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Sasanidische Spuren in Der Byzantinischen, Kaukasischen Und Arne Effenberger »Sasanidischer« Baudekor in Byzanz? Der Fall der Polyeuktoskirche in Kon stantinopel Bis zur Errichtung der justinianischen Hagia Sophia (532-537) Ausgestaltung der Kirche wichtige Anhaltspunkte, obwohl war die Polyeuktoskirche der größte und prächtigste Sakral- sich deren Grund- und Aufriss nur hypothetisch rekonstruieren bau der oströmischen Hauptstadt. Lange Zeit wusste man lassen (Abb. 1-2) 7. Die Kirche war eine fünfschiffge Empo- von ihrer Existenz, abgesehen von wenigen Erwähnungen in renbasilika, deren aufgehende Gebäudeteile sich über hohen späteren Schriftquellen 1, vor allem durch zwei Epigramme, die Substruktionen erhoben. Innerhalb der Kirchenarchitektur von in der Anthologia Graeca I 10 (Verse 1-41 und 42-76) über- Kon stan tinopel wartet der Baukomplex mindestens mit zwei liefert sind und Anikia Iuliana als Stifterin ausweisen 2. Bereits Alleinstellungsmerkmalen und etlichen Neuerungen auf. Al- 1960 hatte Ihor Ševčenko erkannt, dass bei Bauarbeiten in der leinstellungsmerkmale sind 1) die vom traditionellen Typus der Nähe von Sarçhane (Sattlermarkt) gefundene Architekturteile Basilika abweichende Abtrennung der inneren Seitenschiffe Versfragmente des Gedichts enthalten und somit zur Polyeuk- und ihrer Emporen vom Naos nicht durch Säulenreihen, son- toskirche gehört haben müssen 3. Die von 1964 bis 1969 von dern durch drei unterschiedlich tiefe Exedren im Wechsel mit Martin R. Harrison und Nezih Fratl in diesem Quartier durch- »Kopfstücken«, die von je zwei Pfeilern mit dem zugehörigen geführten Ausgrabungen förderten schließlich die mächtigen, Gebälk gebildet wurden 8, wobei die Säulen der Exedren und aber weitgehend durch Stein- und Ziegelraub abgetragenen die »Kopfstücke« sich über ungewöhnlich breiten Fundamen- Substruktionen des Bauwerks und ihrer benachbarten Ne- ten (ca. 7 m) erhoben (Abb. 1-3) 9, sowie 2) die Verbindung benkirche, einen großen Teil der Bauplastik sowie unzählige der Hauptkirche mit einer freistehenden Nebenkirche, die eine Fragmente der inneren Ausstattung zu Tage 4. Weitere dabei eigenständige Funktion gehabt haben muss. Als Innovatio- entdeckte Bauteile mit Fragmenten der Inschrift aus dem nen gelten 1) das erstmalige Auftreten des voll entwickelten Naos 5 erbrachten den defnitiven Beweis für die Identifzie- Kämpferkapitells (Abb. 4) 10, 2) die einzigartige Ornamentik rung der ergrabenen Reste mit der Kirche des hl. Polyeuktos. der Bauskulpturen 11, die den klassischen Formenkanon auföst, Die Polyeuktoskirche und der benachbarte Palast Iulianas wobei traditionelle und »exotische« Motive oder Mischungen lagen in einem Kerngebiet kaiserlicher Besitzungen, vor allem aus beiden an ein und demselben Bauglied auftreten können 12, der Paläste von Kaiserinnen der theodosianischen Dynastie, das 3) die am Gebälk und an den Pfauennischen der unteren Exe- sich entlang der Mese etwa zwischen Philadelphion und Marki- dren angebrachten Epigramm-Inschrift aus erhabenen, 11 cm ansforum erstreckte 6. Aus den Mitteilungen der im Naos und hohen Majuskeln, die integraler Bestandteil der Dekoration im Hof angebrachten Epigramm-Inschriften (s. u. S. 161 ff.) und sind (Abb. 5), sowie 4) der intensive Einsatz der à jour-Technik unter Einbeziehung der Bauplastik ergaben sich für die innere und des Tiefschnitts in der dekorativen Bauplastik 13. All dies 1 Harrison, Excavations 8-10. – In Quellen des 6. Jhs. wie Marcellinus Comes, Johan- 9 Hervorzuheben ist die ungedruckte Magisterarbeit von Kakko, Gebälkstücke, in nes Malalas oder Evagrios Scholastikos wird die Polyeuktoskirche nicht erwähnt. die mir dankenswerter Weise Rainer Warland Einsicht gewährt hat. Die Autorin 2 Anthologia Graeca I 10 (Beckby 126-131). – S. die Analyse von Connor, Epi- nimmt auf Grund ihrer Berechnungen eine tiefere und breitere Mittelexedra gram. – Zur sprachlichen Beurteilung s. Whitby, St Polyeuktos Epigram. – Zu an (Br. 8 m; T. 6 m). Leider hat sie ihre wichtigen Untersuchungen nicht fort- Anikia Iuliana s. u. S. 160 f. geführt. Einige ihrer Rekonstruktionen jetzt abgebildet bei Warland, Defning 3 Ševčenko, Note additionelle. – Mango / Ševčenko, Remains. Space Abb. 6.3-6.4; 6.6. 4 Harrison, Excavations (grundlegende Grabungspublikation). – Harrison, Tempel 10 Strube, Polyeuktoskirche passim. (enthält wichtige Ergänzungen und zum Teil bessere Abbildungen). – Aus der 11 Zusammenstellung aller verstreuten Stücke bei Brüx, Ornamentik 11-30; wei- inzwischen fast unübersehbar gewordenen Literatur zur Polyeuktoskirche kann tere Neufunde bei Barsanti / Pilutti Namer, Da Costantinopoli. meine Bibliographie nur eine Auswahl bieten. Relevante Bezugnahmen werden 12 Zur Klassifzierung s. Harrison, Sculptural decoration. – Harrison, Excavations suo loco zitiert. 415. – Harrison, Tempel 119. – Brüx, Ornamentik 37-47. 5 s. u. Anm. 80. 13 Neuerdings vertritt Mathews (Mathews / Muller, Dawn 172-182; Abb. 6.6-6.9; 6 Magdalino, Oikoi 55 Plan. 6.11-6.16) die Ansicht, dass die Reliefplatten mit Darstellungen Christi, der 7 Harrison, Excavations 15-27; Plan fg. B (Grabungsplan); 406-412 fg. A (»Simpli- Gottes mutter und Apostel (Harrison, Excavations 156-157 Taf. 197-206. – fed Plan of Church Foundations«). – Harrison, Tempel 46 Abb. 39 (schematischer Harrison, Tempel 109. 112 Abb. 135-142) zum Templon der Polyeuktoskirche Plan); 53 Abb. 48 (rekonstruierter Grundriss); 167 (Schaubild mit Rekonstruktion gehört haben, s. die Rekonstruktion Abb. 6.17-6.18 auf der Basis der Rekonst- des Innenraums); 171 (rekonstruierter Längsschnitt). – Davon abweichend: Bardill, ruktion von Harrison, Tempel Abb. 167 (die Arbeiten von Bardill blieben unbe- Saint-Polyeucte Abb. 4 (rekonstruierter Grundriss); Abb. 6 (rekonstruierter Längs- achtet). Seiner Meinung zufolge wäre dies das älteste, mit Ikonen geschmückte schnitt). – S. auch die phantasievollen 3 D-Rekonstruktionen von Çem Kozar; Templon vor der justinianischen Hagia Sophia. Die Idee ist nicht neu, s. schon Internet: www.hayal-et.org/i.php/site/building/polyeuktos kilisesi (18.01.2019). Russo, Costantinopoli 74. Der reichlich grobschlächtige Stil der Büsten unter- 8 Zwei dieser Pfeiler (»Pilastri Acritani«), die die Venezianer nach 1204 zusammen scheidet sich allerdings beträchtlich von den übrigen Skulpturen der Polyeukto- mit weiteren Spolien aus der Polyeuktoskirche geraubt hatten, stehen auf der skirche, vor allem den Pfauennischen (meine Abb. 5). Piazzetta von San Marco, s. dazu Deichmann, I pilastri acritani. – Nelson, History of Legends. »Sasanidischer« Baudekor in Byzanz? | Arne Effenberger 155 Abb. 1 Rekonstruierter Grundriss der Polyeuktoskirche. – (Nach Bardill, Saint-Polyeucte Abb. 4). Abb. 2 Rekonstruierter Längsschnitt der Polyeuktoskirche. – (Nach Bardill, Saint-Polyeucte Abb. 6) 156 »Sasanidischer« Baudekor in Byzanz? | Arne Effenberger Abb. 3 Rekonstruierter Grundriss der Polyeuktoskirche und ihrer Nebenkirche. – (Nach Harrison, Tempel Abb. 48) Abb. 4 Kämpferkapitell aus der Polyeuktoskirche mit Lotus-Palmetten- Dekor. Istanbul, Archäologische Mu- seen. – (Foto A. Effenberger). »Sasanidischer« Baudekor in Byzanz? | Arne Effenberger 157 Abb. 5 Pfauennische 1 a VI mit Rest von Vers 31. Istanbul, Archäologische Museen. – (Foto A. Effenberger). begründet die herausragende Stellung der Polyeuktoskirche Ein »Atrium« vor der Westseite des Narthex lag ca. 5 m innerhalb der sakralen Architektur Kon stan tinopels im frühen tiefer als das Fußbodenniveau der Kirche und wies noch we- 6. Jahrhundert und erweist das Gebäude als ein architekto- nige Reste seines Belags aus Marmorplatten auf 19. Der Ab- nisch-dekoratives Gesamtkunstwerk von allerhöchstem Rang. stand zwischen der Narthexwestwand bis zur Südwest-Ecke Harrison ging noch davon aus, dass die Kirche bereits der Nebenkirche beträgt 39,50 m, die Hofbreite wird auf eine Kuppel von ca. 18 m Durchmesser mit Pendentifs besaß, mindestens 27,10 m geschätzt 20. Süd- und Westabschluss während das Bema und der westliche Raumteil mit einer des Platzes sind nicht erhalten (Abb. 3) 21. Da sich nirgendwo Tonne überwölbt waren 14. Hingegen vertrat Jonathan Bardill Spuren fanden, die auf eine Säulenstellung hinweisen, sollte die Ansicht, dass eine mit Gold überzogene Kassettendecke man wohl besser nicht von einem Atrium, sonders von einem von Anbeginn das gesamte Mittelschiff überspannt habe 15. mindestens an zwei Seiten von Gebäudeteilen (Narthex, Ne- Doch solange die innere Struktur des Bauwerks, die genaue benkirche) begrenzten Vorplatz sprechen 22. Von dieser unte- Abfolge der »Kopfstücke« und der unterschiedlich tiefen Ex- ren Ebene führte eine 8,45 m breite und ebenso lange, auf edren sowie die davon abhängige Verteilung der Inschriften der Hauptachse der Kirche gelegene Freitreppe hinauf in den nicht endgültig geklärt sind 16, sollte die Frage zur weiteren Narthex. Der Unterbau der Treppenanlage und die unterste Diskussion offenbleiben 17. Schließlich wissen wir nicht, ob Stufe waren noch vorhanden 23. die Kirche die zahlreichen Erdbeben des 6. Jahrhunderts 18 Wie die spitzwinklige Ausbildung der Südwest-Ecke der unbeschadet überstanden hat und spätere Veränderungen Nebenkirche anzeigt (Abb. 3) 24, folgte die Westgrenze des erforderlich wurden. Vorplatzes anscheinend der Flucht einer in Südwest-Nordost- 14 Harrison, Excavations 406-409 fg. B. – Harrison, Tempel 130-131 Abb. 167; chen Außenmauer liegt bei 39,375 m. Das entspricht einem Höhenunterschied 169. – Diese Ansicht ist unter Architekturforschern weitgehend auf Zustim- von 3,07 m, was bedeutet, dass von den Substruktionen etwa 2 m abgetragen mung gestoßen, s. z. B. Rasch, Kuppel 484. Hill,
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