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Tesi Rosaci Fabiana.Docx UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MESSINA DIPARTIMENTO DI CIVILTÀ ANTICHE E MODERNE DOTTORATO IN SCIENZE STORICHE ARCHEOLOGICHE E FILOLOGICHE CICLO XXXIII L’ascesa e il declino politico degli Isauri nel V secolo d.C. Tesi di dottorato di: Fabiana Rosaci Docente Tutor: Chiar.ma prof.ssa Elena Caliri TRIENNIO 2017 – 2020 A tutti i miei “briganti” del Familiari “piante tra i sassi” in questi ultimi quattro anni … 2 Indice I. Introduzione 5 1.1 l’Isauria tra Repubblica e Impero 13 II. La Regio Isauria in età tardoantica 26 2.1 L’Isauria nella Notitia Dignitatum 26 2.1.1 Una regio di frontiera 31 2.2 Una terra di latrones e briganti 39 2.2.1 Note per una fenomenologia del banditismo isaurico 53 2.3 La dinamica economica 62 III. L’ascesa politica degli Isauri 80 3.1 Lo status quaestionis 80 3.2 Candido, Malco e le altre fonti letterarie 85 3.3 Il potere economico – militare degli Isauri nel V secolo 104 3.4 I prodromi dell’ascesa: il magister militum Flavio Zenone 116 3.5 Isauri e “Germani”: scontri di potere a Costantinopoli 122 3.5.1 La spedizione contro i Vandali (468 d.C.) 132 3.6 Illo e l’entourage neoplatonico: i rapporti con Pamprepio 137 IV. Zenone l’Isauro 150 4.1 Tarasicodissa, il genero dell’Imperatore Leone I 150 4.2 Μόνος καὶ κοινός αὐτοκράτωρ 158 4.3 I tentativi di fronda 173 4.3.1 L’usurpazione di Basilisco 173 4.3.2 La rivolta di Illo 180 4.3.3 Marciano, il marito della “porfirogenita” 197 4.4 Le relazioni con i Goti 201 4.4.1 Teoderico l’Amalo in Italia: un cliens di Zenone? 213 3 4.5 Aspetti religiosi del regno di Zenone 225 4.5.1 La pubblicazione dell’Henotikon e lo “scisma acaciano” 226 4.5.2 “Indefatigable church – builder”: brevi note di evergetismo 236 religioso 4.6 La politica economica di Zenone 242 4.7 La successione a Zenone e il declino degli Isauri (492 – 497 d.C.) 256 V. Conclusioni 264 Abbreviazioni corpora epigrafici e papirologici 273 Fonti 274 Bibliografia 278 4 I Introduzione Negli ultimi decenni si è assistito ad un incremento assai significativo degli studi sulla storia sociale ed economica dell’Oriente tardoantico. Il dibattito, i cui prodromi possono essere rintracciati nella fervida stagione di studi iniziata negli anni Quaranta del secolo scorso, con figure del calibro di R. Syme, A. Piganiol, H.I. Marrou, A. Momigliano, A. Chastagnol, A.H.M. Jones, S. Mazzarino, M. Mazza, P. Brown1, ruota prevalentemente intorno al problema della periodizzazione (concetto che implica “un valore culturalmente valutativo2”), nonché sulle rotte differenti che le due partes imperii hanno intrapreso nell’ultima fase dell’Antichità. Quell’unitarietà, quantomeno amministrativa, che sembrò contraddistinguere l’Impero nel IV secolo d.C., infatti, non fu riscontrabile nel V sec. d.C., che segnò lo sviluppo di quello che è stato icasticamente definito come A Greek Roman Empire3. Se è vero che fino al regno di Teodosio II vi furono strette forme di collaborazione tra le due sedes imperii, è altresì indubbio che, mentre in Occidente il V rappresentò il secolo del collasso, in Oriente 1 Per una sintesi sul dibattito storiografico relativo alla Tarda Antichità si rimanda a M. MAZZA, Spätantike: genesi e trasformazioni di un tema storiografico (da Burckhardt a Mickwitz e Marrou via Riegl), in Id., Tra Roma e Costantinopoli. Ellenismo Oriente Cristianesimo nella Tarda Antichità. Saggi scelti, Catania 2009, pp. 5 – 67; Id., Tarda Antichità: “improvvisazioni” e variazioni su un tema storiografico, in Occidente / Oriente 1, 2020, pp. 13 – 26. 2 S. COSENTINO, Tarda Antichità, Bisanzio e Periodizzazione, in Occidente / Oriente 1, 2020, pp. 51 – 61. 3 F. MILLAR, A Greek Roman Empire. Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408– 450), Berkeley 2006. 5 la congiuntura politico – militare – economica fu considerevolmente differente e determinò uno sviluppo che non conobbe soluzione di continuità fino al VII sec. d.C., favorito dall’uniformità con cui furono gestiti i molteplici aspetti dell’organizzazione sociale ed economica. Pertanto, potrebbe essere condivisibile la tesi di quegli storici che pongono la fine dell’Impero Romano d’Oriente tra il 636 e il 637 d.C. In quell’anno gli eserciti di Eraclio furono sconfitti dagli Arabi a Kadisya e allo Jarmuk: la perdita del Vicino Oriente a sud del Tauro e, subito dopo, dell’Egitto e di tutta l’Africa mediterranea, in seguito alla folgorante invasione islamica, trasformò l’Impero da “romano” a “bizantino”, cioè da principale potenza mediterranea a una delle tante potenze regionali in un mondo ormai geopoliticamente frammentato4. Del resto, nella produzione storiografica degli ultimi cinquant’anni, il regno di Eraclio (610 – 641 d.C.) è stato spesso indicato come cerniera tra due epoche5: già Ostrogorsky aveva insistito particolarmente su una decisiva riforma dell’esercito romano orientale operata dall’imperatore, dalla quale avrebbe preso origine una specifica struttura della media e piccola proprietà delle campagne, che sarebbe durata fino all’XI secolo d.C.6 Ad oggi, benché siano pochi i bizantinisti disposti a riconoscere nell’imperatore Eraclio la figura di fondatore del cosiddetto “sistema tematico”, il VII sec. d.C. continua ad essere ritenuto come l’età in cui Bisanzio sarebbe passata dall’Antichità al Medioevo. 4 L’intuizione, seppur ampiamente contestata, risale a H. PIRENNE, Mahomet et Charlemagne, Bruxelles 1937. 5 Cfr. A.H.M. JONES – J.R. MARTINDALE – J. MORRIS, Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Cambridge 1971 – 1992; R.J. LILIE – C. LUDWIG – B. ZIELKE – T. PRATSCH, Prosopographie der mittel – byzantinische Zeit, Berlin 1998. 6 G. OSTROGORSKY, Geschichte des byzantinischen Staates, Munich 1940. 6 Pienamente inseribile, quindi, nelle coordinate dell’età tardoantica è l’esperienza della basileia di Zenone (474 – 491 d.C.)7, oggetto del presente lavoro di ricerca, che mira a indagare uno specifico fenomeno politico della seconda metà del V secolo d.C., ovvero l’ascesa e il conseguente declino dell’ethnos isaurico a Costantinopoli. Questa compagine, proveniente dall’entroterra taurico della Cilicia, rappresenta una delle tante espressioni delle “culture locali”, la cui emersione è stata valorizzata da S. Mazzarino all’XI Congresso Internazionale di Scienze Storiche tenutosi a Stoccolma nel 19608. La “democratizzazione della cultura” fu la geniale intuizione che ha permesso allo storico catanese di aprire nuove prospettive di lettura sulla Tarda Antichità, in cui si assisterebbe alla riemersione delle culture locali – la copta, la siriaca, l’edessana, ecc. – con il cristianesimo fungente da elemento catalizzatore. Il punto essenziale della riflessione mazzariniana consiste nel rapporto tra l’idea di δημοκρατίαι e quella di ἔθνη: l’emergere delle culture locali costituisce un aspetto fondamentale del processo di trasformazione del mondo classico. I vari ethne svilupparono le loro culture, diverse se non antagonistiche, a quella egemone, che non era stata in grado di coinvolgerle in un reale 7 P. CRAWFORD, Roman Emperor Zeno. The perils of power politics in fifth century Constantinople, Philadelphia 2019, nell’ultima monografia sul sovrano isaurico, dimostra, fin dall’emblematica scelta del titolo, come Zenone vada considerato a pieno titolo un imperatore “romano” più che “bizantino”. 8 S. MAZZARINO, La democratizzazione della cultura nel “basso impero”, XI Congrès Intern. des Sciences Historiques, Stockholm 21 – 28 Aout 1960, Rapports II: Antiquité, Stockholm 1960, pp. 35 – 60, ora in Antico, tardoantico ed era costantiniana, Bari 1974, pp. 74 – 98. Sul tema cfr. M. MAZZA, Identità etniche e culture locali sulla frontiera dell’Eufrate (II – IV sec. d.C.). Uno studio sui contatti culturali, in Id., Cultura, guerra e diplomazia nella tarda antichità. Tre studi, Catania 2005, pp. 11 – 117; J.M. CARRIÉ, Antiquité tardive et la “democratisation de la culture”: un paradigme à geometrie variable, in AntTard 9, 2001, pp. 27 – 46. 7 processo di omogeneizzazione, mutando le strutture economiche e il kosmos spirituale coevi: la fine dell’Imperium Romanum è anticipata, dunque, dalla trasformazione della cultura. Nel corso della sua storia9, la Cilicia fu una “provincia” di grandi imperi. La sua peculiare situazione geografica, per quanto riguarda sia la conformazione fisica che la posizione, ne fece una terra di grande mescolanza etnica e culturale, passaggio obbligato tra Occidente e Oriente. Situata nell’Anatolia sud – orientale, la regione appariva, già ai geografi antichi, composta da due aree tra loro molto diverse, che Strabone definì τραχεῖα (Aspera) e πεδιάς (Campestris), separate dal fiume Lamos10. La Tracheia, che deve il suo nome alla conformazione 9 Alla morte di Alessandro Magno, la satrapia di Cilicia divenne un’area di incerta gravitazione tra Siria ed Egitto: complicate e spesso mal documentate sono le operazioni militari con cui, tra IV e II sec. a.C., i due regni ellenistici tentarono di conquistare la zona. Il controllo della Cilicia – regione di un certo rilievo nel sistema delle comunicazioni marittime – era fondamentale per l’Egitto tolemaico, che fondava il suo potere economico e politico sulle attività commerciali transmarine. I Seleucidi, tuttavia, consideravano la Cilicia come parte integrante dei loro domini e, pertanto, valutavano la presenza tolemaica nella zona come un’occupazione illegittima. Per la storia della Cilicia nelle epoche precedenti alla conquista romana, si vedano in particolare: P. DESIDERI – A.M. JASINK, Cilicia. Dall'età di Kizzuwatna alla conquista macedone, Firenze 1990; G. SALMERI, Processi di ellenizzazione in Cilicia, in La Syrie hellénistique, Lyon 2003, pp. 513 – 541; O. CASABONNE, La Cilicie à l’époque achéménide, Paris 2004; A. HOFFMAN – R. POSAMENTIR – M.H. SAYAR, Hellenismus in der Kilikia Pedias, İstanbul 2011; M. H. SAYAR, Kilikien unter den Diadochen. Epigraphische Zeugnisse aus der hellenistischen Zeit Kilikiens und ihre Bedeutung für die Altertumswissenschaftliche Erforschung des östlichen Mittelmeerraumes, in Hellenismus 2011, pp. 217 – 245; C. TEMPESTA, Central and Local Powers in Hellenistic Rough Cilicia, in Rough Cilicia.
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