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VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE GRAHAM (PINALENO) MOUNTAINS

• SOUTHEAST ARIZONA

Edited by W. L. Minckley

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......

INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA ......

ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES ...... 6

Fishes ...... 6

Amphibians and Reptiles ...... II

Birds ...... 28

Mammals ...... 50

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION ...... 66

LITERATURE CITED 69

TABLES 1-3 ...... 76

APPENDIX A, CHECK-LISTS OF SPECIES 79

-.This1/ paper results from a summer field program of the Deportment of

Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, and is first of a series of such reports on the fauna of selected areas in the state. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Financial assistance for this project was provided mostly by the summer session of Arizona State University. Funds from the University Research

Committee and from the Sport Fishing Institute were utilized in obtaining some data on fishes. The U. S. Forest Service, Coronado National Forest, issued a special use permit for the project in 1966, and personnel in the

Safford district under the direction of Arthur Maynard were exceedingly helpful and sympathetic to our work. Phil Cosper, Arizona Game and Fish

Department, expedited permits for collecting in the area, and James Bruce of the same agency, provided data on trout and other fish species. Other personnel of the Game and Fish Department Regional Office in Pima, under

Don Wingfield, cooperated fully. Private individuals in the vicinity, landowners, tourists, and the like, gave freely of their time and materially assisted in the study. Students who participated directly in collecting of the specimens and data reported here deserve special acknowledgement.

These persons, excluding individuals participating in preparation of the report, were: William S. Brown, Mardes Clayton, Victor Cresto, Murray

Itzkowitz, Arturo Jimenez G., James E. Johnson, James E. LeDuc, Norman C.

Leppla, Glady L. Lytle, Harry Nickla, John N. Rinne, Peter Rothlisberg,

Roger S. Siervogel, Frank Turkowski, and Larry Watt. Anthony Lewis identi- fied some bats. In addition, the following individuals provided information obtained during their independent research in the area: Thomas A. Burns,

J. Neil Jensen, and David I. Rasmussen.

Barbara R. Minckley and her children provided support in the field and

In camp in 1966, and are gratefully acknowledged. The typing assistance of

Sue Johnson and Carolyn Nickerson also was greatly appreciated. INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

W. L. Minckley

The Graham (Pinaleno) Mountains rise abruptly to a maximum elevation of 10,713 feet above mean sea level from broad, surrounding valleys that He generally below 4,000 feet. They are the most northern of a series of isolated mountain masses that are aligned along the eastern boundary of

Arizona (Heald, 1951). Between 15 June and 15 July 1966, and between 8 and

13 July 1967, field parties from the Department of Zoology, Arizona State

University, made intensive surveys of the vertebrate biota of these mountains. More than 3,000 specimens were obtained, prepared in the field, and deposited in the Arizona State University Collections. These materials, plus literature records and specimens taken by staff and students from the

University at other times, form the bases for this report.

A permanent camp was established at the now-abandoned Marijilda

Canyon Campground, at an elevation of 4,400 feet, on the eastern end of the mountain mass. From this point, parties moved around the base of the mountain, and to both higher and lower elevations. Because of the generally difficult access in the area, and time limitations, much collecting was concentrated on the eastern end and along the Swift Trail Road (Arizona

Highway 366) that traverses the higher elevations to near the western end.

Places where major collections were made, along Swift Trail and elsewhere, were selected to represent differing habitats and were described by Hoff- meister (1956), or may be specifically located on the following U. S.

Geological Survey quadrangles: N3245-W10945/15 (Thatcher, Ariz.), N3230-W 2

10945/15 (Mt. Graham, Ariz.), N3245-W11000/15 (Jackson Mtn, Ariz.), N3230-W

11000/15 (Sierra Bonita Ranch, Ariz.), and N3245-W10930/15 (Safford, Ariz.).

Hoffmeister (1956) presented a description of the terrestrial habitats of the Graham Mountains, which, along with the discussion of

Arizona landscapes by Lowe (1964), was freely consulted in preparation of the following account. Details on the vegetation may be found in the work by Shreve (1919).

Valleys around the Grahams include the Sulphur Springs-Aravalpa

Creek valleys on the south and west, the San Simon valley on the east, and the broad Gila River valley on the north. Northwest, the Graham Range is separated by a low divide from the smaller Santa Teresa Mountains, and on the south, Stockton Pass separates the main body of the Grahams from the

Greasewood Range. The major structural features, and the general physio- graphy and drainage patterns of this area were outlined before the end of

Tertiary time, with only minor faulting occurring in Quaternary or Recent

(Kottlowski, et al., 1965).

The Sulphur Springs-Aravaipa valleys are higher in elevation than

the other surrounding plains. They are vegetated, in part, by a well-

developed Plains Grassland Association (Lowe, 1964). Various grasses

(Bouteloua, Muhlenbergia, Stipa, Sporobolus, etc.) often form a continuous ground cover. Other parts of the plain support Desert-Grassland Associations, with sotol (Dasyliron), Yucca, beargrass (Nolina), mesquite (Prosopis

luliflora), Acacia, and other, larger plants being most obvious. Parts of

the valley are irrigated from pumpage of underground aquifers, and mesic-

adapted plants (Populus fremonti, Salix, various sedges, etc.) live adjacent 3 to tanks and irrigation outflows. The Gila and San Simon valleys are mostly under cultivation on "flats" near the watercourses; thick stands of large, perennial grasses and sedges formerly lived in such areas

(Olmstead, 1919). Terraces of the rivers, however, support extensive, monotonous stands of creosote bush (Larrea divaricata), or burrsage

(Franseria), as they probably did prior to invasion by Caucasian man.

Mesquite occurs, or was formerly present, on well-drained parts of the terraces along drainage channels, and fringes of cottonwood persist where water is present and where man allows the trees to remain.

Abrupt transition occurs at the junction of montane bajadas and the fine-grained soils of terraces or floodplains. Acacia, mesquite, and prickly pear (Opuntia spp.), along with annual grasses and forbs, become increasingly dominant, forming a low, dense cover over rocky soils. Oaks

(Quercus ), junipers (Juniperus), and pinyon pine (Pinus cembriodes), occur sparsely as low as 3,500 feet in some canyons. Above 4,500 feet these become more abundant. In fact, between 4,500 and 6,000 feet, oaks form an almost inpenetrable thicket on more arid slopes, and other deciduous trees, ash (Fraxinus), maple (Acer), walnut (Juglans), and smaller species, inhabit canyons. The conifers then become generally dominant, extending in sequence from mid-elevation species (Pinus lelophylia), through ponderosa (P. ponderosa) and limber pine (P. flexilis), to fir and spruce (Abies concoior, Pseudotsuga menziesi, and Picea engelmanni), at higher elevations. In places above 8,000 feet, open parks, densely vege- tated with perennial grasses and sedges occupy many acres of surface.

Open, grassy areas also occur on the highest peaks, in association with 4 aspen (Populus tremuloides) and spruce; however, timberline conditions are not now achieved at the peaks.

Distributional relations of the flora of the Graham Mountains are exceedingly complex (Shreve, 1919). The mountain is rugged, and exposure and edaphic conditions markedly dictate local species compositions. In

Marijilda Canyon, for example, "pockets" of oak are present below 3,500 feet. On the other hand, an "oak zone" on the almost-vertical southwest slope of the mountain extends to about 10,000 feet on xeric rockslides and shallow soils.

Aquatic habitats are few, and they are highly modified by man.

The larger, persistent streams, the Gila River and Aravaipa Creek, are far from the mountain base and are not considered here. Ash, Grant, and Mari- jilda creeks, and their tributaries, comprise the permanent lotic habitats on the mountain itself. They all originate in seepage and springs of montane meadows, then accumulate additional water from the walls of steep, rocky canyons through which they pass. All the streams disappear in valley fills of their lower courses, or are diverted for irrigation into the valleys below. Lentic habitats consist of Riggs Flat Lake, and a smaller impound- ment at Snow Flat. Thermal springs occur in an "artesian belt" around the north and east sides of the mountain, and these feed a myriad of tanks and other artificial basins. Some larger bodies of water, i.e. Roper's Lake ca. seven miles south of Safford, are maintained by pumpage from subterranean waters; tanks and irrigation developments of the Sulphur Springs-Aravaipa valleys were mentioned before. Natural waters in that area include a few marshy places and one tiny spring on the Sierra Bonita Ranch. 5

Climate in the vicinity of Mt. Graham, as indicated by the diversity of vegetation, differs greatly from place to place. At the base of the mountain, annual precipitation averages about 13 inches per year. At Turkey Flat, ca. 7,400 feet, precipitation averages about 24

Inches (Martin and Fletcher, 1943). Several feet of snow accumulates in winter at higher elevations, and snow may persist into May or June.

Summer rains are sometimes violent and extensive. In Arizona, total precipitation increases an average of 4 to 5 inches with each 1000-feet

increase in elevation (Lowe, 1964). The peaks of the range therefore may receive between 35 and 45 inches per year.

Temperatures at the base of the mountain average 62° F., with an 0 over-all range from 7 to more than 110° F. Sub-zero temperatures are often encountered at higher elevations in winter, and freezing may occur at night in summer. Temperatures often also exceed 80° F. in open areas at higher elevations on clear summer days.

ACCOUNT OF SPECIES

The following accounts of species are abstracted from the field notes of the field parties, as assembled and interpreted by the various authors. For sake of brevity, reference to other works is minimal, with

the key citations given in introductory remarks where possible.

We failed to catch or observe some species of vertebrates that have been previously recorded, or that most certainly occur, in the

Graham Mountain area. These are not included in the accounts of species, with rare exception, but are listed in Appendix A, preceded by an aster-

isk (k). Authorities for such species are as follows: Stebbins (1966) 6 for amphibians and reptiles; Phillips, et al. (1964) and Monson and

Phillips (1964) for birds; and Hoffmeister (1956), Hall and Kelson

(1959a-b) and Cockrum (1960, 1964) for mammals.

Fishes

W. L. Minckley

The fish fauna of the Graham Mountains is depauperate. Seventeen species are, or have been, recorded from the area covered by this report

(excluding the Gila River and Aravaipa Creek). Of the 17, only 3 native forms are known, and these are probably now extirpated. About a third of the species are present only under agricultural conditions, or are stocked as "catchables" to maintain a sport fishery.

Family Salmonidae, salmons, chars, and trouts

Salmo gairdneri Richardson, rainbow trout.--This trout is one of the more popular game fishes in Arizona, and is most frequently stocked of all the trout species. Rainbow are regularly planted in Riggs Flat

Lake and in the pond at Snow Flat, and were generally stocked in streams of the mountain up until a few years ago. No natural reproduction is known In any of the habitats.

Salmo trutta Linnaeus, European brown trout.--The brown trout is

less commonly stocked in Arizona waters, and is therefore rarer than the rainbow. The species was never widely introduced on Mt. Graham, but a small, naturally-reproducing population of S. trutta lives in the upper and middle Marijilda Creek. 7

Salmo gilae subsp., Apache trout.--Since 1961, the Arizona Game and Fish Department has attempted to establish a population of this, the

Salt River form of S. gilae Miller, in streams of the Mt. Graham area.

The first introduction of the fish was in Grant Creek, but it Was con- taminated by hybridization with S. gairdneri, either prior to stocking or by an ill-directed introduction of rainbow Into the creek by unauthorized persons. In 1965, the stream was treated with an icthyotoxin, as was Ash

Creek, and S. gate was again introduced. At this writing, some repro- duction by S. gilae has occurred in both creeks, and Grant Creek has been opened to angling by the public. However, unauthorized stocking of other trout, fortunately not of the genus Salmo with which S. gilae might again hybridize, already has been detected.

This distinctive fish was formerly widespread in the Salt River basin of Arizona, but now persists only in a few creeks above 9,000 feet in the White Mountains of the east-central part of the state. The fish now lives in tiny, high-gradient brooks, where summer temperatures rarely exceed 60° F. and winter conditions sometimes include anchor ice. In the past, the species inhabited larger, lower-elevation streams (Miller 1950,

1961), but it now is extirpated from such places by genetic swamping and competition from introduced species. Attempts to protect this vanishing trout should be strongly supported.

Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), brook trout.--Brook trout are currently stocked in Riggs Flat Lake, and formerly lived in the streams where Apache trout now are established. A naturally-reproducing popula- tion persists in the upper part of Marijilda Creek. In 1966 we caught 8 young-of-the-year S. fontinalis in that stream as low as 4,400 feet. By

July the fish had disappeared.

Family Cyprinidae, minnows

Notemigonus crysoleucus (Mitchill), golden shiner.--This minnow

is being propagated in ponds along the "artesian belt" for sale as bait within Arizona and elsewhere. It was also being raised as forage for food fishes that were similarly under production. Some "wild" populations exist in other tanks of the area but the shiner has not yet escaped to the local, natural drainages.

Notropis lutrensis (Baird and Girard), red shiner.--One individual of this aggressive, introduced minnow was seen (but not preserved) at a commercial bait pond east of Mt. Graham. This species, and perhaps the golden shiner, have been implicated in the decline of certain native

Arizona fishes (Minckley and Carufel, 1967; Minckley and Deacon, 1968).

Its introduction and establishment in an area seems invariably followed by extirpation of some native fish. Use of such species as bait, and their spread through introduction and by natural means, are in need of study, and perhaps in need of control.

Rhinichthys osculus (Girard), speckled dace.--A single specimen of this native fish was taken in Grant Creek in 1965. The species also was present in that stream when it first was treated with ichthyotoxin in

1961 (Arizona Game and Fish Department, unpubl. data). It is probable that the treatment in 1965 extirpated the population. 9

Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, fat-headed minnow.--"Fatheads" are produced along with golden shiners as bait and forage fishes in the

"artesian belt" of Mt. Graham. They also are reportedly established in some tanks of the Sulphur Springs Valley, but none was found by us.

Family Catostomidae, suckers

Unidentified catostomids were caught in Grant Creek in 1961 by personnel of the Arizona Game and Fish Department (unpubl. data). The most likely identification, considering the torrential nature of the stream and the species of catostomids available to invade such a habitat, is Pantosteus clerk! (Baird and Girard), the Gila mountain-sucker. This species has not formerly been recorded from the drainage of Pluvial Lake

Cochise (Sulphur Springs Valley, Wilcox Playa), however, and the fish may have originated in Grant Creek from an inadvertent introduction with trout.

Family Ictaluridae, North American catfishes

Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), channel catfish.--This food and game species has long been introduced in Arizona (Miller and Lowe, 1964), and occurs in the study area in commercial ponds on the east and north sides of the mountain.

Ictalurus melas Rafinesque, black bullhead.--Bullhead catfish were caught in a single earthen tank on the Sierra Bonita Ranch (Sulphur

Springs-Aravaipa Valley), and were seen in stock ponds on the north side of Mt. Graham near the downstream end of Ash Creek. 10

Family Poecillidae, livebearers

Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard), mosquitofish.--In 1962 this

species was rare on the lower slopes of the Grahams. It was found in

small numbers in seepage below a stock pond near the lower end of Ash

Creek, in one warm spring near Artesia, and in a canal and pond about

eight miles due south of Safford near the dry channel of the San Simon

River. In 1966, the fish had spread to all but the most isolated waters of

the area, including tanks many miles from other water. Its spread is most

likely a result of intentional introductions by man for mosquito control.

Poecilliopsis occidentalis (Baird and Girard), Gila topminnow.--

The Gila topminnow is a native livebearer that is an ecological equivalent

of Gambusia. Since the late 1950s this species has progressively dis-

appeared from most of its range (Miller, 1961), until in the early 1960s

It was known to persist in a single small system in Santa Cruz County,

Arizona, and in a series of spring-fed ponds and canals east of the Graham

Mountains. Between 1962 and 1966 the species appears to have been ex-

tirpated from the latter area, presumably through interaction of the

introduced G. affinis. Minckley and Deacon (1968) have reviewed the

decline and current status of this endemic Arizona fish.

Family Centrarchidae, sunfishes

0 Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede), largemouth bass.--This popular,

introduced, warm-water game fish is present in many of the larger ponds of the study area, below 4,500 feet in elevation. 11

Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, bluegill.--As with the largemouth

this fish is widely introduced for sport fishing, and is widespread below

4,500 feet.

Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque, green sunfish.--Green sunfish were caught, along with black bullheads, in a stock pond of the Sulphur Springs

Valley, and the species also was seen in a number of ponds and canals on

the north and east sides of Mt. Graham. Green sunfish tend to over- populate smaller lakes, and to become stunted; it is therefore not a

desirable game fish in Arizona. The species is often transferred, how- ever, by mistake, and has thereby dispersed to occupy most waters in the

state.

Pomoxis nigromaculatus (LeSueur), black crappie.--This sunfish

is known only from a pond near the lower end of Ash Creek, south of Pima.

Amphibians and Reptiles

Max A. Nickerson and Charles E. Mays

Unlike the fishes the herpetofauna of the Graham Mountains is

rich and varied. in addition, at some elevations the populations of

certain species are remarkably dense; specimens preserved by the field parties represent only a small percentage of the individuals of commoner

species that were seen.

Snakes were unexpectedly scarce in the two summer periods of

study. However, sixteen kinds were obtained, or are represented in the

Arizona State Collection; Stebbins (1966) includes the area within the 12 range of about 32 species. No specific search has been made for additional records in the scattered herpetological literature, but a list of all probable occurrences of Amphibia and Reptilia is included in Appendix A.

Totals of 11 species of Amphibia and 40 species of Reptilia are discussed here.

(Amphibians)

Family Ambystomidae, ambystomid salamanders

Ambystoma tigrinum Green, tiger salamander.--Although not previously reported from the Mt. Graham area, this species mast likely is native in the

II artesian belt" and in areas of permanent water of the Sulphur Springs-

Aravaipa Valleys. However, tiger salamanders are used extensively for bait in the warm-water sport fishery of Arizona and introductions from other places (especially New Mexico and Texas) into newly-built tanks are common.

Sixty-five specimens were preserved from eight localities, all between 3,000 and 4,600 feet. One large larva was swallowing an adult spadefoot

(Scaphiophus couchi) when caught, and another transforming-larva was attempting to swallow a snap-trapped rodent when it was found. The last specimen was about 30 yards from water when secured. Some neotenic larvae from the Mt. Graham area surpass 250 mm in total length.

Family Pelobatidae, spadefoot toads

Scaphiopus couchi Baird, Couch's spadefoot.--Of the many specimens seen along Swift Trail Road and in Prosopis-Acacia-Opuntia associations 13

between 3,200 and 4,200 feet in the Marijilda Canyon area, 26 were

preserved.

Scaphiopus bombifrons Cope, Plains spadefoot.--Two specimens of

this spadefoot were taken, one at 3,200 feet on the Swift Trail Road and

the other ca. five miles southwest of the Sierra Bonita Ranch, 4,400 feet.

These records extend the range of the Plains spadefoot in southeastern

Arizona. It previously was known from Cochise County (Walters, 1955;

Gehlbach, 1956). North of Mt. Graham, the Plains spadefoot avoids the high

White and Blue Range mountains, but re-enters the state in the vicinity of

the Petrified Forest National Monument (Stebbins, 1966).

Scaphiopus hammondi Baird, western spadefoot.--This species was the

MDSt abundant of the three pelobatids taken; 30 were preserved from various

habitats between 3,000 and 5,500 feet on all sides of the mountain that were

surveyed.

Family Bufonidae, true toads

Bufo alvarius Girard, Colorado River toad.--Two specimens of

B. alvarius were preserved. One was collected on a Prosopis "flat" at 4,200

feet in lower Marijilda Canyon, and the other 6 to 7 miles south of Safford on Arizona 366 at 3,200 feet. Mt. Graham is on the northeastern periphery of the range for this large, desert species (Cole, 1962).

Bufo cognatus Say, Great Plains toad.--B. cognatus was abundant between 3,000 and 4,600 feet, but became noticeably less common above 4,000 feet. More than 100 specimens were preserved from 10 localities. Most were obtained on roads, both paved and unpaved, after rainfall. 14

Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard, red-spotted toad.--Our 15 specimens of B. punctatus all were taken on the boulder-strewn bajada of the east end of Mt. Graham, or from similar habitats in Marijilda Canyon, between 3,500 and 4,500 feet.

Bufo woodhousei Girard, Woodhouse's toad.--Two specimens were obtained. One is a typical B. w. australis Shannon and Lowe, taken five miles south of Safford at 3,200 feet. The second specimen was caught at

8,500 feet at the south side of Ladybug Saddle. Based on criteria provided by Shannon and Lowe (1955), the latter seems to be an intergrade, B. w. woodhousei X australis. It lacks markings on the sides of the chest, as in woodhousei, but has an incomplete dorsal stripe as in australis. This may indicate that remnant populations of the northern B. w. woodhousei exist on high, isolated mountains within the more southern range of australls; a search for additional material is needed.

Family Hylidae: hylid frogs

Hyla arenicolor Cope, canyon treefrog.--Twenty canyon treefrogs were preserved from 4,200 to 4,500 feet in Marijilda Canyon and from 4,900 feet on lower Noon Creek. The species probably occurs all around the mountain base in suitable habitats.

A remarkably large population of canyon treefrogs lived in lower

Marijilda Canyon. More than 25 individuals could be seen in 100 yards of stream channel. In dry periods, the frogs rested, singly or in groups of

2 to 5, in shallow depressions on the sides or tops of stream-side boulders. 15

Often they were in full sun at mid-day. Some individuals remained in such positions for more than four hours when air temperatures exceeded 90° F.

The frogs called near the creek, beginning about a half hour after sunset and continuing for no more than two hours. After rainfall, the frogs left the stream and called infrequently from Quercus and other trees along terraces, and from within boulder piles as far as 100 yards from water. Calling occurred nightly in June, but decreased progressively in July. Larvae were abundant

In the creek throughout the period of study.

Data obtained by David C. Williams (pers. comm.) along the permanent

Aravaipa Creek west of the Grahams differ in some respects. H. arenicolor were calling just before sunset on 3 May 1967, from isolated backwaters of the stream, spring sources, and floating algae masses (Hydrodictyon). Air temperature was 16° C. and the water 17° C. On 4 May 1967 they began calling when their side of the canyon became shady, and continued until past

1:00 A.M. when the field party went to sleep. On 30 May 1967 at 9:15 P.M. they were calling from the stream. Enough rain fell to fill potholes at the stream margins 29 July 1967 and the frogs moved from the stream to these and continued calling.

Family Ranidae, true frogs

Rana catesbeiana Shaw, bullfrog.--Bullfrogs are common in ponds throughout the Gila and San Simon valleys, though only five were preserved, and one juvenile was preserved from Marijilda Canyon at 4,200 feet. None was taken or observed in the Sulphur Springs-Aravalpa area; however, according to local persons, the species has been widely stocked in that area by some of the ranchers. 16

Rana pipiens Schreber, leopard frog.--This frog is common in areas of permanent water on all sides of the mountain, but was not taken above

4,600 feet. In Aravaipa Creek, R. middgmhas been seen throughout the year. The first egg masses were noted 14 January 1967 (Williams, pers. comm.).

(Reptiles)

Family Kinosternidae, musk and mud turtles

Kinosternon sonoriense LeConte, Sonoran mud turtle.--Three specimens were taken, 2 crossing the highway five miles south of Safford after a rain, and 1 In a small pool of Marijilda Creek at 4,200 feet.

Family Emydidae, water and box turtles

Terrapene ornate luteola Smith and Ramsy, yellow box turtle.--Four box turtles were preserved, 2 from the Sierra Bonita Ranch 4,400 feet, one from 10 miles east of Kiondyke, and another from 6 miles south-southwest of

Sierra Bonita Ranch. These records extend the known range of this turtle

to the north, and individuals have been seen 1 to 2 miles east of the Graham-

Pinal County line, along Aravaipa Creek (Hinckley and Williams, pers. comm.).

One specimen was caught and killed by a snap trap baited with peanut butter and oatmeal.

Family Helodermatidae, venomous lizards

Heloderma suspectum suspectum Cope, reticulate gila monster.--One juvenile was caught in Marijilda Canyon (4,200 feet) after a brief rain.

According to local reports the species is uncommon in the area. 17

Family Gekkonidae, geckos

Coleonyx variegatuS Baird, banded gecko.--This species was uncommon.

All our specimens were taken between 4,000 feet and 4,900 feet on the east

end of the Grahams in ,Prosopis-Acacia habitat. Only one is a male, which

has eight preanal pores, characteristic of C. v bogerti Klauber. A female

caught in early July was retained alive and laid two eggs on July 20.

Family lguanidae, iguanid lizards

Callisaurus draconoides Blainville, zebra-tailed fizard.--This

species was common between 3,200 and 4,200 feet and was taken once at almost

5,000 feet in a sandy area. They were most abundant in broad, sandy washes, along roads, and in open j.arrea-Opuntia,habitats. None was taken in the

Sulphur Springs-Aravaipa Valley. After a heavy rain three moribund indi-

viduals were on the pavement of Swift Trail Road.

Three of our specimens exceed the previous size record of- 89.7 mm

for C. draconoides (Stebbins, 1966), with the largest measuring 95 mm.

Crotaphytus collaris Say, collared lizard.--(locally known as the

"mountain boomer.") Because of this lizard's conspicuous coloration and size, many were observed and 36 were preserved. It occurred in rocky habi- tats of all areas surveyed, between 3,200 and 6,000 feet, and according to local residents, lives rarely as high as 7,000 feet. One male equals the previous size record of 114 mm (Stebbins, 1966).

Crotaphytus wislizeni wislizeni Baird and Girard, leopard lizard.--

Four specimens were taken, all below 4,200 feet in open, sandy habitats. 18

One, along the road in Marijilda Canyon at mid-day, was observed attacking

and attempting to swallow a large Callisaurus. The Callisaurus was

startled by the vehicle. The leopard lizard attacked with a rush, over-

took the Cal isaurus at about a 45° angle of approach, and seized it by the

head. After a brief struggle, the Callisaurus escaped and fled. The

Crotaphytus remained, rubbed its face in the sand of the road a number of

times, then raised its body and tail high above the sun-heated surface. After

perhaps a minute, it moved to an adjacent boulder from which it was secured.

Holbrookia maculate Girard, lesser earless lizard.--Only three

specimens were obtained, between 4,400 and 4,600 feet, in perennial grass-

land of the Sulphur Springs Valley.

Holbrookia texana scitula Peters, southwestern eariess lizard.--

Seventy-eight specimens were caught in rocky terrain, usually in low

Prosopis-Acacia habitat, between 3,100 and 5,100 feet in elevation. This

species and Callisaurus often were within a few feet of each other; however,

H. texana was on boulders in areas of relatively open, brushy aspect; whereas C. draconoides was in sandy, flat habitats. One specimen was ob- served sharing a rock with a Urosaurus ornatus (not more than five inches apart).

Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan), Texas horned lizard.--Three specimens were taken--18.6 south and 11 miles west of Safford, 4,000 feet; 16.4 miles south and 12 miles west of Safford on the Old Ft. Grant Road 4,600 feet; and 10 miles west of Bonita on the Bonita-Klondyke Road 4,200 feet. Texas

horned lizards have been recorded from Cochise County (Williams and 19

Chrapliwy, 1958), but are not previously known from Graham County, Arizona.

Phrynosome douglassi hernandesi Girard, mountain short-horned

lizard.--A single specimen was caught near the Arcadia Campground at

6,700 feet.

Phrvnosoma modestum Girard, round-tailed horned lizard.--This

species is common in lower Marijilda Canyon, 4,000 to 4,400 feet; four of

17 were preserved. The species was taken only on the east end of the mountain, all but one in Prosopis-Acacia habitat. The lone exception was

In Larrea desert at 3,100 feet.

Phrynosoma solare Gray, regal horned lizard.--At least 20 individuals of this species were observed, all but one from a narrow elevational range between 4,000 to 4,200 feet on the east end of the mountain. Three were preserved. One additional specimen, a young-of-the-year, was taken in

Tripp Canyon, 3,700 feet, in October, 1967.

Sceloporus clarki clarki Baird and Girard, Sonora spiny lizard.--

This lizard was abundant in areas of large boulders or substantial stands of Quercus at lower elevations; 83 specimens were preserved from elevations of 3,100 to 6,100 feet; it was rare below 4,200 feet.

Sceloporus register bimaculosus Phelan and Brattstrom, twin- spotted spiny lizard.--This spiny lizard did not range as high on Mt.

Graham as did S. c. clerk', but was found in similar habitats at lower elevations. The range of S. m. bimaculosus, as reported in the literature, 20 Is confused. In describing this subspecies Phelan and Brattstrom (1999) recorded it in extreme southwestern Arizona (obviously a typographical error), but showed its distribution in eastern Arizona under the name

S. rn. maculosus; Stebbins (1966) maps its range correctly in southeastern

Arizona.

Sceloporus Iarrovi farrovi Cope, Yarrow's spiny lizard.--Eighty- four specimens were caught from 5,100 feet on Noon Creek to the highest elevations on the Grahams. Lowe (1964) records this species from 4,800 feet to as high as 10,700 feet (Graham Peak). Its greatest abundance was between

7,000 and 9,000 feet. Several specimens were caught in snap-traps baited with peanut butter and oatmeal, presumably attracted by ants which were feasting on the bait. The species lives primarily on rockslides and large boulder out-croppings, and only rarely on trees or other substrates. This population Is currently under intensive study by Thomas A. Burns and Carl

Kice Brown of Arizona State University.

Sceloporus undulatus tristichus Cope southern plateau lizard.--

Seven specimens were obtained from between 4,000 and 5,000 feet on the eastern and southern sides of the mountain. All were from areas of low, stunted, thick-trunked Prosopis, and all were on or adjacent to such trees.

Urosaurus ornatus Latreille, tree lizard.--This is undoubtedly the most abundant lizard below 5,000 feet in the Grahams. One hundred-eleven specimens were preserved from all areas studied, and this represents only a small fraction of the individuals seen. Maximum abundance occurs in groves of Quercus and other large trees between 4,000 and 5,000 feet, but it also 21

lives on rock exposures and boulders as low as 3,000 feet. Large numbers

were in the Marijilda base camp and territorial males were observed in

physical conflict on three occasions. One such encounter lasted for more

than 25 minutes.

Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard, side-blotched lizard.--This

species was extremely rare in the lower Marijilda Canyon and elsewhere around the Grahams. Only 11 specimens were taken despite a specific search.

It was found in Marijilda Canyon only at a sandy road crossing, ca. 4,200

feet, where it lived in rocky terrain of a treeless camping area.

Family Scincidae, skinks

Eumeces obsoletus Baird and Girard, Great Plains skink.--All eight specimens of this secretive form were near water at the eastern end of the mountain. Numerous others were seen in Marijilda Canyon, but their proclivity for deep beds of fallen leaves on loosely piled, streamside rubble, made capture difficult.

Family Tel idae, whiptail lizards

Cnemidophorus exsanguis Lowe, spotted whiptail.--This whiptail, which usually inhabits evergreen woodlands in southeastern Arizona, was taken only between 4,000 and 5,000 feet on Mt. Graham. At the lowest ele- vations it was most commonly along drainage channels, as previously noted by Lowe (1956), but only rarely on the first (lowest) stream terraces. At higher elevations, the lizard was more generally dispersed in open areas 22

near Quercus, Juniperus, or other shrubby vegetation. The species was found

only on the east and north sides of the Grahams; 33 specimens were obtained.

Cnemidophorus tigris gracillis Baird and Girard, southern whiptail.--

This is the most abundant whiptail at lower elevations on the east and north

sides of the mountain. C. t. gracillis lives in more xeric habitats than

other whiptails. It is remarkably abundant in the area. On three days in

late June 1966, 75, 96, and 117 individuals were counted in a measured mile

of secondary road between 4,000 and 4,200 feet in Marijilda Canyon (between

9;30 and 10;30 A.M.). C. t. gracilis was less abundant on Larrea desert and

other low-land habitats below 3,200 feet, but was likewise rare above ca.

4,400 feet; our highest record was 4,600 feet in Deadman Canyon. Its

greatest abundance was in relatively open Prosopis-Acacia-Opuntia desert,

similar to that described by Echternacht (1967). In such areas the lizard

tended to move at the periphery of clumps of cacti or shrubs. The activity

cycle of this lizard, on the basis of field observation, was similar to that

described by Echternacht (22. cit.) in the Santa Rita Mountains further

south and west of Mt. Graham. The name gracilis is used here instead of aethiops, following Stebbins (1966).

Cnemidophorus uniparens Wright and Lowe, desert-grassland whiptail.--

The habitat segregation between this species and C. exsanguis is unknown to

us. They were both taken in similar "riparian" habitats along with C.

Imam!!! and/or C. t. gracilis, in Marijilda Canyon, Wet Canyon and on the "flats" of the San Simon Valley, and was present, allopatric to the other species, on the south side of the mountain. It ranged from 3,200 to 5,000

feet above sea level. 23 Family Anguidae, alligator lizards

Gerrhonotus kingi, Gray, Arizona alligator lizard.--One specimen was caught near Wet Canyon picnic area, 6,050 feet.

Family Colubridae, colubrids

Heterodon nasicus kennerlyi Kennicott, Mexican hognose snake.--One specimen, collected at the Sierra Bonita Ranch, 4,400 feet, is a new size record for this subspecies, with a total length of 664 mm and a tail length of 75 mm. Previous references to maximum size are 610 mm (Brown, 1901; and

Fowlie, 1965), and 622 mm (Wright and Wright, 1957). Our specimen also represents a county record, although H. n. kennerlyi is well known further south in the Sulphur Springs Valley in Cochise County. This is the smallest of the subspecies of H. nasicus; another subspecies attains a length of 895 mm (Bowers, 1967).

Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus Cope, spotted night snake.--We follow

Dixon (1965) for the use of the specific name. One specimen was collected by Minckley and Glady L. Lytle at Snow Flat Campground, 8,750 feet, in a moist, grass-sedge meadow at 11:00 A.M. This is very unusual behavior and habitat for this secretive, typically nocturnal snake. Also, the elevation at which it was collected is far higher than previous altitudinal records of 6,400 feet (Lowe, 1964) and 7,000 feet (Stebbins, 1966).

Lampropaltis 5etu1us yumensis Blanchard, Yuma kingsnake.--One specimen was collected dead on the road, five miles west of Safford on

U. S. 666, 3,000 feet. Only the midpart of the specimen could be saved. 24

Two other specimens taken near Safford, are in the Arizona State Collection.

Fowlie (1965) shows L. .91.. splendida (Baird and Girard) to the north and

south of this approximate area.

Lampropeltis pyromelana pyromelana Cope, Arizona mountain king-

snake.--Two specimens were taken at Arcadia Campground, 6,700 feet. These

specimens fit the description of L. p. pyromelana as given by Stebbins

(1966) in having 10 lower labials and more than 43 white rings, but one has

more than 50% of the white body rings complete across the belly (27 of 47).

The other has 33 of 67 body rings crossing the belly and 15 tail rings.

Fowlie (1965) recorded maxima of 61 body and 15 tail rings for this species.

A sight record of this snake was also obtained on the Twilight Canyon Road

at 8,200 feet (Burns, pers. comm.).

Masticophis flagellum piceus Cope, red racer.--One specimen was

collected near the Sierra Bonita Ranch headquarters, 4,400 feet, in open,

grass-ammis desert.

Masticophis bilineatus bilineatus Jan, Sonoran whipsnake.--Eight

specimens of this whipsnake were preserved; perhaps 20 were seen. They

ranged from 4,000 to 5,000 feet in brushy areas, and five of the animals were in trees when discovered. One was collected while swallowing a de- composing mouse (Peromyscus sp.) which had been used as bait for carnivores.

Many such baits had disappeared from this particular set in preceding days.

PituopMs meTnnoleu,;us affinis Hallowell, Sonoran gopher snake.--

Thirteen specimens of this common snake were obtained at widespread

localities; others were observed. 25

Rhinocheilus lecontel lecontei Baird and Girard, western long- nosed snake.--Two specimens were taken. One was caught in Marijilda Canyon,

4,200 feet, the other near Safford.

Salvadora hexalepis Cope, western patch-nosed snake.--Stebbins

(1966) states that S. h. hexalepis Cope has a divided loreal and one upper labial in contact with the eye whereas S. h. deserticola Schmidt has a single loreal and two upper labials in contact with the eye. All six Graham specimens, taken on the east end of the mountain, have a divided loreal (in one it is divided only on the right); but the number of upper labials entering the orbit varies as follows: one, 0/0; one 0/1; two 1/1; one,

1/2; and one, 2/2. This may indicate an area of intergradation between the two subspecies.

Thamnophis cyrtopsis cyrtopsis Kennicott, western black-necked garter snake.--Thirty-four specimens were taken from between 4,000 and

8,750 feet in elevation. Stebbins (1966) reports an elevational range from sea level to above 8,000 feet. One taken at Snow Fiat Campground, which is

8,750 feet, is the only one that has a melanistic pattern.

Family Crotalidae, pit vipers

Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard, western diamondback rattlesnake.--

All seven specimens that were preserved have a pink coloration, which Gloyd

(1937) first reported in three specimens from southeast Arizona and south- west New Mexico. A number of other individuals were seen; all were below

4,600 feet in elevation. 26

Crotalus molossus molossus Baird and Girard, northern black-tailed rattlesnake.--Only six specimens were seen and all were preserved. They were from 4,150 to ca. 6,700 feet, but the species is reported by local residents to range above 9,000 feet. Although this species was previously recorded from the Grahams by Gloyd (1940) and Hoffmeister (1956), Fowlie

(1965) did not acknowledge its presence. Two specimens were crossing

Arizona 266, elevation 4,300 to 4,500 feet, 3:08 and 3:55 A.M., 4 August 1967.

Crotalus price! price! Van Denburgh, twin-spotted rattlesnake.--

Four specimens from between 8,500 to 9,750 feet were preserved. One other specimen from the Grahams is in the Arizona State Collection. Four addi- tional C. price! were observed "basking" between 11:00 A.M. and 1:00 P.M., elevation 7,400 to 9,500 feet, from 5 July to 5 November 1967 by Burns

(pers. comm.). The Graham Mountains is one of five ranges in the United

States (all in Arizona) where Crotalus p. pricel, is known to occur. The others are the Dos Cabezas, Santa Rita, Huachuca, and Chiricahua mountains

(Stebbins, 1966); Van Denburgh (1922) mentions the possibility of this snake occurring in the Santa Catalina Mountains, but this has not been verified.

D. W. Taylor called to our attention that a malacologist and apparent amateur herpetologist, J. H. Ferriss (1918) had recorded a "Price's rattlesnake" from the Peloncillo Range along the eastern border of Arizona.

It was taken on a "rock slide on the right side of the toll road, six miles south of Coronado, Graham County" (Pillsbry and Ferriss, 1918). According to Barnes (1935) and the 1921 Arizona "G.L.0 " Map, the town of Coronado was then in Graham County; it now is in Greenlee County. This would extend 27 the range for C. pricel about 40 miles northeastward, and would constitute a new county record.

The location of the specimen is unfortunately unknown. The ele- vation at which it was collected is approximately 5,000 feet, which is more than 1,000 feet lower than previous eievational records for this species.

Therefore, it is a possibility that the snake was a misidentified Arizona black rattlesnake, C. viridis cerberus, which is well known from both that area and elevation. However, it would appear from other identifications made by Ferriss, on this and other Arizona expeditions, that his determina- tion of "one of the rare Price's rattlers" may have been correct. A more extensive herpetological investigation of the Peloncillo Mountains is in order.

Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus Kennicott, Mojave rattlesnake.--

Four Mojave rattlesnakes were preserved. The elevation range was from

3,500 to 4,600 feet. One specimen was collected crossing Arizona 666 at

4:10 A.M.

Crotalus viridis cerberus Coues, Arizona black rattlesnake.--Four specimens were preserved. Klauber (1956) mentions this snake's ability to change color, and this is most striking in the Mt. Graham population, with the ground color of a single snake varying from black to a light greyish- tan in a short period of time (Minckley, pers. comm.). The species ranged from 4,400 to 6,200 feet in our collecting, but is reliably reported from

Heliograph and High Peaks by U. S. Forest Service personnel. 28

Family Elapidae: Coral Snakes

Micruroides euryxanthus (Kennicott), Arizona coral snake.--One

specimen was taken near Ft. Grant, ca. 4,750 feet, and another was sighted

by Arthur Stacey, 5 July 1967, near a cattleguard on Swift's Trail c

3,900 feet (Brown, pers. comm.).

Birds

Walter Kingsley Taylor

The restricted seasonal period in which observations were made in

the Graham Mountains (June and July) makes this listing incomplete at best.

Of about 170 kinds of birds recorded, by us and in the literature, 114 were

seen in the study period. Major gaps exist, however, both in published

accounts and in our field observations. For example, in the small ground-

dwellers of grassy situations, time and resources did not allow an adequate

survey. Most records of such forms are compiled from the fortunately-

substantial literature. I made no attempt to cite specific literature since

most of it is available in "The Birds of Arizona" by Phillips, et al. (1964).

Observations in summer 1966 were by myself, those in summer 1967 mostly by

Minckley, W. S. Brown, and J. N. Rinne, and winter records are by many observers, and are included only if certain. Species reported only on the basis of testimony from apparently reliable, local people, are included in parentheses and are preceded by a question mark in Appendix A. Nomenclature

follows that of Phillips, eta). (1964). 29

Family Podicipedidae, grebes

Podiceps caspicus (Nabliz1), eared grebe.--One individual was

found, badly decomposed, near Snow Flat Pond (8,750 feet) in November 1966.

Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus), pied-billed grebe.--A number of

pied-billed grebes were using Roper's Lake, seven miles south of Safford,

in November 1966. According to commercial bait farmers north and east of

Mt. Graham, grebes move into their larger ponds in considerable numbers in

winter.

Family Ardeidae, herons and bitterns

Ardea herodias Linnaeus, g-eat blue heron.--Great blue herons are

infrequent at ponds and marshes around the "artesian belt" of Mt. Graham,

and have been seen "once or twice" at Riggs Flat Lake by U. S. Forest

Service personnel. This bird is reportedly a major problem for commercial

fisheries operations near Safford, and some of the operators kill any heron

that appears near their ponds.

Ardea virescens Linnaeus, green heron.--One was seen in July 1967

five miles south of Safford. It was in a small grove of Tamerisk (Tamerix pentandra) about 150 yards from water. A second individual was in Marijilda

Canyon (4,600 feet) in July 1967.

Family Anatidae, swans, geese, and ducks

A number of kinds of anatids occur seasonally on ponds and marshes of the area, but no detailed observations have been made. Some ducks are 30 recorded here on the basis of reliable hunter reports, or reports from Game and Fish Department personnel.

Brenta canadensis (Linnaeus), Canada goose.--Reportedly rare in the area. A flock of 17 large, dark-colored geese was watched for 10-15 minutes circling Roper's Lake in November 1966; these must have been B. canadensis.

Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, mallard.--This duck is common in winter, and occasionally breeds in the area in summer according to local residents. The breeding report may result from local escapes of domesti- cated animals, however, since a number of ranchers maintain small flocks of mallards on tanks near headquarter buildings.

(Anas strepera Linnaeus, gadwall.--A popular game bird hunted by

"Jump-shooting" smaller tanks along the "artesian belt" and in the Sulphur

Springs-Aravaipa valleys.)

Anas americana Gmelin, American widgeon.--This duck recently became frequent in the Mt. Graham area according to local residents. Three were observed in 1963 on a small pond 5 miles south and 1.5 miles west of

Safford (Minckley, pers. comm.).

Anas acuta Linnaeus, pintall.--This is the commonest duck in the area, fide. local people, and is the only puddle duck seen at Riggs Flat

Lake (November 1966). 31

Anas carolinensis Gmelin, green-winged teal.--Green-winged teal were seen flying in the "artesian belt" and in the Sulphur Springs valley

In 1967. One group of six was on a tank 5 miles south and 1.5 miles west of Safford in 1963.

(Anas discors Linnaeus, blue-winged teal.--Rarely taken on small tanks.)

Anas cyanoptera Vieillot, cinnamon teal.--Cinnamon teal were seen ca. five miles south of Safford, where four were flushed from the margin of a weedy pond, and were observed circling for about five minutes. According to local people, this duck is uncommon in the Safford area in spring migra- tion, and is essentially absent the remainder of the year.

(Anas clypeata Linnaeus, shoveller.--Shovellers are not uncommon in marshes of the "artesian belt" in winter.)

(Aythya americana (Eytonl, redhead.--This species Is rare in the area, with an increase in abundance in winter 1965-66 attributed by two local hunters to filling of the Wilcox Playa by heavy rains that season.)

(Aythya collaris [Donovan], ring-necked duck.--This small species is frequently killed on larger tanks of the Sulphur Springs valley, but rarely in the Safford area.)

Aythya sp. (A. affinis (Eyton) or A. mania (Linnaeus)), scaup.--

Nineteen individuals, probably A. affinis (the lesser scaup), were at

Roper's Lake in February 1966. 32 Family Cathartidae, American vultures

Cathartes sal (Linnaeus), turkey vulture...A commonly-seen species at altitudes in the Graham Mountains, but most frequent in the open valleys to the east and south. Turkey vultures were observed roosting in a Ppoulus grove near Bonita, and in a similar grove near Pima.

Family Accipitridae, hawks

Accipiter cooperii (Bonaparte), Cooper's hawk.--A pair of Cooper's hawks were in Wet Canyon, ca. 5,300 feet, in July 1967. One was feeding on a robin (Turdus migratorius) at Wet Canyon crossing on Swift Trail Road,

10 July 1967.

Buteo Jamaicensis (Gmelin), red-tailed hawk.--This common Buteo was abundant in the Graham area. It was frequently seen in paris, or as one adult and a juvenile, in June 1966 and July 1967. Red-tailed hawks were as high as 9,000 feet on the south side of the mountains along Swift

Trail Road, but not higher than 7,000 feet in other areas.

Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte, Swainson's Hawk.--One hawk, observed at a distance near Snow Flat was almost certainly a Sweinson's (July 1967).

Buteogallus anthracinus (Deppe), Mexican black hawk.--Two or three individuals were tentatively identified in June 1966, and in July 1967, one was positively identified, at a distance of less than 50 feet, in Wet

Canyon (6,000 feet). 33

Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus), golden eagle.--A juvenile golden eagle was seen at relatively close range, on Graham Peak, ca. 10,000 feet, restiog in a dead fir on a north-facing slope in July 1966. According to

local residents, golden eagles are not uncommon at higher elevations.

Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus), marsh hawk.--No marsh hawks were seen

in the Graham Mountains in summers 1966-67, but they were frequent in winters of those years (November and February) in lower Marijilda Canyon.

A single individual was in Tripp Canyon in October 1967.

Family Falconidae, caracaras and falcons

Falco sparverius sparverius Linnaeus, sparrow hawk.--This smell falcon is common below, and frequent in, the ponderosa pine zone of the

Grahams in summer. Downslope, on bajadas and in cultivated areas, it is common throughout the year. A male of this species was surprised while eating a small snake (Thamnophis cyrtopsis) in an oak of lower Marijilda

Canyon (4,200 feet) in July 1967.

Family Phasianidae, quails

Callipepla squamata pallida, Brewster, scaled quail.--This bird was taken only in and along bajadas of Sulphur Springs-Aravaipa valleys, below 6,000 feet. A number of individuals were calling in July 1966 at

Stockton Pass, 5,725 feet.

Callipepla cornball! 9ambelli (Gambel), Gambel's qua 1l.--This quail is widespread and abundant throughout all lower bajada habitats 34 that were examined on the west, north, and east sides of the mountain, but it was rare, and perhaps locally absent1 on the south side.

Family Meleagrididae, turkeys

Meleagris, gallopavo Linnaeus, turkey.--Small flocks of turkey have been seen from Noon Creek crossing in 1965 (5,450 feet) to Soldier Creek

Campground (ca. 9,400 feet), and higher. A pair of turkey with seven young were watched for nearly half an hour on Ash Creek road, ca. two miles north of Soldier Creek Campground, in July 1966.

Family Rallidae, rails, gallinules, and coots

Fulica americana (Gmelin), American coot.--The American coot is common to abundant in low-elevation tanks and marshes of the "artesian belt" in summer, and often is present in more heavily vegetated ponds throughout the year (local testimony and observations in 1963, 1966, and

1967).

Family Charadrlidae, plovers

Numerous shorebirds have been seen in lower-elevation areas sur- rounding the Grahams. Unfortunately, few careful observations have been made. The ever-increasing number of artificial aquatic habitats in the area, in the forms of tanks, lakes, and irrigation sumps, will undoubtedly attract greater numbers of semi-aquatic birds, and a substantial list of species may be expected. 35

Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus, killdeer.--Killdeer were seen or

heard at three tanks 5 to 7 miles south of Safford in 1966. Two noisy

individuals were flushed at Snow Flat in July 1967, and a single killdeer

was at a small pond on Blue Jay Peak (ca. 7,800 feet) in October 1967.

Family Columbidae, pigeons and doves

Columba fasciata fasciata Say, band-tailed pigeon.--All our

records for this species are above 6,000 feet, and the highest was on

Graham Peak, 10,700 feet, in July 1966. They were most common on the

south side of the mountain, in mixed Quercus-P. ponderosa habitats, and

ranged down into oak-juniper just above Stockton Pass (nine flushed on 2

July 1966). In November 1966, a flock of 17 was perched in a large dead

spruce near Soldier Creek Campground (9,100 feet). Marshall (in,

Phillips, et al., 1964) noted individuals of this species "eating tender

young spruce cones at the summit of Heliograph Peak, 10,000 feet" in June

1951.

Columba livia Linnaeus, domestic pigeon.--This species occurs at

most of the larger ranches surrounding the Grahams, but does not move far

from human dwellings or cattle-feeding operations.

Zenaida asiatica (Linnaeus), white-winged dove.--One pair of

white-winged doves was nesting in a Prosopis in lower Marijilda Canyon,

4,000 feet, in July 1967. This species is thought by Phillips, et al.

(1964) to have extended its range northward since the 1800s to include

the Safford area. 36

Zenaidura macroura (Linnaeus), mourning dove.--This dove is abundant below 6,000 feet in summer, and large flocks winter in low

valleys that surround the mountain base. Nests in lower Marijilda Canyon were in Quercus, Acacia, and Prosopis, and there were two eggs in each of

four nests found in June 1966. One nest, containing a single egg and

from which a dove was flushed, was in Tripp Canyon, 4,300 feet, in early

October 1967.

Family Cuculidae, cuckoos

Geococcyx cal ifornianus (Lesson), roadrunner.--Roadrunners were

not commonly observed in the Grahams. Our highest elevational record was

6,400 feet, near Wet Canyon, where a road-killed male was examined in 1967, but not retained. A female killed on Highway 666 near Artesia (3,000 feet),

1 4 July 1966, had an incubation patch.

Family Strigidae, owls

For unknown reasons, only one species of owl was seen (none heard)

in our study periods of summers 1966-67. None has been detected between

1965 and 1967 in winter months.

Bubo 1119inianus pacificus Cassin, great-horned owl.--This species

is reported on the basis of a road-killed adult examined by Thomas A.

Burns (pers. comm.) and of observations by U. S. Forest Service personnel. 37

Family Caprimulgidae, goatsuckers

Caprimulgus vociferus arizonae (Brewster), whip-poor-will.--This species was heard each night from 20 to 24 June 1966 (two or more birds) at

Arcadia Campground, 6,900 feet, and on 27 June 1966, one bird called at dusk

in Shannon Campground, 9,100 feet.

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii nuttallii (Audubon), poor-will.--One specimen was shot in Marijilda Canyon, 4,400 feet, on 6 July 1966. Others were seen, on that and other dates, on Swift Trail Road and on secondary roads, where they would sit "until the last second" before moving a short distance ahead of the vehicle to alight again.

Chordeiles acutipennis (Hermann), Texas Nighthawk.--One individual was flushed from beneath a mesquite, 4 July 1966, near Bonita (4,600 feet), and four more were seen 6 July 1966 feeding near Marijilda Canyon 4,400 feet.

Family Trochilidae, hummingbirds

Archilochus anna (Lesson), Anna's hummingbird.--One female was

taken on 27 June 1966 near Shannon Campground. This species was seen a number of times, between 6,000 and 10,000 feet, in summer 1966.

Archilochus costae (Bourcier), Costa's hummingbird.--Two females were collected in Marijilda Canyon, 4,400 feet, 18 and 27 June 1966 and another female near Bonita, 4,600 feet, was collected near a barren nest on

4 July 1966. 38

Selasphorus platycercus (Swainson), broad-tailed hummingbird.--An

immature female and an adult male were shot on 27 June at Shannon Campground;

the species was abundant there. Another adult male was killed 1 July 1966

in Marijilda Canyon, 4,400 feet and three others were seen in that area

(3,800 to 4,700 feet) on other dates in July.

Family Alcedinidae, kingfishers

Meqaceryle alcyon (Linnaeus), belted kingfisher.--This species is

reported by commercial fishpond operators to frequently "spend a few days

If not shot" near their operations. One was seen seven miles south of

Safford in July 1967, sitting on a power pole adjacent to Roper's Lake.

Family Picidae, woodpeckers

Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus), flicker.--This is an abundant bird

from lower elevations in winter to more than 9,000 feet in summer. The characteristic call was frequently heard between 27 and 30 June at Shannon

Campground. Most birds that were seen at higher elevations were examining

tall, dead conifers.

Dendrocopos villosus orius (Oberholser), hairy woodpecker.--in 010••••■•■•••■■•■•• •■••■•■• summer 1966, this species was abundant from 6,900 feet at Arcadia Campground, to Graham Peak (10,713 feet), Webb Peak (10,000 feet), and at all inter- mediate elevations studied. They were observed to forage on Quercus, alder

(Alnus), P. ponderosa, and Abies. 39

Family Tyrannidae, tyrant flycatchers

Tyrannus vociferans Swainson, Cassin's kingbird.--This tyrannid was common in lower Marijilda Canyon in 1966 and 1967, and was also seen near

Ft. Grant. Six kingbirds, perhaps T. tyrannus (Linnaeus) instead of T.

vociferans, were in cottonwoods at the Sierra Bonita Ranch in July 1967.

Muscivora forficata (Gmelin), scissor-tailed flycatcher.--Two scissor-tailed fly-catchers were on power lines near Pima, one in June 1966 and the other in July 1967.

Myiarchus tuberculifer olivascens Ridgway, olivaceous flycatcher.--

On 24 June 1966 one individual of this species was in a chaparral area along

Swift Trail Road at about 5,200 feet; another was observed 3 July 1966 near

Bonita, 4,600 feet.

Empidonax difficilis hellmayri Brodkorb, western flycatcher.--This species was relatively common at higher elevations. One female with an

incubation patch was shot on 11 July 1966 on Graham Peak, 10,710 feet.

Contopus sordidulus veliei Coues, western wood-pewee.--Relatively common at lower elevations on the east end of the Grahams. Nesting of this pewee was found in Marijilda Campground, where on 15 June 1966 an adult was feeding a fledgeling. On 15 July 1966 a nest containing three young was in branches overhanging Marijilda Creek. Two of the three young subsequently disappeared from the nest. 40

Pyrocephalus rubinus (Boddaert), vermillion flycatcher.--One

adult male was collected at the CN Ranch (4,900 feet) on 2 July 1966.

Another male was observed in a Prosopis east of Bonita on 3 July 1966.

None was observed on the east or north side of the mountain.

Family Alaudidae, larks

Eremophila alpestris (Linnaeus), horned lark.--Rather common in

open desert Grasslands east of Bonita (4,700 feet). One female was taken

on 5 July 1966 with an egg in the oviduct that probably would have been laid

the following day.

Family Hirudinidae, swallows

Tachycineta thalassina (Swainson), violet-green swallow.--A flock

of eight individuals was flying in Marijilda Canyon on 15 June 1966.

Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, barn swallow.--A nest containing two

young was in a small shed at commercial fishponds five miles south of

Safford in July 1967.

Proone subls (Linnaeus), purple martins.--A number of purple martins were resident at the Sierra Bonita Ranch In July 1967.

Cyanocetta stelleri diademata (Bonaparte), Steller's jay.--This

species was common to abundant in all areas studied that were higher than

5,500 feet, and especially in Arcadia and Shannon Campgrounds in 1966.

They range to the highest peak, where a number was seen 9 July 1966. 41

Aphelocomo ultramarina arizonae (Ridgway), Arizona jay.--Two specimens were collected at CN Ranch, 4,900 feet, on 2 July 1966, and the species was generally distributed in the Stockton Pass area, in Quercus-

Juniperus habitats, up to about 6,000 feet on slopes of the Grahams.

Corvus corax Linnaeus, common raven.--Common at lower elevations and one individual was perched on 11 July 1966 in a dead tree on Graham

Peak (10,700 feet).

Family Paridae, titmice, bushtits, and verdins

Parus gambell gambell,Ridgway, mountain chickadee.--Common at elevations above 6,900 feet. Several individuals were moving together in

P. ponderosa, stands in June at Arcadia Campground, and other flocks were in similar habitats at Shannon Campground, Heliograph Peak, Graham Peak, and

Soldier Creek. Two non-reproductive females were collected from a flock of at least 10 birds on 21 June 1966 at Arcadia Campground.

Parus wollweberi (Bonaparte), bridled titmouse.--Bridled titmice were common in bajada, riparian, and Quercus-chaparral habitats below 6,900 feet. A flock of at least 10 individuals was in sycamore trees (Platanus wrightii) near Marijilda Creek, including mature and immature birds, on 17

June 1966. Five individuals were foraging with Bewick's wrens in chaparral near Angle Orchard, 5,500 feet on 25 June 1966.

Psaltriparus minimus iloydi Sennett, bushtit.--This bird was frequent at 5,500 feet in Quercus-chaparral in June 1966, near Angle

Orchard. L2

Auriparus flaviceps ornatus (Lawrence), verdin.--Verdins were common in desert areas surrounding Mt. Graham in 1966 and 1967. The ecology of this species in Arizona, including data from the Graham moun-

tain area, is detailed by Taylor (1967).

Family Sittidae, nuthatches

Sitta carolinensis nelson' Mearns, white-breasted nuthatch.--This nuthatch was fairly common between 6,900 and 7,500 feet on the east end of the Graham mountains. A roosting site was located in a dead P. ponder- osa at about 7,300 feet on 21 June 1966. Woodpecker holes were being used and at least 5 nuthatches entered an upper hole, while 3 entered a lower hole. Both the holes were on the same side, and they were about 2 feet apart, 7 feet from the ground. All individuals hanged on the outside of the tree for a few seconds, then entered rapidly.

Sitta canadensis Linnaeus, red-breasted nuthatch.--One nesting pair VAS located at Graham Peak, 10,700 feet. Both sexes were feeding the young at a nest in a cavity of a dead conifer about 20 feet above the ground on a north-facing exposure.

Sitta pusilla melanotus van Rossem, pine nuthatch.--This was the most commonly observed nuthatch between 8,500 and 9,100 feet, where they

foraged in groups. An adult was feeding a fledgeling on 30 June 1966 at

Shannon Campground. 44

Family Mimidae, mockingbirds and thrashers

Mimus polyglottos (Linnaeus), mockingbirds.--individuals were

regularly seen and heard in desert habitats below 4,800 feet, especially

in areas dominated by Prosopis or larger Acacia.

Toxostoma bendirel (Coues), Bendire's thrasher.--This form was occasional in desert habitats, especially below 4,000 feet.

Family Turdidae, thrushes

Turdus migratorius propinquus Ridgway, American robin.--Robins were common between 6,900 and 10,000 feet. On 21 June 1966 an adult was caring for an immature individual at Arcadia Campground, and another im- mature specimen was caught in a snap-trap baited with peanut butter and oatmeal on 1 July 1966 at Shannon Campground.

Catharus guttatus (Pallas), hermit thrush.--Common above 6,900 feet, and recorded on the highest peaks.

Sialia currucoides (Bechstein), mountain bluebird.--Two were seen

In Tripp Canyon, in an open mesquite flat, in October 1967.

Family Sylvildae, old world warblers, gnatcatchers, and kinglets

Polloptila caerulea (Linnaeus), blue-gray gnatcatcher.--Two individuals were seen on 25 June 1966 at 5,500 feet foraging with Bewick's wrens and bridled titmice. 45

Polloptila melanura -lucida van Rossem, black-tailed gnatcatcher.-- One individual was in open, mesquite desert, near Marijilda Canyon, 18

June 1966.

Regalus satrapa apache Jenks, golden-crowned kinglet.--This species appears local in distribution around 9,000 feet. On 30 June 1966, groups of immature and adult golden-crowned kinglets were foraging in treetops near Shannon Campground.

Reqalus calendula (Linnaeus), ruby-crowned kinglet.--A flock of about 6 individuals was observed on 11 July 1966 at Soldier Creek 9,400 feet.

Family Bombycillidae, waxwings and silky flycatchers

Phainopepla nitens (Swainson), phainopepla.--Two males lived in lower Marijilda Canyon in June 1966; none was seen in July 1966 or 1967.

Burns (pers. comm.) saw this species at low elevations in December 1967.

Family Laniidae, shrikes

Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Swainson, loggerhead shrike.--

This shrike was regularly observed on desert areas, both on the east side near Marijilda Canyon, and in Sulphur Springs Valley.

Family Sturnidae, starlings

Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, starlings.--Starlings were observed on lawns in Safford in 1966 and 1967. 46

Family Vireonidae, vireos

Vireo vicinior Coues, gray vireo.--This species was tentatively

identified in Wet Canyon, 6,000 feet, in July 1967.

Vireo solitarius plumbeus Coues, solitary vireo.--This vireo was

regular at elevations between 4,400 and 6,900 feet. Several nests were

located, especially at lower elevations in Prosopis-Acacia habitats.

Vireo gilvus brewsteri (Ridgway), warbling vireo.--Warbling

vireos were regularly heard and seen between 6,900 and 9,100 feet. A

nesting pair was located on 27 June 1966 at Shannon Campground. The nest

was in an alder and the female was incubating.

Family Parulidae, wood warblers

Helminthophila ruficapilla virginiae (Baird), gray-headed warbler.--

One male was collected on 21 June 1966 at Arcadia Campground,

Dendroica coronata memorabilis Oberholser, myrtle warbler.--On

30 June 1966, a male was observed, and other individuals were heard, in

dense conifers at Shannon Campground. One other male in breeding plumage was seen on 11 July 1966 at Soldier Creek.

Dendroica nigrescens halsei (Giraud), black-throated gray warbler.--

One male in breeding plumage was killed at Ladybug Saddle, June 1966. The species was frequently observed, but not below 6,900 feet.

Dendroica graciae (Baird), Grace's warbler.--One male was taken at Arcadia Campground, 21 June 1966. 47

Cardinella rubrifrons (Giraud), red-faced warbler.--This was a common bird between 6,900 and 9,100 feet. Adults and immatures both appeared most common at higher elevations, such as Shannon Campground, on

27 June 1966.

Setophaga pieta pieta (Swainson), painted redstart.--S. picta was most common between 6,900 and 9,100 feet, but was observed at the lower

Arcadia Campground more often than at Shannon.

Icteria virens auricollis (Deppe), yellow-breasted chat.--One

individual was seen and another heard in a Prosopis thicket on 19 June

1966 near Narijilda'Campground.

Family Ploceidae, weaver finches

Passer domesticus Linnaeus, English sparrow.--Abundant in Safford, in smaller towns, and at ranches.

Family Icteridae, meadowlarks, blackbirds, and orioles

Sturnella magna lilianae Oberholser, eastern meadowlark.--This bird was common in the Sulphur Springs Valley, July 1966-67.

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Bonaparte, yellow-headed blackbird.--

Nine individuals were in a small marsh 6 miles south and 1 mile east of

Safford in November 1966.

Agelaius phoeniceus (Linnaeus), red-winged blackbird.--Several individuals (males, females, and immatures) were located on 14 July 1966 at a small pond six miles south of Safford. They were in a dense growth 48 of cattails (Typha) that bordered the pond, and in trees and shrubs back

from the water's edge.

Icterus cucullatus Swainson, hooded oriole.--The hooded oriole was common along the stream in Marijilda Canyon where two pairs nested about

100 yards apart. Both nests were suspended in tall sycamores overhanging

the water, and both contained young. Another pair was in lower Noon Creek,

4,000 feet, under similar circumstances in June 1966.

Icturus parisorum Bonaparte, Scott's oriole.--This species was common along riparian situations between 4,000 and 5,000 feet; no nests were found. One male was killed in Marijilda Canyon in June 1966.

Cassidix mexicanus (Gmelin), boat-tailed grackle.--This species was locally common along watercourses at elevations below 3,500 feet.

Several individuals were watched in a Tamerix grove on 14 July 1966, 5.5 miles southeast of Safford; no redwinged blackbirds were observed in association with this grackle at any time.

Molothrus ater (Roddaert), brown-headed cowbird.--Below 5,000 feet this species was common in desert areas surrounding Mt. Graham. On 3 July

1966 at least five individuals were heard and seen in a Prosopis-dominated area near Swift Trail Road, 4,800 feet, and on 7 July 1966 a female was

In the Marijilda Canyon, 4,400 feet.

Family Thraupidae, tanagers

Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson), western tanager.--Western tanagers 49

were rather common between 6,900 and 9,100 feet, perhaps more so at the

lower elevation.

Piranga flava hepatica Swainson, hepatic tanager.--This species

was locally common in areas along canyon streams at lower elevations. On

6 July 1966 a male was observed caring for a fledgeling near Marijilda Creek.

Family Fringillidae, grosbeaks, sparrows, and buntings

Cardinal's cardinal is superbus Ridgway, cardinal.--Cardinals were

uncommon, but widespread, in Prosopis-Acacia areas below 5,000 feet, and

one was seen at 5,000 feet in Quercus-chaparral, July 1967.

Pheucticus lucovicianus melanocephalus (Swainson), common grosbeak.--

This grosbeak was scarcely seen, only above 6,900 feet at three localities

in June 1966.

Passerina caerulea infuse (Dwight and Griscom), blue grosbeak.--

Male and female blue grosbeaks were in Prosopis thickets around a small marshy pond six miles south of Safford on 4 July 1966.

Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say), house finch.--Several adults of both sexes were resident in Marijilda Canyon in summer 1966; the bird

was widely distributed below 4,800 feet, in shrubby desert habitats.

Spinus pinus pinus (Wilson), pine siskin.--The only record of this species was a small flock feeding in the top of an Abies on 11 July 1966 at Soldier Creek, 9,400 feet. 50

Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus Baird, brown towhee.--Brown towhees were frequent at lower elevations in Prosopis desert and along watercourses.

pipit° aberti vorhiesi Phillips, Abert's Towhee.--Abert's towhees were frequent in typical riparian habitats between 4,200 and 4,500 feet both in 1966 and 1967.

Aimophila bilineata deserticola (Ridgway), black-throated desert sparrow.--This species was common in deserts near lower Marijilda Canyon

In July 1966.

Junco phaeonotus palleatus Ridgway, yellow-eyed junco.--This was one of the most abundant birds on the mountain, above 6,900 feet. Both mature and immature birds ranged to the highest peaks. The nests found were in damp, grassy areas. This bird was highly vulnerable to snap traps baited with oatmeal and peanut butter.

Mammals

Carl K. Brown

Family Soricidae, shrews

Sorex,vagrans monticola Merriam, vagrant shrew.--Two specimens were caught, one near a boggy rivulet in Shannon Campground and the other on the

Immediate margin of Snow Flat Pond. Despite a determined effort, none was

Obtained in Wet Canyon, where Hoffmeister (1956) recorded the species at

Its lower elevational limit (6,000 feet). 51

Family Phyllostomidae, American leaf-nosed bats

Choeronycteris mexicana Tschudi, Mexican long-tongued bat.--One specimen of this southern species was taken over a pool of Marijilda Creek,

4,600 feet, in July 1967. This record extends the known range of the species about 65 miles north from the Huachuca and Chiricahua mountains of southern Arizona (Hall and Kelson, 1959a).

Myotis californicus californicus (Audubon and Bachman), California myotis.--One specimen was shot in Marijilda Canyon, 4,200 feet, in July 1967.

Myotis subulatus melanorhinus (Merriam), small-footed myotis.--This species was common in Marijilda Canyon, 4,200-4,600 feet, where eight were taken in 1966. None of the 6 females had embryos, but 1 taken 11 July 1966 was lactating.

Myotis thysanodes thysanodes Miller, fringed Myotis.--A single fringed myotis drowned in the lower part of a mist net set over a pool in

Marijilda Canyon in July 1967 (4,600 feet).

Myotis velifer brevis Vaughan, cave myotis.--Two specimens were shot near the CN Ranch, 4,900 feet. Hoffmeister (1956) took this species at Snow

Flat, 8,750 feet, in 1951-2.

Pipistrellus heseerus subsp., Western pipistrelle.--Five pipistrelles were taken, 4 in Marijilda Canyon and I at Sierra Bonita Ranch; one of the

3 females was lactating (July 1967). Hall and Kelson (1959a) refer material

from the Graham Mountain area to P. h. maximus Hatfield, while Hoffmeister 52

(1956) used the name P. h. agus Elliot. Our material is small in size,

perhaps supporting its identification as the latter.

Eptesicus fuscus pallidus Young, big brown bat.--This was the

commonest, larger bat in the area, and was taken on the east and south sides

of Mt. Graham, near water, in 1966 and 1967.

Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois), hoary bat.--One

specimen of this species was caught near a small tank on Sierra Bonita Ranch,

4,600 feet.

Antrozous pall idus pallidus (Le Conte), pallid bat.--This species

was taken only in Marijilda Canyon, 4,600 feet.

Family Molossidae, free-tailed bats

Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure), Brazilian free-tailed

bat.--Three specimens were taken, one in Marijilda Canyon, one at CN Ranch,

and the other at Sierra Bonita Ranch.

Family Leporidae, hares and rabbits

1222s californicus eremicus J. A. Allen, black-tailed jackrabbit.--

Jackrabbits were frequent on bajada habitats up to 4,500 feet on the east and north sides, but ranged higher in grasslands on the south. Seven females

2 taken in July (1966 and 1967) had 2 to 4 embryos (mean .7).

Sylvilagus floridanus subsp. [holzneri (Mearns)?] eastern cottontail.--

One juvenile S. floridanus was snap-trapped at 10,000 feet near the edge of 53 an open, grassy slope. Two others, both adults, were seen, one at Soldier

Creek and the other at Snow Flat.

Sylvilagus auduboni subsp., desert cottontail.--This cottontail is very abundant in Prosopis-Acacia-Opuntia habitats around the base of the mountain. In June and July 1966, seven pregnant females bore an average of three embryos (1 with 2, 5 with 3, 1 with 4). The subspecific identify of

Mt. Graham desert cottontail is in contention, and is in need of specific study. However, our material includes large adults, which substantiates

Hoffmeister's (1956) identification of the rabbits as S. a. cedrophilus Nelson.

Family Sciuridae, squirrels.

Eutamias dorsalis dorsalis (Baird), cliff chipmunk.--This species

Is numerous at all places above 4,500 feet where rocks and/or fallen logs provide cover. Our lowest record was 4,200 feet in Marijilda Canyon. At the base camp, 4,400 feet, only two chipmunks were seen in the month we lived there in 1966; in 1967 more than five were seen in a few hours. The species seemed most common between 6,000 and 8,000 feet in both 1966 and 1967. Cliff chipmunks in the Grahams seem especially susceptible to snap trapping; many were caught on mornings when traplines were not removed immediately after sunrise. Of 36 females, 16 were neither pregnant nor lactating (18 June to

13 July 1966); 1 female had 6 embryos on 29 June 1966, two others had 4 aptece

(30 June and 13 July).

Citellus spilosoma canescens (Merriam), spotted ground squirrel.--This ground squirrel was found, by us and by Hoffmeister (1956), only on the south 54 side of the Graham Mountains. There is a past record from Pima, however

(Howell, 1938), and suitable habitat appears available there though none was seen. In July 1967 the squirrel was most frequently in sparsely- vegetated grassland, or in areas of low shrubs over relatively fine-grained soils between Bonita and Klondyke.

Citellus variegatus grammerus (Say), rock squirrel.--Rock squirrels occur throughout most of Arizona, and over a remarkable elevational range.

In summer 1966, rock squirrels were taken or observed in every habitat studied, from 3,100 to 10,500 feet, the latter on Graham Peak. One specimen was taken from the rock cairn at the summit of Webb Peak (10,000). A total of 32 rock squirrels was taken in 1966; most were caught in steel traps set for larger mammals. Rock squirrels are highly predaceous, and were readily lured to baits of decomposed fish or rodent carcasses.

Of 18 females, taken between 18 June and 11 July 1966, only 4 were not lactating. One lactating female killed 27 June contained 6 embryos.

Citellus harrisii harrisii (Audubon and Bachman), Harris' ground squirrel.--This species is characteristic of rocky, bajada habitats - and ter- races along washes. Most were collected between 4,000 and 4,600 feet, but one was at 3,200 feet in an artificial railroad fill made up of loose boul- ders. Of 8 females taken between 18 June and 14 July 1966, 5 were lactating and none was pregnant.

Sciurus aberti aberti Woodhouse, Abert's squirrel.--Abert's squirrels are present all over the Grahams, and on Blue Jay Peak to the west, above 6,800 feet where P. ponderosa is present. They also live in 55

some of the narrow, mesic canyons, as low as 6,000 feet, in groves of tall,

deciduous trees, even in summer. In winter, especially when heavy snows are

present, the squirrel may move as low as 5,050 feet (Hoffmeister, 1956).

This population was introduced in 1941-3, and spread rapidly. Their estab-

lishment and spread may have elicited a drastic decline in abundance of the

endemic spruce squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis (Allen), and

perhaps in its extinction (Hinckley, 1968); spruce squirrels were not seen,

nor was their presence indicated, In the period 1963-1967.

Family Geomyidae, pocket gophers

Thomollays bottae subspp., western pocket gopher.--Hoffmeister (1956)

treated variation in pocket gophers of Mt. Graham, pointing out the darker coloration and larger size of high-elevation specimens when compared to material from lower elevations. The montane form is named T. b. 9rahamensis

Goldman. Animals from the northern side of the mountain have been referred

to T. b. alienus Goldman and those in the Sulphur Springs Valley to T. b. extenuatus Goldman. Hoffmeister (22• cit.) referred all low-elevation material to extenuatus, in which 1 concur.

Gophers at low elevations live in remarkably hard soils. Along

Marijilda Creek two gophers were seen on the surface in daytime, cutting stems of dry forbs in a former parking area. None of the females collected

In June and July 1966 was lactating.

Family Heteromyidae, heteromyids

Perognathus flavus flavus Baird, silky pocket mouse.--Two silky :6

pocket mice were caught in 1966, and four in 1967, all in short grasses on

open flats, near Sierra Bonita Ranch. This species is most easily collected

by headlamp and 0.22 caliber dust shot since it rarely is attracted to baits

typically used in snap-trapping.

Perognathus baileyi baileyi Merriam, Bailey's pocket mouse.--One

specimen of P. b. baileyi, a lactating female, was caught in grasslands of

Stockton Pass, 5,725 feet. The species apparently lives around the entire

base of the mountain mass (Hoffmeister, 1956).

Perognathus penicillatus pricei Allen, desert pocket mouse.--This

species was abundant at lower elevations, below 5,000 feet, all around the

base of the Grahams. They were characteristic of open, Prosopis-Acacia

"flats." Of 12 females caught in June 1966, I was pregnant (4 embryos) and

4 were lactating; none was lactating in July 1966.

Perognathus intermedius intermedius Merriam, rock pocket mouse...

Hoffmeister (1956) did not catch P. intermedius in the Grahams, and this was

confirmed recently by reexamination of the specimens by Hoffmeister and

Lee (1967). However, on the basis of characters given by the last authors,

1 identify P. intermedius as widely present below 5,000 feet in rocky can-

yons and open areas alike. They were often associated with P. penicillatus

in the latter habitats. Two lactating females were taken in June and one

in July (of a total of 14). Two subspecies of P. intermedius approach the

Graham Mountains (Cockrum, 1960_, P. I. umbrosus Benson from the north and

P. 1. intermedius from the south. Specimens from the Grahams differ con-

siderably from umbrosus as described by Benson (1934), and are therefore assigned to intermedius. 57

Dipodomys ordli ordii Woodhouse, Ord's kangaroo rat.--One Ord's

kangaroo rat was caught north of Ft. Grant in an open mesquite flat, ca.

5,000 feet.

Dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis Merriam, banner-tailed kangaroo

rat.--This large species appears common from a few miles west of Stockton

Pass, to 15 miles west of Bonita, and south. They are difficult to trap, but like Perovathus flavus are relatively susceptible to 0.22 caliber dust shot and a head lamp. In fact, 6 rats were taken by 3 people on one night

In July 1967, while a total of 6 were taken in ca.1,480 trap-nights in the same area in 1966 and 1967.

Dipodomys merriamil merriamii Mearns, Merriam's kangaroo rat.--This

is the most abundant Dipodomys in the Graham area, occurring at all eleva- tions below 5,000 feet. In Marijilda canyon the species was sparsely distributed, but was locally abundant in sandy "flats," and along the roads.

Of 51 females collected between 16 June and 14 July 1966, only 9 were not

lactating. Eleven of the females were pregnant; 9 had 2 embryos each, 1 had 3, and 1 had 4. The incidence of lactation and pregnancy in August was considerably lower in the animals studied by Hoffmeister (1956).

Family Cricetidae, cricetid mice and rats

Reithrodontomys megalotis regalotis (Baird), western harvest mouse.--Our catches of this species parallel those of Hoffmeister (1956).

The mouse occurs between 3,100 and 4,700 feet, then not again until above

9,000 feet. At lower elevations they were in open, grassy, Prosopis, flats 58

and along ditches in groves of Tamerix. At higher elevations, they were in

open meadows.

Peromyscuseremlcuseremicus (Baird), cactus mouse.--Cactus mice

were common between 3,000 and 4,900 feet on the east and south sides of the

mountain. A female taken 5 July 1966 had three embryos.

Peromyscus maniculatus subspp., deer mouse.--Deer mice identifiable as P. m. rufinus (Merriam) were taken between 7,200 and 10,713 feet (rarely below 8,000 feet). Many individuals taken in June were juveniles, most of which must have been born in May. Of 13 females taken between 27 June and

9 July 1966, 4 contained 2 to 4 embryos.

At high elevations, above 8,000 feet, this mouse is almost ubi- quitous, living in wet and dry areas alike. In places where P. boyili rowleyi occurs, however, P. maniculatus rufinus tends to live only in wetter areas. This was most obvious on the north and south sides of Ladybug

Saddle. The habitat is mesic on the former side and xeric on the latter.

P. m. rufinus held forth exclusively on the north side and P. boylii rowleyi was on the south. In July 1967, David I. Rasmussen and J. Neil Jensen (pers. comm.) took the two species in the same trap) m e set on the ridge, and re- peated our trapping experience on the different sides of the mountain.

Deer mice from lower elevations near the base of the Grahams, .4,600 feet and below on the Sierra Bonita Ranch, are referable to P. maniculatus sonoriensis (LeConte). All were taken in perennial grasses or near aquatic habitats in sedges and cattail. They are larger, and lighter in color than deer mice at higher elevations. Only on reddish soils near Riggs Flat Lake 59 did specimens of P. m. rufinus approximate P. m. sonoriensis in color of pelage. Perhaps the "orange-tan mutant" described for P. m. sonoriensis by Egoscue and Day (1958) also occurs in P. m. rufinus.

The gap of at least 3,600 feet between the two subspecies of P. maniculatus, also noted by Hoffmeister (1956), may well be attributed to competitive interaction between these forms and P. boylii rowleyi. Such is indicated by the almost-total, mutually-exclusive distributions of the forms on Ladybug Saddle, and elsewhere (see also Reithrodontomys megalotis, discussed before).

Peromyscus leucopus arizonae (J. A. Allen), white-footed mouse.--

This species was rare. Three adults were taken, one a lactating female, between 4,800 and 5,500 feet. Our specimens seem closer to P. 1. arizonae, on the basis of pelage, than to P. 1. ochraceus Osgood.

Peromyscus boylii, rowleyi (J. A. Allen), brush mouse.--Brush mice dominated most rocky, wooded habitats between 5,000 and 8,500 feet, with the maximum elevational range from 4,000 to 9,100 feet. Only 2 of 11 females examined from late June to early July 1966 were neither lactating nor pregnant; 5 contained 3 to 4 embryos.

On 27 June 1966 at 6:30 A.M., three brush mice were watched by

Minckley (pers. comm.) in Marijilda Canyon, 4,500 feet for about 15 minutes.

The mice were first detected by their furious activity, fighting, in a bed of dried leaves near a large boulder. Two individuals (both males?) were rolling about, squeaking and biting at each other. They separated and both darted toward the boulder, from which a third individual (a female) moved 60 rapidly, climbing the side of a larger, adjacent boulder with the two original mice close behind. The leading mouse stopped on the ground after quickly descending from the boulder. The third mouse also stopped, head down, near midway on the side of the boulder (ca. three feet from the ground). And, the second one slowly approached the lowest one with its head moving side to side and its tail arched high above the ground. The lower individual crouched quietly until directly mounted by the one that approached.

Copulation ensued for perhaps 20 seconds, during which time the mouse that remained on the boulder made a rapid, jerky approach toward the pair. The pair separated, and the male immediately rushed the uphill individual. They disappeared over the boulder and apparently fought again, as evidenced by sound. The female in the interim moved into a pile of broken rock. Both the other individuals reappeared on the boulder, but after a few moments of moving about, one behind the other, they also entered the rocks, in different areas, and disappeared. Traps set at the rocks on the following night caught four P. boylii, all adult males; no other mouse was caught there in about a week of trapping.

Onychomys leucoester ruidosae Stone and Rehn, northern grasshopper mouse.--This species seems widespread in open grassland, or in areas of low

Prosopis,-Acacia-Opuntia habitats, but is nowhere abundant. Four specimens were caught, each at a different locality (3 in Sulphur Springs Valley and

1 near Pima); a female taken 5 July 1966 was lactating.

Onychomys torridus torridus (Coues), southern, grasshopper mouse--

This species was twice as abundant as O. I. ruidosae, as based on our 61 trapping data, and occurred in the same areas, with the exception of two additional ones on the east end of the mountain in Larrea desert. Lac- tating females were taken on 2 July 1966 and 12 July 1967, one on each date.

Sigmodon hispidus confinis Goldman, hispid cotton rat.--S. hispidis was caught east of Mt. Graham in the "artesian belt" (six specimens), and one was taken at Angle Orchard 5,100 feet. A female caught 14 July 1966 had six embryos. Operators of a commercial fishery south of Safford claimed that this rat (as identified by a number of unsalvageable indivi- duals found in their trash heap) caused considerable damage in their stock- pile of fish food throughout the year.

Neotoma albigula albigula Hartley, white-throated woodrat.--We found this woodrat slightly higher on the Grahams than did Hoffmeister

(1956), at Noon Creek crossing, 5,450 feet, andat Stockton Pass, 5,725 feet. This species was heavily infected by warbles (Cuterebra sp.), in summer 1966, most of which were in the throat. This maggot was rarely found

In other rodent species. A total of 59 specimens were prepared. Four females taken in June had two embryos apiece, and several other specimens were lactating. Only one of the females taken in July was lactating, and none was pregnant.

Neotoma mexicana mexicana Baird, Mexican woodrat.--The small size of our specimens confirms identification of Mt. Graham material by Hoff- meister (1956) as the southern subspecies of Mexican woodrat. We caught this species generally above 9,000 feet on the main body of the Graham, and at ca. 7,500 feet on Blue Jay Peak. 62

Microtus lonqicaudus leucophaeus (J. A. Allen), long-tailed vole.--

In general, voles are present in any grassy situation, as along streams, all over the Graham Mountains above 8,000 feet. We caught one specimen at 6,000

feet in dense forbs and ferns along Wet Creek. Nine pregnant females bore

3 to 8 embryos. Many voles (especially males at Soldier Creek) were caught

In daytime. Also, they often ranged into relatively open, dry woodland, especially where burrows of other animals had been abandoned. We caught voles at Heliograph and Webb peaks, and near the summit of Graham Peak.

Ondatra sibethicus- pallidus (Mearns), muskrat.--No muskrat was taken, but one was seen swimming in a small pond ca. six miles south of

Safford in July 1967 (Minckley, pers. comm.).

Family Muridae, old world rats and mice

Mus musculus Linnaeus, house mouse.--Two house mice were caught in a Tamerix grove ca. five miles south of Safford, July 1967.

Family Erethizontidae, new world porcupines

Erethizon dorsatum couesi Mearns, porcupine.--On 5 July 1966 a mature, non-lactating female and a juvenile male were collected moving to- gether at night in Sulphur Springs Valley. Hoffmeister (1956) recorded porcupines as "rare" at higher elevations in the Grahams. In 1967, porcupine activity was noted near Shannon Campground, and a hiker on the Shannon-

Arcadia Trail observed a porcupine closely at an elevation of ca. 7,500 feet. 63 Family Canidae, wolves, foxes, coyotes, and dogs

Canis. latrans mearnsi Merriam, coyote.--Coyotes are frequent in the

Grahams; three were seen in lower Marijilda Canyon in 1966, and one lac- tating female was caught at Marijilda crossing, 4,200 feet. In 1967, tracks and scats of coyote were seen along Swift Trail Road as high as Ladybug

Saddle, 8,500 feet, and one was heard at Arcadia Campground.

Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottil Mearns, gray fox.--Two adults were taken in June 1966. Numerous tracks were seen between 3,100 and 7,000 feet, and two other adults were seen (1 of the 2 was perhaps caught at Noon

Creek).

Family Ursidae, bears

Enarctos americanus amblyceps (Baird), black bear.--Bears are not uncommon in the Grahams, and have become refuse commensals at many of the well-used campgrounds along Swift trail. During summer 1966 few bears were seen, nor did U. S. Forest Service personnel receive many reports of bears from campers. One sow and cub wandered near one of our campsites at Soldier

Creek. In 1967, however, the Forest Service received numerous complaints.

I observed bears feeding at Wet Canyon, Arcadia, and Riggs Lake campgrounds, and two camps set by Arizona State University personnel were raided during the day by bears. On both occasions the bears refused to be driven off by shouts and close approaches. 64

Family Procyonidae, raccoons and allies

Bassariscus astutus arizonensis Goldman, ringtail.--One adult male ringtail was killed by a hunter at Wet Canyon Crossing on 29 October 1966 and examined by Minckley (pers. comm.).

,Procyon, lotor pallidus Merriam, raccoon.--Tracks of raccoon were seen rarely as high as Soldier Creek, 9,200 feet, but were frequent at lower elevations. A lactating female was trapped 20 June 1966 near Arcadia Dump- ground, 7,100 feet, and on 4 August 1967 three raccoons were seen about a mile south of Fort Grant (Nickerson and Mays, pers. comm.).

Family Mustelidae, badgers, skunks, and weasels

Taxidea taxus subsp., badger.--Our single specimen does not allow allocation of Mt. Graham badgers to subspecies; for the confused state of intraspecific categories in T. taxus see Hall and Kelson (1959b). Our female adult, non-lactating, was caught in Deadman Canyon (5,600 feet).

Spilogale gracilis gracilis Merriam, western spotted skunk.--

Numerous tracks and six specimens of this skunk attest to its abundance in rocky canyons of the Grahams in 1966. Our highest elevation record was

6,100 feet in Wet Canyon, where a small female was taken in a rat trap.

Four females taken 18 to 25 June 1966 were lactating, a non-lactating female was caught 14 July 1966.

Mephitis mephitis estor Merriam, striped skunk.--Striped skunks are abundant in the Graham Mountains. Numerous individuals were seen in 1966 and 1967, and five (including a skull) were collected, from 3,100 to 9,400 65 feet. A female trapped 18 June 1966 was lactating and another taken 9 July

1966 was not. Hoffmeister (1956) considered this skunk, and the last, rare

In the Grahams in his period of study.

Conepatus mesolencus venaticus Goldman, hog-nosed skunk.--Two hog- nosed skunks were collected, one in Marijilda Canyon (4,600 feet), and the other on the road between Arcadia and Wet Canyon (ca. 5,800 feet). Our observations indicate that Hog-nosed skunks were commonest in rocky canyons below 6,000 feet, whereas Hoffmeister (1956) thought they were most numerous above 6,000 feet.

Family Felidae, cats

Fells concolor azteca Merriam, cougar.--Tracks of cougar were seen

In June 1966 in upper Marijilda Canyon and in October 1967 in Wet Canyon.

Lynx rufus baileyi, Merriam, bobcat.--A bobcat crossed the road just east of Soldier Creek in June 1966 and was almost hit by our truck. Tracks were abundant on ridges in November 1965 and 1966 (Minckley, pers. comm.).

Family Tayassuidae, peccaries

Tayassu tajacu sonoriensis (Mearns), collared peccary.--T. tajacu is common in the densely vegetated lower Marijilda Canyon, and in other such canyons around the base of the mountain. One large sow was killed at

4,200 feet in Marijilda Canyon in 1964 and 1 to 4 have been seen in hunters' possession in that area during each year from 1964-67. A herd of 17 adult and juvenile "javelina" passed 20 feet from Minckley (pers. comm.) in 66

November 1966; they had been driven from the adjacent canyon by deer hunters.

Peccaries have not been observed above 6,000 feet by any of our personnel.

Family Cervidae, wapiti and deer

Odocoileus hemionus crooki (Mearns), mule deer.--A small number of

mule deer was seen in summer 1966, and one was seen crossing Swift Trail just

north of the junction with U. S. 666. All sight records were below 5,800

feet, with the highest at Stockton Pass.

Odocoileus virginianus cousei (Coues and Yarrow), white-tailed deer.--

This deer ranges from the lowest parts of the wooded canyons of Mt. Graham

(ca. 4,000 feet) to the highest peaks. A partial skeleton of a buck was a picked up at 4,100 feet on the east end of the mountain. On 11 July 1966 a

female and two new-born fawns were closely observed near Old Columbine

(9,300 feet).

Summary and Discussion

W. L. Minckley

About 340 species of vertebrate animals are represented in the over-

all collections from the Graham mountain area. This includes between 70 and

80 per cent of the total probable fauna, with the lack of records princi-

pally occurring in the birds. Approximately 20 kinds of vertebrates are

introduced in the area, excluding domestic livestock, and these are not

considered further (see Appendix A).

Animals on the Grahams, as elsewhere in Arizona where pronounced

elevational variations exist, live in well defined zones. First, there is 67 a large faunal component that is characteristic of flat, arid, desert habitats. This area corresponds to the classical Lower Sonoran, but many animals characteristic of that zone extend upward into Upper Sonoran habitats (Tables 14). Secondly, there is an assemblage that lives on rocky bajadas (Upper Sonoran), and into the xeric woodlands (Transition

Zone). And third, there is a montane element of the fauna that becomes evident in Transition areas and holds forth through the conifers of

Boreal and Hudsonian zones. Obviously, some kinds of animals (i.e. larger mammals and some birds) transgress boundaries of such zones. Also, within the various zones, or at their peripheries, local conditions of soil or slope complicate the situation and markedly increase heterogeneity. For example, brush mice (Peromyscus boylii) dominated the smaller mammalian fauna between 5,000 and 8,500 feet. Yet, a rocky canyon or a riparian habi- tat at 3,000 feet might easily support the species, as might a dry, hot rockslide above 9,000 feet. Interpretation of altitudinal occurrences of vertebrates must be correlated closely with local habitat conditions if such data are to be meaningful. In general, altitude records above or below previously recorded maxima could be explained readily on the basis of local conditions recorded at the time of capture. Voles (Microtus longicaudus) in Wet Canyon at 6,000 feet were in a special cool, mesic, riparian habitat that was relatively continuous with more typical habitats upslope. On the other hand, zebra-tailed lizards (Callisaurus draconoides) and pocket mice (Perognathus spp.) at relatively high elevations were on the xeric, south-facing slopes. Some records (Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus at

8,750 feet, for example) are difficult to explain, and constitute signifi- cant deviations from information previously published. 68

Some of the "anomalies" in altitudinal range of vertebrates on the

Grahams may result from an "island effect," the presence of a species in an ecologically unsaturated situation. In most parts of Arizona the cliff chipmunk (Eutamias dorsalis) lives no higher than 8,000 feet. This situation prevails especially where related species also live; the cliff chipmunk under such circumstances lives downsiope and other kinds occur at higher elevations.

In the Grahams it ranges to the highest peak. A reverse situation is indi- cated by the mutually exclusive distributions of brush mice and deer mice

(Peromyscus maniculatus subspp.) in the area. This last problem would seem to be an especially profitable avenue of future research.

The high-elevation fauna of mountains of Southeastern Arizona has received considerable attention, partially because of its Mexican affinities, and partially because of the isolation of its habitat on "sky islands." The

Chiricahua Mountains at the Southeast corner of the state have received most study. Many of the species of non-flying, high elevation vertebrates in the

Chiricahuas have Mexican relationships. Ten of 16 species of obvious origin

(Table 3) are derived from the adjacent Mexican Plateau, and only 3 of the

10 Mexican forms range north to the Grahams. The Grahams, on the other hand, reflect their proximity to the northern highlands, and 7 of the 10 high elevation forms of known affinity are derived from the north; 6 of the

7 animals also penetrate south to occur in the Chiricahuas.

Martin (1958, et seg.), and more recently Martin and Mehringer

(1965), have discussed past climate in relation to biogeography of south- western Arizona. They conclude reasonably that the montane fauna arrived on the isolated ranges in Wisconsin Glacial Times, or later. Mammalian 69

components on the Grahams that have northern affinities most likely are

relicts of distributions achieved In full glacial times, or shortly there-

after (Findley, 1955; Murray, 1957). The reptiles, and the mammals of

southern origin (the latter in the Chiricahuas only) may have moved north

into Arizona in post-glacial times, perhaps in response to vegetational

changes during Altithermal, 7,500 to 4,000 years before Present (Martin,

loc. cit.).

Restriction of this discussion to the smaller, non-flying verte-

brates may tend to minimize the "Mexican flavor" that is obvious in the

Graham fauna. There are obviously Mexican elements in the avian fauna, as

Indicated for example by the number of hummingbirds recorded (Appendix A).

The occurrence of a Mexican nectar bat, Choeronycteris mexicanus, also is

noteworthy. The contrast of the Grahams with their strong northern re-

lationships, and the Chiricahuas with their predominance of Mexican forms

is an important one. In fact the mixing of biotic elements, and the

accessibility of the biota for study, is difficult to approximate elsewhere,

and should be intensively studied and preserved.

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Table 1. Summary of altitudinal records (solid lines) for native amphibians and reptiles caught in 1966-67 in the Graham Mountains, southeast Arizona. Dotted lines show the approximate maxima recorded in Arizona;."X" denotes a single altitude record for rare or restricted species; a vertical line denotes a previous maximum, as gleaned from the literature; and a question mark denotes a record obtained from a probably-reliable source, but not confirmed by us.

Altitude in thousands of feet Species 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ambystoma tigrinum •••••••1111•111••••••••■••11 Scaphiophus couchi S: bombifrons X ...... S. hammondi Bufo alvarius B. cognatus ••••••••••••••• .... B. punctatus ...••••■•■■■•••••• B. woodhousei .X ...... 1 X Hyla arenicolor .•1•0111•11111• Rana pipiens Kinosternon sonoriense Terrapene ornata Holoderma suspectum ..... X Coleonyx variegatus Callisaurus draconoides Crotaphytus collaris C. wizlizeni •••••• Holbrookia maculata 41•11• H. texana Phrynosoma cornutum • • • . • • • P. douglassi X P. modestum ••■•••• P. solare Sceloporus clarki S. magister S. jarrovi • • S. undulatus Urosaurus ornatus Uta stansburiana EA. &maces obsoletus ■•••■••• Cnemidophorus tigris C. exanguis C. uniparens Gerrhonotus kingi X Heterodon nasicus Hypsiglona ochrorhynchus 1 X Lampropeltis getulus L. pyromelana ...... X ...... X .... Masticophis flagellum X M. bilineatus

77 Table 1, concluded

Altitude in thousands of feet Species 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pituophis melanoleucus Rhinocheilus lecontei Salvadora hexalepis • • • • Thamnophis cyrtopsis Crotalus atrox •••••■•••■•••■•••■•180 C. molbssus C. pricei C. scutulatus • •••••■•■••••10

C. viridis " 0 0 SO

Table 2. Summary of altitudinal records for native, non-flying mammals caught or observed in 1966-67 in the Graham Mountains, southeast Arizona. See Table 1 for explanation of symbols.

Species Altitude in thousands of feet 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sorex vagrams X X Lepus californicus Sylvilagus floridanus X X • • • S. auduboni EUtamias dorsalis Citellus spilosoma C. variegatus C. harrisi Thamamys bottae Perognathus flavus P. baileyi ...... X P. penicillatus P. intermedius Dipodomys ordi X EL spectabilis EL merriami Reithrodontomys megalotis ...... *M./. Peramyscus eremicus P. maniculatus P. leucopus P. boylii Onychomys leucogaster 0. torridus Sigmodon his pidus .XX ' X Neotoma albigula N. mexicana

78 Table 2, concluded

Altitude in thousands of feet Species 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Microtus longicaudus Ondatra zibethacus Erethizon dorsatum X Urocyon cineroargenteus Canis latrans . . . Eaarctos americanus Bassariscus astutus X Procyon lotor Taxidea taxus X Spilogale gracilis Mephitis mephitis

Conepatus mesoleucus • • Fells concolor Lynx rufus Tayassi tajacu Odocoileus hemionus 0. virginianus

Table 3. Comparison of the smaller, non-flying vertebrates of montane hab6. itats in the Graham and Chiricahua mountains, southeast Arizona.

Probable Species Grahams Chiricahuas origin

Phrynosoma douglassi X X northern Sceloporus scalaris absent X southern S. virgatus absent X southern S. jarrovi X X southern Eumeces callicephalus absent X southern Gerrhonotus kingi X X problematical Lampropeltis pyromelana X X problematical Crotalus lepidus absent X southern C. pricei X X southern Sorex vagrans X X northern Sylvilagus floridanus X X northern Eutamias dorsalis X X northern Tamiasciurus hudsonicus X absent northern Sciurus apache absent X southern Naotoma mexicana X X southern Peromyscus maniculatus X X northern P. nasutus absent X southern P. dificilis absent X southern Microtus longicaudus X X northern 79

APPENDIX A

Check-list of Vertebrates of the Graham (Pinaleno) Mountains

In the following list, the species expected in the Graham Mountain area as recorded by others, but not seen or collected by us, are preceded by an asterisk (*). Introduced species are marked with a daggar (+).

FISHES

Family Salmonidae, salmons, trouts, and charrs

Salmo gairdneri Richardson, rainbow trout +

S. trutta Linnaeus, European brown trout +

S. gilae Miller (undescribed subspecies), Apache trout +

Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), brook trout +

Family Cyprinidae, minnows

Notemigomus crysoleucus (Mitchill), golden shiner +

Notropis lutrensis (Baird and Girard) red shiner +

Rhinichthys osculus (Girard), speckled dace

Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, fat-headed minnow +

Family Catostomidae, suckers

*?Pantosteus clarki (Baird and Girard), Gila mountain-sucker

Family Ictaluridae, North American catfishes

lctalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), channel catfish +

I. melas Rafinesque, black bullhead +

Family Poecilildae, livebearers

Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard), mosquitofish + 80

Poeciliopsis occidentalis (Baird and Girard) Gila topminnow

Family Centrarchidae, sunfishes

Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede), largemouth bass +

Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, bluegill +

L. cyanellus Rafinesque, green sunfish +

Pomoxis nigromaculatus (LeSueur), black crappie +

AMPHIBIANS

(Salamanders)

Family Ambystomidae, ambystomid salamanders

Ambystoma tigrinum Green, tiger salamander

(Frogs and Toads)

Family Pelobatidae, spadefoot toads

Scaphiopus couchi Baird, Couch's spadefoot

S. bombifrons Cope, Plains spadefoot

S. hammondi Baird, western spadefoot

Family Bufonidae, true toads

Bufo alvarius Girard, Colorado River toad

B. cognatus Say, Great Plains toad

B debilis Girard, Green toad

B. punctatus Baird and Girard, red-spotted toad

B. woodhousei Girard, Woodhouse's toad

Family Hylidae, hylid frogs

Hyla arenicolor Cope, canyon treefrog 81

Family Ranidae, true frogs

Rana catesbeiana Shaw, bullfrog +

R. pipiens Schreber, leopard frog

REPTILES

(Turtles)

Family Kinosternidae, musk and mud turtles

Kinosternon sonoriense LeConte, Sonoran mud turtle

Family Emydidae, water and box turtles

Terrapene ornate luteola Smith and Ramsey, yellow box turtle

Family Trionychidae, softshell turtles

Trionyx spiniferus Schneider, Spiny softshelled turtle +

(Lizards)

Family Helodermatidae, venemous lizards

Heloderma s. suspectum Cope, reticulate gila monster

Family Gekkonidae, geckos

Coleonyx variegatus Baird, banded gecko

Family Inguanidae, inguanid lizards

Callisaurus dracono ides Blainville, zebra-tailed lizard

Crotaphytus collaris Say, collared lizard

C. w. wislizeni Baird and Girard, leopard lizard

Holbrookla maculata Girard, lesser earless lizard

H. texana scitula Peters, southwestern earless lizard

Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan), Texas horned lizard

P. douglassi, hernandesi Girard, mountain short-horned lizard 82

P. modestum Girard, round-tailed horned lizard

P. solare Gray, regal horned lizard

Sceloporus c. clarki Baird and Girard, Sonora spiny lizard

S. magister bimaculosus Phelan and Brattstrom, twin-spotted

spiny lizard

S. Iarrovi Cope, Yarrow's spiny lizard

S. undulatus tristichus Cope, southern plateau lizard

Urosaurus ornatus Latreille, tree lizard

Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard, side-blotched lizard

Family Scincidae, skinks

Eumeces obsoletus Baird and Girard, Great Plains skink

Family Tel idae whiptail lizards

*Cnemidophorus burti Taylor, sonora Whiptail

C. exsanguis Lowe, spotted Whiptail

C. tigris gracilis Baird and Girard, southern Whiptail

C. uniparens Wright and Lowe, desert grassland Whiptail

Family Anguidae, alligator lizards

Gerrhonotus kingi Gray, Arizona alligator lizard

(Snakes)

Family Leptotyphopidae, blind snakes

*Leptotyphlops dulcis Baird and Girard, Texas blind snake

*L. humilis Baird and Girard, Western blind snake

Family Colubridae, colubrid snakes

*Arizona elegans Kennicott, glossy snake

*Diadophis punctatus Linnaeus, ringneck snake 83

*Elaphe triaspis Cope, green rat snake

*Ficimia cana Cope, western hook-nosed Snake

Heterodon nasicus kennerlyi Kennicott, Mexican hog-nosed snake

Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus Cope, spotted night snake

Lampropeltis getulus splendida and L. 1. yumensis Blanchard,

Yuma kingsnake

L. pyromelana Cope, Arizona mountain kingsnake

*L.triangulum (Lacepede), milk snake

Masticophis bilineatus Jan, Sonoran whipsnake

M. flagellum piccus Cope, red racer

*M. taeniatus Hallowell, striped whipsnake

Pituophis melanoleucus affnis Hallowell, Sonoran gopher snake

Rhinocheilus 1. lecontei Baird and Girard, western long-nosed

snake

*Salvadora grahamiae Baird and Girard, mountain patch-nosed snake

S. h. shexalepis Cope and S. h. deserticola Schmidt, western

patchnosed snake

*Sonora semiannulata Baird and Girard, western ground Snake

*Tantilla nigriceps Kennicott, Plains black-headed Snake

*T. planiceps Blainville, western black-headed snake

Thamnophis c. cyrtopsis Kennicott, western black-necked garter

snake

*T. elegans Baird and Girard, western garter snake

*T. eques Reuss, Mexican garter snake

*T. marcianus Baird and Girard, checkered garter snake

*Trimorphodon lambda Cope, Sonoran lyre snake 84

Family Crotalidae, pit vipers

Crotaius atrox Baird and Girard, western diamond-backed rattlesnake

C. m. molossus Baird and Girard, northern black-tailed rattlesnake

C. 2t. price' Van Denburgh, twin-spotted rattlesnake

C. s. scutulatus Kennicott, Mojave rattlesnake

C. viridis cerberus Coues, Arizona black rattlesnake

Family Elapidae, coral snakes

Micruroides euryxanthus (Kennicott), Arizona coral snake

BIRDS

Family Podicipedidae, grebes

Podiceps caspicus (Hablizi), eared grebe

Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus), pied-billed grebe

Family Ardeidae, herons and bitterns

Ardea herodias Linnaeus, great blue heron

A. virescens Linnaeus, green heron

Family Anatidae, swans, geese, and ducks

Branta canadensis (Linnaeus), Canada goose

Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, mallard

A. strepera Linnaeus, gadwall

A. americana Gmelin, American widgeon

A. acuta Linnaeus, pintail

A. carolinensis Gmelin, green-winged teal

?A. discors Linnaeus, blue-winged teal

A. cyanoptera Vieillot, cinnamon teal

?A. clypeata Linnaeus, shoveler thythya americans (Eyton), red-headed duck

?A. collaris (Donovan), ring-necked duck

?A. affinis (Eyton) or A. manila (Linnaeus), scaup

Family Cathartidae, American vultures

Cathartes aura (Linnaeus), turkey vulture

Family Acciptridae, hawks

Accipiter cooperli (Bonaparte), Cooper's hawk

Buteo 'amaicensis (Gmelin), red-tailed hawk

B. swainsoni Bonaparte, Swainson's hawk

*B. albonotatus Kaup, zone-tailed hawk

Buteogallus anthracinus (Deppe) Mexican black hawk

Aquila chrysaZtos, (Linnaeus), golden eagle

Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus), marsh hawk

Family Falconidae, caracaras and falcons

Falco S. sparverius Linnaeus, sparrow hawk

Family Phasianidae, quails

Callipepla squamata pallida Brewster, scaled quail

C. 21.. 9ambelii (Gambel), Gambel's quail

Family Meleagrididae, turkeys

Meleagris 9allopovo Linnaeus, turkey

Family Gruidae, cranes

*Grus canadensis (Linnaeus), sandhi], crane

Family Rallidae, rails, gallenules, and coots

Fulica americana (Gmelin), American coot

Family Charadriidae, plovers

Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus, killdeer 86

Family Columbidae, pigeons and doves

Columba f. fasciata Say, band-tailed pigeon

C. livia Linnaeus, domestic pigeon +

Zenaida asiatica (Linnaeus), white-winged dove

Zenaidura macroura (Linnaeus), mourning dove

*Scardafella inca (Lesson), Inca dove

Family Psittacidae, parrots

*Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swainson), thick-billed parrot

Family Cuculidae, cuckoos

Geococoyx californianus Lesson), roadrunner

Family Strigidae, owls

*Otus asio (Linnaeus), common screech-owl

*O. flammeolus (Kaup), flammulated screech-owl

Bubo virqinianus pacificus Cassin, great-horned owl

*Glancidium gnome Wagler, mountain pygmy owl

*Micrathene w. whitneyi (Cooper), elf owl

*Speotylo cunicularia (Molina), burrowing owl

*Asio otus (Linnaeus), long-eared owl

Family Caprimulgidae, goatsuckers

Caprimulgus vociferus arizonae (Brewster, whip-poor-will

Phalaenoptlius n. nuttallii (Audubon), poor-will

Chordeiles acutipennis (Hermann), Texas nighthawk

Family Apodidae, swifts

*Cypseloides niger (Gmelin), black swift 87 Family Trochilidae, hummingbirds

Archilochus anna (Lesson), Anna's hummingbird

A. costae (Bourcier), Costa's hummingbird

Selasphorus platycercus (Swainson), broad-tailed hummingbird

*Stellula calliope (Gould), calliope hummingbird

*Eugenes fulgens (Swainson), Rivoli's hummingbird

Family Alcedinidae, kingfishers

Megaceryle alcyon, (Linnaeus), belted kingfisher

Family Picidae, woodpeckers

Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus), flicker

*Centurus uropygialis Baird, Gila woodpecker

*Melanerpes formicivorus aculeata Mearns, acorn woodpecker

*Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird, yellow-bellied sapsucker

Dendrocopos villosus onus (Oberholser), hairy woodpecker

*D. pubescens leucurus (Hartlaub), downy woodpecker

*D. stricklandi arizonae (Hargitt), Arizona woodpecker

Family Tyrannidae, tyrant flycatcher

Tyrannus vociferans Swainson, Swainson's kingbird

?Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus), tyrant kingbird

*T. melanocholicus occidental is Hartert and Goodson, tropical

kingbird

Muscivora forticata (Gmelin), scissor-tailed flycatcher

*Myiodynastes luteiventris Sclater, sulphur-bellied flycatcher

Warchus tuberculifer olivascens Ridgway, olivaceous flycatcher

*Sayornis nigricans semiatra (Vigors), black phoebe 88

*S. saya (Bonaparte), Say's phoebe

Empidonax difficilis hellmayri Brodkorb, western flycatcher

*E. traillii extimus Phillips, Traill's flycatcher

Contopus musicus (Swainson), Coues' pewe

C. sordidulus veliei Coues, western wood-pewee

Pyrocephalus rubinus (Boddaert), vermillion flycatcher

Family Alaudidae, larks

Eremophila alpestris (Linnaeus), horned lark

Family Hirudinidae, swallows

Tachycineta thalassina (Swainson), violet-green swallow

Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, barn swallow

Progne sub is (Linnaeus), purple martin

Family Corvidae, crows and jays

Cyanocetta stelleri diademata (Bonaparte), Steller's jay

Aphelocoma ultramarina arizonae (Ridgeway), Arizona jay

Corvus corax Linnaeus, common raven

*C. cryptoleucus Linnaeus, white-necked raven

*C. brachyrhynchos Brehm, common crow

*Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Wied, pinyon jay

*Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson), Clark's nutcracker

Family Paridae, titmice, bushtits, and verdins

Parus gambell Ridgway, mountain chickadee

P. wollweberi (Bonaparte) bridled titmouse

*P. inornatus ridgwayi Richmond, plain titmouse

Psaltriparus minimus poydi Sennett, bushtit

Auriparus fiaviceps ornatus (Lawrence) verdin 89 Family Sittidae, Nuthatches

Sitta carol inensis nelsoni Mearns, white-breasted nuthatch

S. canadensis Linnaeus, red-breasted nuthatch

S. pusilla melanotus van Rossem, pine nuthatch

Family Certhiidae, creepers

Certhia familiaris montane Ridgway, brown creeper

Family Cinclidae, ouzels

Cinclus mexicanus unicolor Bonaparte, water ouzel

Family Troglodytidae, wrens

Troglodytes agdon Vieillot, house wren

Thryomanes bewickii eremophilus Oberholser, Bewick's wren

Campylorh nchus brunneicapillus couesii Sharpe, cactus wren

Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgway, canyon wren

Family Mimidae, mockingbirds and thrashers

Mimus polyglottos (Linnaeus), mocking-bird

Toxostome bendirei (Coues), Bendire's thrasher

*T. curvirostre palmeri (Coues), curve-billed thrasher

*T. c. crissale Henry, Crissal's thrasher

Family Turdidae

Turdus migratorius propinquus Ridgway, American robin

Catharus guttatus (Pallas), hermit thrush

*Sialia mexicana occidental Is Townsend, western bluebird

S. currucoides (Bechstein), mountain bluebird

Polioptila caerulea (Linnaeus) blue-gray gnatcatcher

P. melanura lucida van Rossem, black-tailed gnatcatcher

Regalus satrapa apache Jenks, golden-crowned kinglet 90 R. calendula (Linnaeus), ruby-crowned kinglet

*Pencedramus taeniatus arizonae Miller and Griscom, olive warbler

Family Bombycillidae, waxwings and silky flycatcher

PhainoRepla nitens (Swainson), phainopepla

Family Laniidae, shrikes

Lanius ludevicianus excubitorides Swainson, loggerhead shrike

Family Sturnidae, starlings

Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, starling +

Family Vireonidae, vireos

*Vireo huttoni stephensi Brewster, Huttools vireo

*V. belli arizonae Ridgway, Bell's vireo

?V. vicinior Coues, gray vireo

V. solitarius plumbeus Coues, solitary vireo

V. gilvus brewsteri (Ridgway), warbling vireo

Family Parulidae, wood warblers

*Helminthoehila celata orestera (Oberholser), orange-crowned

we

H. ruficapilla virginiae (Baird), gray-headed warbler

*Dendroica petechia sonorana Brewster, yellow warbler

D. coronata memorabiles Oberholser, myrtle warbler

D. nigrescens halsei (Girard), black-throated gray warbler

D. graciae (Baird), Grace's warbler

*Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgway, northern water thrush

*Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster, common yellow throat

Cardinella rubrifrons (Giraud), red-faced warbler 91 Saipphaga pL. pieta (Swainson), painted redstart

icteria virens auricollis (Deppe), yellow-breasted chat

Family Ploceidae, weaver finches

Passer deomesticus Linnaeus, English sparrow

Family Icteridae, meadowlarks, blackbirds, and orioles

Sturnella magna Illianae Oberholser, eastern meadowlark

*S. n. neglecta, Audubon, western meadowlark

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Bonaparte, yellow-headed blackbird

Agelaius phoeniceus (Linnaeus), red-winged blackbird

lcterus cucullatus Swainson, hooded oriole

I. parisorum Bonaparte, Scott's oriole

Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler), Brewer's blackbird

Cassidix mexicanus (Gmelin), boat-tailed grackle

Molothrus ater (Boddaert), brown-headed cowbird

Family Thraupidae, tanagers

Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson), western tanager .

P. flava hepatica Swainson, hepatic tanager

Family Fringillidae, grosbeaks, sparrows, and buntings

Cardinalis cardinalis superbus Ridgway, cardinal

*C. sinuatus fulvescens (van Rossem), pyrrhuloxia

Pheucticus lucovicianus melanocephalus (Swainson), common grosbeak

Passerina caerulea infusa (Dwight and Griscom), blue grosbeak

*P. ciris (Linnaeus), painted bunting

*Coccothraustes vespertinus mexicanus Chapman, evening grosbeak

Carpodacus mexicanus frontal IS (Say), house finch

Spinus pinus (Wilson), pine siskin 92

*S. tristis (Linneaus), American goldfinch

*S. lawrencei (Cassin), Lawrences goldfinch

*Pipilo chloruris (Audubon), green-tailed towhee

*P. erythropthalmus montanus Swarth, rufus-sided towhee

P. fuscus mesoleucus Baird, brown towhee

P. aberti vorhiesi Phillips, Abert's towhee

*Ammodramus sandwichensis nevadensis (Grinnell), savannah sparrow

*A. savannarum ammolegus Oberholser, grasshopper sparrow

*A. bairdil (Audubon), Baird's sparrow

*Spizella passerine (Bechstein), chipping sparrow

*S. b. breweri (Cassin), Brewer's sparrow

*Aimophila ruficeps scotti (Sennett), rufous-crowned sparrow

*A. botterii arizonae (Ridgway), Botter's sparrow

*A. cassinii (Woodhouse), Cassin's sparrow

A. bilineata deserticola (Ridgway), black-throated desert sparrow

Junco phaeonotus palliatus Ridgway,

*pelospiza melodia falax (Baird), song sparrow

*Calcarius ornatus (Townsend), chestnut-collared longspur

MAMMALS

Family Soricidae, shrews

Sorex vagrans monticola Merriam, vagrant shrew

Family Phyllostomidae, American leaf-nosed bats

Choeronycteris mexicanus Tschudi, Mexican long-tongued bat 93 Family Vespertilionidae, plain-nosed bats

Myotis c. californicus (Audubon and Bachman), California myotis

*M. keenil apache Hoffmeister and Krutzsch, Keens myotis

M. subulatus melanorhinus (Merriam), small-footed myotis

M. t. thysanodes Miller, fringe-tailed myotis

*M. volans interior Miller, long-legged myotis 01111•1001.1•111.1.11111•11•0

M. velifer brevis Vaughn, cave myotis

*M• x. yumaensls (H. Allen), Yuma myotis Pipistrellus hesperus !Ea Elliot, western pipistrelle

Eptesicus fuscus pallidus Young, big brown bat

*Lasiurus borialis teliotis (H. Allen), red bat

L. c. cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois), hoary bat

*Corynorhinus townsendii eallescens Miller, lump-nosed bat

Antrozous pallidus (LeConte), pallid bat

Family Molossidae, Free-tailed bats

Tadarida brasiliensis mexicanus (Saussure), Mexican free-tailed bat

Family Leporidae, hares and rabbits

Lepus californicus eremicus J. A. Allen, black-tailed Jackrabbit

S. floridanus subsp. (holzneri [Mearns)?), eastern cottontail

Sylvilagus audubonli subsp. (cedrophilus Nelson?) desert cottontail

Family Scuridae, squirrels

Eutamias d. dorsalis (Baird), cliff chipmunk

Citellus spilosoma canescens (Merriam), spotted ground squirrel

C. variegatus 2.....ratnnurus2._ (Say), variegated ground squirrel C. h. harrisil (Audubon and Bachman), Harris' ground squirrel 94

*Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis Mearns, black-tailed prarie dog

Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis (Allen), red squirrel

Sciurus a. aberti Woodhouse, Abert's squirrel + ••••••millmimmana• Family Geomyidae, pocket gophers

Thomomys bottae extenuatus Goldman, and T. b. grahamensis Goldman,

Valley pocket gopher

Family Heteromyidae, kangaroo rats and pocket mice

Perognathus f. flavus Baird, silky pocket mouse INNIND P. b. baileyi Merriam, Bailey's pocket mouse

P. penicillatus pricei Allen, desert pocket mouse

P. intermedius intermedius Merriam, rock pocket mouse

D. o ordli Woodhoyse Ord's kangaroo rat

D. s. spectabilis Merriam, banner-tailed kangaroo rat

Dipodomys m. merriami Mearns, Merriam's kangaroo rat

Family Castoridae, beaver

*Castor canadensis Kuhle, beaver +

Family Cricetidae, native rats and mice

Reithrodontomys m. megalotis (Baird), western harvest mouse

Peromyscus eremicus eremicus (Baird), cactus mouse

P. maniculatus rufinus (Merriam), and P. m. sonoriensis LeConte),

deer mouse

P. leucopus arizonae (J. A. Allen), white-footed mouse

P. boylii rowleyi (J. A. Allen), brush mouse

*Balomys taylori ater Blossum and Burt, northern pygmy mouse

Onychomys ieucogaster ruidosae Stone and Rehn, northern grass-

hopper mouse 95

0. t. torridus (Coues), southern grasshopper mouse

Sigmodon hispidus confinis Goldman, hispid cotton rat

*Sigmodon m. minimus”Mearns, least cotton rat

Neotoma a. albigula Hartley, white-throated woodrat

N. m. mexicana Baird, Mexican woodrat

Microtus longicaudus leucophaeus J. A. Allen), long-tailed vole

Ondatra zibethicus pallidus (Mearns), muskrat

Family Muridae, Old World rats and mice

Mus musculus Linnaeus, house mouse +

Family Erethizontidae, porcupines

Erethizon dorsatum couesi Mearns

Family Canidae, dogs and foxes

Canis latrans mearnsi Merriam, coyote

*Canis lupus mogollonensis Goldman, gray wolf

AWulpesmacrotis neomexicana Merriam, kit fox

Urocyan cinereoargenteus scottii Mearns, gray fox

Family Ursidae, bears

Euarctos americanus amblyceps (Baird), black bear

?Ursus horribilis Ord, grizzly bear

Family Procyonidae, raccoons

Bassariscus astutus arizonensis Goldman, ringtail

*Nasua narica molaris Merriam, coati

Procyon lotor pallidus Merriam, raccoon

Family Mustelidae, weasels and skunks

*Mustela frenata neomexicana (Barber and Cockerell), long-tailed

weasel 96

Taxidea taxus (Schreber), badger

Spilogale gracilis gracilis Merriam, spotted skunk

*Mephitis macrora Milleri (Mearns), hooded skunk

M. mephitis estor Merriam, striped skunk

Conepatus mesoleucus venaticus Goldman, hog-nosed skunk

Family Felidae, cats

*Fells onca Linnaeus, jaguar

F. concolor azteca Merriam, cougar

Lyra rufus baileyi, Merriam, bobcat

Family Tayassuidae javelinas

Tayassu ta acu sonorienSis (Mearns), collared peccary

Family Cervidae, wapiti and deer

Odocoileus hemionus crooki (Mearns), mule deer

0. virginianus couesi (Coues and Yarrow), white-tailed deer.