boletim da SPEN (335-342), 1999

umbonata Log. Aguiar & Martin – Psyllids from Madeira Island.

NEW RECORDS PRESENTED HERE

Euphyllura canariensis Loginova, 1973

This species was described from Tenerife, and also collected on Gran Canaria, both islands of the Canarian archipelago (LOGINOVA, 1973). According to LOGINOVA (1976) the African representatives of this genus feed almost exclusively on Olea spp. and Phillyrea spp. both genera of Oleaceae. Although she did not refer the host plant of E. canariensis it is improbable that it could be Prunus lusitanicus, one of the plants on which it has been found. In Madeira we always found E. canariensis feeding on Picconia excelsa (Oleaceae) an endemic of macaronesia which also exists in the Canary Islands. This is the first record authenticating its host plant. This psyllid is easily spotted on the young shoots of its host due to the abundant woolly wax secreted by its larval stages. Material studied: C51, Gardens of Fundação Berardo, Funchal, 600m, 6.viii.1990, 17♂♂, 16♀♀; C150, Fajã da Nogueira, 640m, 29.v.1992, 37♂♂, 47♀♀; C229, Ribeiro Frio, 850m, 11.vii.1993, 5♂♂, 3♀♀; C357, Fajã da Nogueira, 600m, 7.ii.1994, (on Myrica faya - not a host plant), 1♀; C435, São Pedro, São Jorge, 300m, 12.vii.1994, 1♂; C820, São Pedro, São Jorge, 300m, 15.x.1997, 1♀.

Psylla exima Loginova, 1976

This is another species described from material collected in Tenerife. The males have a unique genitalia in which the parameres carry along the posterior margin a comb of 1- 2 lines of strong brown spines (LOGINOVA, 1976). In the description, Loginova stated that the host plant was unknown. We can now confirm that the host plant of P. exima is Rhamnus glandulosa (Rhamnaceae), a tree that also exists in several islands of the Canarian Archipelago, including Tenerife. It will be interesting to confirm if both E. canariensis and P. exima feed on the same host plants in the Canary Islands. Apparently P. exima does not cause strong deformations of the leaves of its host plant. Material studied: C191, Pico das Pedras, Santana, 880m, 22.iv.1993, 7♂♂, 6♀♀ [2♂♂, 2♂♂ deposited at the BM(NH)]; C840, Boca dos Namorados, Jardim da Serra, 1074m, 7.v.1998, 9♂♂, 12♀♀ (slide mounted and ethanol); 0459, same data as C840, 2♂♂, 2♀♀ (dry) [both samples collected on Rhamnus glandulosa].

Psylla pyri (Linnaeus, 1758)

Previously unknown on Madeira, this species is a pest which feeds exclusively on pear - Pyrus communis. It is known from throughout Europe, including the European part of Russia, (the Crimea and Caucasus) and also Central Asia. It is considered the main key pest of pear orchads in the Mediterranean basin. Damage is caused by the feeding activity of the nymphs on the shoots, petioles and leaves. Nymphs were observed congregating at the base of -bearing shoots. The adults are important as vectors of disease, particularly the Pear Decline. Both nymphs and adults secrete abundant honeydew, on which sooty mould develops, contributing to the decline of the trees. Suplemento Nº 6 ao Boletim da SPEN (335-342), 1999

Material studied: C837, Pico, Santana, 390m, 7.iv.1998, 20♂♂, 16♀♀ (slide mounted and ethanol); 0427, same data, 2♂♂, 4♀♀ (dry); 0426, Serra de Água, 650m, 16.iv.1998, 1♀ (dry). [all samples collected on Pyrus communis].

Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell, 1895)

This well known pest of Eucalyptus trees has spread from its region of origin, the Australian Continent, and is now well established in several European countries including, England, Isle of Man, France, Spain, Italy, and mainland Portugal. Other countries include New Zealand, Ethiopia, South Africa and Sri Lanka. According to AZEVEDO & FIGO (1979) it was found for the first time in mainland Portugal in March 1971. In Madeira it was first found in August 1989, but it was probably introduced earlier. Today it is easy to find it all year round, whenever there are young Eucalyptus trees present, where the females of C. eucalypti lay hundreds of yellow eggs on the terminal shoots. Material studied: C4, Lombo das Uveiras, Calheta, 15.viii.1989, 24♂♂, 23♀♀; C144, Seixal, 250m, 6.iv.1992, 41♂♂, 46♀♀; 0181-0182, same data as C4, 1♂, 1♀; C503, Bica da Cana, Paul da Serra, 1585m, 15.xi.1994, 1♂; C559, Seixal, 250m, 29.iii.1995, 7♂♂, 7♀♀ (col. by José Jesus); C560, Ribeira da Cruz, Calheta, 760m, 30.iii.1995, 13♂♂, 17♀♀ (col. by José Jesus); C624, Lugar de Baixo, Ponta do Sol, 30m, 20.xi.1991, 1♀ [all samples collected on Eucalyptus globulus, except for C503 which was collected on Salix sp., definitely not a host plant and C624 on a Möericke water trap for aphids].

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are very grateful to Dr. David Hollis for the identifications of Euphyllura canariensis and Psylla exima and for kindly reviewing the manuscript of this paper.

REFERENCES

AZEVEDO, F. & FIGO, M.L. (1979). Ctenarytaina eucalypti Mask. (Homoptera, Psyllidae). Plantacion de especies arboreas frondosas de crecimiento rapido en las zonas mediterraneas. Boletin del Servicio de Defensa contra Plagas e Inspeccion Fitopatologica. 5: 41-46. BURCKHARDT, D. (1989). Les psylles (Insecta, Homoptera, Psylloidea) de l’Algerie. Archs. Sci. Genève. 42 (2): 367-424, pp. [389-390]. CARVALHO, J. P. de & AGUIAR, A.M. Franquinho (1997). Pragas dos citrinos na Ilha da Madeira. SRAFP/DRA, Madeira, 1-411, pp. [83-91]. HODKINSON, I. D. (1981). Heather-feeding psyllids of the genus Strophingia (Homopetra). Syst. Ent. 3. 333-360. HODKINSON, I. D. (1990). New species of psyllid from the Canary Islands and Madeira (Homoptera: Psylloidea). Eos, 66 (1): 29-35. HODKINSON, I. D. & HOLLIS, D. (1987). The legume-feeding psyllids (Homoptera) of the west Palaearctic Region. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 56 (1): 1-86, p. [42- 44]. Aguiar & Martin – Psyllids from Madeira Island.

LOGINOVA, M. M. (1972). On the fauna of Psylloidea (Homoptera) from Morocco. Soc. Sci. Fenn.- Commentat. Biol. 47: 1-37, pp [8-9]. LOGINOVA, M. M. (1973). [Taxonomy of the tribe Euphyllurini (Psylloidea, Homoptera)]. Zool. Zh., 52 (6): 858-869. LOGINOVA, M. M. (1976). Psyllids (Psylloidea, Homoptera) of the Canary islands and Madeira. Soc. Sci. Fenn.- Commentat. Biol. 81: 1-37. PRESS, J. R. & SHORT, M. J. (Eds.) (1994). Flora of Madeira. The Natural History Museum. HMSO Publications, London, 1-574.