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And Firmware Boot Process ÇÚÖÚÛ Ì ¿ ÓÓØ ÔÖÓ ×× ¯ ÇÚÖÚÛ ¯ ÞÁÑ ÚÓÐÙØÓÒ ¯ ÐÓÔÔÝ ÓÓØ × ØÓÖ¸ ËÓ Ð ¯ ÄÁÄǸ ÊÍ#¸ Ø º ¯ ÁÒØÐ Ê%Å '×( ´ÒØÖ'µ ¯ +ÒÒ Ø ÖÓ ÓØ ¬Ð ×Ý×ØÑ ¯ ÄÒÙÜ Ó ÓØ× ÄÒÙÜ ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ½ Ó ÓØ ÔÖÓ ×× Load kernel Load additional data Hardware/Firmware Pass parameters Boot loader Run init Initialize hardware Mount root file system etc. Load & run boot loader User space Ready driver(s) Find root file system Mount it ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ¾ ÄÓÒ ÞÁÑ End bzImage 1MB Setup 0x90000 2nd stage Boot sector Parameters 0x7c00 e.g. LILO on MBR Started by BIOS 0 ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ¿ ËØÖØÒ ÞÁÑ End High Kernel text+data (gzip) Kernel Kernel extractor 1MB Setup 0x90000 Low 8kB Mover 4kB 0 ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ÐÐÒ× New hard− and firmware Boot process Linux system More complex architecture configurations advances ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ÚÓÐÙØÓÒ Ì ÙÑÐ ÒÒÒ× ÐÓÔÔÝ ÓÓØ × ØÓÖ ¯ #Ó ÓØ× .ÖÓÑ ­ÓÔÔÝ '×(× ¯ ÇÒ (ÖÒÐ ÔÖ ­ÓÔÔÝ ¯ ÃÖÒÐ ÔÖÑØÖ Ò× Ú ÖÚ ËÓ Ð ¯ #Ó ÓØ× .ÖÓÑ Á1 '×(× ¯ ÊÕÙÖ× ÅÒÜ ¬Ð ×Ý×ØÑ ¯ ÃÖÒÐ ÔÖÑØÖ Ò× Ú ÖÚ ¯ Æ'× ¿Ö' ÔÖØÝ ÓÓØ ×Ð ØÓÖ ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ Ð ×Ý×ØÑ ×ØÓÖÝ Limited Unix Minix extfs Big Minix Xiafs Fully featured "modern" Unix ext2 ext3Reiser XFS JFS Journaling ? ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ÈÖÓÐÑ ÆÓÒ¹ÅÒÜ ÖÓ ÓØ ËÓ Ð ÖÕÙÖ' ÅÒÜ Ë Ò'' ÜØÖ ÔÖØØÓÒ ÛØ ÅÒÜ Ë ËÓÐÙØÓÒ4 Ø ÓÓØ ÐÓ'Ö ØÓ ÐÓ' .ÖÓÑ ÓØÖ Ë ÈÖÓÐÑ4 ØÖ Ö ×Ó ÑÒÝ Ó. ØÑ ËÓÐÙØÓÒ4 ÐØ Ø (ÖÒÐ 'Ó Ø ÑÔÔÒ ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ! ÄÁÄÇ ³&¾ Ð× Ö 6ÑÔÔ '7 #Ó ÓØ× .ÖÓÑ ´ÐÑÓ×ص ÖØÖÖÝ ¬Ð ×Ý×ØÑ #Ó ÓØ× .ÖÓÑ ­ÓÔÔÝ ÓÖ ÒÝ Ö' '×( (ÒÓÛÒ ØÓ #ÁÇË #Ó ÓØ ÓÑÑÒ' ÐÒ ÁÒ ÐÙ'× ÓÓØ ×Ð ØÓÖ ÆÓÛ ÑÒØÒ' Ý ÂÓÒ +Ó«ÑÒº ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ " Ð ×Ý×ØÑ ÛÖ¸ ºº *ÊÍ Kernel image Boot loader ext2(ro) Kernel ext2 Disk Meta data Kernel image data ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ½¼ Ð ×Ý×ØÑ ÙÒÛÖ Kernel image Map Boot loader read list Kernel ext2 Disk Meta data Meta data (map file) Kernel image data ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ½½ ÏØ³× ØØÖ . ÅÓ×Ø Ô ÓÔÐ 'ÓÒ³Ø ÒÓØ +ÓÒ××ØÒ Ý ( ¯ ÀÖ'ÛÖ ÐÑØØÓÒ× ´ºº Ê%Å '×(¸ Æ˵ ¯ +ÓÒ¬ÙÖØÓÒ ¬Ð ´ºº .ÓÖ ÓÑÑÒ' ÐÒµ %ÙØÓÒÓÑÝ ¯ È ( ÒÝ (ÖÒÐ ¯ Ð ×Ý×ØÑ ÒÚØÓÒ ¯ 'ØÓÖ¸ Ï ÖÓÛ×Ö¸ = ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ½¾ /Ò 0ØÙÖ× Etherboot Floppy boot Alpha GRUB LILO ARM LOADLIN i386,ia64 nuni m68k Netboot Linux User SysLinux MIPS(64) kernel space ... PPC S390 Narrow, stable SuperH interface (Ultra)SPARC ... ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ½¿ ÈÖÓÐÑ 1ÖÚÖ ÓÒ­ Ø× ÀÖ'ÛÖ ÙØÓ¹'Ø ØÓÒ × ÙÒÖÐÐ4 ¯ ÀÖ'ÛÖ ? ÑÝ ÐÓ ( ÙÔ ÛÒ ÔÖÓÒ .ÓÖ Ö'ÛÖ @ ¯ 1ÖÚÖ ÑÝ Ñ×¹'Ø Ø Ö'ÛÖ ? × @¸ Ò' Ö× 6ÒÖ (ÖÒÐ7 × ÒÓØ ÔÓ××Ð ËÓÐÙØÓÒ4 ÐÓ' 'ÖÚÖ ÑÓ 'ÙÐ× ÛÒ Ò'' ÈÖÓÐÑ4 ÛØ . 'ÖÚÖ .ÓÖ ÖÓ ÓØ ¬Ð ×Ý×ØÑ Ò'× ØÓ ÐÓ'' = ËÓÐÙØÓÒ4 ÓÓØ ÐÓ'Ö ÐÓ'× Ê%Å '×( × ØÑÔ ÓÖÖÝ ÖÓ ÓØ ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ½ ÁÒØÐ Ê/Å ×3 ´½º¿º7¿ ¿»&9µ 1×Ò' Ò Ó ÓÔ ÖØÓÒ ÛØ ÀÒ× ÄÖÑÒ May be made available as /dev/initrd initrd Copied by RAM disk driver (may de−compress) RAM disk Loaded by boot loader Run /linuxrc Mount real root Data Kernel ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ½ Ò ÖÓÓØ ´½º¿º7¿¸ ÅÖ ³&9µ / Root and cwd of process 1 change_root new_root /initrd umount root_dev ÌØÐÝ ÒØÖØ' ´Ù×× ÐÓØ× Ó. 6Ñ 7µ ÇÒÐÝ ÛÓÖ(× .ÓÖ ÖÙÐÖ ÐÓ ( 'Ú × ´×Ô Ð ×4 Æ˵ # (ÖÓÙÒ' ÔÖÓ ××× ÑÝ (Ô ÓÐ' ÖÓ ÓØ Ù×Ý +Ò ÓÒÐÝ Ù×' ÓÒ ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ½ Ô ÚÓØ ÖÓÓØ ´¾º¿º;½¸ ÂÒ ³¼¼µ / Root and cwd of all processes pivot_root new_root (usually cwd of the old_root current process) mount umount ÏÓÖ(× ÛØ ÒÝ ¬Ð ×Ý×ØÑ +Ò ÖÔ Ø' ÎÖÝ ÙÐÝ ×ÓÐÙØÓÒ .ÓÖ 'ÑÓÒ× ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ½ ÍÒÓÒ ÑÓÙÒØ× ´0ÙØÙÖµ Root and cwd of all processes mount / umount remount new_root old_root 1×Ò' Ý ÎË ÙÖÙ %ÐÜÒ'Ö ÎÖÓ %× ÒÖ × ÔÚÓØ ÖÓÓØ +ÐÒ ×ÓÐÙØÓÒ .ÓÖ 'ÑÓÒ× ÏÐÐ ÔÖÓÐÝ ÛÓÖ( ÛØ Ü×ØÒ ×Ý×ØÑ ÐÐ× Ò' ØÓ ÓÐ× ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ½! ÈÖÓÐÑ ÜÓØ 3ÖÒÐ ×ÓÙÖ ÆÛ ÓÑÔÐÜ ¬Ð ×Ý×ØÑ×4 ¯ ÆÓ ÐÓ (×4 ÌÐ× ´ºº Ò Ê×Ö˵¸ 1Ø×¹ÓÖÒØ' ¯ #ÐÓ (× ÑÓÚ4 ÂÓÙÖÒÐÒ ¯ ÆÓ 'Ö Ø ÑÔÔÒ4 Ê%Á1 ÃÖÒÐ× ×ØÓÖ' Ø ÙÒÙ×ÙÐ ÔÐ ×4 ¯ ÌÌȸ Æ˸ ÀÌÌȸ ÀÌÌÈ˸ ¯ +Ö ØÖ 'Ú BÙ×Ø ÐÓ'Ò Ø (ÖÒÐ Ø× Ö'Ö ËÓÐÙØÓÒ4 ÐØ Ø ÄÒÙÜ ×Ý×ØÑ 'Ó Ø ÐÓ'Ò ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ½" ÄÒÙÜ Ó ÓØ× ÄÒÙÜ ´½µ ËÑÔÐ ÓÓØ ÐÓ'Ö ÐÓ'× ÓÓØ (ÖÒÐ 1ÖÚÖ ×ØÙÔ Ù×Ò ÒØÖ' ÅÝ Ù×Ö ÒØÖ ØÓÒ ´ºº ÓÓØ ×Ðе ÄÓ'× ÖÐ (ÖÒÐ ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ¾¼ ÄÒÙÜ Ó ÓØ× ÄÒÙÜ ´¾µ Kernel memory initrd Move pages Disk Load kernel and initrd Set up parameters Param Enter right CPU and Run mover Mover MMU mode Jump to new kernel ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ¾½ ÄÒÙÜ Ó ÓØ× ÄÒÙÜ ´¿µ Ì ØÑ × ÖÔ 4 ¯ ÄÇ#ÇË ´ÊÓÒ ÅÒÒ µ ¯ Ó ÓØÑ ´ÏÖÒÖ %ÐÑ× ÖÖµ ¯ ÌÛÓ ÃÖÒÐ ÅÓÒØ ´Ö( ÀÒ'Ö(×µ ÅÓÖ .ÙÒ ÛØ ÓÓØÒ4 ¯ À¹×Ô ' Ö Ó ÓØ ´ º ½D × µ ¯ ÄÒÙÜ#ÁÇË ¯ +Ö× 1ÙÑÔ ÈÖÓÐÑ4 Æ #ÁÇË ÐÖ× ÑÑÓÖÝ ÓÒ Ö Ó ÓØ Æ +ÒÒÓØ Ù× ÙÖÖÒØ 'ÖÚÖ× ´ÓÖ #ÁÇ˵ ËÓÐÙØÓÒ4 Æ ÃÔ ×ÑÐÐ ×Ý×ØÑ Ò×' ÙÖÖÒØ ×Ý×ØÑ Æ Ê×Ø 'ÖÚÖ× Ò' ÛÖØ 'ÙÑÔ ÓÒ Ö× ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ¾¾ Ì ÛÓÐ ØÖÙØ Hardware startup Firmware (BIOS) Boot selector Legacy OS Linux−capable boot loader Linux loader Linux kernel Mount initrd /linuxrc Mount root file system /sbin/init System runs ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ¾¿ ÙØÙÖ ÍÒÓÒ ÖÓ ÓØ ÑÓÙÒØ ÖÐÝ .ÖÒ Ó. ÒØÖ' Ô× ¯ Ê'Ù Ô( ÑÑÓÖÝ Ù× ÄÒÙÜ Ó ÓØ× ÄÒÙÜ ¯ ËÑÐÐ + ÐÖÖÝ ÓÖ ÓÓØ ×ÐÐ ¯ ÈÖÑØÖ Ô××Ò #ØØÖ ×ÙÔÔ ÓÖØ .ÓÖ Ê%Á1¸ Ø º ¯ ËÔ ÐÞ' ÐÓ'Ö× ¯ ÈÖØÐ ÓÒÚÖÒ .ÓÖ ×ÑÔÐ ÐÓ'Ö× ¯ ÜØÒ'' 'Ø ÐÓ ØÓÒ Ò.ÓÖÑØÓÒ .ÖÓÑ (ÖÒÐ ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ¾ ÄÒ3× 1Ö ØÓÖÝ4 ØÔ »» ØÔºÔ Ðº »ÔÙ»ÔÓÔл ÐÑ×Ö»ÓÓØÒ» Ì× ÔÖ×ÒØØÓÒ4 ÓÐ×¹ ÓÓØÒ¹ ×Ð׺Ô×ºÞ ÓÐ×¹ ÓÓØÒ¹ ×Ð×ºØ ÖºÞ ÈÔ Ö 6#Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ4 Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò' Ø ÙØÙÖ74 ÓÓØÒÐÒÙܹ ÙÖÖÒغÔ×ºÞ ÓÓØÒÐÒÙܹ ÙÖÖÒØºØ ÖºÞ ÏÖÒÖ ÐÑ× Ö Ö Ó ÓØÒ ÄÒÙÜ Ì À×ØÓÖÝ Ò Ø ÙØÙÖ ¾.
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